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H$ht Vm{ CZ H$WZm| H$m{ hÿ-]hyy oc`m h¡ Vm{ H$ht-H$ht CZH{$ ^mdm| H$m{ A[Zr d
CZH$r o_olV ^mfm _| Bg ì`m»`m _| gpå_ocV oH$`m h¡$& dmñVd _| Bg_| _{am
Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, _mÌ J«§WmÝVam| _| C[cãY AÜ`mË_ H$m{ hr _¢Z{ Bg J«§W _|
g§H$ocV H$a `WmñWmZ aIZ{ H$m [«`mg oH$`m h¡$&
lr gwercHw$_maOr O¡Z H$m{Q>m Q>mBq[J g{ c{H$a [«{gH$m°[r V¡`ma H$aZ{
VH$ oZaÝVa _{a{ gmW H$m`©erc ah{$& CZH{$ gh`m{J o]Zm `h H$m`© Bgê$[ _|
Zht hm{ [mVm$& Bg c{IZ H$m{ [na_moO©V H$aZ{ _| [§. F$f^Hw$_maOr emñÌr
CX`[wa, lr ^mZwH$w _maOr emñÌr H$m{Q>m, lr_Vr crcmdVrOr gå[mXH$, Y_©_J§ c
[wU{ H$m gh`m{J _wP{ o_cm h¡$& [§. oeIaM§XOr emñÌr qN>XdmS>m Z{ AÝd`mW©
H$m{ [wZ• ocIH$a l{ð>V_ gh`m{J [«XmZ oH$`m h¡$&
[§. A^`Hw$_maOr O¡ZXe©ZmMm`© X{dbmbr Z{ _yb íbm{H$m| H$m gab
ohÝXr _| gag [ÚmZwdmX H$a Bg J«§W H$m{ Am¡a ^r ghO J«mø ]Zm oX`m h¡,
EVXW© CZH{$ àoV ^r _¢ hmoX©H$ Am^ma ì`º$ H$aVm h±ÿ$&
gå[mXZ-H$m`© H$m Xmo`Ëd [§. a_{eM§X O¡Z emñÌr O`[wa Z{ ]Iy]r
oZ^m`m h¡$& AV: _¢ BZ g^r odÛmZm| H$m öX` g{ Am^mar hÿ±$& `h H¥$oV BZ
g]H{$ l_ H$m [«oV\$c h¡$& Om{ Hw$N> H$o_`m± ah JB© h¢, d{ g] _{ar Aë[kVm
H$m \$c h¡, gwYrOZ gwYma H$a ñdmÜ`m` H$a| d _wP{ ^r AdJV H$amd|$&
AÝ` ^r oOZ-oOZ g{ àË`j `m [am{j gh`m{J d à{aUm o_br h¡,
CZH$m ^r _¢ YÝ`dmX kmo[V H$aVm h±ÿ$&
lr _wZre O¡Z H$m{Q>m Z{ BgH$m{ Q>mB[ H$aZ{ H{$ H$m`© H$m{ VÝ_`Vm g{
AoV l_[yd©H$ [yU© oH$`m h¡, d{ YÝ`dmX H{$ [mÌ h¢$&
– S>m°. _mZ_b O¡Z
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 11
J«ÝW Ed§ J«ÝWH$ma H$m [naM`
J«ÝW [naM` –
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` [§. AmemYa H$s g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| obIr àm¡¶T> H¥$oV h¡$&
A[Z{ o[Vm H$s Amkm g{ `m{J emñÌ H$m AÜ``Z Amaå^ H$aZ{ dmbm| H{$ obE
oà`, àgÞ d Jå^ra Bg emñÌ H$s aMZm CÝhm|Z{ H$s Wr$& `h emñÌ A[Z{
AW© H$m{ àoV[mXZ H$aZ{ _| g_W© hm{Z{ g{ àgÞ h¡, J«ÝW aMZm gyÌ ê$[ _| hm{Z{
g{ BgH$s AW© ì`dñWm AÝ` emñÌm| H{$ kmZ H$s A[{jm aIVr h¡, BgobE `h
Jå^ra h¡ Am¡a `h `m{J (AÜ`mË_) H$m __© g_PmH$a `m{Jmä`mg H$s ^mdZm
CÔr[Z H$amZ{ dmbm hm{Z{ g{ `m{oJ`m| H$m{ oà` h¡$& BgrobE BgH$m A[a Zm_
`m{Jm{X²Xr[Z-emñÌ ^r h¡$&
Bg J«ÝW _| Hw$b 72 [X h¢$& BZ [Xm| _| AÜ`mË_ odf`H$ J«ÝWm| H{$ _ÝWZ
g{ àmá oZîH$f©, Om{ _m{j_mJ© H{$ AmYma^yV ogÕmÝV h¢ gwì`dpñWV ê$[ g{ g§Om{`{
J`{ h¢$& J«ÝWH$ma H$s Ñoï> gma^yV H$WZ H$aZ{ [a ahr h¡, BgobE [Úê$[ aMZm
hm{V{ hþE ^r `h J«ÝW AmÜ`mpË_H$ gyoº$`m| H{$ g§J«hê$[ h¡$& Bg J«ÝW _| `m{J
g{ VmË[`© AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Ûmam oZ`_gma H$s JmWm 139 _| [na^mofV `m{J
g{ h¡$&
oddar`mo^oUd{g § [naMÎmm Om{ÊhH$oh`Vƒ{gw$ &
Om{ Ow§OoX Aß[mU§ oU`^mdm{ gm{ hd{ Om{J m{$&&
JmWmW©:- od[arVmo^oZd{e H$m [naË`mJ H$aH{$ Om{ O¡ZH$oWV (JUYaX{d
AmoX oOZ _woZZmWm| Ûmam H$h{ hþE) VÎdm| _| AmË_m H$m{ bJmVm h¡, CgH$m oZO
^md dh `m{J h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ oZ`_gma JmWm-136-138 _| `m{J^oº$ H$m ñdê$[
BgàH$ma H$hm h¡$& JmWm-138 BgàH$ma h¡ –
gìdod`ß[m^md{ Aß[mU§ Om{ Xw O§wOX{ gmhy$&
gm{ Om{J^oÎm OwÎmm{ BXañg ` oH$h hd{ Om{Jm{$&&
JmWmW©:- Om{ gmYw gd© odH$ë[m| H{$ A^md _| AmË_m H$m{ bJmVm h¡
12 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
(AWm©V² AmË_m _| AmË_m H$m{ Om{¶S>H$a gd© odH$ë[m| H$m A^md H$aVm h¡) dh
`m{J^oº$ dmbm h¡ Xyga{ H$m{ `m{J oH$g àH$ma hm{ gH$Vm h¡$?
`m{Jr oZê$[_-ghO-kmZXe©ZMmnaÌê$[, oZË` AmË_m _| C[`m{J H$m{
gå`H²$ àH$ma g{ ñWmo[V H$aH{$, amJmoX H$m [nahma H$aVm hwAm oZO AIÊS>
AÛ¡V [a_mZ§X ñdê$[ H{$ gmW oZO H$maU [a_mË_m H$m{ Om{¶S>Vm h¡, E{gm `m{Jr
ogÕËd H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡ AWm©V² _m{jbú_r H$m ñdm_r hm{Vm h¡$& Bg{ hr oZé[amJ
_m{j_mJ© H$hV{ h¢$&
Bg J«ÝW H$m àoV[mÚ odf` ì`dhma-oZíM` aËZÌ`ê$[ _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
Bg emñÌ _| ì`dhma-oZíM` aËZÌ`ê$[ _m{j_mJ© H$m àoV[mXZ ewÕ
oMXmZÝX_` ñdmË_m Am¡a C[`m{J H$s _w»`Vm g{ oH$`m J`m h¡$&
ewÕ oMXmZÝX_` ñdmË_m H{$ àoV Om{ VÐÿ[ àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a pñWoV
ê$[ Ao^_wIVm h¡ dh Jm¡U (ì`dhma) Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ h¡$& CZ àVroV,
AZw^yoV VWm oñWoV _| Om{ C[`wº$Vm (C[`m{J H$s EH$mJ« àd¥oÎm) dh _w»`
(oZíM`) Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ h¡$& Om{ Ord bpãY H{$ de VÎdmW© H{$ Ao^oZd{eê$[
lÓmË_H$ ewoÕ Am¡a V[íMaU_`r gå`H²$MmnaÌê$[ ewoÕ H$m{ YmaU H$aV{ h¢
d{ ñdmË_àË``-oZOmË_ àVroV ê$[ gå`½Xe©Z, ñdmË_g§odoÎm – oZOmË_kmZê$[
gå`½kmZ, oZOmË__¾Vmê$[ gå`H²$MmnaÌ_`r [yU© AmË_ewoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aV{
h¢$& A[Z{ ewÕ AmË_m _| amJ-Û{f-_m{h aohV ewÕ C[`m{J H$m{ YmaU H$aZm hr
AoZd©MZr` `m{J h¡, oOgH$m \$b oZdm©U h¡$& BgobE `m{Jr H$m{ amJmoX AoV
CJ«eÌwAm| H$s AZwË[oÎm d odZme H{$ obE CÚ_r hm{H$a oZË` hr ewÕoMÐÿ[-
ñdmË_m H$s ^mdZm H$aZr Mmoh`{$& lwVmä`mg H{$ Ûmam ew^ C[`m{J H$m Aml`
H$aV{ hþE ewÕm{[`m{J _| hr AoYH$moYH$ nñWa ahZ{ H$m [wéfmW© `m{Jr H$s l{ð>
oZð>m h¡$& oZË` ewÕ-oMÐÿ[-ñdmË_m H$s ^mdZm H$aZ{ dmbm hr [a_mZÝX _| brZ
hm{Vm h¡$&
J«ÝWH$ma H$m [naM` -
]hþlwV odÛmZ [pÊS>V AmemYaOr Z{ A[Zr VrZ aMZmAm| H{$ AÝV _| A[Zr
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 13
àepñV odñVma g{ Xr h¡$& g]g{ AÝV _| odH«$_ g§dV² 1300 _| AZJma Y_m©_¥V
H$s ^ì`Hw$_wXMpÝÐH$m Q>rH$m aMr Wr, AV: Cg_| [yU© àeoñV h¡$& CgH{$ AZwgma
CZH{$ o[Vm H$m Zm_ g„jU, _mVm H$m Zm_ lr aËZr, [ËZr H$m gañdVr Am¡a [wÌ
H$m Zm_ N>mh¶S> h¡$& d{ ]K{admb (ì`mK«{admb) d¡í` W{$& _mÊS>bJ¶T> (_{dm¶S>-oObm
^rbdm¶S>m-amOñWmZ) H{$ oZdmgr W{$& Bg j{Ì H$m Zm_ Cg g_` g[mXbj Wm&
ehm]wX²XrZ Jm¡ar H{$ AmH«$_U g{ ÌñV hm{H$a CZH{$ o[Vm [nadma gohV _mbdm H$s
amOYmZr Ymam _| OmH$a ]g J`{$& `h àdmg odH«$_ g§dV² 1249 H{$ bJ^J hþAm$&
CZH{$ [wÌ N>mh¶S> H$m{ _mbdm Za{e AO©wZd_©X{d Z{ amÁ` _| Cƒ [X oX`m$&
Cg g_` Ymam ZJar odÚm H$m H{$ÝÐ Wr$& dhm± emaXm [rR> Zm_ H$m odÚm[rR>
Wm, oOgH$s »`moV Xya-Xya VH$ Wr$& Ymam _| ahV{ hþE AmemYa Z{ dmoXamO [§.
Yag{Z H{$ oeî` _hmdra g{ O¡Z Ý`m` Am¡a O¡Z{ÝÐ ì`mH$aU [¶T>r$&
J«ÝW àepñV`m| _| CÝhm|Z{ obIm h¡ oH$ d{ O¡Z Y_© H{$ CX` H{$ obE YmamZJar
N>m{¶S>H$a lmdH$ g§Hw$b ZbH$ÀN>[wa (ZmbN>m) _| Ohm± AOw©Zd_©X{d H$m amÁ` Wm,
AmH$a ahZ{ bJ{$& d{ bJ^J 35 df© H{$ bå]{ g_` VH$ ZmbN>m _| hr ah{ Am¡a
dhm± H{$ Z{o_M¡Ë`mb` _| EH$oZð>Vm g{ kmZ H$s C[mgZm d gmohË` aMZm H$m H$m`©
oH$`m$& d{ A[Z{ g_` H{$ ]hþlwV odÛmZ² W{$& CÝhm|Z{ A[Z{ g_` H{$ g_ñV O¡Z
J«ÝWm| H$m{ AmË_gmV² H$a ob`m Wm$& Y_m©_¥V H$s Q>rH$m _| CX²Y¥V [Úm| H$s g§»`m
EH$ hOma g{ D$[a h¡$& [§. Z{_MÝX S>m{UJm±dH$a (X{dbJm±damOm- _hmamï­>) Z{ CZH{$
J«ÝWm| d Q>rH$mAm| _| Cëb{oIV J«ÝWm| H$m oddaU g§H$obV oH$`m h¡, CZH{$ Ûmam
Cëb{oIV J«ÝWm| _| 114 oXJå]a J«ÝW, 11 íd{Vmå]a J«ÝW d 21 O¡Z{Va gmohË`
h¡$& Bgg{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ [§. AmemYa H$m AÜ``Z AoV Jå^ra JhZ Ed§ odñV¥V
Wm$& BgobE CÝh| [wñVH$ oeî` ^r H$hm OmVm Wm$& CÝhm|Z{ Ý`m`, ì`mH$aU, H$mì`
gmohË`, H$m{e, Y_©emñÌ, AÜ`mË_ AmoX odf`m| [a J«W§ aMZm H$s$& [§oS>V Z{_MÝX
S>m{UJm±dH$a Z{ A[Zr aMZm – "[§. AmemYa-ì`oº$Ëd Ed§ H$V¥©Ëd' _| CZH$s 26
àH$moeV, Ed§ 95 AàH$moeV aMZmAm| H$m Zm_m{ëb{I d C[bpãY ñWmZ H$m
oddaU ^r oX`m h¡$& CZH$s gmohË` aMZm g{ kmV hm{Vm h¡ oH$ CZH$m g§ñH¥$V ^mfm
H$m eãX ^ÊS>ma A[nao_V Wm Am¡a d{ CgH$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ _| ^r Hw$eb W{$& Bgr
14 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
g{ CZH$s aMZmAm| H$s ^mfm p·bï h¡$& Y_m©_¥V, amOr_oVodàb§^ AmoX J«ÝWm| H{$
^mdm| H$m{ ñ[ï> H$aZ{ h{Vw ñd`§ Z{ hr CZH$s Q>rH$m ^r obIr$&
d{ A[Z{ g_` H{$ odoeï> b{IH$ hm{Z{ H{$ gmW hr gwàoVoîR>V oejH$ ^r
W{$& CZH$s àkm g{ à^modV hm{H$a Cg H$mb H{$ AZ{H$ à_wI ì`oº$`m| Z{ CZH{$
[mg AÜ``Z oH$`m$& oOZ_| ^Å>maH$ X{dMÝÐ (ì`mH$aU) Ed§ ^. odembH$soV©
(Ý`m`emñÌ), ^. odZ`MÝX« (Y_©emñÌ)>, _woZ CX`g{Z, Ymam H{$ amOJwê$ _XZ
(H$mì`emñÌ) Ed§ H$od Ah©Xmg à_wI h¢$& CZH{$ JwéËd g{ à^modV hm{ _woZ CX`g{Z
Z{ CÝh| "H$ob H$mobXmg Ed§ Z` odídMjw' H$hm h¡$& _XZ H$soV© Z{ "àkm[wO § ' H$hH$a
g§]m{oYV oH$`m h¡$& ^Å>maH$ X{dÝÐH$soV© (1450-98) Z{ AmemYa Or H$m{ "gyna'
Am¡a "gå`½Ñoï>`m| _| oeam{_Ur' H$hm h¡$& H$od Aæ>`[m`© Z{ odH«$_ g§dV² 1366
_| aoMV H$ë`mUmå^wX` _| [ydd© Vu J«ÝWH$mam| H$m C„{I oH$`m h¡ Cg_| AÝ` oXJå]a
O¡Z AmMm`m~ H{$ gmW [§. AmemYaOr H$m Zm_m{„{I ^r h¡$&
^Å>maH$ `wJ _| [¡Xm hþE [§. AmemYaOr ogÕmÝV Am¡a AÜ`mË_ Xm{Zm| _|
oZîUmV W{$& Y_m©_¥V J«ÝW d CgH$s Q>rH$mE± CZH{$ [mpÊS>Ë` Am¡a odñV¥V AÜ``Z
H$s [naMmo`H$m h¢$& _ybJ«ÝW g{ gå]Õ MMm©Am| H$m{ CÝhm|Z{ Q>rH$m _| J«ÝWmÝVam| H{$
à_mU X{H$a [wï> oH$`m h¡$& 12,200 íbm{H$ à_mU J«ÝW _| bJ^J 1000 CX²Y¥V
íbm{H$ h¢$& O`[wa g{ b{H$a _y¶S>o]Ðr VH$ H{$ J«ÝW ^ʶS>mam| _| CZH$s aMZmAm| H$s
àoV`m± C[bãY h¢, Om{ CZH$s gå[yU© ^maV df© _| àm_moUH$ odÛmZ H{$ ê$[ _|
àoVð>m Ed§ ñdrH$m`©Vm H$r ñ[ï> Úm{VH$ h¡$&
AmMma J«ÝWm| d oH«$`m H$mÊS> gå]§Yr gmohË` H$s aMZm H$aV{ hþE ^r
AÜ`mË_ hr CZH{$ obE l{` Wm$& BgrobE oOg àH$ma AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ g_`gma
_| Am¡a AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX Z{ Bï>m{[X{e _| ogÕm| H$s dÝXZm H$s h¡ Cgr [«H$ma [§.
AmemYaOr Z{ ^r "AZJma Y_m©_¥V H$m' àmaå^ ogÕm| H$s d§XZm g{ oH$`m h¡$& CZH$m
aËZÌ` odYmZ ewÕmË_m H{$ ñdê$[ d CgH$s àmoá H{$ _mJ© H$m, oZíM` Z` H$s
_w»`Vm g{ oZê$[U H$aVm h¡$& AÜ`mË_ ahñ` H{$ íbm{H$ H¥$. 67,68,70,71
aËZÌ` odYmZ H{$ [yd© aoMV íbm{H$ h¢$& AÜ`mË_ ahñ` CZH$s ApÝV_ aMZmAm| _|
g{ EH$ h¡$& aËZÌ` odYmZ AmÜ`mpË_H$ ^oº$ gmohË` H$m{ CZH$s AZw[_ ^|Q> h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 15
àH$moeV-C[bãY J«ÝW
1. gmJma Y_m©_¥V (^ì` Hw$_wXM§oÐH$m Q>rH$m gohV)
àH$meH$- _moUH$M§X J«W_mbm ]å]B©, od. g§dV² 1962, B©. gådV² 1915
2. AZJma Y_m©_¥V (^ì` Hw$_wXM§oÐH$m Q>rH$m gohV)
àH$meH$- _moUH$M§X J«W_mbm ]å]B©, odH«$_ g§dV² 1976
3. gmJma Y_m©_V¥ (^ì` Hw$_wXM§oÐH$m Q>rH$m gohV d kmZXro[H$m [§oOH$m gohV
ohÝXr Q>rH$m- [§. H¡$bmeM§X emñÌr)
àH$meH$- ^maVr` kmZ[rR>, ZB© oXëbr, odH«$_ g§dV² 2034, B©ñdr gådV²
1978
4. AZJma Y_m©_¥V (^ì` Hw$_wXM§oÐH$m Q>rH$m gohV d kmZXro[H$m [§oOH$m
gohV ohÝXr Q>rH$m- [§. H¡$bmeM§X emñÌr)
àH$meH$- ^maVr` kmZ[rR>, ZB© oXëbr, odH«$_ g§dV² 2034, B©ñdr gådV²
1977
5. oOZ`kH$ë[ (àoVð>m gmam{Õma-ohÝXr Q>rH$m gohV)
àH$meH$- O¡Z J«§W CÕmaH$ H$m`m©b`, odH«$_ g§dV² 1974, B©ñdr gådV²
1917
6. _yb AmamYZm Q>rH$m (^JdVr AmamYZm H$s Q>rH$m)
àH$meH$- OrdamO J«§W_mbm gm{bm[wa, B©ñdr gådV² 1935
7. oÌfoîQ> ñ_¥oV emñÌ gQ>rH$ (_amR>r ^mfm Q>rH$m gohV) AmMm`© O`g{Z
d JwU^Ð H{$ _hm[wamU H$m gma
àH$meH$- _mUH$M§Ð O¡Z J«§W_mbm, B©ñdr gådV² 1937
8. Bï>m{[X{e-Q>rH$m àH$meH$- _moUH$MÝÐ J«ÝW_mbm,
ohÝXr Q>rH$m gohV : àH$meH$- dra g{dm _pÝXa oX„r, gZ² 1954,
[a_lwV à^mdH$ _ÊS>b _wå]B©, dra oZdm©U g§dV² 2480
9. oOZghg«Zm_-gQ>rH$ àH$meH$- ^maVr` kmZ[rR>, dmamUmgr
10.aËZÌ` odYmZ ^maVr` kmZ[rR> ZB© oXëbr,(kmZ[rR> [yOm§Obr _|) gZ² 1957
11.oZË` _hm{Úm{V àH$meH$- ^maVr` kmZ[rR>, dmamUmgr, oOZghòZm_
gQ>rH$ H{$ gmW, Ao^f{H$ [mR> g§J«h ]ZOrbmb O¡Z J«§W_mbm g{
16 AÜ`mË_ ahñ` AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 17
12.AÜ`mË_ ahñ` ([pÊS>V OwJboH$em{a _w»Vma H$s ohÝXr Q>rH$m) 20. _hmdra [wamU ]m{agbr _pÝXa, H$m{Q>m
àH$meH$- dra g{dm _pÝXa oXëbr, gZ² 1957 21. emoÝV [wamU bíH$a _pÝXa, O`[wa
JwOamVr AZwdmX - lr oXJå]a O¡Z _w_wjw _ÊS>b O¡V[wa, gZ² 1987 22. X{d-emñÌ-Jwé [yOm Am_{a, O`[wa
13.]«m÷r ñVwoV - gañdoVñVd 23. gm{bh H$maU [yOm MÝÐZmW _pÝXa, X{dbJm§damOm
àH$meH$- ]K{admb g§X{e - [pÊS>V AmemYa ode{fm§H$, gZ² 1993 24. gañdVr Aï>H$ MÝÐZmW _pÝXa, X{dbJm§damOm
AàH$moeV-C[bãY J«ÝW 25. [mXwH$m Aï>H$ MÝÐZmW _pÝXa, X{dbJm§damOm
26. XebmjoUH$ O`_mbm MÝÐZmW _pÝXa, X{dbJm§damOm
H«$. aMZm H$m Zm_ hñVoboIV àoV Ohm± C[bãY h¡ 27. d«Vmam{[U MÝÐZmW _pÝXa, X{dbJm§damOm
1. ^aV{ídamä`wX` H$mì` gm{ZmoJa J«ÝW ^ÊS>ma 28. _hof© ñVdZ MÝÐZmW _pÝXa, X{dbJm§damOm
(ñdm{[k Q>rH$m) H$Þ¶S> àoV- O¡Z _R>, H$m{ëhm[wa 29. oOZ `kH$ë[ Pmbam[mQ>Z VWm gañdVr ^dZ, CÁO¡Z
2. oH«$`m H$bm[ [ÝZmbmb gañdVr ^dZ, ]å]B© 30. ñVm{Ì Q>rH$m R>m{ob`m| H$m _pÝXa, O`[wa
3. ^y[mb MVwodªeoVH$m Q>rH$m Pmbam[mQ>Z VWm gañdVr ^dZ, C‚m¡Z 31. aËZÌ` [yOm R>m{ob`m| H$m _pÝXa, O`[wa
4. ogÓ [yOm Ao^ZÝXZZmWOr H$m _pÝXa, ]yÝXr 32. Aï>m§J öX` g§ohVm R>m{ob`m| H$m _pÝXa, O`[wa
5. H$ë`mU_pÝXa ñVm{Ì Q>rH$m [mQ>m{Xr _pÝXa, O`[wa 33. oÌfð>r ñ_¥oV emñÌ [mQ>m{Xr _pÝXa, O`[wa
6. gañdVr ñVwoV gå^dZmW _pÝXa, CX`[wa 34. oÌ^§Jr gw]m{oYZr Q>rH$m bíH$a _pÝXa, O`[wa
7. à_{` aËZmH$a gm{ZmoJa J«ÝW ^ÊS>ma 35. ÜdOmam{hU odoY J«§W ^ÊS>ma, Am_{a
8. [yOm odYmZ gå^dZmW _pÝXa, CX`[wa 36. àoVð>m odoY [míd©ZmW _pÝXa, Mm¡JmZ-]yÝXr
9. oOZ{ÝÐ H$ë`mUmä`wX` gañdVr ^dZ, C‚m¡Z
AZw[bãY J«ÝW
10. J§YHw$Q>r [yOm gañdVr ^dZ, C‚m¡Z
11. od_mZ ewoÕ odYmZ gm{ZmoJa, ^Å>maH$ _pÝXa [§. AmemYa Z{ A[Zr oZåZ aMZmAm| H{$ CÕaU A[Zr AÝ` aMZmAm|
12. H$_©XhZ d«V odYmZ oX. O¡Z _pÝXa, dëhmU[wa _| oX`{ h¢, [aÝVw `{ J«ÝW A^r C[bãY Zht h¢$&
13. gwà^mV ñVm{Ì _y¶S>o]Ðr J«ÝW ^ÊS>ma aMZmH$mb – oOZ`kH$ë[ _| 10 J«ÝWm| H{$ Zm_ oX`{ h¢, Om{ odH«$_ g§dV²
14. MVwodªeoV oOZ [yOm _y¶S>o]Ðr J«ÝW ^ÊS>ma 1285 H{$ [yd© H$s aMZm`| hm{Zr Mmoh`{$& gmJma Y_m©_V¥ Q>rH$m _| AÝ` 4 J«ÝWm|
15. ñdßZmdbr _y¶S>o]Ðr J«ÝW ^ÊS>ma H$m C„{I o_bVm h¡ – 1. H$mì`mb§H$ma Q>rH$m, 2. oOZ`kH$ë[ gQ>rH$, 3.
16. ogoÕoà` ñVm{Ì Q>rH$m oXdmZOr H$m _pÝXa, H$m§_m oÌfoï> ñ_¥oV Q>rH$m, 4. oZË`_hm{Úm{V$& BgàH$ma 1285 g{ 1296 (odH«$_
17. AmamYZm gma d¥oÎm O¡Z _pÝXa, Om{]Z{a g§) H{$ _Ü` 5 J«ÝWm| H$s aMZm hþB©$& AZJma Y_m©_¥V Q>rH$m _| 1. amOr_Vr
18. aËZÌ` d«V H$Wm [mQ>m{Xr _pÝXa, O`[wa odàbå^, 2. AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 3. aËZÌ` odYmZ H$m C„{I o_bVm h¡$& `{
19. oOZ_hmo^f{H$ bíH$a _pÝXa , O`[wa J«ÝW 1296 g{ 1300 H{$ _Ü` aoMV hþE$&
18 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
W emñÌmä`mg g{ bm^ W
`m{Jgma àm^¥V _| AmMm`© Ao_VJoV emñÌ-ñdmÜ`m` H$s à{aUm
X{V{ hþE obIV{ h¢–
_m`m_`m¡fY§ emņ̃ emņ̃ [wÊ`oZ]ÝYZ_²$&
Mjw: gd©JV§ emņ̃ emņ̃ gdm©Wg
© mYH$_²$&&429&&
gabmW© :– H«$m{YmoX H$fm` ê$[r am{Jm| H{$ obE gƒr Am¡foY
emñÌ h¡; gmoVe` [wÊ` [naUm_ Ed§ [wÊ`H$_© H{$ ]§Y H{$ obE gdm}Îm_
H$maU emñÌ h¡; OrdmoX gmV VÎdm|, N>h Ðì`m|, Zm¡ [XmWm~ H{$ gå`H²$
[nakmZ H{$ obE emñÌ hr Mjw h¡ Am¡a Bg^d VWm [a^d H{$ gd©
à`m{OZm| H$m{ ogÕ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^r emñÌ hr h¡$&
AmMm`©H$ë[ [pÊS>V Q>m{S>a_bOr gå`½kmZMoÝÐH$m _| obIV{ h¢ –
X{Im{ emñÌmä`mg H$s _oh_m ! oOgH{$ hm{Z{ [a [aå[am AmË_mZw^d
Xem H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡, oOgg{ _m{jê$[ \$b àmá hm{Vm h¡$& `h Vm{ Xya
hr ahm{, emñÌmä`mg g{ VËH$mb hr BVZ{ JwU àH$Q> hm{V{ h¢ –
1. H«$m{YmoXH$ H$s Vm{ _ÝXVm hm{Vr h¡$&
2. [§M{oÝÐ` H{$ odf`m| _| àd¥oÎm éH$Vr h¡$&
3. AoVM§Mb _Z ^r EH$mJ« hm{Vm h¡$&
4. qhgmoX [m±M [m[ Zht hm{V{$&
5. h{`-C[mX{` H$s [ohMmZ hm{Vr h¡$&
6. bm{H$ _| _oh_m-`e ode{f hm{Vm h¡$&
7. AmË_kmZ (kmZ AmË_gÝ_wI) gÝ_wI hm{Vm h¡$&
8. AoYH$-AoYH$ kmZ hm{Z{ [a AmZÝX CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$&
9. gmoVe` [wÊ` H$m ]ÝY hm{Vm h¡$&
10. ñVm{H$ (Aë[) kmZ hm{Z{ [a ^r oÌbm{H$ H{$ VrZ H$mb
gå]ÝYr MamMa [XmWm~ H$m OmZZm hm{Vm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 19

