àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmob : n¥ÏdrMo A§Va§J

gmam§e :

1. Vmn_mZ
2. KZVm
3. AàË`j {ZarjU nÕV
4. Xþæ`_ bhar (Eg². doìh²O)
5. ^yn¥ð> bhar (n¥ð> Va§J)
6. {ebmdaU (Crust)
7. _Ü`mdaU (Mantle)

g§nwU© coI :

Amnë`m J«hmÀ`m ^yn¥ð>mdarb KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo gmono Amho. nU OgOgo n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmV AmnU S>moH$mdy bmJVmo. Amnë`m AS>MUr dmT>V OmVmV.
n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmMm Aä`mg XmoZ nÕVrZo H$aVm `oVmo.
I) WoQ> {ZarjU nÕV : `mV {S´>qbJMm dmna H$ê$Z n¥ð>^mJmImbrb KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr KoVm `oVo. Aem àH$maMm EH$ à`moJ AmpŠQ>©H ZOrH$ "H$mobm' `m {R>H$mUr
VËH$mbrZ gmopìh`V g§KmH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Vo n¥ð>^mJmnmgyZ gwmao 12 {H$._r. n`ªV OmÊ`mV `eñdr R>abo. "Vo' åhUOo Ë`m§Mr {S´>qbJ `§ÌUm ho bjmV
¿`mdo. WoQ> {ZarjU H$aÊ`mV V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo gÜ`mVar AS>Wio AmhoV Ë`mV Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

A) Vmn_mZ :

- n¥ð>^mJmnmgyZ n¥ÏdrÀ`m H|$ÐmH$S>o OmV AgVmZm gamgar 32 _rQ>abm 10 go. Vmn_mZdmT> hmoVo. `m Vmn_mZdmT>rMr Vrd«Vm hr gVV dmT>V OmVo. åhUOo Oa
30 {H$._r. Imobrda 5000 go. EdT>o Vmn_mZ Agob Va 50 {H$._r. n`ªV Vo 15000 go. Va 3000 {H$._r. `oWo 23000 go. EdT>o àM§S> Vmn_mZ Amho.
Ë`m_wio `m§{ÌH$ AdOmao EH$m Imobr n`ªVM H$m`©aV amhÿ eH$VmV.

7057069547 piyushmandpe111@gmail.com
~) KZVm :
^yJ^m©Vrb hmbMmbtÛmao KZVoMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. H|$ÐmH$S>o J_Z H$aVmZm hr KZVm dmT>V OmVo. Ë`m_wio {S´>qbJ nÕVrÀ`m dmnamda ~§YZo `oVmV.
H$) {H$aUmoËg©OZ : _Ü`mdaUmVrb A{VVá bmìhm agmÀ`m g§M`Zm_wio ^yn¥ð>mImbrb ñVa ho {H$aUmoËg©OZ H$aUmè`m _ybÐì`m§Mo ^m§S>maM ~Zbo Amho. Ë`m_wio
_mZdr` j_Vobm AeŠ` Ago ho joÌ Amho (gÜ`m Var).

I) AàË`j {ZarjU nÕV :

`m nÕVr_Ü`o ^yH§$nbhatMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Aem bhatMm doJ Am{U H$mb_mnZmV hmoUmao ~Xb `m§dê$Z n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmVrb ñVam§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. `m bhatMo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

A) àmW{_H$ bhar (nr. doìh²O) :

(AZwVa§J) H§$nZr {XeoÀ`m g_mZwnmVmZo àdmg H$aUmè`m `m bhatMr Zm|X ^yH§$n_mnrda gd©àW_ hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm àmW{_H$ bhar åhUVmV. nr. doìh²O `m
ñWm`y VgoM Ðd _mÜ`_mVyZ àdmg H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m§Mm doJ goH§$Xmbm 5 Vo 12 {H$._r. AgVmo.

