EE-CIR1

Basic Concept
1

Engr. Francis A. Malabanan

ECE,
Instructor
FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES
OUTLINE
▪ SI Prefixes
▪ Basic Concept
▪ Charge and Current
▪ Voltage
▪ Power and Energy
▪ Circuits Elements

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
UNITS (SI)

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 SI PREFIXES
Power Prefixes Symbol Power Prefixes Symbol
1018 exa E 10-1 deci d
1015 peta P 10-2 centi c
1012 tera T 10-3 mili m
109 gig G 10-6 micro u
106 mega M 10-9 nano n
103 kilo k 10-12 pico p
102 hecto h 10-15 femto f
101 deca da 10-18 atto a
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ENGINEERING NOTATION
▪ In engineering notation, the powers of ten are always multiples of 3
▪ A number written in engineering notation is written in the form:

a x 10b
Where: a is a number greater that 0 and less than 999
b is an integer multiple of three

▪ Example:
1) 71.24 x 103 A 2) 4.32 x 10-6 W 3) 320.49 x 109 m 4) 123.452 x 10-12 g
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FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES 6
BASIC CONCEPT

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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
▪ An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements

A simple electric circuit.

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CHARGE
AND
CURREN
T

Fig. 2
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CHARGE AND CURRENT
▪ Charge is an electrical property of the atomic
particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).
▪ 1 coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electrons (e)
▪ Electron (e) = ( – charge) 1.602 x 10-19 C
▪ The law of conservation of charge states that charge
can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.
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CHARGE AND CURRENT

▪ This motion of charges creates electric current.

▪ It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of
positive charges.
▪ Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured
in amperes (A) .
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CURRENT
▪ Electric current I = Q/t or is the time rate of change of charge i =
dq/dt. The unit of ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.

or

The charge transferred between time to and t is obtained by

integrating both sides of

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EXAMPLE
▪ The charge flowing through the imaginary surface of Fig. 2 is
0.16 C every 64 ms. Determine the current in amperes.

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EXAMPLE
▪ Determine the time required for 4 x 1016 electrons to pass
through the imaginary surface of Fig. 2 if the current is 5 mA.

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EXAMPLE
A conductor has a constant current of 5 A. How
many electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor
in one minute?

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EXAMPLE
1. How many charge is presented by 4600 e?

2. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q

= 5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.

3. Determine the total charge entering a terminal

between t = 1s and 2s if the current passing the
terminal is i = (3t2 – t) A.
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EXAMPLE
2)The total charge entering a terminal is given by q =
5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.

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EXAMPLE
3)Determine the total charge entering a terminal
between t = 1s and 2s if the current passing the
2
terminal is i = (3t – t) A.

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SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
▪ It is important to realize that even small levels of current
through the human body can cause serious, dangerous side
effects.
▪ Experimental results reveal that the human body begins to react to
currents of only a few milliamperes.
▪ Although most individuals can withstand currents up to perhaps 10 mA
for very short periods of time without serious side effects,
▪ any current over 10 mA should be considered dangerous.
▪ In fact, currents of 50 mA can cause severe shock,
▪ and currents of over 100 mA can be fatal.
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CURRENT
▪ A direct current (dc) is a current
that remains constant with
time.

▪ An alternating current (ac) is a

current that varies sinusoidally
with time. (reverse direction)
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FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES 21
VOLTAGE
▪ Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V). Or

A potential difference of 1 volt (V) exists between two points if 1 joule (J) of
energy is exchanged in moving 1 coulomb (C) of charge between the two
points.

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VOLTAGE
▪ Mathematically or
Where:
W or w is energy in joules (J)
Q or q is charge in coulomb (C).

a potential difference or voltage is always measured between

two points in the system. Changing either point may change the
potential difference between the two points under
investigation.
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EXAMPLE
▪ Find the potential difference between two points in an electrical
system if 60 J of energy are expended by a charge of 20 C
between these two points.

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EXAMPLE
▪ Determine the energy expended moving a charge of 50 mC
through a potential difference of 6 V.

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VOLTAGE
▪ Electric voltage, vab, is always across
the circuit element or between two
points in a circuit.
▪ vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher
than potential of b.
▪ vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower
than potential of b.

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KEEP IN MIND
▪ Electric current is always through an element and
that electric voltage is always across the element
or between two points.
▪ A constant voltage is called a dc voltage and is
represented by V, whereas a sinusoidally
time-varying voltage is called an ac voltage and is
represented by v.
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POWER AND ENERGY
▪ Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W).

▪ Mathematical expression
  or  

The power p in equation is a

time-varying quantity and is called the Reference polarities for power using the passive sign
instantaneous power. convention: (a) absorbing power, (b) supplying power.
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PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION
▪ Passive sign convention is
satisfied when the current
enters through the
positive terminal of an
element and p = +vi. If the
current enters through the Two cases of an element with a supplying
negative terminal, p = -vi power of 12W: (a) p = -4 x 3 = -12W, (b) p
= -4 x 3 = -12W.

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POWER AND ENERGY
▪ The law of conservation of energy

▪ Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in

joules (J).
3600 J = 1 watt-hour

▪ Mathematical expression
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EXAMPLE
1. An energy source forces a
constant current of 2 A for
10 s to flow through a light
bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in
the form of light and heat
energy, calculate the
voltage drop across the
bulb.

2. How much energy does a

100W electric bulb
consume in two hours?

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CIRCUITS ELEMENTS AND
SYMBOLS
There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active
elements. An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is
not

Active Elements Passive Elements

Symbols for independent voltage

sources:
(a) used for constant or
time-varying voltage, (b) used for
Independent Dependent
constant voltage (dc).
sources sources 32
EXAMPLE
▪ Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in figure
below for i2 = 1A.

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EXAMPLE
▪ Calculate the power supplied or absorb by each element in
figure below

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 THANK YOU

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HOMEWORK A
1. Simplify 0.0000034 A using SI prefixes.
2. A 60-W incandescent bulb operates at 120 V. How many
electrons and coulombs flow through the bulb in one day?
3. If 465 C of charge pass through a wire in 2.5 min, find the
current in amperes.
4. Find the charge Q that requires 96 J of energy to be moved
through a potential difference of 16 V.
5. A stove element draws 15A when connected to a 240V line.
How long does it takes to consume 180 kJ?

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HOMEWORK B
1. Will a fuse rated at 1 A “blow” if 86 C pass through it in 1.2 min?
2. Charge is flowing through a conductor at the rate of
420 C/min. If 742 J of electrical energy are converted to
heat in 30 s, what is the potential drop across the conductor?
3. The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit is
24 V. If 0.4 J of energy were dissipated in a period of 5 ms, what
would the current be between the two points?
4. What current will a battery with an Ampere-hours (Ah) rating of 200
theoretically provide for 40 h?

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HOMEWORK
5. Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component
of the circuit.

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