AÜ`mË_ odÚm H$r ahñ`_`Vm

(AÜ`mË_-odkmZ)
Bg J«ÝW H$m Zm_ [§. AmemYaOr Z{ AÜ`mË_ ahñ` oZYm©naV
oH$`m h¡$& AÜ`mË_ eãX, AoY+AmË_m BZ Xm{ eãXm| g{ ]Zm h¡,
oOgH$m empãXH$ AW© h¡ AmË_m H{$ oZH$Q>dVu hm{Zm$& AmË_m H{$
oZH$Q>dVu hm{Z{ H{$ ocE AmË_m H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ OmZZm Am¡a Cg{ OJV
H{$ g_ñV [XmWm~ g{ AoYH$ _mZZm Amdí`H$ h¡$&
`Wmg§§^d kmZ-gwImoX JwUm| _| "Am' AWm©V² gd©àH$ma
g{ "AVoV' AWm©V² dV©Vm h¡ dh AmË_m h¡ AWdm ew^-Aew^ _Z-
dMZ-H$m` hr oH«$`m Ûmam `Wmgå^d Vrd«-_§XmoXê$[ g{ Om{ "Am'
AWm©V² [yU©ê$[ g{ "AVoV' dV©Vm h¡ dh AmË_m h¡$& AWdm CË[mX ì``
Am¡a Y«m¡ì` – BZ VrZ Y_m~ Ûmam Om{ "Am' AWm©V² [yU© ê$[ g{ "AVoV'
AWm©V² dV©Vm h¡ dh AmË_m h¡$& – Ðì`g§J«h Q>rH$m-JmWm 57
BgocE oZO ewÕ AmË_m H$r àVroV AWdm CgH$m{ OmZH$a
Cg_| "_¢-[Z{' H$r ñWm[Zm [yd©H$ Cg_| C[`m{J H$r crZVmê$[
AZwîR>mZ AÜ`mË_ odÚm h¡ Am¡a kmZ H$r oOg emIm _| Bg odÚm
H$m gm§Jm{[m§J odd{MZ oH$`m J`m h¡ dh AÜ`mË_-odkmZ h¡$& Bg
AZwîR>mZ H$m{ O¡Z Xe©Z _| aËZÌ` `m _m{j_mJ© H$hm J`m h¡$&
(gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌmoU _m{j_mJ©•&)$
oZO ewÕmË_m _| AZwîR>mZ _| ]mYH$ VÎd _m{h-amJ-Û{f h¢$& _m{h-
amJ-Û{f ê$[r odH$mar ^md Am¡a Aë[kVm H$m A^md H$aV{ hþE oZO
ewÕmË_m _| àd¥oÎm hr AÜ`mË_ odÚm h¡$& Bg odÚm H$m H$WZ O¡Z emñÌm|
_| oZíM`-ì`dhma Z` [yd©H$ oH$`m J`m h¡$& [§. AmemYaOr Z{ _w»`
d Jm¡U eãX H$m [«`m{J oH$`m h¡$&
ewÕ oMXmZÝX_` (kmZ d AmZÝX_` M{VZm ñdê$[) oZO
20 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
AmË_m H{$ àoV VÐy[ àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a pñWoVê$[ Ao^_wIVm
H$m{ Jm¡U Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ H$hm J`m h¡$& CZ àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a
pñWoV (crZVm) _| C[`m{J H$r àd¥oÎm H$m{ _w»` Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ
H$hm h¡$& AmË_ ewoÕ H$r `h odoY BpÝÐ` odf`m| g{ odap”V Am¡a
oZO ewÕmË_m _| C[`m{J H$r EH$mJ«Vmê$[ [naUoV AÜ`mË_ emñÌm|
H$m àoV[mÚ odf` h¡$& Bg{ `m{J emñÌ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡$&
A^{X aËZÌ`ê$[ AmË_ ewoÕ H$r odÚm H{$ gmYH$ H$m{ AÜ`mË_
_| `m{Jr H$hm J`m h¡$& AÜ`mË_ _| ñ[em©oX [m§M BpÝÐ`m| d [a _|
ì`m[maê$[ _Z H{$ ì`m[ma _| Amgp”V H$m{ g] AZWm~ H$m _yc
(oZaÝVa AmHw$cVm d oMÎm H$r M§McVm H$m OZH$) _mZm OmVm h¡,
AV• BZH{$ àoV Amgp”V H{$ A^md [yd©H$ AÜ`mË_ odÚm _| àd¥oÎm
hm{Vr h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ odÚm H$r ahñ`_`Vm :
AmMm`© drag{Z ñdm_r Z{ (Ydcm [wñVH$ 2) _| AÝVam` H$_©
H$m{ ahñ` H$hm h¡$& AÝVam` H$_© AmË_m H{$ dr`© JwU (oOgH$m H$m`©
AZw^d _| Zht AmVm) H$m{ AmdnaV H$aVm h¡$& AÝVam` H$_© H$m
Zme AmË_m H{$ Xe©Z, kmZ d gwI JwU H{$ KmVH$ e{f VrZ H$_m~
(Xe©ZmdaU, kmZmdaU d _m{hZr`) H{$ Zme H$m AodZm^mdr h¡$&
AÝVam` H$_© H{$ Zme hm{Z{ [a AKmoV`m H$_© (Am`w, Zm_, Jm¡Ì
d d{XZr`) ^«îQ> ]rO H{$ g_mZ oZ•e”V hm{ OmV{ h¢$& AÜ`mË_ odkmZ
_| gd© H$_m~ H{$ ]rO^yV _m{h H{$ Zme Ûmam AÝVam` H$_© gohV gd©
H$_m~ H{$ AmË`pÝVH$ j` Ûmam AmË_m H$r [yU© ewÕ AdñWm H$r àmoá
H$r odÚm H$m àoV[mXZ hm{Z{ g{ AÜ`mË_ ahñ`_` odÚm h¡ $& gd©
H$_m~ H{$ A^md g{ AmË_m H{$ gd©JwU [yU© ewÕ hm{H$a [naUo_V hm{V{
h¢ oOgH{$ \$c _| AmË_m AZÝV kmZ, AZÝV Xe©Z, AZÝV gwI,
AZÝV dr`© AmoX H$m Aj` ^m{”Vm ]Z OmVm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 21

gmohË` _| AmË_m - [a_mË_m _| A^{X H$r AZw^yoV Am¡a

Aì`”V H{$ àoV AmË_ oZd{XZ H$m{ ahñ`dmX H$hm J`m h¡$& ahñ`
eãX Jy¶T> VÎd `m __© H$m dmMH$ h¡$& AÜ`mË_ _| AmË_m-[a_mË_m
Am¡a Xm{Zm| H{$ gå]ÝY H$r `WmW© dñVwpñWoV H$m àH$meZ hm{Vm h¡$&
AmË_m - [a_mË_m H{$ ñdê$[ d CZH{$ gå]ÝY H$m àH$meZ Jy¶T> VÎd
h¡, Jwá ahñ` h¡, Om{ `m{oJ`m| H$m{ hr àJQ> hm{Vm h¡$& odf`m| _| Amg”V
Ord Bg ahñ` H$m{ H$^r ^r Zht g_P [mV{$&
gmYmaU OZ Vm{ AmË_m - [a_mË_m ([a_ ewÕ oZO AmË_m)
H{$ Bg Jy¶T> g§]ÝY H$m{ Zht OmZV{, oH$ÝVw Y_© d Xe©Z H{$ AÜ`{Vm
^r Om{ ñ`mÛmX H$WZ [ÕoV g{ AZo^k h¢, CÝh| ^r Bg odÚm H$m
J«hU Zht hm{ [mVm$& AÜ`mË_ dh odÚm h¡ oOgH$m gmYH$, AmË_m-
[a_mË_m _| A^{X H$r AZw^yoV _| àdrU hm{Vm h¡ BgocE ^r `h
ahñ`_` h¡$&
Xw]m}Ü` VÎd H$m{ ^r ahñ`_` H$hm OmVm h¡$& AÜ`mË_odÚm A[Zr
Hw$N> ode{fVmAm| H{$ H$maU Xw]m}Ü` h¡$& CZ_| g{ _w»` oZåZàH$ma h¢•-
(1) odf` H$r A_yV©Vm •
AÜ`mË_ emñÌ H$m _yc àoV[mÚ AmË_m h¡ Om{ BpÝÐ` kmZ
Jå` Zht h¡$& AÝ` kmZ H$r emIm`| BpÝÐ` kmZ Ûmam OmZZ{ d AZw^d
_| AmZ{ dmc{ odf`m| g{ gå]pÝYV h¢$& AVrpÝÐ` kmZ Ûmam hr AmË_m
H$m àË`j kmZ hm{Z{ g{ AmË_m H$m{ OmZZm Xw]m}Ü` h¡$& AmË_kmZ
_| eãX oZo_Îmê$[ g{ EH$ gr_m VH$ ghm`H$ hm{V{ h¢, [aÝVw AÝV
_| CZH$m Adcå]Z N>m{¶S{> o]Zm AmË_kmZ Zht hm{Vm$&
(2) h{`-C[mX{` •-
gmam OJV J«hU H$aZ{ `m{½` (C[mX{`) Am¡a N>m{¶S>Z{ `m{½` (h{`)
H$m odMma [m¡ÒocH$ dñVwAm| d CZH{$ ^mdm| AWdm CZH{$ Aml`
g{ hm{Z{ dmc{ H$m`m~ _| H$aVm h¡$& AÜ`mË_ odÚm _| gd© [a[XmW© H{$dc
22 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
OmZZ{ `m{½` h¢$& h{`-C[mX{` H$m odMma Ord H{$ A[Z{ ^mdm| VH$
gro_V h¡$& AV• oZO ewÕ AmË_m H{$ Aml` g{ hm{Z{ dmcr ewÕ
[naUoV d ewÕm{[`m{J C[mX{` Ed§ g_ñV amJmoX (_m{h-amJ-Û{f)
^md Am¡a [aÐì`m| H$s Am{a CÝ_wI kmZ [«d¥oÎm h{`ê$[ g{ oZYm©naV
oH$`{ OmV{ h¢$& ^mdm| _| h{`-C[mX{`-k{` H$r [ÕoV g{ A[naoMV
hm{Z{ g{ gm_mÝ`OZm| H{$ ocE AÜ`mË_ Xw]m}Ü` h¡$&
(3) à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m •-
kmZ H$r àË`{H$ emIm H$r EH$ à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m hm{Vr h¡$&
cm¡oH$H$ odkmZ H$r à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m oH$Ýht _mZdr` Amdí`H$VmAm|
H$r g§VwpîQ> h¡, oOg{ AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝXñdm_r Z{ g_`gma JmWm-4
_| H$m_-^m{J-]§Y H$s H$Wm H$hm h¡$& `h H$Wm g§gmar Ordm| Z{ AZÝV
]ma gwZr h¡, [naM` oH$`m h¡ Am¡a AZw^d ^r oH$`m h¡$& BgocE
gwc^ h¡$& AÜ`mË_ odkmZ H$r à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m AmË_m d [a_mË_m
([yU©ewÛ AmË_m ) _| A^{XËd H$m AZw^d H$aV{ hþE [a_mË_[X H$r
àmoá h¡$& ñd g{ EH$Ëd Ed§ [a g{ od^”V E{g{ ewÕ AmË_m H{$ kmZ
d lÕmZ Ûmam oZO ewÕ AmË_m H{$ Ü`mZ g{ _m{h-amJ-Û{f H$m{ g_yc
oZ•e{f H$a [yU© ewÕ AdñWm (ewÕmË_m `m [a_mË_ [X) H$r àmoá
AÜ`mË_ H$r à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m h¡$& cm¡oH$H$OZ Bg odÚm H{$ kmZ
g{ gd©Wm AZo^k h¢$&
AVrpÝÐ` gwI d CgH$m gmYZ^yV AVrpÝÐ` kmZ C[mX{` hm{Z{
g{ CgH$r [yU©V• C[cpãY AÜ`mË_ H$r à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m h¡$&
(4) gwI H$r AdYmaUm •
cm{H$ _| _mZdr` BÀN>mAm| H$r [yoV© g{ o_cZ{ dmcr VwpîQ> `m
V¥oá H$m{ gwI _mZm OmVm h¡ - gd© OZ gwI H$r Bg YmaUm g{ [naoMV
h¢$& AÜ`mË_ _| gwI H$m cjU oZamHw$cVm d XwI H$m cjU
AmHw$cVm oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m h¡$& oOg d{XZ H$m{ OJV OZ gwI
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 23

_mZV{ h¢ dh AoZË`-H$^r H$^r hm{Z{ dmcm, H«$_e• hm{Z{ dmcm, A[Z{

odam{Yr ^md Xw•I gohV hm{Z{ dmcm, hmoZ-d¥oÕ ê$[ Am¡a [amYrZ
h¡$& AÜ`mË_ H$m cú`^yV gwI AmË_mYrZ, oZË`, `wJ[V àdV©_mZ,
oZ•àoV[j (XwI ê$[ odam{Yr ^md aohV) Am¡a hmoZ-d¥oÕ aohV h¡$&
AmÜ`mnË_H$ gwI H$r YmaUm – BÀN>mAm| H$r CË[oÎm Z hm{Z{ g{ Ed§
BÀN>mAm| H{$ KQ>Z{ g{ gå]pÝYV h¡$& BÀN>mAm| H$m [yU© A^md [yU©
gwI h¡ - oOgg{ OJVOZ A[naoMV h¢$& CÝh| Bg gwI H$m AZw^d
^r Zht hm{Vm$& oZamHw$cVm cjU gwI H$r àmoá H$r odoY ^r H{$dc
A_yV© oZO ewÕmË_m _| H«$r¶S>m H$aZ{ ê$[ hm{Z{ g{ AË`ÝV Jy¶T> d
ahñ`_` h¡$&
(5) C[H$aU
AÝ` g^r odkmZ Im{O H{$ ocE ]woÕ H{$ gmW ^m¡oVH$ C[H$aUm|
H$m ^r à`m{J H$aV{ h¢$& AÜ`mË_ _| Im{O H$m odf` oZO AmË_m
H$r ep”V`m± Am¡a gm_Ï`© Ed§ CZ ep”V`m| H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hþ`{
A[Z{ kmZ d AmZÝX H$r [yU© d ewÕ AdñWm H$r àmoá h¡$& Bg Im{O
H$m C[H$aU Ord H$r kmZ ep”V, ]woÕ `m àkm h¡$& `h C[H$aU
A_yV© h¡, gyú_ h¡$&
g§gmar Ord ew^-Aew^ ^mdê$[ ^md H$_©, kmZmdaUmoX Ðì`
H$_©, eara d BpÝÐ`m± AmoX H{$ gmW ]§Yê$[ AdñWm _| h¢$& ]§Yê$[
AdñWm _| Ord d [wÒc H$r [naUoV [añ[a EH$ Xyga{ H{$ gm[{j
hm{Vr h¡$& àkm Ûmam hr Ord Am¡a ]§Y (Ðì`H$_©-^mdH$_©-Zm{H$_© )
H$m oZ`V – oZpíMV ñd cjUm| g{ oÛYmH$aU oH$`m OmVm h¡$&
oÛYmH$aU H$aH{$ àkm ê$[r gmYZ Ûmam hr ewÕ AmË_m H$m J«hU
oH$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a ]§Y H$m{ N>m{¶S>m OmVm h¡$& ewÕ AmË_m H$r C[cpãY
_|, Om{ AÜ`mË_ H$m Ü`{` h¡, àkmê$[r ]woÕ H{$ Acmdm AÝ` oH$gr
C[H$aU H$r Amdí`H$Vm Zht hm{Vr$&
24 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
(6) H$WZ [ÕoV
AÜ`mË_ odkmZ H$m àoV[mÚ "AmË_m' AZÝV Y_m©Ë_H$ dñVw
h¡$& AmË_ dñVw AZ{H$mÝV (gm_mÝ` ode{fmË_H$ AZ{H$ Y_© ñdê$[)
ñd^md dmcr h¡$& EH$ dñVw _| dñVwËd H$r oZî[mXH$ [añ[a odéÕ
Xm{ ep”V`m| H$m àH$moeV hm{Zm AZ{H$mÝV h¡$& Bg dñVw ñd^md H$m
H$WZ H$aZ{ H$r [ÕoV ñ`mÛmX h¡$& ñ`mÛmX H$WZ [ÕoV oZíM`-
ì`dhma Z`mË_H$ h¡$& oZíM`-ì`dhma Z` _| "_w»` gm{ oZíM`,
Jm¡U gm{ ì`dhma' H$m oZ`_ A[ZmV{ h¢$& à`m{OZ ]XcZ{ H{$ gmW
oZíM`-ì`dhma H$m odf` ]Xc OmVm h¡$& BgocE AÜ`mË_ H{$ gd©
H$WZ H$m{B© ode{f A[{jm oc`{ hþE hm{V{ h¢$& lm{Vm H$m{ A[Zr ]woÕ
g{ oH$gr ^r H$WZ H{$ gå]§Y _| ghr Z` AWdm A[{jm H$m{ g_PZm
[¶S>Vm h¡$& H$WZ H$r A[{jm AWm©V² d”Vm H$m Ao^àm` O¡gm h¡ d¡gm
ghr ghr J«hU hm{ OmZm ode{f ]woÕ H$r A[{jm aIVm h¡$& AÜ`mË_
odÚm H$m{ g_PZ{ H{$ ocE dñVw ñd^md H$r AZ{H$mÝVmË_H$Vm Am¡a
ñ`mÛmX H$WZ [ÕoV H$m kmZ Amdí`H$ h¡$&
Bg àH$ma AÜ`mË_-odkmZ AÝ` odkmZm| g{ o^ÝZ àH$ma H$m
odkmZ h¡$& BgH$m àoV[mÚ, à`m{OZ^yV oH«$`m, h{`-C[mX{` oZU©`
[ÕoV, gwI H$r AdYmaUm, Im{O H{$ C[H$aU, H$WZ [ÕoV AoV
odoeîQ> hm{Z{ g{ Jy¶T> Am¡a Xw]m}Ü` h¡$& BgocE [§. AmemYaOr Z{ Bg
AÜ`mË_ emñÌ H$m Zm_ "AÜ`mË_ ahñ`' aIm h¡$&
`h J«ÝW AmË_m d [a_mË_m gå]§Yr AZ{H$ Jy¶T> ahñ`m| H$m
CX²KmQ>Z H$aVm hþAm oZO ewÕ AmË_m - H{$dc EH$ H$m{ A[Z{
AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J H$m odf` ]ZmZ{ H$r odÚm H$m{ àH$moeV H$aVm
hþAm oZO ewÕ AmË_m _| C[`m{J H$r crZVmê$[ AZwîR>mZ H{$ ocE
[wéfmW©dÝV hm{Z{ H$r à{aUm X{Vm h¡ – _mJ© àH$moeV H$aVm h¡$&
– S>m°. _mZ_b O¡Z, H$m{Q>m
 $&&ewÕmË_Z{ Z_•&&
[pÊS>Vàda AmemYaOr odaoMV
AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
_§JbmMaU
^ì`{ä`m{ ^O_mZ{ä`m{, `m{ XXmoV oZO§ [X_² &
Vñ_¡ lrdraZmWm`, Z_• lrJm¡V_m` M$&&1&&
^oº$-brZ ^ì`m| H$m{ H$aV{ Om{ oZO-[X H$m AZw[_ XmZ$&
CZ lr draZmW Ed§ Jm¡V_ Jwéda H$m{ H$ê$± àUm_$&&1&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`•] Om{ [^O_mZ{ä`• ^ì`{ä`•] ^O_mZ
(^OV{ hþE) ^ì`m| H$m{ [oZO§ [X§ XXmoV] oZO[X àXmZ H$aV{ h¢
[Vñ_¡ lrdraZmWm` lrJm¡V_m` M] CZ lr draZmW Am¡a lr
Jm¡V_ñdm_r H$m{ [Z_•] Z_ñH$ma hm{$&
ì`m»`m •- `hm± ^ì`m| H$m ^O_mZ (^p”V _| AZwaº$
gw[mÌ) ode{fU Am¡a CÝh| oZO[X àXmZ H$aZ{ H$s ]mV – `{ Xm{Zm|
Ü`mZ _| c{Z{ `m{½` h¢$& BZ_| ^p”V`m{J H$m ahñ` gpÝZohV h¡$& EH$
hr [Ú _| lr dra-^JdmZ H{$ gmW Jm¡V_ñdm_r H$m{ aIZm Am¡a Xm{Zm|
H$m{ EH$ gmW Z_ñH$ma H$aZm ^r ahñ`[yU© h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ dh odÚm h¡ oOgH$r AmamYZm d gmYZm Ûmam ^ì`
AmË_m [a_mË_[X H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& [a_mË_[X H$m{ àmá H$aZ{ H$m
gw[mÌ dh ^ì`Ord hm{Vm h¡ Om{ gXm gƒ{ öX` g{ ^p”V _| _¾
AWm©V² AZwa”V ahVm h¡$& A^”V àmUr ^Jd§V [X àmá H$aZ{ H{$ `m{½`
Zht hm{Vm$& `hm± ^ì`m| H{$ ocE ^p”Vd§V ode{fU à`w”V oH$`m J`m
h¡$& oOZH$r ^p”V AmamYZm g{ ^ì`Ordm| H$m{ ^Jd§V [X H$s àmoá
hm{Vr h¡ E{g{ lr drañdm_r AWm©V² Aj` kmZcú_r VWm ^maVr
26 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