~) Xþæ`_ bhar (Eg². doìh²O) :

(AZwVa§J) `m bhar H§$nZ{XeoÀ`m H$mQ>H$moZmV à`wŠV hmoVmV. Ë`m§Mm doJ AZwVa§Jm§À`m OdiOdi {Zå_m AgVmo. ^yH§$n_mnrda àmW{_H$ bhatÀ`m Z§Va `m§Mm
H«$_ bmJVmo. "S' bhar `m \$ŠV ñWm`y ^mJmVyZ àdmg H$ê$ eH$VmV. n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmV 2900 {H$._r. Z§Va Ðdê$nr ñVa AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AdVa§J ho OmñVrV
OmñV 2900 {H$._r. n`ªV OmD$ eH$VmV. VoWyZ Ë`m namd{V©V hmoVmV.

H$) ^yn¥ð> bhar (n¥ð> Va§J) :

`m bhar n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmbJV àdmg H$aVmV. ^yn¥ð>mÀ`m Imbr Ë`m OmV ZmhrV. IS>H$m§À`m KZVoZwgma `m§Mm doJ ~XbVmo. hm doJ goH§$Xmbm 3.2 {H$._r.

7057069547 piyushmandpe111@gmail.com
EdT>m Agy eH$Vmo. àmW{_H$ d Xþæ`_ bhar n¥ð>^mJmZ{OH$ nmohmoMë`mZ§Va ^yn¥ð> bhatMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. n¥ÏdrMr A§VJ©V aMZm : CnamoŠV nÕVtMm dmna H$ê$Z
n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§Jm~m~V Amnbo kmZ dmT>bo Amho. Ë`mZwgma n¥ÏdrÀ`m H|$Ðmn`ªV {d{dY ñVa AmhoV.

A) {ebmdaU (Crust) :
^yn¥ð>mdarb gd© IS>H$mi ^mJ, g_wÐVi, nd©V, nR>mao AmXtZr ì`má àXoe hm {ebmdaUmMm ^mJ Amho. `m H$dMmMr OmS>r 19 Vo 40 {H$._r. AgyZ Ë`mZo
n¥ÏdrMm gwmao 1% ^mJ ì`mnbm Amho. `m AmdaUmV I§S>r` Am{U gmJar` ñVam§Mm g_mdoe Amho. I§S>m§VJ©V ^mJmMr OmS>r 40 {H$._r. AgyZ gmJa VimZ{OH$
Vr 10-20 {H$._r. Amho. {ebmdaUmVrb KQ>H$m§À`m à_mUmZwgma Ë`mMo {g`mb d gm`_m Ago XmoZ Wa AmhoV.

{g`mb (SiAl) :
^yn¥ð>mdarb gdm©V daÀ`m WamV {g{bH$m (Si) Am{U A°ë`w{_{ZA_ (A1) Mo à_mU OmñV Amho. `m WamMr gamgar KZVm 2.7 J«°/g|r KZ EdT>r Amho. Ë`mV
J«oZmB©Q> Am{U ~ogm°ëQ> IS>H$m§Mm A§V^m©d AgyZ Ë`mMr gamgar é§Xr 29 {H$._r. Amho. gm`_m (SiMa) : {g`mb WamImbrb ^yn¥ð>r` AmdaUmV gm`_m Ago
g§~moYVmV. ^yI§S>mda `m WamMr é§Xr A{YH$ (10-13 {H$._r.) Va gmJaVim§Odi Vr H$_r (5-10 {H$._r.) Amho. `m ñVamMr KZVm 2.85 Vo 3.3 J«°/KZ
g|._r. EdT>r Amho. AWm©VM hr KZVm {g`mb àñVamhÿZ A{YH$ Agë`mZo ^yH§$nbhatMm doJ `m ^mJmV A{YH$ AgVmo. gm`_m àñVamV J°~«mo, ~ogm°ëQ> ho IS>H$
àm_w»`mZo AmT>iVmV.

