Department of Education

National Capital Region

Schools Division of Paranaque City
Self-Learning Modules
Physical Science 11 Quarter 2 Week 3
Name:________________________Grade & Section:____________Score:_________
Teacher:______________________________________________Date:____________
LIGHT: A WAVE AND A PARTICLE

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

This module comprises of the following most essential competencies:
1. Describe how the propagation of light, reflection, and refraction are explained by the
wave model and the particle model of light (S11/12PS-IVf-59).
2. Explain how the photon concept and the fact that the energy of a photon is directly
proportional to its frequency can be used to explain why red light is used in
photographic dark rooms, why we get easily sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in
visible light, and how we see colors (S11/12PS-IVf-61).
3.

REFLECTION, REFRACTION, TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION

OF LIGHT
Objectives: After finishing the day 1 module, the learners should be able to
describe what happens when light is reflected, refracted, transmitted, and absorbed.

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Have you looked inside a
kaleidoscope? Small beads or pieces
of colored glass are reflected by
mirrors, forming colorful, ever-
changing patterns. Kaleidoscopes are
optical instruments, devices that use
arrangements of mirrors or lenses to
produce images. In this lesson, you
will learn that when the light strikes an pinterest.com
object, the light can be reflected,
absorbed, and transmitted.

Reflection occurs when light bounces

back as it hits a reflecting surface, such
as a mirror. This phenomenon can be
described using light rays. The ray of
light that hits the reflecting surface is
called an incident ray. After hitting the
surface, it bounces off as a reflected
ray. The incident ray and the reflected
ray form angles with the normal line,
pinterest.com which is a line perpendicular to the
reflecting surface. These angles are
called angle of incidence and angle of
reflection, respectively.
The relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is illustrated in
the law of reflection. This law states that the angle of incidence, the angle of reflection,

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 and the normal line are found on the same plane; and the angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection.

There are two types of reflection:

regular reflection and irregular
reflection. Regular reflection, also
known as specular reflection occurs
when light strikes a smooth surface like
a mirror, and light rays are reflected in
one direction. Irregular
reflection or diffuse reflection occurs
googlesites.com when light strikes a rough surface, and
light rays are reflected in random
directions.

Refraction is the bending of light due to the change in its speed when it obliquely passes two
different media. When light travels from a medium with a low refractive index to a medium with
a higher refractive index, it slows down and refracts closer to the normal line. On the other
hand, when light travels from a medium with a high refractive index to a medium with a lower
refractive index, it speeds up and refracts away from the normal line.

The light ray that is entering a different

medium is called the incident ray while
the bent ray is called the refracted ray.
Refractive index describes how light
propagates through a medium. A higher
refractive index means the light propagates
slower, and its direction changes more quora.com
upon entering a medium. A lower refractive
index means the light travels faster, and its
direction changes less upon entering a
medium.
Transmission is the passing of light
through a material without being absorbed.
For instance, an incoming light will just
pass through a glass window as
transmitted light. The extent of the
transmission of light depends on the type
edinburghinstruments.com
of the material the light strikes.
Transparent and translucent materials
transmit light, but opaque materials do not.
If light is not transmitted, it may have been
reflected or absorbed.

Absorption of light occurs when light

strikes a material, and the energy that it
carries is absorbed by the atoms of the
material and is converted into thermal
energy. White light is composed of
different components of a spectrum: red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet (ROYGBIV). When an object reflects edinburghinstruments.com
all the components of light, it appears
white. However, when an object absorbs
all the components of light, it appears
black.

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Selective absorption describes the
tendency of an object to absorb specific
frequencies of light. An object that appears
with a particular color means that the
object absorbs most of the frequencies and
reflects only the color of the object. For
instance, the leaf absorbs all the PNGkey.com
frequencies of light except for green. The
green color is reflected and perceived by
the observer’s eye.

Let’s Analyze
Imagine a marching band that marches in a straight line from a solid ground into
a muddy land. What do you think will happen to the speed of the marching band as it moves
from the solid ground to the muddy land? How can you relate this with the refraction of light?
Explain your answer.

COLOR SPECTRA
Objectives: After finishing the day 2 module, the learners should be able to explain
how you see colors; explain why red light is used in photographic dark rooms; and
determine why you easily get sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in visible light.

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

As the morning sun slowly

rises over the flower garden, the
sunlight begins to reveal bright pink and
orange poppies, purple pansies, and a
striking display of many other colors.
Each flower is beautiful, but different.
The light from the sun allows you to see
each color clearly. But, sunlight is white
light. What makes each flower appear
to be a different color?
quora.com

The color of a flower depends o how it reflects light. Each flower absorbs some
wavelengths of light and reflects other wavelengths. The color of an object is the color of
the light it reflects. Colors are not innate to objects. They give off light that appears as
colors. Colors only exist in the human visual system and are determined by frequencies.
When light reaches the eye, it falls into a receptor cell at the back of the eye or retina and
gives signals to the brain, which interprets the image with colors
.
THE PHOTON THEORY OF LIGHT
Atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Inside an atom, electrons are
located at specific energy levels, and they can move to higher energy level when given a
certain amount of energy, for example through collisions with light.