od^yoVê$[ "lr' gå[ÝZ ^JdmZ _hmdra VWm lr Jm¡V_ñdm_r H$m{

_§JcmMaU _| Z_ñH$ma oH$`m J`m h¡$& `hm± EH$ [Ú _| dra-^JdmZ
H{$ gmW Jm¡V_ñdm_r H$m{ aIZm Am¡a Xm{Zm| H$m{ EH$ gmW Z_ñH$ma
H$aZm ^r ahñ` g{ Imcr Zht h¡, `h ^JdmZ Ûmam A[Z{ ^”V H$m{
oZO g_mZ ]Zm c{Z{ H$m gwÝXa Ed§ ñ[ï> CXmhaU h¡$& BÝÐ^yoV Jm¡V_
lr dra ^JdmZ H{$ à_wI oeî` Am¡a àYmZ JUYa hm{Z{ H{$ gmW hr
AZÝ` ^”V W{ Am¡a Cgr AgmYmaU ^p”Vde VXZwê$[ AmMaU
H$aH{$ CÝht H{$ g_mZ _wp”V[X H$m{ àmá hþE h¢, AmamYH$ g{ AmamÜ`
Am¡a g{dH$ g{ g{ì` ]ZH$a Z_ñH$ma H{$ [mÌ ]Z{ h¢$& Bgr H$maU
drañdm_r H{$ gmW CÝh| ^r Z_ñH$ma oH$`m J`m h¡$&
àñVwV [Ú _| "Z_•' eãX EH$ hm{V{ hþE ^r X{har-Xr[ Ý`m`
g{ Xm{Zm| H{$ ocE g_mZ ê$[ _| à`w”V hþAm h¡ AWdm "M' eãX H{$
gmW A[Zr [wZamd¥oÎm H$s gyMZm H$m{ oc`{ hþE h¡$&
`hm± ^ì`m| H$m{ "^O_mZ' ode{fU oX`m J`m h¡$& ^O_mZ
ode{fU H{$ Ûmam `h àJQ> oH$`m J`m h¡ oH$ oZO[X àXmZ H$aZ{
H$m H$m`© CÝht ^ì`Ordm| H{$ ocE h¡, Om{ gXm gƒ{ öX` g{ ^p”V
_| AZwaº$ ahV{ h¢ Am¡a BgrocE Cg [X H$m{ àmá H$aZ{ H{$ gw[mÌ
hm{V{ h¢$& dmoXamO gyna "EH$r^md ñVm{Ì' _| ocIV{ h¢ –
""ewÕ{ kmZ{ ewoMoZ MnaV{ gË`o[ Ëdæ`ZrMm,
^p”VZm} M{XZdoY gwImd§oMH$m Hw§$oMH{$`_²$&
e”`m{X²KmQ§> ^doV oh H$W§ _wp”V-H$m_ñ` [w§gm{,
_wp”V-Ûma§ [naX¥¶T>-_hm_m{h-_wÐm-H$[mQ>_²$&&13&&
AW© - ewÕ kmZ Am¡a ewÕ MmnaÌ H{$ hm{V{ hþE ^r oOg _w_wjw
H$s _wp”V àmá AmË_mAm| H{$ àoV Cƒ H$m{oQ> H$s ^p”V Zht h¡ CgH{$
ocE _wp”V H{$ Ûma [a gwX¥¶T> _hm_m{h H$s _wÐm (_wha-grc) H$m{ ocE
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 27

hþE H$[mQ> cJ{ h¢, oOg{ dh Im{cZ{ _| g_W© Zht hm{ gH$Vm$& Cƒ
H$m{oQ> H$s gƒr godd{H$ ^p”V hr H$^r Ag\$c Zht hm{Z{ dmcr
Hw§$Or (Ad§oMH$m Hw§$oMH$m) h¡, Om{ _wp”V H{$ Ûma H$m{ Im{cZ{ _| gXm
g_W© hm{Vr h¡$&''
AV• Cg [X (drañdm_r H$m [X-Anah§V [X) H$s àmoá H{$
ocE ^ì`Ord H$m ^O_mZ hm{Zm Amdí`H$ h¡$& "^O_mZ' ode{fU
Cg Ord H$s oZH$Q> ^ì`Vm H$m ^r Úm{VH$ h¡$&
oZO[X àXmZ (oZO[X_² XXmoV) H$s ]mV _| Xm{ ]mV| odMmaUr`
h¢ – (1) oZO[X ”`m h¡? Am¡a (2) oZO[X-XmZ ”`m h¡ ?
oZO[X ewÕ, ñdmYrZ, AmË_r` kmZmZÝX_` [X H$m{ H$hV{
h¢ oOgH$m Xygam Zm_ _wp”V[X h¡$& _wp”V[X H{$ AdñWm ^{X g{ Xm{
àH$ma h¢ – EH$ OrdZ _wp”V[X, Xygam odX{h _wp”V[X$& X{h _| ahV{
hþE Om{ Cg [X H$m C[^m{J H$a gH$V{ h¢ dh [hcm àH$ma AWm©V²
Anah§V [X h¡$& X{h g{ gd©Wm gXm H{$ ocE Ny>Q>Z{ [a oOgH$m C[^m{J
]ZVm h¡ Cg{ Xygam _wp”V[X AWm©V² ogÕ [X H$hV{ h¢$& _w_wjw H{$
ocE BZ [Xm| H{$ AoVna”V AÝ` g] [X A[X h¡§$&
oZO[X H$m{ àXmZ H$aZ{ H$s ode{fVm ^r lr draZmW (Anah§V-
ogÕ) H{$ oc`{ hr ]ZVr h¡ Am¡a oZO[X àXmZ H$aZ{ H$s odoY
AÜ`mË_ H$m ahñ` ^r h¡$& cm{H$ _| oOg àH$ma EH$ _Zwî` A[Zm
[X Xyga{ H$m{ X{H$a ñd`§ Cg [X g{ _w”V hm{ OmVm h¡ Cg àH$ma g{
_wp”V-[X àXmZ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm$& dmñVd _| _wp”V-[X AmË_m
H$m oZOê$[ AWdm oZO-ñdê$[ h¡$&
oZO-ñdê$[ H$m XmZ Zht ]Z gH$Vm h¡$& H$m{B© ^r Ðì` A[Z{
oZO ñdê$[ H$m oH$gr Xyga{ H$m{ XmZ Zht H$a gH$Vm, ”`m|oH$ JwUr
g{ JwU [¥WH²$ H$aZm Ae”` h¡$& dñVwV• XmZ gXm [adñVw H$m hm{Vm
28 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
h¡ oOg{ ^yc AWdm Ah§H$made A[Zm _mZ oc`m OmVm h¡$& _w”V-
AmË_mAm| _| _m{h H$m gd©Wm A^md hm{Z{ g{ X{Z{-oXcmZ{ H$s H$m{B©
]mV dñVwV• ]Z hr Zht gH$Vr h¡$& V] oZO[X àXmZ H$aZ{ H$s
]mV _| ”`m ahñ` h¡ ?
g^r ^ì`Ord Ðì`-X¥oï> g{ [añ[a g_mZ h¢$& g]_| _wp”V-
[X àmoá H$s `m{½`Vm h¡$& [aÝVw AZmoXH$mc g{ H$_©_c g{ _ocZ
Ed§ AmÀN>moXV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU dh `m{½`Vm [`m©` _| ì`º$ Zht h¡$&
_w”V hm{Z{ H$s `m{½`Vm g^r ^ì`Ordm| _| ep”Vê$[ _| AZmoX g{
odÚ_mZ h¡$& _w”VmË_mAm| _| Cg `m{½`Vm (ogÕËd) H$m [yU© odH$mg
X{IH$a ^ì` àmoU`m| H$m{ A[Zr ^ycr hþB© AmË_-oZoY H$s gwoY
o_cVr h¡$&
àdMZgma JmWm-80 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX `h ogÕmÝV àoV-
[moXV H$aV{ h¢ –
""Om{ OmUoX Aah§V§ XìdÎmJwUÎm[ÁO`Îm{qh$&
gm{ OmUoX Aß[mU§ _m{hm{ Icw OmoX Vñg c`§$&&
JmWmW© •- Om{ Aah§V H$m{ Ðì`[Z{, JwU[Z{ Am¡a [`m©`[Z{
OmZVm h¡ dh A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ OmZVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m _m{h Adí`
c` H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&''
g_moYVÝÌ J«ÝW H{$ ícm{H$-97 _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX `hr ^md
BZ eãXm| _| àJQ> H$aV{ h¢ –
""o^ÝZmË_mZ_w[mñ`mË_m [am{ ^doV VmX¥e•$&
doV©Xu[§ `Wm{[mñ` o^ÝZm ^doV VmX¥er$&&
AW© •- O¡g{ Xr[H$ g{ o^ÝZ ApñVËd aIZ{ dmcr ]Îmr Xr[H$
H$s C[mgZm (AmamYZm) H$aH{$ – CgH$m gm_rß` àmá H$aH{$ Xr[H$
ê$[ hm{ OmVr h¡, d¡g{ hr `h AmË_m A[Z{ g{ o^ÝZ AhªV-ogÕê$[
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 29

[a_mË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$aH{$ CZ hr O¡gm [a_mË_m hm{ OmVm h¡$&''

H$m{B© odMmaerc ^ì`Ord _w”V-AmË_mAm| H{$ ñdê$[ H$m
Ðì` g{, JwU g{, [`m©` g{ odMma H$aVm h¡ Vm{ Cg{ A[Z{ Ðì`-
JwU-[`m©` H$m ñdê$[ kmZ _| ^mogV hm{Vm h¡$& O] A[Zr ^ycr
hþB© oZoY H$m kmZ hm{Vm h¡ AWm©V² A[Z{ [a_[mnaUmo_H$^mdñdê$[
H$maU- [a_mË_m Am¡a AnahÝV-ogÕ ñdê$[ H$m`©[a_mË_m H$m kmZ
hm{Vm h¡ Vm{ dh A[Zr oZoY H$m{ àmá H$aZ{ H{$ ocE ì`dhma Z`
g{ _w”VmË_mAm| H$m ^OZ, AmamYZ, g{dZ, [XmZwgaU H$aVm h¡
Am¡a oZíM` g{ oZO ewÕmË_m H$s AmamYZm-^mdZm H$aVm h¡ –
E{gm H$aZ{ g{ [yd©g§oMV H$_m~ H$s JwUl{Ur oZO©am (àoVg_`
Ag§»`mV JwUr) hm{Vr h¡, ZdrZ H$_m~ H$m ]§Y éH$ OmVm h¡, Cg
[wéfmW© g{ _w”VmË_mAm| O¡gr `m{½`Vm A[Z{ _| odH$ogV H$aH{$ CZH{$
g_mZ [X àmá H$aZ{ _| g_W© hm{Vm h¡$&
lr_X² AmMm`© `m{JrÝXwX{d "`m{Jgma' H{$ ícm{H$-19 _| Bgr
]mV H$m{ BZ eãXm| _| ì`º$ H$aV{ h¢ –
""oOU gwo_ahþ oOU qMV]hþ oOU Pm`hþ gw_U{U$&
gm{ Pmh§Vh [a_[C cã^B E”H$IU{U$&&
AW© •- ewÕ ^md g{ oOZ{ÝÐ H$m ñ_aU H$am{, oOZ{ÝÐ H$m
qMVdZ H$am{, oOZ{ÝÐ H$m Ü`mZ H$am{ – E{gm Ü`mZ H$aZ{ g{ EH$ jU
_| [a_[X àmá hm{ OmVm h¡$&''
Bgoc`{ "^O_mZ' ^ì`m| H$m{ A[Zm [X AWm©V² A[Z{ g_mZ
[X àmá H$aZ{ _| CoMV oZo_Îm H$maU (C[mXmZ H$maU Vm{ Ord H$s
A[Zr ñd`§ H$s `m{½`Vm h¡) hm{Z{ g{ draZmW (_hmdra) H$m{ ì`dhma
Z` g{ oZO[X H$m{ àXmZ H$aZ{ dmcm H$hm J`m h¡$& `h H$WZ Ac§H$ma
H$s ^mfm _| h¡, ogÕmÝV H$WZ Zht h¡$& dñVwV• _w_wjw H{$ AÝVa§J
30 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

_| AnahÝV-ogÕ H$s gƒr godd{H$ ^p”V hm{Vr h¡$& dh ^p”V Cg{

^JdmZ ]ZmZ{ _| g_W© hm{Vr h¡ – BgH$m Ao^àm` `h h¡ oH$ CZH{$
ñdê$[ H$m Ü`mZ, ^mdZm, AmamYZm Cg{ gXm VXZwê$[ AmMaU H$m{
à{naV H$aVr h¡$& Jm¡V_ñdm_r Z{ ^JdmZ _hmdra H{$ g_mZ hr AmMaU
H$aH{$ dra ^JdmZ H{$ àoV A[Zr ^p”V H$m{ MnaVmW© oH$`m Wm Am¡a
Bgr g{ d{ CZH{$ [X H$m{ àmá H$aZ{ _| g_W© hþE$&
g_`gma JmWm-31 g{ 33 _| oZíM`-^p”V H$m ñdê$[ ]VmV{
hþE A[Zr [naUoV _| oOV{pÝÐ`[Zm, oOV_m{h[Zm d jrU_m{h[Zm
àJQ> hm{Zm hr oZíM` ñVwoV H$hm J`m h¡ –
""Om{ BpÝX`{ oOoUÎmm UmUghmdmoY`§ _wUoX AmX§$&
V§ Icw oOqXoX`§ V{ ^U§oV O{ oUpÀN>Xm gmhÿ$&&
Om{ _m{h§ Vw oOoUÎmm UmUghmdmoY`§ _wUoX AmX§$&
V§ oOX_m{h§ gmhþ§ [a_Q²>R>od`mU`m ]|oV$&&
oOX_m{hñg Xw OB`m IrUm{ _m{hm{ hodÁO gmhþñg$&
VB`m hþ IrU_m{hm{ ^ÊUoX gm{ oUÀN>`odXyqh$&&
JmWmW© •- Om{ BpÝÐ`m| H$m{ OrVH$a kmZñd^md H{$ Ûmam AÝ`
Ðì` g{ AoYH$ AmË_m H$m{ OmZV{ h¢ CÝh|, Om{ oZíM` Z` _| pñWV
gmYw h¢ d{, dmñVd _| "oOV{pÝÐ`' H$hV{ h¢$&
Om{ _woZ _m{h H$m{ OrVH$a A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ kmZñd^md H{$
Ûmam AÝ` Ðì`-^mdm| g{ AoYH$ OmZVm h¡ Cg _woZ H$m{ [a_mW© H{$
OmZZ{ dmc{ "oOV_m{h' H$hV{ h¢$&
oOgZ{ _m{h H$m{ OrV oc`m h¡ E{g{ gmYw H{$ O] _m{h jrU
hm{H$a gÎmm _| g{ Zï> hm{ V] oZíM` H$m{ OmZZ{ dmc{ oZíM` g{ Cg
gmYw H$m{ "jrU_m{h' Zm_ g{ H$hV{ h¢$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 31

oZíM`-^p”Vê$[ ewÕ AmMaU H{$ o]Zm eãXê$[ ^p”V `§Ì-

g§MmocV ^mdeyÝ` oH«$`m H{$ g_mZ h¡$& dh dra ^JdmZ Ûmam oZO[X
àXmZ H$aZ{ H$m oZo_Îm H$maU ^r Zht h¡$&
_§JcmMaU _| dra ^JdmZ Am¡a Jm¡V_ñdm_r Xm{Zm| H{$ gmW
"lr' ode{fU g_mZ ê$[ g{ à`w”V hþAm h¡ Om{ CZH$r kmZcú_r
Am¡a ^maVr-od^yoV H$m Úm{VH$ h¡$& A^ì`m| H$m{ ogÕ [X H$^r ^r
àmá Zht hm{Vm, BgocE `hm± [a ^ì`m| H$m{ cú` H$aH{$ hr oZO[X
àXmZ H$aZ{ H$s ]mV H$hr J`r h¡$& "^ì`m|' H$m{ H$hH$a oZo_Îm
H$maU H{$ gmW C[mXmZ H$maU H$s _w»`Vm d AoZdm`©Vm H$m{
ñWmo[V oH$`m J`m h¡$&
àdMZgma JmWm-62 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ ^ì` H$m cjU
BgàH$ma àoV[moXV oH$`m h¡ –
""Um{ gÔh§oV gm{”I§ gwhg{ w [a_§ oV odJXKmXrU§$&
gwoUXyU V{ A^ìdm ^ìdm dm V§ [oS>ÀN§>oV$&&
JmWmW© •- oOZH{$ KmoVH$_© Zï> hm{ J`{ h¢ CZH$m gwI, gwIm|
_| CËH¥$ï> h¡ – E{gm dMZ gwZH$a Om{ lÕm Zht H$aV{, d{ A^ì`
h¢; Om{ CgH$r lÕm H$aV{ h¢, d{ ^ì` h¢$&''
"H{$dcr ^JdmZ H$m{ hr [ma_moW©H$ gwI h¡' Bg ogÕmÝV H$m
ñdrH$ma-AmXa-lÕm ^ì`[Z{ H$m cjU h¡, Om{ C[am{”V dMZ
gwZH$a AÝVa§J g{ CgH$r lÕm H$aV{ h¢, d{ Ord AmgÝZ ^ì` h¢,
Am¡a Om{ AmJ{ OmH$a ñdrH$ma H$a|J{ d{ Xya^ì` h¢$&
BgàH$ma Om{ `h _mZV{ h¢ oH$ H{$dcr ^JdmZ H$m{ hr [ma_moW©H$
gwI h¡ E{g{ ^”V hr H{$dcr H$s ^p”V H{$ oZo_Îm g{ oZO[X àmá
H$aZ{ H$s [mÌVm aIV{ h¢$&
32 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

_§JbmMaU
Z_• gX²Jwad{ Vñ_¡ `Ûm½Xr[-ñ\w$Q>r-H¥$VmV²$&
_mJm©Xmê$T>`m{J• ñ`mÝ_m{jcú_rH$Q>mj^mH²$$&&2&&
dÝXZ CZ Jwéda H$m{ oOZH{$ dMZm| g{ àJQ>{ [W [a$&
MbH$a `m{JrOZ hm{V{ h¢ oed-H$mo_oZ-H$Q>mj H{$ [mÌ$&&2&&
AÝd`mW© •- [Vñ_¡ gX²Jwad{ Z_•] Cg gÒxé H{$ ocE Z_ñH$ma
hm{ [`X²-dmH²$-Xr[-ñ\w$Q>rH¥$VmV² _mJm©V²] oOgH{$ dmUrê$[r Xr[H$
H{$ Ûmam àH$Q> oH$E J`{ _mJ© g{ [Amê$T>-`m{J•] `m{J [a Amê$T>
(`m{JrOZ) [_m{j-cú_r-H$Q>mj-^mH²$ ñ`mV² ] _m{j ê$[r cú_r
H{$ H$Q>mj H$m ^mJr hm{Vm h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- `hm± gX²Jwé H$m{ Z_ñH$ma H$aV{ hþE _m{jcú_r
H$s àmoá _| `m{Jmä`mg H$s àYmZVm H$m{ Km{ofV oH$`m J`m h¡$& gmW
hr `h ^r H$hm h¡ oH$ `m{J-_mJ© gX²Jwé H{$ dMZ-àH$me g{ ñ[ï>
oXImB© [¶S>Vm h¡ Am¡a V] hr CgH$m{ OmZH$a AmMaZ{ _| AmVm h¡$&
""Om{ A[Z{ AmË_m _|, A[Z{ AmË_m H{$ Ûmam, A[Z{ AmË_m
H{$ obE, AmË_m g{ AmË_m H$m{ Om{¶S>Vm h¡ dh BgàH$ma H{$ erb –
ñd^md dmbm ì`oº$ `m{Jr H$hbmVm h¡$&''
(VÎdgma : X{dg{ZmMm`©, H$_bH$soV© H¥$V Q>rH$m, íbm{H$-11)
_m{jcú_r H$s àmoá _| gX²Jwé d{ h¢ oOZH$r dmUr H{$
àgmX g{ `m{Jr H$m{ Cg X¥oï> H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡, oOgg{ ewÕmË_m
H$m gmjmËH$ma hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a dh gX²X¥oï> hr _m{jcú_r H$m{
A[Zr Am{a AmH$of©V H$aVr h¡$&
oZíM` Am¡a ì`dhma Z` H$s ^{X-X¥oï> g{ E{g{ gX²Jwé H{$ Xm{
àH$ma h¢$& ì`dhma Z` g{ Jwé d{ cm{H$ àogÕ Jwé h¢ oOZH$r dmUr
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 33

(gV² emñÌ) [¶T>H$a AWdm gmjmV² dMZ gwZH$a gƒr X¥oï> àmá
hm{Vr h¡$& oZíM` Z` g{ Jwé A[Zm AÝVa-AmË_m h¡$& A[Z{ AmË_m
_| hr AmË_-]woÕ H{$ àH$f© H{$ gX²^md g{ AmË_m hr AmË_m _|
AmË_]woÕ H{$ àH$f©de ñd`§ H$m{ _m{j àmá H$amVm h¡, BgocE AmË_m
hr AmË_m H$m Jwé h¡$&
A] `m{J H{$ [maJm_r H$m ñdê$[ ]VmV{ h¢ •-
ewÕ{ lwoV-_oV-Ü`moV-X¥ï>`• ñdmË_oZ H«$_mV²$&
`ñ` gX²JwéV• ogÕm• g `m{Jr `m{J[maJ•&&3&&
oOgH{$ _oV-lwV-kmoV-Ñoï> gX²Jwé àgmX g{ hr oZO _|$&
H«$_e: oWa hm{V{ OmV{ d{ `m{Jr `m{J [ma-JV h¢$&&3&&
AÝd`mW© •- [g• `m{Jr `m{J[maJ•] dh `m{Jr `m{J H$m
[maJm_r (hm{Vm h¡), [`ñ` ] oOgH{$ [lwoV-_oV-Ü`moV–Ñï>`•]
lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV d Ñoï>> [gÒxéV•] gÒxé (H{$ àgmX) g{ [H«$_mV²
ñdmË_oZ ogÕm•] H«$_e• ñdmË_m _| ogÕ hm{ OmVr h¢$&
ì`m»`m •- `m{J H{$ Aä`mgr `m{Jr H$m{ `m{J H$m [maJm_r
([yU© `m{Jr) hm{Z{ H{$ ocE gX²Jwé H{$ àgmX g{ Mma ep”V`m± H«$_e•
lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV Am¡a X¥oï> ewÕ ñdmË_m _| ogÕ hm{Zm AWm©V² àJQ>
hm{Zm Amdí`H$ h¢$&
BZ Mmam| H$m ñdê$[ J«§WH$ma ícm{H$-6 g{ 9 _| H«$_e• ñ[ï>
H$a|J{$& ñdmË_m H$m ñdê$[ ícm{H$-4 _| d ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m ñdê$[
ícm{H$-5 _| ]Vm`m J`m h¡$& ì`dhma d oZíM` gX²Jwé H{$ ñdê$[
H$m C„{I ícm{H$-13 _| oH$`m J`m h¡$&
ewÕ ñdmË_m g{ Ao^àm` `hm± [a, AmË_m H$s Cg AdñWm
g{ h¡ O] dh amJ-Û{f Am¡a _m{h _| àd¥Îm Z hm{H$a Xe©Z, kmZ Am¡a
34 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

gmå`^mdê$[ _| [naUV hm{Vm h¡$& AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ Bg{ hr

g_`gma JmWm-2 _| "ñdg_`' H$hm h¡$& Cg ewÕmdñWm AWdm
ewÕm{[`m{Jê$[ AdñWm H$s C[bpãY H$m Aä`mg ]¶T>mV{ hþE hr `m{Jr
H$m{ lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV Am¡a X¥oï> H$s H«$_e• ogoÕ hm{Vr h¡$& ñdmË_m
H$s AewÕ [naUoV _| CZH$r ogoÕ Zht ]Z gH$Vr, Bgr ]mV H$m{
Úm{VZ H$aZ{ H{$ ocE "ñdmË_oZ' [X H$m ode{fU "ewÕ' oX`m J`m
h¡, Om{ ode{f ê$[ g{ Ü`mZ X{Z{ `m{½` h¡$&
`hm± C[`m{J H$m{ ewÕ ñdmË_m _| EH$mJ« H$aZ{ H{$ Aä`mg H$m{
`m{J Am¡a Bg `m{J H{$ Aä`mgr H$m{ `m{Jr H$hm J`m h¡$& `m{Jr H$m
cjU `hm± [a gmYH$ H$m{ lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV Am¡a X¥oï> H$s ogoÕ
hm{Zm ]Vm`m J`m h¡$& oOg{ BZ ep”V`m| H$s ogoÕ hm{ OmVr h¡ dh
Aä`mg Ûmam `m{J H$m [maJm_r AWm©V² [yU© `m{Jr (Anah§V) ]Z
gH$Vm h¡$& Bgr àH$ma `hm± gX²Jwé eãX XrjmJwé `m odÚmJwé H$m
Úm{VH$ Zht h¡$& [aÝVw gX²Jwé d{ h¢ oOZg{ [hc{ lwV H$s àmoá Am¡a
]mX _| AmË_m H{$ gmjmËH$ma (AmË_mZw^d) H$s X¥oï> àmá hm{Vr h¡$&
ì`dhma Am¡a oZíM` H{$ ^{X g{ CZH{$ Xm{ àH$ma h¢, oOZH$m ode{f
ñdê$[ AmJ{ ]Vm`m OmEJm$& `m{J H$m [maJm_r hm{Z{ _| C[mXmZH$maU
Vm{ `m{Jr (AmË_m) H$s [`m©` _| lwoV-_oV-Ü`moV Am¡a X¥oï>ê$[
ep”V`m| H$s àmoá h¡ Am¡a oZo_ÎmH$maU gX²Jwé h¢$&
`m{J H{$ [`m©`dmMr Zm_ VÎdgma _| (X{dg{ZmMm`©) BgàH$ma
]Vm`{ J`{ h¢ :–
""gmå`§ ñdmñÏ`§ g_moYíM `m{JíM{Vm{oZam{YZ_²$&
ewÕm{[`m{J BË`{V{ ^dÝË`{H$mW© dmMH$m$&&
íbm{H$mW© : gmå`, ñdmñÏ`, g_moY, `m{J, oMÎmoZam{YZ Am¡a
ewÕm{[`m{J – `{{ g] eãX EH$mW© dmMH$ h¢$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 35