~) _Ü`mdaU (Mantle) :
gm`_m `m ñVamZ§Va gwédmV hmoVo Vr _Ü`mdaUmMr ^yn¥ð> Am{U n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m `m Xmohm|Xaå`mZ Agë`mZo `m§g _Ü`mdaU Ago åhUVmV. n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmMm
gdm©V OmñV ^mJ hm _Ü`mdaUmZo ì`mnbm Amho. (gwmao 83%). `m AmdaUmMo XmoZ à_wI Cn^mJ AmhoV.

~mø àmdaU (Upper Mantle) :

7057069547 piyushmandpe111@gmail.com
^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ 35 Vo 700 {H$._r. A§Vamn`ªVMm ñVa hm ~mø àmdaU åhU{dbm OmVmo. `m§V _w»`V: Am°{bìhmB©Z (60-70%) Am{U nm`am°pŠPZ (17-80%)
`m I{ZOm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. n¥Ïdrda hmoUmè`m I§S>r` hmbMmbr, Ádmbm_wIr nd©Vm§Mr {Z{_©Vr, bmìhmagmMo CËgO©Z `m à{H«$`m§er ~møadaUmMm WoQ> g§~§Y
`oVmo. `oWrb ñVamMr KZVm hr gm`_mnojm OmñV åhUOoM 5 J«°/KZ g|r. EdT>r Amho.

Am§Va àmdaU (Lower Mantle) :

gwmao 700 {H$._r. Z§Va Am§Va àmdaUmMr gwédmV hmoVo. Ë`mMr é§Xr 2200 {H$._r. Amho. Cƒ Vmn_mZ Am{U Xm~m_wio BWo {g{bH$m Am{U BVa _ybÐì`m§Mr
Am°ŠgmB©S²>g Agë`mMo {ZarjUm§Zr {gÕ Pmbo Amho. `m AmdaUmMr KZVm 5.5 J«°/KZ g|._r. EdT>r Amho.

n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m (Core) :

Am§Va àmdaUmZ§VaMm gYZ ^mJ n¥ÏdrMm Jm^m `m ZmdmZo g§~moYbm OmVmo. 2900 {H$._r. Vo 6379 {H$._r. n`ªV `m AmdaUmMr é§Xr Amho. Jmä`mMohr nwZ: XmoZ
^mJ nS>VmV. ~mø Jm^m : gwmao 2200 {H$._r. OmS>rMm hm Wa AË`§V gYZ Aem I{ZOm§Mm ~Zbobm Amho. `mMr AdñWm ñWm`y Am{U Ðd `m§À`m _Ybr AgyZ
AË`wƒ Xm~m_wio `oWrb KZVm
10 J«°/KZ g|r EdT>r OmñV Amho. Ë`m_wio AZwVa§Jm§Mm doJ (P doìh²O) `m ^mJmV AmT>iVmo.

A§VJm©^m :
A§VJm©ä`mMr é§Xr gwmao 1200 {H$._r. Amho. A{Ve` H$R>rU Aem (Ni) {ZHo$b d bmoH$mÀ`m (Fe) {_lUm_wio hm ñVa (Nife) {Z\o$ `m ZmdmZohr AmoiIbm
OmVmo. Jmä`mMo dñVwmZ EHy$U dñVwmZmÀ`m 32% Amho. H|$ÐmOdirb ^mJmVrb Xm~mMo n[a_mU ho n¥ÏdrÀ`m dmVmdaUr` Xm~mÀ`m 35 bmI nQ> A{YH$ Amho.
{dbJVm : AmnU da Aä`mgboë`m {d{dY ñVam§Zm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {dbJ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ {dbJVm n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmV AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm doJdoJù`m emókm§Mr Zmdo
XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. ~mø {ebmdaU Am{U gm`_m = H$moZa°S> {dbJVm gm`_m Am{U ~mø àmdaU = _mohmo {dbJVm ~mø àmdaU Am{U Am§Va àmdaU = aonoÅ>r
{dbJVm
Am§Va àmdaU Am{U ~mø Jm^m = JwQ>oZ~J© {dbJVm ~mø Jm^m Am{U A§VJm©^m = boh_Z {dbJVm

7057069547 piyushmandpe111@gmail.com