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Light is composed of photons. Based on the photon theory of light, a photon is a discrete
bundle of electromagnetic energy moving at the speed of light, has no rest mass but has
momentum, and carries energy. This energy is given to an electron upon their collision,
which causes it to move up to the next energy level. After about a few seconds, it will go
back to its original level and emit light in the form of photons.

The emitted light has a certain

wavelength that corresponds to
different colors. It can be observed as a
series of colored lines with black
spaces in between. This is
called atomic spectra. Each element
has its unique set of spectral lines.
sties.google.com
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
The photoelectric effect refers to the ejection of electrons from a surface of a metal in
response to light directed to the metal.

Albert Einstein proposed that light consisted of individual photons, which interacted with
the electrons in the surface of the metal. For each frequency or color of the incident light,
each photon carried energy.

Increasing intensity of light corresponded to increasing incident of photons while the

energy of the photons remained the same. More electrons are ejected upon the increase in
incident light. Increasing the frequency of light would increase the energy of the ejected
electrons. The energy carried by a photon is directly proportional to its frequency.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE AND VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM

Normally when we use the term "light," we are referring to a type of electromagnetic wave
that stimulates the retina of our eyes. In this sense, we are referring to visible light, a small
spectrum from the enormous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

This visible light region consists of a

studylib.net
Different colors of light have photons of
different energies. Based on the
frequency and wavelength in a visible
light, red has low frequency and long
wavelength, which means that it
contains less energy. Blue, on the other
hand, has high frequency and short
wavelength, which means that it
spectrum of wavelengths that range
from approximately 700 nanometers
(abbreviated nm) to approximately 400
nm (between the infrared and ultraviolet
rays). Expressed in more familiar units,
the range of wavelengths extends from
7 x 10-7 meter to 4 x 10-7 meter. This
narrow band of visible light is
affectionately known as ROYGBIV.
contains more energy. Because red
color is considered as the color that has
the longest wavelength (700–635 nm)
in comparison to the other color in the
visible spectrum, this implies that it
carries low energy not sufficient enough
to process the photographic film, ruin
the pictures during the developing
process, or cause overexposure. This is
why a dark room uses red light.

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Beyond the visible light, the ultraviolet light has greater frequency and shorter wavelength,
which means that it carries greater energy than the visible light. This explains why we
easily get sunburned under the ultraviolet rays of light than under the visible light.
However, ultraviolet rays are invisible to most humans. The lens of the human eye
blocks most radiation in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are
blocked by the cornea. Humans also lack color receptor adaptations for ultraviolet rays.

Let’s Create
Science at Home: One important application of getting familiarized with visible
light (color) spectrum is to demonstrate a wavelength test while having fun with the entire
family at home.

Goal: Your goal is to make demonstrate a wavelength test by challenging your family
members to predict what color(s) they will see if the disk spins fast. Explain to your family
why certain colors are more easily visible than the others.

Directions:
1. Carefully cut a disk with a diameter of about 10 cm out of a piece of sturdy white
cardboard. Divide the disk into three equal-size segments. Use colored pencils to
color one segment red, the next green, and the third blue.
2. Carefully punch two holes, about 2 cm apart, on opposite sides of the center of the
disk.
3. Thread a string about 1 m long through the holes. Tie the ends of the string together
so that the string forms a loop that passes through both holes.
4. With equal lengths of string on each side of the disk, turn the disk so that you are
winding up the string. Predict what color(s) you will see if the disk spins fast.
5. Spin the disk by pulling and relaxing the string.
6. Make a video presentation of your demonstration.

Role: Your job is to act as a science channel host.

Audience: You are to present your video presentation to your teacher and classmates,
and/or present the video to family member/s to score the rubrics provided.

Situation: The challenge involves sharing your knowledge to your family members while
having fun as part of a family bonding to enhance your mastery of the topic.

Product, Performance, and Purpose: Your video presentation will be judged by your
teacher and/or family member/s.

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 Standards and Criteria

Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor

10 points 8 points 6 points 5 point

Content Extremely well Presented in a Most transitions Format was

organized; thoughtful were easy to difficult to
logical format manner, but at follow, but at follow;
that was easy to times ideas times ideas transitions of
follow; were unclear; were unclear; ideas were
enhanced the “solid” product solid” product abrupt
effectiveness of
the project

Creativity Extremely Was clever at Fairly unique Little creative

clever and times, uniquely presentation energy used
unique presented
presentation

Day 4- Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What do you call the bouncing of light as it strikes a surface?
A. Reflection
B. Absorption
C. Refraction
D. Transmission
2. What property of light changes when light obliquely passes through two different media?
A. Speed of light
B. Wavelength of light
C. Frequency of light
D. Color of light
3. What type of reflection occurs when light strikes a smooth reflective surface?
A. Specular reflection
B. Geometric reflection
C. Diffuse reflection
D. Irregular reflection
4. When light is transmitted, what type of material does it strike on?
A. Translucent
B. Opaque
C. Luminous
D. Transparent
5. What happens to light when it is absorbed by the material?
A. Light remains as light contained in the material.
B. Light is converted into other forms of energy.
C. Light cannot be absorbed by any object.
D. Light vanishes into air.