`m{Jr H$m{ oOg ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m{ ogÕ H$aZm h¡, CgH$m ñdê$[
]VmZ{ g{ [yd© Cg ñdmË_m H$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢ •-
g ñdmË_{Ë`wÀ`V{ eídØmoV öË[§H$Om{Xa{$&
`m{@ho_Ë`§Ogm eãXmË[eyZm§ ñdodXm odXm_²$&&4&&
Om{ kmZr-AkmZr OZ H{$ öX` H$_b _| oZË` ]g{$&
_¢ AmV_ hÿ± BZ dMZm| g{ dmÀ` oZOmV_ H$hbm`{$&&4&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`• [eyZm_² ñd-odXm-odXm§ (M)] Om{ _yIm~
H{$ d kmZrOZm| H{$ [öV²-[‰>Om{Xa{] öX` ê$[r H$_c H{$ _Ü` _|
[eûdV² ^moV] oZË` àH$moeV h¡ (VWm) ["Ah_² AmË_m' BoV
eãXmV² ] "_¢ AmË_m hÿ§' Bg eãX g{ [AÄOgm CÀ`V{] ñ[îQ> ê$[ g{
H$hm OmVm h¡ [g• "ñdmË_m' BoV CÀ`V{] dh ñdmË_m H$hcmVm h¡ &
ì`m»`m •- A[Zm AmË_m, oZOmË_m Am¡a ñdmË_m `{ g] EH$
hr AW© H{$ Úm{VH$ eãX h¢$& AmË_m H$m oZOËd dmMH$ ode{fU "ñd'
h¡, Om{ [aOrdm| H{$ AmË_mAm| g{ A[Zr AmË_m H{$ [¥WH²$ ApñVËd H$m
gyMH$ h¡$& Ðì`X¥oï> g{ AWdm JwUm| H$s A[{jm g^r AmË_m [añ[a
g_mZ h¢$& o\$a ^r àË`{H$ AmË_m H{$ Ðì`, j{Ì, H$mc d ^md H$m
ApñVËd ñdV§Ì hm{Z{ g{ àË`{H$ AmË_m H$m A[Zm ì`oº$Ëd h¡$& _m{j_mJ©
H$s gmYZm d odH$mg H$m H«$_ àË`{H$ AmË_m H$m [¥WH²$ h¡, BgocE
`m{J H$s ogoÕ Ûmam _m{jcú_r H$s àmoá h{Vw àË`{H$ AmË_m H{$ ì`p”VËd
H$m{ [¥WH²$-[¥WH²$ Ü`mZ _| c{Z{ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡$&
A[Zr AmË_m H$m [¥WH²$ ì`oº$Ëd g^r g§kr (g_ZñH$) Ordm|
H$m{ ^mogV hm{Vm h¡, Mmh{ CZH{$ kmZ H$m j`m{[e_ H$_ hm{ `m Á`mXm$&
ñdmË_m "Ah§' eãX H{$ dmÀ` ê$[ _| ^mg_mZ hm{Vm h¡$& àË`{H$ g§kr
Ord `h AZw^d H$aVm h¡ oH$ _¢ gwIr hÿ±, _¢ ImVm hÿ±, _¢ [rVm hÿ±,
_¢ OmZVm hÿ±, _¢ gm{Vm hÿ±, _¢ OmJVm hÿ±, _¢ McVm hÿ±, _¢ ]¡R>Vm hÿ±,
36 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

_¢ gXu-J_u, ^yI-ß`mg, dY-]ÝYmoX Xw•Im| g{ [ro¶S>V hÿ± BË`moX;

Om{ E{gm OmZVm `m d{XZ H$aVm h¡ dh ñdmË_m h¡$& g^r C_« H{$ Ordm|
H$m{ – ½dmc{ O¡g{ gm_mÝ` ]woÕ H{$ YmaH$ g{ c{H$a odMjU [wéfm|
H$m{ ñdmË_m H$m àoV^mg hm{Vm h¡$&
A[Zr AmË_m H$s gÎmm H$m `h àoV^mg öX`-H$_c H{$ _Ü`
_|, oOg{ H$oU©H$m H$hV{ h¢, dhm± ^mg_mZ ahVm h¡$& AmMm`© Hw$_wXMÝÐ
Z{ H$ë`mU_pÝXa ñVm{Ì NÝX-14 _| `h VÏ` CX²KmoQ>V oH$`m h¡ –
""Ëdm§ `m{oJZm{ oOZ gXm [a_mË_ê$[-
_Ýd{f`pÝV öX`må]wO-H$m{f-X{e{$&
[yVñ` oZ_©c-éM{`©oX dm oH$_Ý`-
Xjñ` gå^d-[X§ ZZw H$oU©H$m`m•$&&
ewÕ ñdê$[ A_c AodZmer, [a_mV_ g_ Ü`mdqh Vm{`$&
oZO_Z H$_c-H$m{f _oY Ty§>T>oh, gXm gmYw VoO o_Ï`m _m{h$&&
AoV [odÌ oZ_©c gwH$m§oV `wV, H$_c-H$oU©H$m o]Z Zqh Am¡a$&
oZ[OV H$_c ]rO Cg_| hr, g] OJ OmZqh Am¡a Z R>m¡a$&&
AW© •- H$_c H$s H$oU©H$m _| oOg àH$ma Aj (H$_c ]rO)
H$m dmg h¡, Cgr àH$ma öX`-H$_c H{$ _Ü` _| Aj (AmË_m) H$m
dmg h¡$& gmYwOZ o_Ï`mËd Am¡a _m{h H$m{ VOH$a oZO_Zê$[r H$_c-
H$m{f H{$ _Ü` _| oZOmË_m H$m{ Ty§>T>V{ h¢, oOg{ AmË_kmZr OZ ñd-
g§d{XZ AWdm ñdmZw^yoV g{ cojV oH$`m H$aV{ h¢$& ewÕmË_m H$m
AZwg§YmZ ^r `m{JrOZm| Ûmam Bgr öX`-H$_c H$s H$oU©H$m H{$ _Ü`
_| oH$`m OmVm h¡$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ AmË_»`moV Q>rH$m (g_`gma JmWm 17-
18) _| H$hV{ h¢ •- ""`Xm Ëdm]mcJm{[mc_{d gH$cH$mc_{d
ñd`_{dmZw^y`_mZ{@o[... – E{gm AZw^yoV ñdê$[ ^JdmZ AmË_m
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 37

Am]mc-Jm{[mc g]H{$ gXmH$mc ñd`§ hr AZw^d _| AmZ{ [a ^r

AZmoX]ÝY H{$ de [aÐì`m| H{$ gmW EH$Ëd H{$ oZíM` g{ _y¶T>-
AkmZrOZm| H$m{ "Om{ `h AZw^yoV h¡ dh hr _¢ hÿ±' E{gm AmË_kmZ
CoXV Zht hm{Vm$& ñdmË_kmZ H{$ A^md _| AkmV H$m lÕmZ JY{
H{$ gtJ H{$ g_mZ h¡, BgocE lÕmZ ^r CoXV Zht hm{Vm$& oZO AmË_m
H{$ kmZ d lÕmZ H{$ CoXV hþE o]Zm oZ•e§H$ hm{H$a ñdmË_m _| pñWa
hm{Z{ H$s Ag_W©Vm H{$ H$maU AmË_m H$m AmMaU ^r CoXV Zht
hm{Vm$& ñdmË_m H{$ kmZ, lÕmZ d Cg_| oZ•e§H$ hm{H$a crZVm H$s
gm_Ï`© CoXV hm{Z{ [a hr AmË_m H$m{ gmYm Om gH$Vm h¡$& gmÜ`
AmË_m H$s ogoÕ Bgr àH$ma hm{Vr h¡$&''
ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m ñdê$[
`m{ Z _wh²`oV Zm{ aÁ`Ë`o[ Z Û{oï> H$ñ`oMV²$&
ñdmË_m X¥½]m{Ygmå`mË_m g ewÕ BoV ]wÜ`Vm_²$&&5&&
Om{ Z oH$gr g{ _m{h H$a{ Aé amJ-Û{f ^r Zht H$a{$&
Xe©-kmZ Aé gmå`ê$[ Om{ [naUV dh AmË_m ewÕ h¡$&&5&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`• H$ñ`oMV² Ao[ Z _wøoV, Z aÁOV{, Z
Û{oï>] Om{ oH$gr H{$ ^r àoV Z _m{h H$aVm h¡, Z amJ H$aVm h¡, Z Û{f
H$aVm h¡ [g• Ñ>J²>-]m{Y-gmå`mË_m] dh Xe©Z-kmZ d gmå`-^md
ê$[ [naUV [ñdmË_m] ñdmË_m [ "ewÕ•' BoV ]wÕ²`Vm_²] "ewÕ h¡'–
E{gm OmZm{$&
ì`m»`m •- ñdmË_m oOg g_` _m{h-amJ-Û{f g{ Ny>Q>H$a
gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-gmå`ê$[ [naUV hm{Vm h¡, Cg g_` Cg{ ewÕ
ñdmË_m g_PZm Mmoh`{$& Bg Vah [naUoV H$s A[{jm ñdmË_m ewÕ
H$hm OmVm h¡$&
`hm± "gmå`' eãX gå`H²$MmnaÌ H$m dmMH$ h¡$& lr Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX
38 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AmMm`© Z{ àdMZgma H$s JmWm-7 _| gmå`^md H$m{ hr MmnaÌ

H$hm h¡ •-
""MmnaÎm§ Icw Yå_m{ Yå_m{ Om{ gm{ g_m{ oÎm oUoÔÆ>m{$&
_m{h”Im{h odhrUm{ [naUm_m{ Aß[Um{ hþ g_m{$&&
AW© •- MmnaÌ dmñVd _| Y_© h¡, Om{ Y_© h¡ dh gmå` h¡,
– E{gm emñÌm| _| H$hm h¡$& _m{h-jm{^ aohV AmË_m H$m [naUm_
gmå`^md h¡$&''
BgàH$ma _m{h-jm{^ aohV gmå`^mdê$[ AmË_[naUm_ H$m{ hr
gå`H²$MmnaÌ H$hm J`m h¡$& amJ-Û{f-_m{h hr AmË_m H$s Vwcm H$m{
g_ g{ odf_ ]Zm`{ aIV{ h¢, BgrocE amJ-Û{f H$s oZd¥oÎm MmnaÌ
H$m _w»` cjU h¡ Am¡a [yU© oZd¥oÎm hr MmnaÌ H$m cú` h¡$& Bgroc`{
AmMm`© g_ÝV^Ð Z{ aËZH$aÊS> lmdH$mMma íbm{H$-47 _| H$hm h¡•-
""_m{hoVo_am[haU{ Xe©Zcm^mXdmág§kmZ•$&
amJ-Û{foZd¥Ë`¡ MaU§ àoV[ÚV{ gmYw•$&&
íbm{H$mW© •- Xe©Z_m{h ê$[r A§YH$ma H{$ Zme hm{Z { [a
gå`H²$Xe©Z H$s àmoá g{ àJQ> hm{ J`m h¡ gå`H²$kmZ oOgH$m{, E{gm
Om{ gmYw [wéf – gË[wéf h¡ dh amJ-Û{f H$s oZd¥oÎm H{$ ocE
gå`H²$MmnaÌ H$m{ YmaU H$aVm h¡$&''
AmË_m [naUm_ñd^mdr h¡$& O] dh ew^ `m Aew^ ^mdê$[
[naU_Z H$aVm h¡ V] ñd`§ hr ew^ `m Aew^ hm{Vm h¡$& O] AmË_m
ewÕ ^mdê$[ [naUo_V hm{Vm h¡ V] ewÕ hm{Vm h¡$& BgàH$ma
ñdm^modH$ oZ_©c a§J _| [naUo_V ñ\$oQ>H$_oU H{$ g_mZ AmË_m
^r O] oZíM` aËZÌ`mË_H$ ewÕm{[`m{J _| [naUo_V hm{Vm h¡ V]
ñd`§ hr ewÕ hm{Vm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 39

Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ hr aËZÌ` H$hcmV{ h¢$& Bgr J§«W H{$ ícm{H$

14 _| "aËZÌ`mË_-ñdmË_¡d _m{j_mJ©•' Bg dm”` Ûmam aËZÌ`
hr _m{j_mJ© h¡ – E{gm _m{j_mJ© H$m ñdê$[ ]Vm`m h¡$& AWm©V² ñd
AmË_m H$s aËZÌ` [naUoV hr _m{j_mJ© h¡ Am¡a `h hr ewÕ ñdmË_m
H$m ñdê$[ h¡$&
""Om{ kmZr oZ_©c amJmoX-Xm{faohV aËZÌ` H$m{ AmË_m ê$[
H$hV{ h¢ (ñdmË_[naUoV _mZV{ h¢) d{ oed[X H{$ AmamYH$ h¢ Am¡a
d{ hr _m{j[X H{$ AmamYH$ hm{V{ hþE AmË_m H$m{ Ü`mV{ h¢$&''
– [a_mË_àH$me, ícm{H$-155
`m{J H$m [maJm_r hm{Z{ H{$ ocE oOZ Mma ep”V`m| (lwoV-
_oV-Ü`moV-X¥oï>) H$s ogoÕ Amdí`H$ h¡, A] CZH$m ñdê$[
H«$_e• ]VmV{ h¢$& àW_ lwoV H$m cjU H$hV{ h¢ –
lwoV H$m bjU
Amám{[ k_X¥ ï{> ï>-odam{ YmÕå`©-ew”b`m{•$&
Ü`mZ`m{• empñV `m Ü`{`§ gm Jwê$oº$naoV lwoV•&&6&&
Amá-kmV-C[oXï> Ü`{` H$m{ Ñï>m-Bï> Aodam{Y gohV$&
Y_©-ew·b _| Am`m{oOV Om{ H$a{ dhr JwédmUr lwoV$&&6&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`m Jwê$oº$•] Om{ Jwé H$r Coº$ `m JwédmUr
[Amám{[k§] Amá Ûmam kmV Ed§ C[oXï>> [Ü`{`§] Ü`{` H$m{ (Ü`mZ H{$
odf`^yV ewÕmË_m H$m{) [Y_©-ew·b-Ü`mZ`m{• ] Y_©Ü`mZ d
ew·bÜ`mZ _| [AÑï>>{ï> -odam{YmX²] Ñï>> d Bï>> H{$ odam{Y g{ aohV
AWm©V² àË`j d AmJ_ AmoX à_mUm| g{ Aodam{Y ê$[ g{ [empñV]
C[oXï>> H$aVr h¡ (Am`m{oOV d ì`dpñWV H$aVr h¡) [gm lwoV•] dh
lwoV h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- `hm± E{gr Jwê$oº$ (JwédmUr) H$m{ lwoV H$hm J`m
40 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
h¡, Om{ Amá H{$ Ûmam C[oXï> Ü`{` H$m{ Y_©Ü`mZ Am¡a ew”bÜ`mZ _|
Bg Vah g{ Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ H$s ì`dñWm H$aVr hm{, oOgg{ àË`jmoX
à_mUm| H{$ gmW H$m{B© odam{Y KoQ>V Z hm{Vm hm{$& Xyga{ eãXm| _| H$h|
Vm{ Cg odoeï> JwédmUr H$m{, Om{ ñdmË_m H$m{ Y_©Ü`mZ Am¡a ew”bÜ`mZ
H$s Am{a cJmH$a CgH{$ Ü`{` H$m{ àmá H$amZ{ H$s oZXm}f emgZm
(X{eZm, oejm) hm{ Cg{ lwoV H$hV{ h¢$&
`hm± Ü`{` H$m Amám{[k ode{fU Bg ]mV H$m{ gyoMV H$aVm
h¡ oH$ Ü`{` Amá H{$ Ûmam Y_©Ü`mZ Am¡a ew”bÜ`mZ H{$ C[`w”V odf`
H{$ ê$[ _| oZoX©ï> hþAm h¡$& `h odf` AmË_m H$m ewÕ ñdê$[ h¡
- _m{j H$m ahñ` VWm CgH$r gmYZ gm_J«r h¡$&
Amá H$m cjU AmMm`© g_ÝV^Ð Z{ A[Z{ J«§W aËZH$aÊS>
lmdH$mMma íbm{H$-5 _| oZåZ eãXm| _| ì`º$ oH$`m h¡ –
Amá{ Z m{ p ÀN> Ý ZXm{ f { U gd© k { Z mJ_{ o eZm$&
^odVì`§ oZ`m{J{Z ZmÝ`Wm ømáVm ^d{V²$&&
AW© •- Om{ oZXm}f (drVamJ), gd©k Am¡a AmJ_{er ([a_
ohVm{[X{er) hm{ dh oZíM` g{ Amá hr hm{Vm h¡$& BZ JwUm| H{$ o]Zm
Amá[Zm Zht hm{Vm$& Amá H$m{ hr X{d H$hV{ h¢$&
Amá Ûmam C[oXï> Ü`{` H$m{ àmá H$aZ{ H$s oZXm}f emgZm
(X{eZm) H$m{ hr `hm± lwoV H$hm J`m h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ ^r g_`gma JmWm-144 H$s Q>rH$m _|
ocIm h¡ oH$ ""àW_V• lwVkmZmdï>å^{Z kmZñd^md_mË_mZ§
oZpíMË`.... àW_, lwVkmZ H{$ Adcå]Z g{ kmZñd^md AmË_m
H$m oZíM` H$aH{$.....'' dV©_mZ _| AmMm`© Jwé [aå[am g{ h_| Amá
H$m C[X{e àmá h¡$& dh AZ{H$ emñÌm| _| oZ]Õ h¡$& emñÌ-oZ]Õ
C[X{e Amám{[k h¡ `m Zht? BgH$r à_wI [arjm `h h¡ oH$ Amá
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 41

H{$ Ûmam C[oXï> dñVw ì`dñWm àË`j Am¡a [am{jmoX à_mUm| g{ ]moYV
Zht h¡$& dñVw ì`dñWm H{$ odam{Yê$[ C[X{e Amám{[k Zht hm{ gH$Vm,
”`m|oH$ gd©k, drVamJr d ohVm{[X{er Amá H{$ dMZ, dmñVd _| gX¡d
E{g{ odam{Y aohV hr hm{V{ h¢$& Bgroc`{ `hm± Ü`{` H$s Ü`mZ _| emgZm
H{$ ocE "AX¥ï{>ï>-odam{YmV²' [X H$s _w»`ê$[ g{ `m{OZm H$s JB© h¡$&
JwédmUr H$m{ ^r lwoV H$hm OmVm h¡$& gmjmV² Jwé H{$ _wI g{
oeî` Z{ A[Z{ H$mZm| g{ gwZr hm{ dh Vm{ lwoV h¡ hr, gmW hr Jwé
[aå[am g{ àmá JwédmUr ^r lwoV hr h¡ AWdm [aå[am Jwé H{$ Ûmam
oH$gr emñÌ _| oZ]Õ H$s JB© hm{ Am¡a Cg emñÌ H$m{ [¶T>Z{ gwZZ{
AmoX H{$ Ûmam dh A[Z{ H$m{ C[cãY hþB© hm{ dh ^r lwoV h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ g_`gma J«§W H$s AmË_»`moV Q>rH$m
_| (JmWm-5) lwVkmZ H$s C[cpãY H$m odñVma g{ dU©Z oH$`m h¡•-
""oZ_©c odkmZKZ AmË_m _| AÝVoZ©_¾ [a_Jwé$-gd©kX{d
Am¡a A[aJwé-JUYamoXH$ g{ c{H$a h_ma{ Jwé [`©ÝV, CZH{$ àgmX
ê$[ g{ oX`m J`m Om{ ewÕmË_VÎd H$m AZwJ«h[yd©H$ C[X{e Cgg{
oZOd¡^d (_{a{ kmZ H$m d¡^d) H$m OÝ_ hþAm h¡$& g_ñV od[j-
AÝ`dmoX`m| Ûmam J¥hrV gd©Wm EH$mÝVê$[ Z`[j H{$ oZamH$aU _|
g_W© AoVoZñVwf oZ]m©Y `wp”V H{$ Adcå]Z g{ Cg oZOd¡^d H$m
OÝ_ hþAm h¡$&''
Y_© Am¡a ew”bÜ`mZ H{$ odf`^yV ewÕmË_m H$s kmZ _|
ì`dpñWV Jwê$p”V H$m{ lwoV H$hm J`m h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ ^r lwoV H$m `h cjU AmË_»`moV H{$
H$ce-2 _| oZåZ eãXm| _| ì`”V H$aV{ h¢ –
""AZÝVY_©UñVÎd§ [í`ÝVr àË`JmË_Z•$&
AZ{H$mÝV_`r _yoV©oZ©Ë`_{d àH$meVm_²$&&
42 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AW© •- kmZ VWm dMZ_`r AZ{H$mÝV_`r _yoV© gXm hr

àH$me_mZ hm{, Om{ AZÝV Y_m~ dmc{ E{g{ AmË_m H{$ VÎd H$m{ [aÐì`m|
g{ VWm [aÐì`m| H{$ JwU-[`m©`m| g{ o^ÝZ Ed§ [aÐì` H{$ oZo_Îm g{
hm{Z{ dmc{ A[Z{ odH$mam| g{ H$W§oMV² o^ÝZ EH$mH$ma EH$ H$m{ AWm©V²
AgmYmaU-gOmVr` odOmVr` Ðì`m| g{ odcjU oZOñdê$[ (ñd
ewÕmË_m) H$m{ dh _yoV© Adcm{H$Z H$aVr h¡$&''
AWm©V² oZO ewÕmË_m H$m{ Xem©Z{ dmcm lwVkmZ hr AZ{H$mÝV_`r
_yoV© (gañdVr) h¡, lwoV h¡$&
lwoV H$m ode{f cjU Y_©Ü`mZ d ew”bÜ`mZ _| ì`dpñWV
H$aZm ]Vm`m J`m h¡$& `{ Xm{Zm| Ü`mZ àeñV-Ü`mZ h¡§, `{ hr _m{j
H$m _mJ© h¡§$& BZ Xm{Zm| Ü`mZm| H$m Ü`{` ewÕ ñdmË_m hr h¡ BZH{$ Acmdm
AmÎm© d am¡Ð Zm_H$ Xm{ AÝ` Ü`mZ AàeñV h¢; ”`m|oH$ d{ AmË_-
odH$mg _| ]mYH$ h¢, Am¡a Bgoc`{ _w_wjwAm{{| Ûmam Ë`mÁ` h¢$& AmMm`©
ZmJg{Z VÎdmZwemgZ J«ÝW H{$ ícm{H$-34 _| `h VÏ` gwñ[ï> ê$[
g{ ]VmV{ h¢ –
""AmÎmª am¡Ð§ M XwÜ`m©Z§ dO©Zr`o_X§ gXm$&
Yå`ª ew”b§ M gX²Ü`mZ_w[mX{`§ _w_wjwo^•$&&
AW© •- Ü`mZ H{$ Mma ^{X h¢ – AmÎm©, am¡Ð, Y_© Am¡a ew”b$&
AmÎm© d am¡Ð Ü`mZ XwÜ`m©Z hm{Z{ g{ gXm dO©Zr` h¢ VWm Y_© d
ew”bÜ`mZ – `{ Xm{Zm| CÎm_ Ü`mZ h¢, C[mX{` h¢$& Bgoc`{ _w_wjwAm|
H$m{ (_m{j H$s BÀN>m aIZ{ dmcm| H$m{) BZH$m Aä`mg gXm H$aV{
ahZm Mmoh`{$&''
AmMm`© ZmJg{Z VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$ 51-52 _| Y_©Ü`mZ H$m
ñdê$[ oZåZ eãXm| _| ì`º$ H$aV{ h¢ –
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 43

""gX²X¥oïkmZd¥ÎmmoZ Y_ª Y_}ídam odXw•$&

Vñ_mÚXZ[{V§ oh Yå`ª VÕ`mZ_ä`Yw•$&&
AW© •- Y_© H{$ B©ída JUYamoX X{d gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ
Am¡a gå`H²$MmnaÌ H$m{ Y_© H$hV{ h¢$& Bgoc`{ Om{ Cg aËZÌ`ê$[
Y_© g{ CË[ÝZ hm{, Cg{ hr AmMm`©JU Y_©Ü`mZ H$hV{ h¢$&
AmË_Z• [naUm_m{ `m{ _m{hjm{^ oddoO©V•$&
g M Y_m}Z[{V§ `Îmñ_mÎmÕå`©o_Ë`o[$&&
AW© •- _m{h Am¡a jm{^ g{ aohV AmË_m H$m [naUm_ dh ^r Y_©
H$hcmVm h¡ Am¡a Cg Y_© g{ CË[ÝZ hþAm Ü`mZ Y_©Ü`mZ H$hcmVm h¡$&''
BgàH$ma gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ ê$[ aËZÌ` Y_©, CÎm_ j_moX
ê$[ XecjU Y_©, VWm _m{h-jm{^ AmoX aohV AmË_[naUm_ê$[
MmnaÌ AWdm [XmW© H$m "`WmËå`ê$[' ñd^md Y_© – BgàH$ma Om{
Y_©ê$[ C[`m{J h¡ Cg{ Y_©Ü`mZ H$hV{ h¢$&
AmMm`© ZmJg{Z Z{ VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-221 d 222 _|
ew”bÜ`mZ H$m ñdê$[ BgàH$ma ]Vm`m h¡ –
""VÎdkmZ_wXmgrZ_- [yd©H$aUmoXfw•$&
ew^mew^_cm[m`moÛewÕ§ ew”b_ä`Yw•&&
ewoMJwU`m{JmÀNw>”b§ H$fm`aOg• j`mXw[e_mÛm$&
_moU”`oeImdoXX§ gwoZ_©c§ oZ•àH$å[§ M$&&
A[yd©H$aUmoX JwUñWmZm| _| VÎdkmZ ñdê$[ AWm©V² ewÕ
AmË_ñdê$[ VWm CXmgrZñdê$[ Am¡a ew^-Aew^ _cm| H{$ Xya hm{
OmZ{ g{ odewÕ ñdê$[ E{g{ ew”bÜ`mZ H$m{ YmaU H$aZm Mmoh`{$&
H$fm`ê$[r aO H{$ j` AWdm C[e_ hm{Z{ g{ AmË_m H$m ewÕ
ñdê$[ àJQ> hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a CgH{$ àJQ> hm{Z{ g{ Ü`mZ ew”bÜ`mZ
44 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

H$hcmVm h¡$& dh ew”bÜ`mZ _moU”` H$s oeIm H{$ g_mZ gwoZ_©c

Am¡a oZîàH§$[ hm{Vm h¡$&''
Y_©Ü`mZ H{$ ñdm_r AodaV gå`½X¥oï>, X{e g§`_r, à_Îm Am¡a
Aà_V E{g{ Mma JwUñWmZdVu Ord H$h{ J`{ h¢, oOg_| àW_ Xm{
JwUñWmZ lmdH$m| H{$ Am¡a e{f Xm{ _woZ`m| g{ gå]§Y aIV{ h¢$&
Bg Vah J¥hñW ^r Y_©Ü`mZ H{$ AoYH$mar h¢$& ew”bÜ`mZ H{$
AoYH$mar H{$dc _woZ hr hm{V{ h¢$&
Y_© d ew”bÜ`mZ _| AmË_m H$m{ `m{oOV AWdm ì`dpñWV
H$aZ{ dmcr dmUr lwoV h¡$& VÎdmW©gyÌmoX J«ÝWm| _| Ü`mZ "EH$mJ«
oMÝVmoZam{Ym{ Ü`mZ_²' Bg gyÌ Ûmam [na^mofV oH$`m J`m h¡$& Ü`mZ
H{$ cjU _| EH$, AJ«, oMÝVm Am¡a oZam{Y `{ Mma eãX h¢$& `hm±
Y_© d ew”bÜ`mZ H$m àH$aU hm{Z{ g{ oH$gr EH$ [XmW© H{$ oMÝVdZ
_| C[`m{J EH$mJ« hm{, oOgg{ AÝ` [XmWm~ H{$ oMÝVdZ H$m oZam{Y
hm{ dh Ü`mZ h¡ Am¡a Cg{ hr _Z-dMZ-H$m` H{$ Ûmam hm{Z{ dmc{
(AmË_m H{$ àX{em| _| hm{Z{ dmc{) [nañ[§XZ H$m Adam{YH$ hm{Z{ g{
g§da H$m h{Vw d oZO©am H$m H$maU g_PZm Mmoh`{$& kmZ_mÌ AmË_m
_| crZ hm{Zm, Cgr _| g§Vwï> hm{Zm Am¡a Cgr _| V¥á hm{Zm [a_ Ü`mZ
h¡; ”`m|oH$ ewÕ ñdmË_m hr AqMË`ep”Vdmcm X{d h¡ Am¡a oMÝ_mÌ
oMÝVm_oU h¡ Bgoc`{ oOgH{$ gd© AW© ogÕ h¢ E{gm ñdê$[ hm{Z{
g{ kmZr AÝ` H{$ [naJ«h g{ ”`m H$a{Jm ? AWm©V² Hw$N> ^r Zht H$a{Jm$&
"OmZmVrË`J« AmË_m' AWm©V² Om{ OmZ{ dh AJ« H$hcmVm
h¡$& VÎdmZwemgZ ícm{H$-62 H$s Bg oZép”V g{ AmË_m H$m hr Zm_
AJ« [¶S>Vm h¡, ”`m|oH$ AmË_m _| hr OmZZ{ H$s ep”V h¡$& oZO
ewÕmË_m hr EH$ AJ« h¡, ”`m|oH$ g] VÎdm| _| ^r oZO ewÕmË_m
hr AJ«JÊ` Am¡a _w»` _mZm OmVm h¡$& Ðì`moW©H$ Z` g{ "EH$'
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 45

ode{fU ewÕ H$m dmMH$ h¡$& AV• oZO ewÕmË_m hr EH$ AJ« h¡,
oOg_| oMÝVm oZam{Yê$[ C[`m{J H$s EH$mJ«Vm Ü`mZ h¡$&
`hm± Ü`mZ _| oMÝVm-oZam{Y _hÎd[yU© h¡$& Y_© d ew”bÜ`mZ
H$m àH$aU hm{Z{ g{ oMÝVm-oZam{Y H$m VmË[`© H{$dc odH$ë[m| H$m
A^md Z c{H$a _m{h-jm{^moX H$m A^md AWdm _m{h H$m A^md
c{Zm Mmoh`{$&
oZO ewÕmË_m _| C[`m{J H$s EH$mJ«Vm Am¡a amJmoX AewÕ
[naUoV H$m Ë`mJ BÝh| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ H«$_e: kmZZ` Am¡a
oH«$`mZ` H$s g§km Xr h¡$& Om{ [wéf ñ`mÛmX _| àdrU (AZ{H$mÝV_`
AmË_m H$m{ OmZZ{ dmcm) h¡ VWm gwoZíMc g§`_ (amJmoX AewÕ
[naUoV H{$ Ë`mJ ê$[) _| àd¥Îm h¡ Am¡a BgàH$ma oOgZ{ kmZZ` Am¡a
oH«$`mZ` H$s [añ[a Vrd« _¡Ìr ogÕ H$s h¡, dhr [wéf Bg kmZ_mÌ
oZO ^md_` ^yo_H$m H$m Aml` H$aZ{ dmcm h¡$& E{gm Ü`mZ
ñdg§odoÎm_` hm{Vm h¡$& VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-65 _| H$hm h¡ •-
""VÌmË_Ý`ghm`{ `qƒVm`m• ñ`mpÝZam{YZ§$&
VÕ`mZ§ VX^mdm{ dm ñdg§odoÎm_`íM g•&&
AW© •- Cg Aghm` ê$[ EH$ AmË_m _| oMÝVm H$m oZam{Y
oH$`m OmVm h¡ CgH$m{ Ü`mZ H$hV{ h¢$& dhr AÝ` oMÝVmAm| H$m A^md
H$hm OmVm h¡ VWm Cgr H$m{ ñdg§odoÎm_` AmË_m H$hV{ h¢$&''
Ü`mZ _| EH$mJ«Vm H$m g]g{ AoYH$ _mhmËå` h¡$& `h EH$mJ«Vm
ì`J«Vm `m AkmZ AWdm o_Ï`mËd H$fm`moX g{ oZd¥oÎmê$[ h¡$& H$fm`
H$m EH$ H$U ^r EH$mJ«Vm _| ]mYH$ hr hm{Vm h¡$& AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
g_`gma H$ce-224 _| kmZ_mÌ AmË_m _| C[`m{J EH$mJ« H$aZ{
H$s _oh_m ]VmV{ hþE H$hV{ h¢ •-
46 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""kmZñ` g§M{VZ`¡d oZË`§ àH$meV{ kmZ_Vrd ewÕ_²$&

AkmZg§M{VZ`m Vw YmdZ² ]m{Yñ` ewqÕ oZê$UoÕ ]§Y•&&
AW© •- oZaÝVa kmZ1 H$s g§M{VZm g{ hr kmZ (AmË_m) AË`ÝV
ewÕ àH$moeV hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a AkmZ H$s g§M{VZm g{ ]§Y Xm¡¶S>Vm hþAm
kmZ H$s ewÕVm H$m{ am{H$Vm h¡, AWm©V² kmZ H$s ewÕVm Zht hm{Z{
X{Vm$&''
BgàH$ma ñdmË_m H$m{ Y_©Ü`mZ d ew”bÜ`mZ _| `m{oOV H$aZ{
dmcr Amá Ûmam kmV d C[oXï> JwédmUr lwoV h¡$&
AÜ`mË_mZwgma _oV H$m ñdê$[ oZê$[U
lwË`m oZê$o[V• gå`H²$ ewÕ: ñdmË_m§Ogm$``m$&
`w”Ë`m ì`dñWmß`V{@gm¡ _oVaÌmZw_Ý`Vm_²$&&7&&
lwoV Ûmam gå`H²$ àoV[moXV ewÕmË_m H$m{ Om{$`woº$&
ñ[ï>ê$[ g{ H$a{ ì`dpñWV Cg{ `hm± h_ H$h| _oV$7&&
AÝd`mW© •- [lwË`m gå`H²$ oZê$o[V•] lwoV H{$ Ûmam gå`H²$
ê$[ g{ oZê$o[V (ì`m»`mo`V) [ewÕ• ñdmË_m] ewÕ oZOmË_m [``m
`wº$`m] oOg `woº$ g{ [AÄOgm ì`dñWmß`V{] ñ[ï>> ê$[ g{
ì`dñWmo[V oH$`m OmVm h¡ [Agm¡ AÌ "_oV•' AZw_Ý`Vm_²] Cg{
`hm± (AÜ`mË_-emñÌ _|) "_oV' _mZZm MmohE$&
ì`m»`m •- `hm± J«ÝWH$ma Z{ _oV eãX H$m C[`m{J EH$ ode{f
AW© _| oH$`m h¡$& VÎdmW©gyÌ H{$ àW_ AÜ`m`, gyÌ-13 _| "_oV: ñ_¥oV:
g§km oMÝVm@o^oZ]m{Y BË`ZWm©ÝVa_²' _oV H{$ AÝ` [`m©`dmMr Zm_
oX`{ h¢$& `hm± Bg AW© _| _oV eãX H$m C[`m{J Zht oH$`m J`m h¡$&
1. H$_©-M{VZm (amJmoX [naUm_) d H$_©\$c-M{VZm (BpÝÐ` gwI-XwI H$m
d{XZ) _| EH$mJ«Vm AkmZ H$m g§M{VZ h¡$& kmZZ` d oH«$`mZ` H{$ J«hU-Ë`mJ
H$m ñdê$[ d \$c [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h J«§W H{$ AÝV _| odñVma g{ H$hm J`m h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 47

JwédmUr _| oOgH$m ^c{ àH$ma oZê$[U oH$`m J`m hm{ dh

ewÕ ñdmË_m oOgH{$ Ûmam `wp”V[yd©H$ ì`dñWmo[V AWdm Z`-à_mU
H{$ ]c [a g§ogÕ oH$`m OmVm h¡, CgH$m `hm± "_oV' H{$ Zm_ g{
oZX}e oH$`m J`m h¡$& JwédmUr àm`• C[X{e `m AmX{e H{$ ê$[ _|
hm{Vr h¡, `wp”VdmX H{$ o]Zm JwédmUr H$m odf` öX`§J_ H$aZ{ _|
X¥¶T>Vm Zht AmVr$& AmË_VÎd AZ{H$ ep”V`m| dmcm hm{Z{ g{ oH$gr
AdñWm _| H$_m}X` H{$ oZo_Îm g{ AZ{H$mH$ma AZw^d _| AmVm h¡,
oH$gr AdñWm _| ewÕ EH$mH$ma AZw^d _| AmVm h¡ Am¡a oH$gr
AdñWm _| ewÕmewÕ AZw^d _| AmVm h¡; VWmo[ `WmW© kmZr ñ`mÛmX
H{$ ]c H{$ H$maU ^«o_V Zht hm{Vm, O¡gm h¡ d¡gm hr _mZVm h¡,
kmZ_mÌ g{ À`wV Zht hm{Vm$&
JwédmUr _| doU©V AmË_m H$m AZ{H$mÝVñdê$[ (AZ{H$ Y_©
ñdê$[) d¡^d AX²^wV (AmíM`© H$maH$) h¡$& oZ_©c]woÕ dmcm| H{$
_Z H$m{ AmË_m H$m AZ{H$mÝVñdê$[ od_m{ohV (^«o_V) Zht H$aVm,
daZ² CZH{$ kmZ _| AZ{H$mÝVñdê$[ AmË_VÎd [añ[a gwg§JV àJQ>
ep”V`m| H{$ g_yhê$[ ñ\w$am`_mZ hm{Vm h¡$&
_oV H$m `WmW©ñdê$[ AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-
265 _| oZåZ eãXm| _| ì`”V H$aV{ h¢ –
""Z¡H$mÝVg‹VX¥em ñd`_{d dñVw-
VÎdì`dpñWoVo_oV àodcm{H$`ÝV•$&
ñ`mÛmX ewoÕ_oYH$m_oYJå` gÝVm{,
kmZr ^dpÝV oOZZroV_c§K`ÝV•$&&
AW© •- E{gr (AZ{H$mÝVmË_H$) dñVwVÎd H$s ì`dpñWoV H$m{
AZ{H$mÝV-g§JV (AZ{H$mÝV H{$ gmW gwg§JV) X¥oï> H{$ Ûmam ñd`_{d
X{IV{ hþE ñ`mÛmX H$s AË`ÝV ewoÕ H$m{ OmZH$a, oOZZroV H$m
48 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

(oOZ{ídaX{d H{$ _mJ© H$m) C„§KZ Z H$aV{ hþE, gË[wéf kmZ ñdê$[
hm{V{ h¢$&''
lwoV H{$ Ûmam gå`H²$-oZê$o[V ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m `wp”V[yd©H$
kmZ _| ì`dñWmo[V hm{Zm ”`m| Amdí`H$ h¡ ? `h dñVwpñWoV
g_`gma H$s AmË_»`moV Q>rH$m _| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ oZê$o[V
H$s h¡•-
""BVm{ JV_Z{H$Vm§ XYoXV• gXmß`{H$Vm-
o_V• jUod^§Jwa§ Y«wdo_V• gX¡dm{X`mV²$&
BV• [a_odñV¥V§ Y¥Vo_V• àX{e¡oZ©O¡ahm{
ghO_mË_ZñVoXX_X²^wV§ d¡^d§$&&273&&
H$fm`H$oca{H$V• ñIocV empÝVañË`{H$Vm{
^dm{[hoVa{H$V• ñ[¥eoV _wp”Vaß`{H$V•$&
OJpËÌV`_{H$V• ñ\w$aoV oMƒH$mñË`{H$V•,
ñd^md_oh_mË_Zm{ odO`V{@X²^wVmXX²^wV•&&274&&
AW© •- Ahm{ ! AmË_m H$m Vm{ `h ghO AX²^wV d¡^d h¡
oH$ – EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a dh AZ{H$Vm (CË[mX-ì``) H$m{ àmá
h¡ Am¡a EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a gXm EH$Vm (Y«m¡ì`) H$m{ YmaU H$aVm
h¡; EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a jU^§Jwa h¡ ([`m©`) Am¡a EH$ Am{a g{
X{IZ{ [a gXm CgH$m CX` hm{Z{ g{ Y«wd (JwU d Ðì`) h¡; EH$ Am{a
g{ X{IZ{ [a [a_ odñV¥V (gd©JV) Am¡a EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a A[Z{
àX{em| g{ hr YmaU H$a aIm hþAm (EH$ JV) h¡$& EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{
[a H$fm`m| H$m ”b{e oXImB© X{Vm h¡ Am¡a EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a
empÝV h¡; EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a ^d H$s (gm§gmnaH$) [r¶S>m oXImB©
X{Vr h¡ Am¡a EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a _wp”V ^r ñ[e© H$aVr h¡ (_w”V
ñdê$[ h¡); EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a VrZm| cm{H$ ñ\w$am`_mZ hm{V{ h¢
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 49

Am¡a EH$ Am{a g{ X{IZ{ [a H{$dc EH$ M¡VÝ` hr em{o^V hm{Vm h¡$&
E{gr AmË_m H$s AX²^wV g{ AX²^wV ñd^md-_oh_m O`dÝV dV©Vr
h¡ AWm©V² oH$gr g{ ]moYV Zht hm{Vr h¡$&''
oOZdMZ dñVw H{$ `WmW© ñdê$[ H$m{ ]VmZ{ dmc{ h¢$& d{ eãX
ê$[ h¢$& eãX Vm{ [wX²Jb h¢, [aÝVw CZ_| dñVw ñdê$[ H$m{ H$hZ{ H$s
ep”V ñd`_{d h¡$& Om{ gË[wéf AZ{H$mÝV H{$ gmW gwg§JV X¥oï> H{$
Ûmam AZ{H$mÝV_` dñVwpñWoV H$m{ X{IV{ h¢; d{ BgàH$ma ñ`mÛmX H$s
ewoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ – OmZ H$aH{$ ñ`mÛmX Ý`m` H$m C„§KZ Z H$aV{
hþE kmZñdê$[ hm{V{ h¢$& CZH$m oH$gr àH$ma _m{h Xya hm{ J`m hm{ Vm{
d{ kmZ_mÌ oZO^md_` AH$å[ ^yo_H$m (àeñV Ü`mZ) H$m Aml`
c{V{ h¢$& d{ gmYH$Ëd H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ ogÕ hm{ OmV{ h¢$& Om{ _y¶T> (_m{hr,
AkmZr, o_Ï`mX¥oï>) h¢ AWm©V² lwoV H{$ AZwgma oOZH$r _oV (]woÕ)
ì`dpñWV Zht hm{Vr, d{ Bg ^yo_H$m H$m{ àmá Z H$aH{$ g§gma _|
[na^«_U H$aV{ h¢$&
lwoV H{$ AZwgma _oV ì`dpñWV hm{Z{ _| ñ`mÛmX H$s ^yo_H$m
Ac§KZr` h¡$& g_`gma H$ce-262 _| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ ocIV{ h¢•-
""BË`kmZod_yT>mZm§ kmZ_m̧ àgmY`Z²$&
AmË_VÎd_Z{H$mÝV• ñd`_{dmZw^y`V{$&&
AW© •- BgàH$ma AZ{H$mÝV AWm©V² ñ`mÛmX AkmZ_y¶T> àmoU`m|
H$m{ kmZ_mÌ AmË_VÎd (ewÕ ñdmË_m) àogÕ H$aVm hþAm, ñd`_{d
AZw^d _| AmVm h¡$&''
àdMZgma H$s VÎdàXro[H$m Q>rH$m _| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
(JmWm 81-82 H$s Q>rH$m _|) oZpíMV pñWa kmZ H$m{ _oV ì`dpñWV
hm{Zm H$hV{ h¢$&
1. [mR>^{X-ñ[e©dVu
50 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
""oOgZ{ _m{h H$m{ Xya oH$`m h¡ Am¡a AmË_m H{$ gå`H²$ VÎd
H$m{ (gƒ{ ñdê$[ H$m{) àmá oH$`m h¡ E{gm Ord `oX amJ-Û{f H$m{
N>m{¶S>Vm h¡ Vm{ dh ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$& g^r AahÝV ^JdmZ
Cgr odoY g{ H$_mªem| H$m j` H$aH{$ VWm Cgr àH$ma C[X{e H$aH{$
_m{j H$m{ àmá hþE h¢, BgocE oZdm©U H$m AÝ` H$m{B© _mJ© Zht h¡
E{gm oZpíMV hm{Vm h¡$& AoYH$ àcm[ g{ ]g hm{Am{$& _{ar _oV
ì`dpñWV hm{ JB© h¡$& (ì`dpñWVm _oV_©_)$&''
Ü`moV H$m cjU
gÝVË`m dV©V{ ]woÕ• ewÕñdmË_oZ `m pñWam$&
kmZmÝVamñ[e©dVr1 gm Ü`moVnah J¥h`² Vm_²$&&8&&
oZO ewÕmV_ _| Om{ ahVr gXm brZ Cg ]woÕ H$m{$&
kmZmÝVa H$m{ ñ[e© H$a{ Zqh `hm± Cg{ Ü`moV OmZm{$&&8&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`m ]woÕ•] Om{ ]woÕ [ewÕ-ñdmË_oZ] ewÕ
ñdmË_m _| [g§VË`m pñWam dV©V{] g§VoV g{ (EH$-EH$ g_` H$aH{$
g§VmZ ê$[ g{) pñWa ahVr h¡, [kmZm§Va-Añ[e©dVr gm] kmZm§Va
H$m ñ[e© Z H$aZ{ dmcr Cg (]woÕ) H$m{ [ Bh "Ü`moV•' J¥øVm_²]
`hm± (AÜ`mË_-emñÌ _|) "Ü`moV' _mZZm MmohE$&
ì`m»`m •- Om{ ]woÕ g§VoV g{ – gÝVmZ H«$_ AWdm
àdmhê$[ g{, ewÕ ñdmË_m _| pñWa dV©Vr h¡ AWm©V² A[Z{ ewÕmË_m
H$m AZw^d (ñd-g§d{XZ) H$aVr ahVr h¡, ñdewÕmË_m H{$ kmZ g{
o^ÝZ [a [XmWm~ H{$ kmZ H$m ñ[e© Zht H$aVr, Cg{ `hm± "Ü`moV'
Zm_ g{ J«hU H$aZm Mmoh`{$& BgàH$ma ewÕ ñdmË_m H{$ Ü`mZê$[
[naUV ]woÕ hr Ü`moV Zm_ H$m{ àmá hm{Vr h¡$&
`hm± "Ü`moV' Zm_ H$m{ àmá ]woÕ H{$ Xm{ ode{fU "pñWam' Ed§
"kmZmÝVamñ[e©dVr' ode{fê$[ g{ Ü`mZ _| c{Z{ `m{½` h¢$& Ü`mZ H$m
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 51

àogÕ cjU "EH$mJ«-oMÝVm-oZam{Y' h¡, `{ ode{fU Bg cjU H$m{

gyoMV H$aV{ h¢$& `oX ]woÕ Ü`{` H{$ AoVna”V oH$gr Xyga{ [XmW©
H{$ kmZ H$m{ ^r ñ[e© H$a ahr hm{ Vm{ g_PZm Mmoh`{ oH$ dh Ü`{`
_| EH$mJ« Zht h¡$& dh ]woÕ "Ü`moV' [X H{$ `m{½` Zht h¡$& AmMm`©
ZmJg{Z VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-72 _| Ü`moV H$m ñdê$[ BgàH$ma
]VmV{ h¡§•-
""Bï{> Ü`{`{ pñWam ]woÕ`m© ñ`mËg§VmZdoV©Zr$&
kmZmÝVam[am_¥ï>m gm Ü`moVÜ`m©Z_rnaVm$&&
AW© •- Ü`mZ H$aZ{ `m{½` Om{ pñWa [XmW© h¡, Cg_| AÝ` kmZ
(AÝ` [XmWm~ H$m kmZ) H$m ñ[e© Z H$aZ{ dmcr Om{ g§VmZ ê$[ pñWa
]woÕ h¡ AWm©V² Om{ ]woÕ Cgr _| pñWa ahVr h¡ CgH$m{ Ü`moV `m
Ü`mZ H$hV{ h¡§$&''
oZO ewÕmË_m H$m oZaÝVa AZw^d H$aZ{ H$s à{aUm X{V{ hþE
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-244 _| ocIV{ h¢ –
""Ac_c_oVOë[¡Xw©od©H$ë[¡aZë[¡a`o_h [a_mW©ü{Ë`Vm§ oZË`_{H$•$&
ñdagodga[yU©kmZodñ\y$oV©_mÌmÝZ Icw g_`gmamXwÎma§ oH§$oMXpñV$&&
AW© •- ]hþV H$WZ g{ Am¡a ]hþV odH$ë[m| g{ ]g hm{Am{,
]g hm{Am{, `hm± _mÌ BVZm hr H$hZm h¡ oH$ Bg EH$ _mÌ [a_mW©
H$m hr oZaÝVa AZw^d H$am{; ”`m|oH$ oZOag H{$ àgma g{ [yU© Om{
kmZ CgH{$ ñ\w$am`_mZ hm{Z{ _mÌ Om{ g_`gma ([a_mË_m) Cgg{ Cƒ
dmñVd _| Xygam Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡$&''
AmMm`© AH$c§H$X{d [a_mZÝX ñVm{Ì N>ÝX-10 _| Ü`moV H$m
ñdê$[ BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢•-
''VX²Ü`mZ§ oH«$`V{ ^ì`¡_©Zm{ `{Z odcr`V{$&
VËjU§ X¥í`V{ ewÕ§ oMƒ_ËH$macjU_²$&&
52 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ícm{H$mW© •- oOg Ü`mZ H{$ Ûmam `h M§Mc _Z pñWa hm{H$a

[a_mZÝX ñdê$[ _| odcrZ (_¾) hm{ OmVm h¡, dhr Ü`mZ ^ì`Ord
(_m{jmWu) H$aV{ h¢ VWm Cgr g_` M¡VÝ`-M_ËH$ma_mÌ ewÕ [a_mË_m
H$m gmjmV² Xe©Z hm{Vm h¡$&''
[a_mZÝX ñVm{Ì N>ÝX-1 _| H$hV{ h¢–
""[a_mZÝX-gw§`wº§$ oZod©H$ma§ oZam_`_²$&
Ü`mZhrZm Z [í`pÝV oZOX{h{ ì`dpñWV_²&&
AW© •- [a_mZÝX g§`wº$, oZod©H$ma d oZam{J (ñdñW) ewÕ
ñdmË_m A[Z{ eara _| ì`dpñWV h¡, [aÝVw Ü`mZhrZ [wéf Cg{ Zht
X{IVm$&''
Y_© d ew”bÜ`mZ H$m{ Ü`mZ{ dmc{ `m{Jr H$m{ Ü`mVm H$hV{ h¢$&
X¥oï> H$m cjU
ewÕ• ñdmË_m ``m gmjmV² oH«$`V{ kmZodJ«h•$&
odoeï>^mdZm-ñ[ï>-lwVmË_m X¥oï>aÌ gm$&&9&&
kmZ earar oZO ewÕmV_ oOgg{ hm{Vm h¡ gmjmV²$&
Om{ ñ[ï> odoeï> ^md g{ dh lwVmË_ h¡ X¥oï> ^«mV$&&9&&
AÝd`mW© •- [kmZ-odJ«h• ewÕ• ñdmË_m] kmZ-earar ewÕ
oZOmË_m [``m gmjmV² oH«$`V{] oOgH{$ Ûmam gmjmV² oH$`m OmVm
h¡, àH$Q> oH$`m OmVm h¡ [odoeï>>-^mdZm-ñ[ï>>-lwVmË_m] odoeï>>
^mdZm H{$ Ûmam ñ[ï>> oH$`m h¡ lwV H$r AmË_m H$m{ (oOZdmUr H{$ __©
H$m{) oOgZ{, [[gm AÌ "Ñoï>>•'] Cg{ `hm± (AÜ`mË_-emñÌ _|)
"Ñoï>>' _mZZm MmohE$&
ì`m»`m•- Ü`moV H{$ AZÝVa oOgH{$ Ûmam ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m
gmjmV² – àË`j Adcm{H$Z oH$`m OmVm h¡, CgH$m Zm_ X¥oï> h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 53

`hm± "X¥oï>' g{ VmË[`© dh AÝVX¥©oï> h¡ Om{ ì`dYmZm| H$m{ ^{XH$a ewÕ-

ñdmË_m H$m Xe©Z H$amZ{ dmcr h¡$& Bg X¥oï> Ûmam ñdmË_m A[Z{ ewÕ-
ñdê$[ _| amJmoX odH$ë[m| g{ aohV "kmZ earar' X¥oï>JV hm{Vm h¡$&
dh X¥oï> odoeï>-^mdZm H{$ ]c [a gma{ lwVkmZ H$m{ A[Z{ _| ñ[ï>
A§oH$V oH$`{ hþE h¡$&
g§odoÎm Am¡a X¥oï>
oZO-cjUVm{ cú`§ `ÛmZw^dV•(oV) gwI_²$&
gm g§odoÎmX¥©oï>amË_m cú`§ X¥½YríM cjU_²$&&10&&
Om{ oZO bjU g{ gwbú` AWdm gwI H$m AZw^d H$aVr$&
bú` AmË_m, bjU Xe©Z-kmZ `wº$ ÑJ g§odoÎm$&&10&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`X² oZOcjUV• cú`§ gwI§ dm AZw^doV]
Om{ A[Z{ cjU g{ cú` H$m{ AWdm gwI H$m{ AZw^d H$a{– OmZ{ [gm
Ñoï>>• g§odoV•] dh Ñoï>> hr g§odoÎm h¡ & [(Vñ`m•) cú`_² AmË_m,
cjU§ M ѽYr•] Cg g§odoÎm H$m cú` AmË_m h¡ Am¡a cjU Xe©Z
d kmZ h¡$&
ì`m»`m•- AÜ`mË_ odf`H$ AZ{H$ J«ÝWm| _| X¥oï> H{$ odf`
H{$ Bg AmË_ gmjmËH$ma H$m{ g§odoÎm (ñd-g§d{XZ) H{$ Zm_ g{
CoëboIV oH$`m J`m h¡$& Om{ AmË_mê$[ cú` H$m{ CgH{$ oZOcjU–
Xe©Z Am¡a kmZ H{$ Ûmam ^c{ àH$ma AZw^d oH$`m H$aVr h¡ Cg{ g§odoÎm
H$hm J`m h¡$&
g§odoÎm H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`© _mBëbYdb Z{ JmWm-351 _|
BgàH$ma H$hm h¡ :-
""b·IUXm{ oU`b·I§ AUwhd_mUñg O§ hd{ gm{·I§$&
gm g§odÎmr ^oU`m g`bod`ß[mU oUÔhUm$&&
JmWmW© : bjU H{$ Ûmam bú` H$m AZw^d H$aV{ hþE Om{ gwI
54 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

hm{Vm h¡ Cg{ g§odoÎm H$hV{ h¢$& `h g§odoÎm g_ñV odH$ë[m| H$m{ Zï>
H$aZ{ dmbr h¡$&''
AmJ_ H{$ Aä`mg g{ AmË_m H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ OmZH$a Cg ñdê$[
H$m AZw^d H$aV{ g_` Om{ AmÝVnaH$ gwI hm{Vm h¡ Cg{ g§odoÎm H$hV{
h¢$& `h g§odoÎm gå`½Ñoï> H$m{ hr hm{Vr h¡$& AmË_ñd^md H$m{ OmZH$a
^r Cg_| éoM hm{Zm MmohE$& éoM hþE o]Zm AmË_mZw^d Zht hm{Vm$&
AmË_mZw^d hr g_ñV g§H$ë[-odH$ë[m| H$m ZmeH$ h¡, ·`m|oH$
AmË_mZw^yoV H{$ H$mb _| H$m{B© g§H$ë[-odH$ë[ Zht ahVm$& Á`m|-
Á`m| Cg_| pñWaVm AmVr OmVr h¡ Ë`m|-Ë`m| odH$ë[m| g{ Nw>Q>H$mam
hm{H$a oZod©H$ë[ Xem àmá hm{Vr OmVr h¡$&
lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV [yd©H$ X¥oï> H$s àd¥oÎm H$m{ AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
Z{ g_`gma H$ce-234 _| ñ[ï> oH$`m h¡ –
""BV• [XmW©àWZmdJwÊR>ZmX², odZm H¥$V{a{H$_ZmHw$c§ ÁdcV²$&
g_ñVdñVwì`oVa{H$ oZíM`mX²odd{oMV§ kmZo_hmdoVð>V{$&&
AW© •- `hm± g{ A] g_ñV dñVwAm| H{$ o^ÝZËd H{$ oZíM`
Ûmam [¥WH$ oH$`m J`m kmZ, [XmW© H{$ odñVma H{$ gmW JwoWV hm{Z{
g{ (AZ{H$ [XmWm~ H{$ gmW, k{`-kmZ gå]ÝY H{$ H$maU EH$ O¡gm
oXImB© X{Z{ g{) CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ dmcr (AZ{H$ àH$ma H$s) oH«$`m CZg{
aohV EH$ kmZoH«$`m_mÌ, AZmHw$c Am¡a X¡Xrß`_mZ hm{Vm hþAm
oZíMc ahVm h¡$&''
`m{Jr JwédmUr g{ àmá lwoV g{ A[Z{ AZmoX AkmZ g{ hm{Z{
dmcr ew^mew^ C[`m{Jê$[ [ag_` àd¥oÎm (H$_© H{$ CX` g{ Ow¶S>H$a
hm{Z{ dmcr àd¥oÎm) H$m{ Xya H$aH{$, gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ _| àd¥oÎmê$[
ñdg_` H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ – E{g{ ñdg_`ê$[ [naU_Z ñdê$[ _m{j_mJ©
_| A[Z{ H$m{ [naUo_V H$aH{$ (Ü`moV), gå[yU© odkmZKZ ñd^md
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 55

H$m{ àmá hþAm (X¥oï>) h¡ Am¡a oOg_| H$m{B© J«hU-Ë`mJ Zht h¡ – E{g{
gmjmV² g_`gma ñdê$[, [a_mW©^yV, oZíMc ewÕ, [yU© kmZ ([yU©
AmË_Ðì`) H$m{ X{IVm h¡$&
`hm± X{IZm VrZ àH$ma g{ g_PZm Mmoh`{$–
(1) ewÕZ` H$m kmZ (ewÕZ` H{$ odf`^yV AmË_m H{$ ewÕ
ñdê$[ H$m oZíM`) H$aH{$ [yU©kmZ (AmË_m) H$m lÕmZ H$aZm `h
àW_ àH$ma H$m X{IZm (X¥oï>) h¡$& dh AodaV AmoX AdñWm _|
hm{Vm h¡$&
(2) kmZ-lÕmZ hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX gd© ]mø [naJ«h H$m Ë`mJ H$aH{$
CgH$m ([yU© kmZ H$m) Aä`mg H$aZm AWm©V² C[`m{J H$m{ kmZ ñdê$[
AmË_m _| pñWa H$aZm, O¡gm ewÕZ` g{ A[Z{ ñdê$[ H$m{ ogÕ g_mZ
OmZm Ed§ lÕmZ oH$`m Wm d¡gm hr Ü`mZ _| c{H$a oMÎm H$m{ EH$mJ«-
pñWa H$aZm Am¡a [wZ• [wZ• Cgr H$m Aä`mg H$aZm, gm{ Xyga{ àH$ma
H$m X{IZm h¡$& BgàH$ma H$m X{IZm (ñdg§odoÎm) Aà_Îm Xem _|
_woZOZm| H$m{ hm{Vm h¡$& O] VH$ H{$dckmZ CË[ÝZ Z hm{ dhm± VH$
E{gm Aä`mg oZaÝVa ahVm h¡$& `hm± VH$ Vm{ [yU© AmË_m H$m ewÕZ`
H{$ Aml` g{ [am{j X{IZm h¡$&
(3) O] H{$dckmZ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡ V] gmjmV² X{IZm h¡,
`h Vrga{ àH$ma H$m X{IZm h¡$& Cgr pñWoV _| kmZ gd© od^mdm|
g{ aohV hm{Vm hþAm g]H$m kmVm-X¥ï>m h¡$& `h [yU©kmZ (AmË_m)
H$m àË`j X{IZm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX X¥oï> H$s ogoÕ H$s à{aUm H$aV{ hþE g_`gma
JmWm-412 _| BgàH$ma H$hV{ h¢•-
""_m{”I[h{ Aß[mU§ R>d{oh V§ M{d Pmoh V§ M{`$&
VËW{d odha oUƒ§ _m odhagw AÊUXìd{gw$&&
56 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AW© •- h{ ^ì` ! Vy _m{j_mJ© _| A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ ñWmo[V

H$a, Cgr H$m Ü`mZ H$a, Cgr H$m{ M{V – AZw^d H$a Am¡a Cgr _|
oZaÝVa odhma H$a, AÝ` Ðì`m| _| odhma _V H$a$&''
BgàH$ma oZíM` _m{j_mJ© H{$ g{dZ g{ Aë[H$mc _| hr _m{j
H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡ – `h oZ`_ h¡$&
AmMm`© AH$c§H$X{d Z{ [a_mZÝX ñVm{Ì N>ÝX-15 _| ewÕX¥oï>
H$m \$b BgàH$ma ]Vm`m h¡ •-
""`ËjU{ X¥í`V{ ewÕ§ VËjU§ JVod^«_•$&
ñdñWoMÎm• oñWar^yËdm oZod©H$ë[g_moYZm$&&
ícm{H$mW© •- `m{Jr [wéf H$m{ oOg jU oZod©H$ë[ g_moY
H{$ Ûmam [a_mË_m H$m ewÕ ñdê$[ OmZZ{ _| AmVm h¡, Cgr g_`
`m{Jr H$m oMÎm AmHw$cVm aohV (oZod©H$ë[) hm{H$a pñWa hm{ OmVm
h¡ Am¡a AkmZ H$m Zme hm{ OmVm h¡$&''
BgàH$ma O] O] kmZ-Xe©Z-MmnaÌ [naUm_m| g{ ñd-ñdmXê$[
ñdmZw^d hm{Vm h¡, CZ [naUm_m| H$m{ oZod©H$ë[ Xem, ñdg§d{XZ ^md,
ñdmMaU, ewÕm{[`m{J, ^md_oV, ^mdlwV, AmË_gÝ_wI C[`m{J
AmoX Zm_m| (g§kmAm|) Ûmam H$hm J`m h¡$&
A] _oV AmoX Mma ep”V`m| g{ oOg X¥oï> H$s ogoÕ hm{Vr
h¡ Cg X¥oï> H$m _mhmËå` ]VmV{ h¢ •-
X¥oï> H$m _mhmËå`
g¡d gd© odH$ë[mZm§ XhZr Xw•I Xmo`Zm_²$&
g¡ d ñ`mÎmË[a§ ] « ÷ g¡ d `m{ o Jo^aÏ`© V { $ &&11&&
dhr Ñoï g] XwIX odH$ë[m| H$m H$aVr h¡ ËdnaV e_Z$&
[a_ ]«÷_` Cg Ñoï> H$m `m{Jr H$aV{ oZË` _ZZ$&&11&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 57

AÝd`mW© •- [gm Ed] dhr ( D$[a H{$ ûcm{H$ _| doU©V –$

oZOmË_m H$m{ gmjmV² H$aZ{ dmcr Ñoï>–g§odoÎm) [Xw•IXmo`Zm_²
gd©-odH$ë[mZm_² XhZr] XwI X{Z{ dmc{ gd© odH$ë[m| H$m{ XhZ
H$aZ{ dmcr h¡ [gm Ed VV² [a§]«÷ ñ`mV²] dhr Cg [a§]«÷ ê$[ h¡
[gm Ed `m{oJo^• AÏ`©V{] dhr `m{oJ`m| Ûmam àmoW©V H$r OmVr h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- Bg ícm{H$ _| ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m gmjmËH$ma
(ewÕm{[`m{J) H$amZ{ dmcr X¥oï> H{$ _mhmËå` H$m dU©Z h¡$& dh X¥oï>
CZ odH$ë[m| H$m{ ^ñ_ H$a X{Vr h¡ Om{ AmË_m H$m{ Xw•I VWm H$ï>
oX`m H$aV{ h¢$& `h X¥oï> hr [a_]«÷ê$[ h¡, ”`m|oH$ [a_]«÷ (oZO
ewÕmË_m) H$m{ àmá H$amVr h¡$& kmZ_mÌ AmË_m _| crZ hm{Zm, Cgr
_| g§Vwï> hm{Zm Am¡a Cgr _|{ V¥á hm{Zm [a_ Ü`mZ h¡$& Cgg{ dV©_mZ
AmZÝX H$m AZw^d hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a Wm{¶S{> hr g_` _| kmZmZÝX ñdê$[
H{$dckmZ H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$& Bgoc`{ dh hr `m{oJ`m| Ûmam àmW©Zr`
h¡, `m{oJ`m| H{$ ocE C[mX{` h¡$&
AmË_m H{$ oZO[X H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma
JmWm-203 _| ñ[ï> H$aV{ h¢ –
""AmXpåh Xìd^md{ A[X{ _m{ÎmyU oJÊh Vh oU`X§$&
oWa_{Jo__§ ^md§ C[cã^§V§ ghmd{U$&&
AW© •- AmË_m _| A[X²^yV Ðì`^mdm| H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a oZpíMV,
pñWa, EH$ Bg (àË`j AZw^d Jm{Ma) ^md H$m{ Om{ oH$ (AmË_m
H{$) ñd^mdê$[ g{ AZw^d oH$`m OmVm h¡, Cg{ h{ ^ì`! O¡gm h¡
d¡gm J«hU H$a$& (dh V{am [X h¡$&)''
oOg_| g_ñV ^{X Xya hþE h¡ E{g{ AmË_ñd^md^yV EH$ kmZ
(gm_mÝ`) H$m hr Adcå]Z H$aZm Mmoh`{$& CgH{$ Adcå]Z g{
hr ^«mpÝV H$m Zme hm{Vm h¡, H$_© ]cdmZ Zht hm{ gH$V{, amJ-Û{f-
58 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

_m{h CË[ÝZ Zht hm{V{, amJ-Û{f-_m{h H{$ o]Zm [wZ• H$_m©òd Zht
hm{Vm, Amòd H{$ o]Zm [wZ• H$_© ]ÝY Zht hm{Vm, [yd©]Õ H$_© ^w”V
hm{H$a oZO©am H$m{ àmá hm{ OmV{ h¡§, oZO AmË_m H$m cm^ hm{Vm h¡,
AZmË_m H$m [nahma ogÕ hm{Vm h¡, AÝVV• g_ñV H$_© H$m A^md
hm{Z{ g{ gmjmV² _m{j hm{Vm h¡$&
BgrocE AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ g_`gma JmWm-206 _| ^ì`Ordm|
H$m{ g§]m{YZ H$aV{ hþE H$hm– h{ ^ì` ! Vy Bg_| – kmZ _| oZË` aV
AWm©V² àroV dmcm hm{, Bg_| oZË` g§Vwï> hm{ Am¡a Bg_| V¥á hm{$&
E{gm H$aZ{ g{ VwP{ CÎm_ gwI hm{Jm, dMZ g{ AJm{Ma gwI hm{Jm,
Cg gwI H$m{ Cgr jU Vy hr ñd`_{d X{I{Jm, àË`j d{XZ H$a{Jm$&
AmMm`© AH$c§H$ X{d [a_mZÝX ñVm{Ì N>ÝX-22 _| H$hV{ h¢:–
""gËgX¥e§ oZOmË_mZ§ àH$mem` _hr`g{$&
ghOmZÝX M¡VÝ`§ `m{ OmZmoV g [pÊSV•&&
ícm{H$mW© •- ogÕ[a_{ð>r H{$ g_mZ [a_Á`m{oV ñdê$[ H{$dc
kmZmoX JwUm| H$s àmoá H{$ ocE Om{ [wéf A[Zr AmË_m H$m{ [a_mZÝX_`,
M¡VÝ`-M_ËH$ma `w”V OmZVm h¡, dhr dmñVd _| [pÊS>V h¡$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ lr àdMZgma JmWm 80 H$s Q>rH$m
_| H$hV{ h¢ oH$ •- ""H{$dc AmË_m H$m{ OmZZ{ [a, CgH{$ CÎmam{Îma
jU _| H$Îmm©-H$_©-oH«$`m H$m od^mJ j` H$m{ àmá hm{Vm OmVm h¡,
BgocE oZpîH«$` oMÝ_mÌ^md H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡, Am¡a BgàH$ma _oU
H$s ^m§oV oOgH$m oZ_©c àH$me AH$å[ê$[ g{ àdV©_mZ h¡ E{g{ Cg
(oMÝ_mÌ^md H$m{ àmá) Ord H{$ _m{hmÝYH$ma oZaml`Vm H{$ H$maU
Adí`_{d àc` H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& `oX E{gm h¡ Vm{ _¢Z{ _m{h H$s
g{Zm H$m{ OrVZ{ H$m C[m` àmá H$a oc`m h¡$&''
BgàH$ma ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m gmjmËH$ma H$aZ{ dmcr X¥oï> H$s àmoá
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 59

hr _m{h H$s g{Zm (g_ñV [amolV [naUoV) H$m{ OrVZ{ H$m –

amJmoXê$[ ]§Y g§VoV H{$ AmË`pÝVH$ A^md H$m _yc gmYZ h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-266 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$ ewÕ
Ord ñdê$[ H$m AZw^d H$aZ{dmcm ogÕ[X H$m{ àmßV hm{Vm h¡ •-
""`{ kmZ_mÌ oZO^md_`r_H$å[m§,
^yq_ l`§oV H$W_ß`[ZrV_m{hm•$&
V{ gmYH$Ëd_oYJå` ^d§oV ogÕm,
_y¶T>mñËd_y_Zw[cä` [na^«_§oV$&&
AW© •- Om{ [wéf oH$gr ^r àH$ma g{ oOZH$m _m{h Xya hm{ J`m
h¡ E{gm hm{Vm hþAm, kmZ_mÌ oZO^md_` AH$å[ ^yo_H$m H$m (AWm©V²
kmZ_mÌ Om{ A[Zm ^md Cg _` oZíMc ^yo_H$m H$m) Aml` b{V{ h¢
– oZod©H$ë[ ê$[ g{ AZw^d H$aV{ h¢ d{ _m{j H$s H$maU ê$[ AdñWm
(_m{j H$s gmYH$ AdñWm) H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ ogÕ hm{ OmV{ h¢, [aÝVw Om{
_y¶T> h¢ d{ Bg ^yo_H$m H$m{ àmá Z H$aH{$ g§gma _| [na^«_U H$aV{ h¢$&''
A] ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m{ gmjmV² H$aZ{ dmcr X¥oï> H$s àmoá H{$
ocE lwV-gmJa H{$ _ÝWZ H$m C[X{e X{V{ h¢ •-
lwV-gmJa H$m _ÝWZ
VXW©_{d _Ï`{V ]wY¡• [ydª lwVmU©d•$&
VVíMm_¥V_ß`Ý`V² dmV©_{d _ZrofUm_²$&&12&&
AV: à`m{OZ-ogoÕ h{Vw [hb{ gmJa _W{ gwYr$&
V] hr hm{Jr oed-àmoá ^r AÝ` g^r Hw$N> h¡ ^ygr$&&12&&
AÝd`mW© •- [VXW©_² Ed] Cg à`m{OZ H$r ogoÕ H{$ ocE
(ñd-g§odoÎm H$r àmoá H{$ ocE ) hr [ ]wY¡• [ydª> lwVmU©d• _Ï`{V]
]wYOZm| Ûmam [hc{ lwV-g_wÐ H$m _ÝWZ oH$`m OmZm MmohE & [VV•
M A_¥V_² Ao[ (c^{V²)] VË[ümV² A_¥V (_m{j) H$r ^r (àmoá hm{
60 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

gH$Vr h¡)$& [AÝ`V² (gd©_²) _ZrofUm_² dmV©_² Ed] AÝ` g]

Hw$N> _Zrof`m| H{$ ocE gmahrZ/^ygr hr h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- X¥oï> H$s àmoá H{$ ocE ]wYOZ [hc{ C[cãY
lwVgmJa AWm©V² Mma AZw`m{Jm| _| oco[]Õ lwVkmZ H$m _§WZ AWm©V²
éoM[yd©H$ A[Zr AmË_m H$m{ CÜd© aIV{ hþE JhZ Aä`mg H$aV{ h¢$&
Cgr g{ ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m{ gmjmV² H$amZ{ dmcr X¥oï> H$s àmoá hm{Vr
h¡$& Cgg{ hr A_¥V AWm©V² AVrpÝÐ` AmZÝX `m _m{jgwI H$s ^r
àmoá hm{Vr h¡$& `oX lwVmä`mg g{ Bg CÔ{í` H$s àmoá Zht hm{Vr
Vm{ dh lwVmä`mg, lwVgmJa H$m _§WZ ]woÕemoc`m| H$m ]woÕ H$m¡ec
(dmH²$-odcmg) _mÌ h¡, ”`m|oH$ lwVgmJa H$m{ _WH$a d{ AÝ` AZ{H$
]mVm| H$m AmodîH$ma oH$`m H$aV{ h¢$&
""lwVkmZ H{$ Adcå]Z g{ (AmJ_ kmZ g{) àW_ kmZñd^md
AmË_m H$m oZíM` H$aH{$ Am¡a o\$a AmË_m H$s àJQ> àogoÕ H{$ ocE
_oVkmZ VÎd H$m{ AmË_gÝ_wI H$aH{$, o\$a lwVkmZ-VÎd H$m{ ^r
AmË_gÝ_wI H$aH{$ AË`ÝV odH$ë[ aohV hm{H$a, AIÊS> àoV^mg_`,
AZÝV, odkmZKZ [a_mË_mê$[ g_`gma H$m O] AmË_m AZw^d
H$aVm h¡ Cgr g_` AmË_m gå`H²$V`m oXImB© X{Vm h¡ Am¡a kmV
hm{Vm h¡$&'' (AmË_»`moV JmWm-144 H$s Q>rH$m)
VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-81 _| AmMm`© ZmJg{Z Z{ ^r H$hm h¡ •-
ñdmÜ`m`mÕ`mZ_Ü`mñVm§ Ü`mZmËñdmÜ`m`_m_Z{X²$&
Ü`mZñdmÜ`m`g§[ß`m [a_mË_m àH$meV{$&&
AW©•- E{g{ ñdmÜ`m` (oOZ{ÝÐX{d H{$ H$h{ hþE emñÌm| H$m
[R>Z-[mR>Z H$aZm) g{ Ü`mZ H$m Aä`mg hm{Vm h¡, Ü`mZ g{ ñdmÜ`m`
H$s d¥oÕ hm{Vr h¡ Am¡a Ü`mZ VWm ñdmÜ`m` BZ Xm{Zm| gå[XmAm| g{
[a_mË_m àH$moeV hm{Vm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 61

AmË_m H{$ oZO-d¡^d H{$ OÝ_ _| lwVmä`mg H$s oZo_Îmê$[

H$maUVm ]VmV{ hþE AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ JmWm-5 H$s AmË_»`moV
Q>rH$m _| ocIV{ h¢ •-
""Bh oH$c gH$cm{Ømogñ`mË[X_woÐVeãX]«÷m{[mgZ OÝ_m...
AW© •- Bg cm{H$ _| àJQ> g_ñV dñVwAm| H$m àH$meH$ Am¡a
"ñ`mV²' [X H$s _wÐm dmcm Om{ eãX]«÷-Ah©ÝV H$m [a_mJ_, CgH$r
C[mgZm g{ oZO-d¡^d H$m OÝ_ hþAm h¡$&''
CÝhm|Z{ oZO d¡^d H$m ñdê$[ ñ[ï> H$aV{ hþE ]Vm`m h¡ oH$ oZaÝVa
PaVm hþAm – ñdmX _| AmVm hþAm Om{ gwÝXa AmZÝX, CgH$r _wÐm
(cjU) g{ `w”V àMwa g§d{XZ ê$[ ñdg§d{XZ g{ [¡Xm hþAm kmZ H$m
d¡^d, dh oZO d¡^d h¡$&
lwVmä`mg H$s gmW©H$Vm km`H$_mÌ ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ OmZZ{ _|
h¡ – `h ]mV AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ g_`gma JmWm-9 _| ^r H$hr h¡•-
""Om{ oh gwX{UohJÀN>oX Aß[mUo_U§ Vw H{$dc§ gwÕ§$&
V§ gwXH{$doco_ogUm{ ^U§oV cm{`ß[Xrd`am$&&
AW© •- Om{ Ord oZíM` g{ lwVkmZ H{$ Ûmam Bg AZw^d-
Jm{Ma H{$dc EH$ ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ gå_wI hm{H$a OmZVm h¡, Cg{ cm{H$
H$m{ àJQ> OmZZ{ dmc{ F$frída lwVH{$dcr H$hV{ h¢$&''
AmMm`© `m{JrÝXwX{d `m{Jgma ícm{H$-53 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$ ""emñÌm|
H$m{ [¶T>V{ hþE Om{ AmË_m H$m{ Zht [ohMmZV{ h¢ d{ ^r AkmZr h¢,
`hr H$maU h¡ oH$ E{g{ emñÌ[mR>r Ord ^r oZdm©U H$m{ Zht [mV{ h¢,
`h ]mV ñ[ï> h¡$&''
àdMZgma JmWm-232 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX AmJ_ _| ì`m[ma
H$m{ _m{j_mJ© H$m _yc gmYZ ]VmV{ h¢ –
62 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
''E`½JJXm{ g_Um{ E`½J§ oUpÀN>Xñ` AËW{gw$&
oUpÀN>Îmr AmJ_Xm{ AmJ_M{Q²>R>m VXm{ O{Q²>R>m$&&
AW© •- l_U EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& EH$mJ«Vm [XmWm~
H{$ oZíM`dmZ H{$ hm{Vr h¡$& [XmWm~ H$m oZíM` AmJ_ Ûmam hm{Vm
h¡, BgocE (_m{j_mJ© _|) AmJ_ _| ì`m[ma _w»` h¡$&''
lwVgmJa H{$ _ÝWZ AWm©V² AmJ_ _| ]woÕ H{$ ì`m[ma o]Zm
[XmWm~ H{$ ñdê$[ H$m oZíM` Zht hm{Vm$& [XmWm~ H{$ oZíM` o]Zm
AlÕm-OoZV VacVm, [a H$V©¥Ëdmo^cmfm-OoZV jm{^ Am¡a [a
^m{”V¥Ëd Ao^cmfm-OoZV ApñWaVm H{$ H$maU EH$mJ«Vm Zht hm{Vr
Am¡a EH$mJ«Vm H{$ o]Zm EH$ AmË_m _| lÕmZ-kmZ-MmnaÌê$[ àdV©_mZ
ewÕmË_ àd¥oÎm Zht hm{Vr$& ewÕmË_ àd¥oÎm Z hm{Z{ g{ _woZ[Zm (`m{Jr)
Zht hm{Vm$& BgocE _m{jmWu H$m àYmZ H$V©ì` eãX]«÷ê$[ AmJ_
_| àdrUVm àmá H$aZm hr h¡$&
AmJ_ H$s [`w©[mgZm g{ aohV OJV H$m{ AmJ_m{[X{e [yd©H$
ñdmZw^d Z hm{Z{ g{ "`h Om{ A_yoV©H$ AmË_m h¡ gm{ _¢ hÿ± Am¡a `{
g_mZ j{ÌmdJmhr earamoXH$ h¢ d{ [a h¢; BgràH$ma `{ Om{ C[`m{J
h¡ gm{ _¢ hÿ± Am¡a `{ C[`m{J-o_olV _m{hamJÛ{fmoX ^md h¢ gm{ [a h¢,'
BgàH$ma ñd-[a H$m ^{XkmZ Zht hm{Vm VWm Cg{ AmJ_m{[X{e [yd©H$
ñdmZw^d Z hm{Z{ g{ "_¢ EH$ kmZñd^mdr [a_mË_m hÿ±' E{gm [a_mË_kmZ
^r Zht hm{Vm$&
àdMZgma JmWm-233 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ `h àoV[mXZ
oH$`m h¡ oH$ AmJ_hrZ H$m{ _m{j Zht hm{Vm$&
""AmJ_hrUm{ g_Um{ U{dß[mU§ [a§ od`mUmoX$&
AodOmU§Vm{ AËW{ Id{oX H$å_moU oH$Y o^”Iy$&&
JmWmW© •- AmJ_hrZ l_U AmË_m Am¡a [a H$m{ Zht OmZVm,
[XmWm~ H$m{ Zht OmZVm hþAm o^jw H$_m~ H$m oH$g àH$ma j` H$a{?''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 63

Om{ AmJ_ H$s [`w©[mgZm H$aH{$ (1) [amË_kmZ (ñd d [a

H$m kmZ) VWm (2) [a_mË_ kmZ ([a_mË_m H$m kmZ) g{ gå[ÝZ
Zht hm{Vm h¡ Cg{ ñdmZw^d Z hm{Z{ g{ koá-[nadV©Z Zht Q>cVm$& O]
VH$ jm`m{[eo_H$ kmZ h¡ koá-[nadV©Z Adí`å^mdr h¡$& [a_mË_
oZð>Vm H{$ AoVna”V koá-[nadV©Z AoZdm`© h¡ AWm©V² [a_mË_
oZð>Vm (gX²-X¥oï> H$s C[cpãY) H{$ o]Zm C[`m{J H$m [a H$m
Adcå]Z c{H$a koá-[nadV©Zê$[ [naU_Z Zht Q>cVm$&
AmJ_ H$s C[mgZm [yd©H$ [amË_kmZ d [a_mË_kmZ g{ [a_mË_
oZð>Vm H$s ogoÕ hm{Vr h¡, AWm©V² ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m{ gmjmV² H$amZ{
dmcr X¥oï> H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$&
A] lwVgmJa _ÝWZ _| oOZH$r dmUr oZo_Îm hm{Vr h¡, CZ
gX²Jwé H$m ñdê$[ ]VmV{ h¢ –
gX²Jwé H$m ñdê$[
`X²oJamä`ñ`V• gm ñ`mX² ì`dhmamËg gX²Jwé•$&
ñdmË_¡d oZíM`mÎmñ`mñVXÝVdm© ½^dËdV•$&&13&&
oOZH{$ dMZm| g{ hm{Vr g§odoÎm d{ ì`dhma-Jwé$&
ñdmË_m hr oZíM` gX²Jwé h¡ AV: dMZ AÝVamË_m hm|$&&13&&
AÝd`mW© •- [`V•] oOgg{ (`m) [`X²-oJamä`•] oOgH$r
dmUr H{$ oZo_Îm g{ [gm (g§odoÎm•) ñ`mV² ] dh (g§odoÎm) hm{Vr h¡,
[g• ì`dhmamV² gÒxé•] dh ì`dhma g{ gÒxé h¡$& [oZü`mV² ñdmË_m
Ed (gX²Jwé•)] oZü` g{ ñdmË_m hr gÒxé h¡$& [AV• Vñ`m• VX²-
AÝVa-dmH²$ ^dVw] AV• dh CgH{$ AÝVa H$r dmUr hm{d{ (AÝVamË_m
H$r AmdmO ]Z Omd{)
ì`m»`m •- `m{Jr H$m{ gX²Jwé H{$ oZo_Îm g{ lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV
64 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Am¡a X¥oï> `{ Mmam| H«$_e• ogÕ hm{ OmVr h¢, E{g{ gX²Jwé ì`dhma
Z` Am¡a oZíM` Z` H$s ^{X X¥oï> g{ Xm{ àH$ma H{$ hm{V{ h¢$& ì`dhma
gX²Jwé dh h¡ oOgH$r eãXmja_`r dmUr Cg X¥oï> H$s àmoá _| ]oha§J
oZo_Îm [¶S>Vr h¡ Am¡a oZíM` Jwé A[Zm AmË_m hr h¡, oOgH$m{
AÝVZm©X (Om{ Cg X¥oï> H{$ J«hU _| AÝVa§J oZo_ÎmH$maU hm{Vm h¡)
H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$&
AmMm`© lr [yÁ`[mX Z{ g_moYVÝÌ N>ÝX-75 _| oZíM` Jwé
H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ BgàH$ma ]Vm`m h¡ –
""Z`Ë`mË_mZ_mË_¡d OÝ_ oZdm©U_{d M$&
Jwê$amË_mË_Z Vñ_mÝZmÝ`m{@pñV [a_mW©V•&&
AW© •- X{h AmoX [a [XmWm~ _| A[Z{[Z{ H$s ^mdZm H$s X¥¶T>
o_Ï`m]woÕ H{$ de AmË_m hr A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ g§gma _| c{ OmVm h¡
VWm dhr AmË_m A[Zr AmË_m _| hr A[Z{[Z{ H$s ]woÕ H$s _oh_m
H{$ de g{ A[Z{ H$m{ oZdm©U _| c{ OmVm h¡, AV• oZíM` g{ AmË_m
H$m Jwé AmË_m hr h¡, AÝ` H$m{B© Zht$&''
gmjmV² Jwé AWdm [aå[am Jwé H$s dmUr Om{ gV²emñÌm| _|
Jy§Wr hþB© h¡ Am¡a Om{ ñdmË_mo^_wIr h¡ Cgg{ A§VZm©X gwZm OmVm h¡$&
oOg{ AÝVZm©X gwZm`r [¶S{> Cg{ oZO-AmË_m oZíM` Jwé h¡ Am¡a
gmjmV² Jwé AWdm [aå[am Jwé (H$s dmUr) ]oha§J oZo_Îm hm{Z{ g{
d{ ì`dhma Jwé h¢$& AmË_m H$m AÝVZm©Xê$[ [naU_Z Cg X¥oï> H{$
J«hU _| AÝVa§J H$maU [¶S>Vm h¡ Am¡a oOgH{$ odd{H$ o]Zm ì`dhma
Jwé H$m dMZ A[Zm H$m`© H$aZ{ _| g_W© Zht hm{Vm$& ì`dhma Jwé
H{$ dMZ H$m ^md od[arV Ao^oZd{e aohV J«hU hm{Z{ [a hr dh
A[Zm H$m`© H$aZ{ _| g_W© hm{Vm h¡$&
gX²Jwé H$s C[{jm H$aZ{ dmcm ñdÀN§>Xr Am¡a Ao^_mZr H$hm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 65

J`m h¡, AV• ewÕmË_m H$s ogoÕ H{$ ocE gX²Jwé H$s Amkm Am¡a
CgH$s eaU _| OmZm Mmoh`{$&
A] `m{Jr oOg _mJ© H$m AZwgaU H$aH{$ _m{jcú_r H$m{ àmá
H$aV{ h¢, Cg (`m{J) _mJ© H$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢ •-
_m{j_mJ© H$m ñdê$[
aËZÌ`mË_-ñdmË_¡d _m{j_mJm}§ÄOgmpñV VV²$&
g [¥ï>ì`• g Eï>ì`• g Ðï>ì`m{ _w_wjwo^•&&14&&
dh aËZÌ`_` oZOmË_ hr _m{j_mJ©, ñ[ï> bIm{$&
_m{jmWu H$m{ dhr [yN>Z{ `m{½`, Cg{ Mmhm{ X{Im{$&&14&&
AÝd`mW© •- [VV² aËZÌ`mË_-ñdmË_m Ed] dh aËZÌ`mË_H$
oZOmË_m hr [AÄOgm] ñ[ï>>-ê$[ g{ (dmñVd _|) [_m{j_mJ©•
ApñV] _m{j_mJ© h¡$& AV• [_w_wjwo^• g• (Ed) [¥ï> ì`•] _w_wjwAm|
H{$ Ûmam dh (oZOmË_m) hr àíZ Ûmam g_PZ{ `m{½` h¡, [g• Eï>>ì`•]
dhr Ao^cfUr` h¡, [g• Ðï>>ì`•] dhr X{IZ{ `m{½` h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- oOg [wéf H{$ gX²Jwé H{$ àgmX g{ lwoV, _oV,
Ü`moV Am¡a X¥oï> `{ Mmam| ep”V`m± H«$_e• ogÕ hm{ OmVr h¢ Cg{
aËZÌ`mË_H$ _m{j_mJ© hr [¥ÀN>Ur` ([yN>Z{ `m{½`), Ao^bfUr`
Am¡a Xe©Zr` hm{Vm h¡$& AmË_m H$s ewÕ [naUoV hr ñ[ïê$[ g{
_m{j_mJ© h¡$&
AmË_m Vm{ kmZñdê$[ EH$ hr h¡, [aÝVw CgH$m [yU©ê$[ gmÜ`
^md h¡ Am¡a A[yU©ê$[ gmYH$ ^md h¡; E{g{ ^md^{X g{ Xm{ àH$ma
g{ EH$ AmË_m H$m hr g{dZ H$aZm Mmoh`{$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-16 _| H$hV{ h¢ –
""X§gUUmUMnaÎmmoU g{odXìdmoU gmhþUm oUƒ§$&
VmoU [wU OmU oVpÊU od Aß[mU§ M{d oUÀN>`Xm{$&&
66 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
AW© •- gmYw [wéf H$m{ Xe©Z, kmZ Am¡a MmnaÌ gXm g{dZ H$aZ{
`m{½` h¢; Am¡a CZ VrZm| H$m{ oZíM`Z` g{ EH$ AmË_m hr OmZm{$&''
gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ Am¡a gå`½MmnaÌ, [a_mW© g{ X{Im Om`
Vm{, AmË_m H$s EH$ [naUoV hr h¡$& oZO ewÕñd^md H$m Xe©Z
gå`½Xe©Z h¡, oZO ewÕñd^md H$m{ OmZZm gå`½kmZ h¡, oZO
ewÕñd^md _| pñWaVm gå`½MmnaÌ h¡$& gmÜ` AmË_m H$s ogoÕ BZ
VrZ ^mdm| g{ hr hm{Vr h¡$& BgocE `h hr _m{j_mJ© h¡$& Xe©Z, kmZ
Am¡a MmnaÌ – BZ VrZ ^mdm|ê$[ EH$ AmË_m hr [naU_Z H$aVm h¡$&
BgocE gmYw [wéf (`m{Jr) H$m{ EH$ AmË_m H$m hr g{dZ H$aZm Mmoh`{
– `h oZíM` h¡$&
à_mU X¥oï> g{ X{Im Om` Vm{ `h AmË_m EH$ hr gmW _{MH$
AWm©V² AZ{H$ AdñWm ê$[ ^r h¡ Am¡a A_{MH$ AWm©V² EH$ AdñWm
ê$[ ^r h¡, ”`m|oH$ AmË_m H$m{ Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ g{ Vm{ VrZ[Zm h¡
Am¡a A[Z{ g{ A[Z{ H$m{ EH$Ëd h¡$& ^{X X¥oï> H$m{ Jm¡U H$aH{$ A^{X
X¥oï> g{ X{Im Om` Vm{ AmË_m EH$mH$ma hr h¡, BgocE AmMm`© Z{
Om{ H$hm oH$ gmYw [wéf H$m{ Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ gXm g{dZr` h¢, CgH$m
`WmW© VmË[`© `h hþAm oH$ EH$_mÌ oZO ewÕmË_m hr g{dZr` h¡$&
ì`dhmarOZ [`m©` _| ^{X g{ g_PV{ h¢ BgocE AmMm`© Z{ CÝh| Xe©Z-
kmZ-MmnaÌ H{$ ^{X g{ g_Pm`m h¡$&
_m{jmWu [wéf (_w_wjw) H$m{ [hc{ Vm{ AmË_m (oZO ewÕmË_m)
H$m{ OmZZm Mmoh`{, o\$a Cgr H$m lÕmZ H$aZm Mmoh`{ oH$ "`hr
AmË_m h¡, BgH$m AmMaU H$aZ{ g{ Adí` H$_m~ g{ Ny>Q>m Om gH{$Jm',
Am¡a VË[íMmV² Cgr H$m AZwMaU H$aZm Mmoh`{ – AZw^d Ûmam Cgr
_| crZ hm{Zm Mmoh`{, ”`m|oH$ gmÜ` (oZîH$_© AdñWmê$[ A^{X ewÕ
ñdê$[) H$s ogoÕ Bgr àH$ma g{ hm{Vr h¡, AÝ` àH$ma g{ Zht$&
lr_X² AmMm`© `m{JrÝXwX{d ^r `m{Jgma H{$ Xyhm-5 _| _m{jgwI
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 67

H$s àmoá H{$ ocE oZ_©c AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$aZ{ H$m C[X{e X{V{ h¢–
""OB drhC MCJBJ_Uw, VC [a^md MEod$&
Aß[m Pm`oh oUå_cC oO_ ogd gw”I ch{od &&
AW© •- `oX Mmam| JoV`m| H{$ ^«_U g{ ^`^rV h¡ Vm{ [a^mdm|
H$m{ N>m{¶S> X{$& oZ_©c AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$a oOgg{ Vy _m{j gwI H$m{
[m gH{$$&''
AmË_VÎd Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ Ì`mË_H$ h¡, BgocE _m{j H{$
BÀNw>H$ [wéf H$m{ _m{j_mJ© EH$ hr g{dZ H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡$&
BgocE _w_wjwAm| H{$ Ûmam dhr [¥ÀN>Zr` ([yN>Z{ `m{½`-OmZZ{
`m{½`), Ao^cfUr` (Ao^cmfm H$aZ{ `m{½`) Am¡a Xe©Zr` (X¥oï>
_| c{Z{ `m{½`) h¡$& AÝ` Ðì`m| H$m{ ñ[e© Z H$aV{ hþE dh hr oZaÝVa
odhma H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡$& Bg oZíM` _m{j_mJ© H{$ g{dZ g{ Aë[H$mc
_| hr `m{Jr H$m{ _m{j H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$& `h oZ`_ h¡$& [yU©kmZ ñdê$[,
gd© ep”V`m| H{$ g_yhê$[ Om{ AmË_m h¡ Cg{ AmË_m _| YmaU H$a
aIZm gm{ `hr H¥$VH¥$Ë`Vm h¡$& E{gm hm{Z{ [a Om{ Hw$N> Ë`mJZ{ `m{½`
Wm Cg g]H$m{ Ë`mJ oX`m Am¡a J«hU H$aZ{ `m{½` Om{ Hw$N> Wm Cg{
J«hU oH$`m h¡$&
_m{j-gmÜ` H$s gmYH$ AdñWmê$[ _m{jmWu H$s [naUoV _|
ewÕVm d AewÕVm gmW-gmW ahVr h¡, AV• aËZÌ` [naUoV oZíM`
d ì`dhma Z` Ûmam H$hr J`r h¡$&
aËZÌ` H$m ì`dhma d oZíM` ñdê$[
ewÕoMXmZÝX_`§ ñdmË_mZ§ àoV VWm àVrË`Zw^yË`m{•$&
pñWË`m§ Mmo^_wIËd§ Jm¡Ê`m X¥½YroH«$`mñVXw[`m{Jm{@J«`m• &&15&&
68 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ewÕ oMXmÝX_` ñdmË_m H$s hm{ àVroV AZw^yoV pñWoV$&

Jm¡U aËZÌ` Aé oZíM`, C[`m{J Cgr _| hm{d{ brZ$&&15&&
AÝd`mW© •- [ewÕ-oMXmZÝX_`§ ñdmË_mZ§ àoV] ewÕ–
oMXmZÝX_` ñdmË_m H{$ àoV [VWm] VXê$[ AWm©V² O¡gm AmË_m H$m
ñd^md h¡ d¡gr hr [àVrË`Zw^yË`m{• pñWË`m§ M Ao^_wIËd_²]
àVroV, AZw^yo V Am¡a pñWoV ê$[ Ao^_wIVm [Jm¡Ê`m] Jm¡U
(ì`dhma) aËZÌ` h¡, Am¡a [ÑJ²-Yr-oH«$`m•, VXw[`m{J• AJ«`m]
Xe©Z, kmZ, MmnaÌ (àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a pñWoV) _| C[`wº$Vm
(C[`m{J H$r àd¥oÎm) AJ« (_w»`/oZü`) aËZÌ` h¡$&
ì`m»`m•- `hm± Jm¡U-_w»`ê$[ aËZÌ` H$m C„{I h¡$& gma
`h h¡ oH$ ewÕ oMXmZÝX_` AmË_m H{$ àoV àVroV dh Xe©Z h¡,
AZw^yoV dh kmZ h¡ Am¡a pñWoV dh MmnaÌ h¡$& Bg (ì`dhma
Ao^_wIVm) àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a pñWoV H$s Ao^_wIVmê$[
ew^m{[`m{J-[naUoV ì`dhma (Jm¡U) gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ h¡$&
Bg àVroV, AZw^yoV VWm pñWoVê$[ C[`m{J H$s àd¥oÎm dh
_w»` (oZíM`) gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ h¡$& Xm{Zm| àH$ma H{$ aËZÌ`
H$m odf` ewÕ-oMXmZÝX_` ñdmË_m hr h¡$&
VÎdmW©gma _| A_¥VMÝÐmMm`© H$hV{ h¢ •-
""_m{j_mJ© oZíM` VWm ì`dhma g{ Xm{ àH$ma H$m h¡$& oZíM`
_m{j_mJ© gmÜ` h¡, ì`dhma _mJ© gmYZ h¡$& A[Z{ hr ewÕ AmË_m H$m
lÕmZ, kmZ d ñdê$[ _| crZVmê$[ MmnaÌ E{gm oZíM` aËZÌ`ñdê$[
AmË_m H$m ewÕ^md oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡$& [a [XmWm~ H$s A[{jm g{
lÕmZ, kmZ d C[{jm^md ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡$& ì`dhma H{$ ghma{
oZíM` H$m{ àmá H$aZm Mmoh`{$&''– C[g§hma ícm{H$ 2-4
ì`dhma aËZÌ` amJ gohV hm{Vm h¡$& oZíM` aËZÌ` drVamJ
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 69

[naUoV h¡$& oZíM` aËZÌ` g{ [yd© oZO ewÕmË_m H$m kmZ, àVroV
d crZVm H{$ Ao^_wI [naUoV hm{Vr hr h¡, [aÝVw dh amJ gohV
hm{Vr h¡$& ì`dhma-aËZÌ` ode{f H{$ Amod^m©d Am¡a gm_mÝ` H{$
oVam{^mdê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& oZíM`-aËZÌ` gm_mÝ` H{$ Amod^m©d d
ode{f H{$ oVam{^mdê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& [a_mW© g{ odMma oH$`m Omd{ Vm{
Om{ kmZ (AmË_m) ode{f H{$ Amod^m©d g{ AZw^d – godH$ë[ g§d{XZ
_| AmVm h¡ dhr kmZ (AmË_m) gm_mÝ` H{$ Amod^m©d g{ AZw^d
– oZod©H$ë[ g§d{XZ _| AmVm h¡$&
gmÜ` AmË_m H$s ogoÕ Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ g{ hr h¡, AÝ`
àH$ma g{ Zht$& [hc{ AmË_m H$m{ OmZ{ oH$ `h OmZZ{ dmcm AZw^d
_| AmVm h¡ "gm{ _¢ hÿ±$&' BgH{$ ]mX CgH$r àVroVê$[ lÕmZ hm{Vm
h¡, ”`m|oH$ OmZ{ o]Zm oH$gH$m lÕmZ H$a{Jm? VË[íMmV² g_ñV AÝ`
^mdm| g{ ^{X H$aH{$ A[Z{ _| pñWa hm{$& C[`m{J O] VH$ ñd ewÕmË_m
_| pñWa Z hm{ V] VH$ `h kmZ, àVroV d crZVm – Ao^_wI [naUoV
h¡ AWm©V² ì`dhma aËZÌ` h¡$& C[`m{J H$m ñd ewÕmË_m _| EH$mJ«
hm{Zm h¡ oMÝh oOgH$m – E{gr AmË_Á`m{oV AZw^d _| AmVr h¡ Vm{
AZÝVM¡VÝ`ñdê$[ oZ_©c AmË_m [`m©` _| àJQ> hm{Vm h¡$& gå`½X¥oï>
[wéf Bg AmË_Á`m{oV H$m oZaÝVa AZw^d H$aV{ h¢$&
g_`gma H$ce-20 _| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ H$hV{ h¢ •-
""H$W_o[ g_w[mÎmoÌËd_ß`{H$Vm`m
A[oVVo_X_mË_Á`m{oVéÒÀN>XÀN>_²$&
gVV_Zw^dm_m{@Z§VM¡VÝ`oM…§
Z Icw Z Icw `ñ_mXÝ`Wm gmÜ`ogoÕ•&&
AW© •- AZÝV M¡VÝ` oOgH$m oMÝh h¡ E{gr Bg AmË_ Á`m{oV
H$m h_ oZaÝVa AZw^d H$aV{ h¢; ”`m|oH$ CgH{$ AZw^d H{$ o]Zm AÝ`
70 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

àH$ma g{ gmÜ` AmË_m H$s ogoÕ Zht hm{Vr$& dh AmË_ Á`m{oV E{gr
h¡ oH$ oOgZ{ oH$gr àH$ma oÌËd (gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ) A§JrH$ma
oH$`m h¡ VWmo[ Om{ EH$Ëd g{ À`wV Zht hþB© Am¡a Om{ oZ_©cVm g{
CX` H$m{ àmá hm{ ahr h¡$&''
]¥hX²-Ðì`g§J«h JmWm-39 _| ì`dhma d oZíM` Z` g{ _m{j
H$m H$maU BgàH$ma oZê$o[V oH$`m J`m h¡ •-
""gå_Ô§gUUmU§ MaU§ _m{”Iñg H$maU§ OmU{$&
ddhmam oUÀN>`Xm{ VoÎm`_BAm{ oUAm{ Aß[m$&&
JmWmW© •- gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ Am¡a gå`H²$MmnaÌ H$m{
ì`dhma Z` g{ _m{j H$m H$maU OmZm{$& gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ Am¡a
gå`H²$MmnaÌ_` oZO AmË_m H$m{ oZíM` g{ _m{j H$m H$maU OmZm{$&''
oZO oZa§OZ ewÕmË_VÎd H{$ gå`H²$ lÕmZ-kmZ-AmMaU H$s
EH$mJ« [naUoVê$[ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡ AWdm _mÌ ñdg§d{XZ g{
CË[ÝZ, amJmoX odH$ë[ H$s C[moY g{ aohV – E{g{ gwI H$s
AZw^yoVê$[ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
drVamJ gd©k àUrV N>h Ðì`, [§MmpñVH$m`, gmV VÎd Am¡a
Zm¡ [XmWm~ H{$ gå`H²$lÕmZ-kmZ Am¡a d«VmoX H{$ AmMaU H{$ odH$ë[
ê$[ ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
oOg Z` _| gmÜ` d gmYZ o^ÝZ àê$o[V oH$`{ Omd| dh `hm±
ì`dhma Z` h¡$& O¡g{ oH$ N>R>d| JwUñWmZ H$s ^yo_H$m _| Zd[XmW©
gå]§Yr lÕmZ, VÎdmW© kmZ Am¡a [§M_hmd«VmoXê$[ MmnaÌ ì`dhma
Z` g{ _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
oOg Z` _| gmÜ` d gmYZ Ao^ÝZ hm| dh `hm± oZíM`
Z` h¡, O¡g{ oZod©H$ë[Ü`mZ [naUV _woZ H$m{ oZíM` Z` g{ _m{j_mJ©
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 71

h¡ ”`m|oH$ dhm± gmÜ` Am¡a gmYZ EH$ àH$ma H{$ AWm©V² ewÕmË_m
ê$[ h¢$&
A] gmjmV² _m{j_mJ©ê$[ oZíM` aËZÌ` H$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢•-
oZíM` aËZÌ`
]wÕ²`mYmZmÀN­>X²YmZ• ñd§ g§d{X`V{ ñd`_²$&
`Wm g§d{ Ú_mZ{ ñd{ cr`V{ M Ì`r_`•&&16&&
aËZÌ`_` AmË_m lÕm H$aVm, ]woÕ H$m{ EH$mJ«$&
H$aVm hþAm ñdg§d{XZ, g§d{Ú ñd`§ _| hm{ EH$mJ«$&&16&&
AÝd`mW© •- [Ì`r_`• ([wéf•)] aËZÌ` ê$[ [naUV AmË_m
[]wÕ²`mYmZmV² ] ]woÕ H$r EH$mJ«Vm g{ [lÔYmZ•] lÕmZ H$aVm
hþAm [ñd§ g§d{ÚV{ ñd`_² ] ñd`§ ñdmË_m H$m g§d{XZ H$aVm h¡,
(`Wm) E{gm oH$ [g§d{Ú_mZ{ ñd{ cr`V{ M] g§d{Ú_mZ oZOmË_m _|
crZ hm{ OmVm h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- gå`½Xe©Z, kmZ Am¡a MmnaÌê$[ oÌJwUmË_H$
Ord ]wÕ²`mYmZ (]woÕ _| AmË_m H$s YmaUm) g{ ñdmË_m H$m lÕmZ
H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ñdg§d{XZ ê$[ ñdmË_m _| ñd`§ crZ hm{Vm h¡$& oZíM`
aËZÌ` A[Z{ g§d{Ú_mZ ewÕ ñdê$[ _| ñd`§ crZ hm{Z{ ê$[ h¡$& Bg
h{Vw ]woÕ _| ñdmË_m H$m lÕmZ hm{Zm hr Mmoh`{$& Om{ ñdmË_m H$m{
]woÕ _| YmaU H$aH{$ ewÕ AmË_m H$m lÕmZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Bg aroV
g{ g§d{Ú_mZ ewÕ ñdê$[ _| ñd`§ crZ hm{Vm h¡, CgH$r `h crZVm
hr gå`H$² MmnaÌ JwU H$m CƒV_ odH$mg h¡$& BgocE oZíM` aËZÌ`
_|, ]woÕ _| ñdmË_m H{$ YmaU H$m ]¶S>m _mhmËå` h¡$&
lr VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-32 _| H$hm h¡ •-
""`m{ _Ü`ñW• [í`oVOmZmË`mË_mZ_mË_ZmË_Ý`mË_m$&
X¥JdJ_MaUê$[: g oZíM`mÝ_wp”Vh{VwnaoV oOZm{oº$:&&
72 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
AW© •- Om{ (_Ü`ñW) drVamJr AmË_m, AmË_m _|, AmË_m
H{$ Ûmam, AmË_m H$m{ X{IVm d OmZVm h¡ dh ñd`§ gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-
MmnaÌê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& BgocE AmË_m hr oZíM` _m{j_mJ© ñdê$[ h¡
E{gm oOZ{ÝÐ X{d Z{ H$hm h¡$&''
ewÕ oZíM`Z` g{ X{Im Omd{ Vm{ AmË_m EH$ ñdê$[ h¡$& AmË_m
H$m C[`m{J O] ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m g§d{XZ H$aVm h¡, Cg g_` ewÕ
ñd^md H$m Adcm{H$Z Xe©Z h¡, ewÕ ñd^md H$m àË`j OmZZm kmZ
h¡ Am¡a ewÕ ñd^md _| pñWaVm MmnaÌ h¡$& Bgr g{ gmÜ` AmË_m ([yU©
ewÕ AmË_m) H$s ogoÕ hm{Vr h¡$& `hr _m{j_mJ© h¡ AÝ` Zht$&
ì`dhmarOZ [`m©` _| – ^{X _| g_PV{ h¢ BgocE `hm± kmZ-
Xe©Z-MmnaÌ H{$ ^{X g{ g_Pm`m h¡$& AmË_m H$s EH$g_` H$s [`m©`
_| hr gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ d gå`½MmnaÌ KoQ>V hm{V{ h¢; ”`m|oH$
Xe©Z, kmZ d MmnaÌ JwU H$s `{ [`m©`| dmñVd _| AmË_m H$s EH$
hr [`m©` h¡$& BgocE ^{X ê$[ H$WZ H$aH{$ g_PmZ{ [a ^r EH$ AmË_m
H$m g{dZ hr oZíM` aËZÌ` `m _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ `hr ]mV g_`gma H$ce-17 _| H$hr h¡•-
""Xe©ZkmZMmnaÌ¡pñÌo^• [naUVËdV•$&
EH$m{@o[ oÌñd^mdËdmX²ì`dhma{U _{MH$•$&&
AW©•- AmË_m EH$ h¡, VWmo[ ì`dhma X¥oï> _| X{Im Om`
Vm{ VrZ-ñd^mdê$[Vm H{$ H$maU AZ{H$mH$maê$[ (_{MH$) h¡; ”`m|oH$
dh Xe©Z, kmZ Am¡a MmnaÌ BZ VrZm| ^mdm| ê$[ [naU_Z H$aVm h¡$&''
EH$ AmË_m H{$ [naU_Z H$m{ VrZ ê$[ [naUo_V hm{Vm hþAm
H$hZm ì`dhma hþAm, AgË`mW© hþAm$&
àdMZgma JmWm-242 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX _m{j_mJ© (lm_Ê`)
H$m cjU EH$mJ«Vm oZpíMV H$aV{ h¢ :-
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 73

""X§gUUmUMnaÎm{gw Vrgw OwJd§ g_woQ²>R>Xm{ Om{ Xw$&

E`½JJXm{ oÎm _Xm{ gm_ÊU§ Vñg [oS>[wÊU§$&&''
JmWmW© •- Om{ Xe©Z, kmZ Am¡a MmnaÌ BZ VrZm| _| EH$ hr
gmW Amê$¶T> h¡ dh EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmá h¡ BgàH$ma emñÌ _| H$hm
h¡, CgH{$ lm_Ê` [na[yU© h¡$&
Bgr H$s VÎdàXro[H$m Q>rH$m _| H$hm h¡ –
""k{`VÎd Am¡a kmV¥VÎd H$s O¡gr h¡ d¡gr hr, `WmW© àVroV
oOgH$m cjU h¡ dh gå`½Xe©Z [`m©` h¡, k{`VÎd Am¡a kmV¥VÎd
H$s VWmàH$ma AZw^yoV oOgH$m cjU h¡ dh kmZ [`m©` h¡, k{`
Am¡a kmVm H$s oH«$`mÝVa (AÝ` oH«$`m) g{ oZd¥oÎm H{$ Ûmam aoMV X¥oï>-
kmV¥VÎd _| [naUoV oOgH$m cjU h¡ dh MmnaÌ [`m©` h¡$& BZ [`m©`m|
H{$ Am¡a AmË_m H{$ ^mì`-^mdH$Vm (AmË_m ^mdH$ d gå`½Xe©ZmoX
[`m©`| ^mì` h¢) H{$ Ûmam CË[ÝZ AoVJm¶T> BVa{Va o_cZ H{$ ]c H{$
H$maU BZ VrZm| [`m©`ê$[ `wJ[V A§J-A§Jr ^md g{ [naUV AmË_m
H{$ AmË_oZð>Vm hm{Z{ [a Om{ g§`VËd hm{Vm h¡ dh g§`V[Zm EH$mJ«Vm
cjU dmcm lm_Ê` oOgH$m Xygam Zm_ h¡ – E{gm _m{j_mJ© hr h¡,
”`m|oH$ dhm± (g§`V[Z{ _|) [{` H$s ^m§oV AZ{H$mË_H$ EH$ H$m AZw^d
hm{Z{ [a ^r g_ñV [aÐì` g{ oZd¥oÎm hm{Z{ g{ EH$mJ«Vm àJQ> h¡$&''
A] oZíM` aËZÌ` H{$ A§J^yV gå`½kmZ H$m ñdê$[ g_PmV{ h¢•-
gå`½kmZê$[ ]woÕ H$m ñdê$[
`WmpñWVmWm©Z² [í`ÝVr Yr• ñdmË_mo^_wIr gXm$&
]woÕaÌ VXm ]ÝYm{ ]wÕ`mYmZ§ VXpÝd`mV²$&&17&&
Om{ `WmW© dñVw H$m{ bIVr hþB© ñd-gÝ_wI hm{Vr h¡$&
Cg{ `hm± ]woÕ H$hV{, h{ ]ÝYw$! CX` gå]ÝY VOm{$&&17&&
74 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AÝd`mW© •- [`m Yr•] Om{ ]woÕ [gXm `WmpñWV-AWm©Z²]

gX¡d `WmdpñWV [XmWm~ H$m{ (Om{ [XmW© oOg ê$[ _| pñWV h¡ Cg{
Cgr ê$[ _|) [[í`ÝVr ] X{IVr hþB© [ñdmË_mo^_wIr] A[Zr AmË_m
H{$ gå_wI hm{Vr h¡, [(gm) AÌ ]woÕ• (H$oWVm)] Cg{ `hm± "]woÕ'
H$hm J`m h¡$& [VXm ]ÝYm{] V] h{ ]ÝYw ! [ ]wXܲ `mYmZ_² VXpÝd`mV²]
Cg ]woÕ H{$ AmË_g§]ÝY H$m{ g_Pm{$&
ì`m»`m •- [XmW© oOg ê$[ _| A[Z{ ñdê$[ (Ðì`-JwU-
[`m©`) g{ pñWV h¡, Om{ ]woÕ CZH$m{ Cgr ê$[ _| X{IVr-OmZVr h¡,
AÝ`Wm AWdm Ý`yZmoYH$ Zht X{IVr-OmZVr Am¡a gXm ñdmË_m H{$
gå_wI ahVr h¡, ñdmË_m H{$ kmZ g{ H$^r od_wI Zht hm{Vr, Cg
gw_oV H$m{ `hm± ]woÕ H$hm J`m h¡$& AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma _| Bg
kmZñdê$[ ]woÕ H$m{ àkm H$hV{ h¢ (JmWm-294-299) àkm H{$ Ûmam
hr Ord VWm ]§Y H$m{ A[Z{-A[Z{ oZ`V oZpíMV ñd-cjUm| g{ N{>Xm
OmVm h¡ AWm©V² AcJ oH$`m OmVm h¡$& ñd-cjUm| g{ gd©Wm o^ÝZ
H$aH{$ àkm hr ]§Y^md H$m{ N>m{¶S>Vr h¡ Am¡a ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ J«hU H$aVr
h¡$& oZO ewÕ-AmË_m H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ H$m gmYZ ^r àkm h¡$& dh àkm
hr `h oZíM` H$aVr h¡ oH$ Om{ M{VZ{ dmcm (ewÕ AmË_m) h¡ gm{ _¢
hÿ±, e{f Om{ ^md h¢ d{ _wP g{ [a h¢$& Om{ X{IZ{ dmcm h¡ dh oZíM`
g{ _¢ hÿ±, e{f Om{ ^md h¢ d{ _wP g{ [a h¢$& Om{ OmZZ{ dmcm h¡ dh
oZíM` g{ _¢ hÿ±, e{f Om{ ^md h¢ d{ _wP g{ [a h¢$& E{gm OmZZm àkm
H{$ Ûmam oZO ewÕ-AmË_m H$m J«hU H$hm J`m h¡$&
BgàH$ma kmZ-ñdê$[ ]woÕ `m àkm – kmZ H$m dh ì`m[ma
h¡ Om{ g] [XmWm~ H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ `WmW©V: OmZH$a Ord^md d
]§Y^md H$m ^{X H$aH{$ Ord^md _| ñd H$s ñWm[Zm H$aVm h¡$& [a^mdm|
g{ oZOewÕ AmË_m H$m{ o^ÝZ X{IZm-OmZZm d oZO ewÕ-AmË_m H$m
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 75

J«hU H$aZm AWm©V² M{VZm H$m AZw^d H$aZm – A[Z{ H$m{ Xe©Z_mÌ
^mdê$[, kmZ_mÌ ^mdê$[ AZw^d H$aZm h¡$&
od^md H$s éoM Qy>Q>Zm Bg àkm H$m cjU h¡$& od^md _| C[mX{`
]woÕ hm{ Vm{ ]woÕ ñdmË_mo^_wIr Zht hm{ gH$Vr$& oZOewÕmË_m H$s
éoM Bg ]woÕ H$m cjU ]Vm`m J`m h¡$& `h ]woÕ hr _m{j_mJ© _|
gmYZ (H$aU) H$s ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aVr h¡$& Om{ ]woÕ [a [XmWm~
_| Am¡a od^md _| AQ>H$s hþB© h¡ dh `m{Jr H$s `m{J-gmYZm _| gmYZ
Zht ]ZVr$& oZíM` aËZÌ` H$s àJQ>Vm ^r Bg ]woÕ (àkm) g{ hm{Vr
h¡ Am¡a aËZÌ` H$s [yU©Vm H$m gmYZ ^r `h ^JdVr àkm hr h¡$&
AmMm`© AH$c§H$X{d [a_mZÝX-ñVm{Ì, N>ÝX-5 _| gå`½kmZ
Cg{ H$hV{ h¢ oH$ ""Om{ g§H$ë[-odH$ë[m| H{$ Zme H$aZ{ g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm
h¡$& Cg kmZê$[r gwYmag (A_¥V) H$m{ V[ñdr _hmË_m kmZê$[r
A§Owcr g{ [rV{ h¢$&
oZod©H$ë[§ g_wË[ÝZ§ kmZ_{d gwYmag_²$&
odd{H$_§Owqc H¥$Ëdm VpË[]§oV V[pñdZ•$&&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-239 _| C[X{e H$aV{ h¢
oH$ AmË_kmZeyÝ` Ord H{$ gd© AmJ_-kmZ, VÎdmW©-lÕmZ VWm
g§`VÎd H$m `wJ[V[Zm ^r AqH$oMËH$a h¡ •-
""[a_mUw[_mU§ dm _wÀN>m X{hmoXEgw Oñg [wUm{$&
odÁOoX OoX gm{ ogqÕ U choX gìdmJ_Yam{ od$&&
JmWmW© •- oOgH{$ earamoX H{$ àoV [a_mUw_mÌ ^r _yÀN>m©
dV©Vr hm{ Vm{ dh ^c{ hr gd© AmJ_ H$m Ymar hm{, VWmo[ ogoÕ
H$m{ àmá Zht hm{Vm$&''
A] ñdmË_mo^_wI _oV (]woÕ) _| H$_© M{VZm d H$_©\$c
M{VZm H$s h{`Vm ]VmV{ h¢ •-
76 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Ah_{dmho_Ë`mË_-kmZmXÝ`Ì M{VZm_²$&
BX_pñ_ H$am{_rXo_X§ ^w§O BoV oj[{$&&18&&
"_¢ hr _¢ h±ÿ' – E{g{ AmË_kmZ g{ AÝ` dñVwAm| _|$&
`h _¢ BgH$m H$Îmm©-^m{º$m – `h _mÝ`Vm VwaÝV VOy±$&&18&&
AÝd`mW© :- ["Ah_² Ed Ah_²' BoV AmË_kmZmV²] "_¢ hr
_¢ hÿ±' Bg AmË_kmZ g{ (E{g{ AmË_kmZ Ûmam) [AÝ`Ì "BX_² (Ah_²)
Apñ_'] AmË_m g{ o^ÝZ AÝ` [XmWm~ _| "`h _¢ hÿ±', ["BX_² (Ah_²)
H$am{o_'] "`h _¢ H$aVm hÿ±', (_¢ BgH$m H$Vm© hÿ±) ["BX_² (Ah_²)
^w§O]{ "_¢ Bg{ ^m{JVm hÿ±' (_¢ BgH$m ^m{º$m hÿ±), [BoV M{VZm_² oj[{]
E{gr M{VZm H$m{ _¢ N>m{¶S>Vm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- oOgH$r _oV gXm ñdmË_mo^_wIr hm{Vr h¡ Cg{
ñdmË_m H$m g§M{VZ H¡$gm hm{Vm h¡ – Bg{ J«ÝWH$ma Z{ Bg ícm{H$ _|
]Vm`m h¡ oH$ àkm H{$ Ûmam e{f ^mdm| g{ o^ÝZ oH$`m J`m Om{ M{VH$
h¡ dh _¢ hr hÿ± Am¡a e{f ^md [a h¡§$& _¢ Vm{ ewÕ M¡VÝ`_` ^md
hÿ±, BgàH$ma A[Z{ H$m{ M{Vo`Vm H{$ ê$[ _| AZw^d H$aZm MmohE,
àkm H{$ Ûmam AmË_m H$m{ J«hU H$aZm Mmoh`{$&
oOgZ{ A[Z{ H$m{ ewÕ M¡VÝ`_` ^md OmZm h¡ Am¡a e{f gd©
^mdm| H$m{ Xygam| H$m OmZm h¡ – [a^md OmZm h¡ dh AÝ` oH$gr ^md
_|, "`h _¢ hÿ±, _¢ `h H$aVm hÿ±, _¢ `h ^m{JVm hÿ±' E{gm dMZ H¡$g{
]m{c{Jm? E{gm ”`m| H$h{Jm? ”`m|oH$ [a _| Am¡a A[Z{ _| ñd-ñdm_r
g§]ÝY Agå^d h¡$& BgocE gd©Wm oMX²^md hr J«hU H$aZ{ `m{½`
h¡, e{f g_ñV ^md N>m{¶S>Z{ `m{½` h¢$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ ^r g_`gma H$ce-185 _| `h hr
ogÕmÝV àoV[moXV H$aV{ h¢ •-
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 77

""ogÕmÝVm{@`_wXmÎmoMÎmMnaV¡_m}jmoW©o^• g{ì`Vm§$
ewÕ§ oMÝ_`_{H$_{d [a_§ Á`m{oV• gX¡dmñå`h_²$&
EV{ `{ Vw g_w„gpÝV ododYm ^mdm• [¥W½cjUm-
ñV{@h§ Zmpñ_ `Vm{@Ì V{ __ [aÐì`§ g_J«m Ao[$&&
AW© •- oOZH{$ oMÎm H$m MnaÌ CXmÎm (CÁÁdc) h¡ E{g{ _m{jmWu
Bg ogÕmÝV H$m g{dZ H$a| oH$ _¢ Vm{ gXm hr ewÕ M¡VÝ`_` EH$ [a_Á`m{oV
hr hÿ±, Am¡a Om{ `h o^ÝZ cjU dmc{ ododY àH$ma H{$ ^md àJQ> hm{V{
h¢ d{ _¢ Zht hÿ±, ”`m|oH$ d{ g^r _{a{ ocE [aÐì` h¢$&''
Om{ [aÐì` H$m J«hU H$aVm h¡ dh A[amYr h¡ BgocE ]ÝY
_| [¶S>Vm h¡ Am¡a Om{ ñdÐì` _| g§d¥Îm h¡ E{gm `oV (`m{Jr) oZa[amYr
h¡ BgocE ]±YVm Zht h¡$&
g_moYeVH$ íbm{H$-50 _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX ^r H$hV{ h¢ -
""AmË_kmZmË[a§ H$m`ª Z ]wÕm¡ Yma`{oƒa_²$&
Hw$`m©aW©emnËH§$ oMÛm”H$m`mä`m_VË[a•$&&
AW© •- VÎdkmZr AmË_kmZ Am¡a AmË_mZw^d H{$ ogdm` Xyga{
H$m`© H$m{, A[Z{ `m Xyga{ H{$ C[H$maê$[ à`m{OZ H{$ hm{Z{ [a Cg_|
crZ d Amg”V Z hm{Vm hþAm, dMZ Am¡a H$m`© g{ Hw$N> H$a{ Vm{ H$a{,
[a Cg{ A[Zr ]woÕ _| ]hþV H$mc VH$ YmaU Z aI{ AWm©V² AmË_kmZ
H{$ H$m`© [a Vm{ ]am]a cú` aI{, [a AÝ` H$m`m~ _| qH$oMV² ^r
C[mX{` ]woÕ Z aI{, CÝh| AZmgº$ hm{H$a H$a{$&''
Om{ dMZ Am¡a eara H{$ dmñVodH$ ñdê$[ H$m{ Zht OmZV{ d{
CZ_| AmË_]woÕê$[ ^«mpÝV [mcV{ h¢ AWm©V² dMZ Am¡a eara H$m{
ñdmË_m hr _mZV{ h¢$& kmZr [wéf ñd-AmË_m, ewÕ oZO-AmË_m,
dMZ Am¡a eara H$m O¡gm ñdê$[ h¡ d¡gm OmZV{ d _mZV{ h¢, AV•
78 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

d{ eara d AmË_m H$m{ gd©Wm o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ OmZV{ h¢ Am¡a A[Z{ H$m{

gXm ewÕ M¡VÝ`ê$[ AZw^d H$aV{ h¢$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-30 _| ^r kmZr H$m
ñdê$[ g§M{VZ ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""gd©V• ñdagoZ^©a ^md§, M{V`{ ñd`_h§ ñdo_h¡H$_²$&
ZmpñV ZmpñV __ H$íMZ _m{h•, ewÕ oMX²KZ_hm{ oZoYapñ_$&&
AW© •- `h _¢ ^{X]woÕ g{ aohV ewÕ oMÐy[ _mÌ dñVw H$m{
ñdg§d{XZ àË`j g{ AmñdmXVm hÿ±$& Om{ gd© àH$ma g{ M¡VÝ` H{$ oZO
ag g{ ^a{ hþE ^mddmbm h¡$& _¢ Vm{ ewÕ M¡VÝ` H{$ g_yhê$[ CÚm{V
H$m g_wÐ hÿ±, _m{h _{am Hw$N> Zht h¡, Zht h¡$&''
JwU-JwUr H{$ ^{X-odH$ë[ ^r ew^m{[`m{Jê$[ h¡, AV• AmJ{
^{X-odH$ë[ oZd¥oÎm Am¡a A^{X _| àd¥oÎm H$m C[X{e X{V{ h¢ -
oZod©H$ë[ ñdg§d{XZ H$s à{aUm
Ah_{dmho_Ë`ÝVO©ë[-g§à”V H$ë[Zm_²$&
Ë`”Ëdmdm½Jm{Ma§ Á`m{oV• ñd`§ [í`{XZída_²$&&19&&
"_¢ hr _¢ h±y '- E{g{ AÝVO©ë[ `wº$ H$ë[Zm VOm{$&
dMZ AJm{Ma AodZída Á`m{oV AmV_ H$m{ ñd`§ bIm{$&&19&&
AÝd`mW© :- ["Ah_² Ed Ah_²' BoV] "_¢ hr _¢ hÿ±' – E{gr
[A§VO©ë[-g§[¥º$-H$ë[Zm_² Ë`º$dm] A§VO©ë[ g{ g§`wº$ H$ë[Zm
H$m{ Ë`mJ H$a [Adm½Jm{Ma_² AZœa_² Á`m{oV•] dMZm| g{ AJm{Ma
d AodZœa Á`m{oV (AmË_m) H$m{ [ñd`§ [í`{V²] ñd`§ Adcm{H$Z
H$aZm MmohE$&
ì`m»`m •- ewÕ ñdmË_m H$m{ [aÐì`m| Am¡a [aÐì`m| H{$ ^mdm|
g{ o^ÝZ H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX AmË_m H$s àJQ> àogoÕ H{$ ocE [hc{ _oVkmZ
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 79

VÎd H$m{ AmË_ gÝ_wI H$aH{$, o\$a lwVkmZ H$s ]woÕ`m| H$m{ ^r _`m©Xm
_| cmH$a lwVkmZ VËd H$m{ AmË_ gÝ_wI H$aV{ hþE, AË`ÝV odH$ë[
aohV hm{H$a, AmË_VËd gå]ÝYr kmZ, kmVm, k{` H{$ odH$ë[m| g{
^r aohV hm{H$a dMZ H{$ AJm{Ma AIÊS>-àoV^mg_`, AZÝV,
odkmZKZ, [a_mË_ê$[ oZO ewÕ-AmË_m H$m AZw^d H$aZm Mmoh`{$&
oZod©H$ë[ ñdg§d{XZ _| hr AmË_m gå`H²$V`m oXImB© X{Vm h¡ Am¡a
kmV hm{Vm h¡$& Bg EH$ AIÊS> àoV^mg_` AmË_m H$m AZw^d H$aZm
hr gå`½Xe©Z Am¡a gå`½kmZ Zm_ H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& BgàH$ma H$m
^md g_`gma JmWm-144 H$s Q>rH$m _| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ X{d ì`º$
H$aV{ h¢$&
gd© ]ohO©ë[ Am¡a AÝVO©ë[ aohV AË`ÝV oZod©H$ë[ hm{Z{ [a
hr oZO ewÕmË_m H$m AZw^d hm{Vm h¡ – `hr ]mV AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
àdMZgma H$s JmWm-80 H$s Q>rH$m _| H$hV{ h¢, Om{ BgàH$ma h¡•-
""AÝd` dh Ðì` h¡, AÝd` H$m ode{fU JwU h¡ Am¡a AÝd`
H{$ ì`oVa{H$ (^{X) d{ [`m©`| h¢$& gd©V• odewÕ ^JdmZ Aah§V _|
(Aah§V H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ »`mb _| b{Z{ [a) Ord VrZm| àH$ma `wº$
g_` H$m{ (Ðì`JwU[`m©`_` oZO AmË_m H$m{) A[Z{ _Z g{ OmZ
c{Vm h¡$(g_P b{Vm h¡) & `Wm `h "M{VZ (AmË_m) h¡' – BgàH$ma
H$m AÝd` dh Ðì` h¡, AÝd` H{$ AmolV ahZ{ dmcm "M¡VÝ`'
ode{fU dh JwU h¡ Am¡a EH$ g_` _mÌ H$s _`m©Xmdmcm H$mc
[na_mU hm{Z{ g{ [añ[a Aàd¥Îm AÝd` ì`oVa{H$ d{ [`m©`| h¢ – Om{
oH$ oMX²oddV©Z H$s (AmË_m H{$ [naU_Z H$s) J«pÝW`m± (Jm±R>|) h¢$&
BgàH$ma Ì¡H$mocH$ (AmË_m) H$m{ ^r EH$ H$mc _| g_P c{Z{
dmcm dh Ord, O¡g{ _m{oV`m| H$m{ PycV{ hþE hma _| AÝVJ©V _mZm
OmVm h¡, CgràH$ma oMX²oddVm~ H$m M{VZ (Ðì`) _| hr g§j{[U H$aH{$
80 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

(gd© ode{fm| H$m{ oVam{^yV H$aH{$) VWm ode{fU-ode{î`Vm H$s dmgZm

H$m AÝVYm©Z (AX¥í`) hm{Z{ g{ O¡g{ g\{$Xr H$m{ hma _| AÝVoh©V oH$`m
OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma M¡VÝ` (JwU-[`m©` ê$[ [naU_Z) H$m{ M{VZ
_| hr AÝVoh©V H$aH{$, O¡g{ _mÌ hma H$m{ OmZm OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
H{$dc AmË_m H$m{ OmZZ{ [a, CgH{$ CÎmam{Îma jU _| H$Îmm©-H$_©-oH«$`m
H$m od^mJ j` H$m{ àmá hm{Vm OmVm h¡ BgocE oZpîH«$` oMÝ_mÌ
^md H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&''
g_moYVÝÌ N>ÝX-85 _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX AmË_m{[cpãY h{Vw
oZod©H$ë[[Z{ H$s Amdí`H$Vm àoV[moXV H$aV{ h¢ –
""`XÝVO©ë[g§[¥º$_wËà{jmOmc_mË_Z•$&
_yc§ Xw•Iñ` VÝZme{ oeï>o_ï§> [a§ [X_²$&&
AW© •- A§Va§J _| dMZ ì`m[ma H$m{ oc`{ hþE Om{ AZ{H$ àH$ma
H$s ododY H$ë[ZmAm| H$s Va§Jm| H$m Omc h¡ gm{ AmË_m H{$ Xw•Im|
H$m _yc H$maU h¡$& Cg ododY g§H$ë[-odH$ë[ê$[ H$ë[Zm Omc
H{$ Zï> hm{ OmZ{ [a hr AmË_m [a_[X H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&''
_mÌ oZË`mZÝX oOgH$m ñd^md h¡ E{g{ oZO AmË_m H$m{ Om{ Ord
Zht ^mVm, Cg Ord H$m _m`m-o_Ï`m-oZXmZ eë`Ì`moXH$ g_ñV
od^mdê$[ ]woÕàgma am{H$m Zht Om gH$Vm Am¡a dh Z éH$Z{ g{ ew^mew^
H$_© H$m g§da (]woÕàgma H$m oZam{Y) Zht hm{Vm; BgocE E{gm ogÕ
hþAm oH$ g_ñV AZW© [aå[amAm| H$m _yc amJmoX odH$ë[ hr h¢$&
oOg{ oZ:g§JVm (]mø-Aä`§Va [naJ«h g{ aohV [naUoV) Am¡a
oZ_©_Vm (__H$ma-A§hH$mamoXê$[ odH$ë[ g_yh g{ aohV oZ_m}h
[naUoV) àogÕ hþB© h¡ E{gm dh Ord ewÕmË_ Ðì` _| odlm§oVê$[
[ma_moW©H$ ogÕ-^p”V H$aVm hþAm ñdg_` àd¥oÎm H$s àogoÕ dmcm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 81

hm{Vm h¡$& Cg H$maU g{ dh Ord H$_©]ÝY H$m oZ•e{f Zme H$aH{$

ogoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&
AmË_Xe©Z H$m C[m`
`ÚXwo„IoV ñdmÝV§ VÎmXñdV`m Ë`O{V²$&
VWm odH$ë[mZwX`{ Xm{Úm{Ë`mË_mÀN> oMÝ_`{$&&20&&
oOg-oOg _| A[Zm[Z AZw^d H$a{ öX` dh o^Þ bIm{$&
`{ odH$ë[ o\$a CoXV Z hm| Vm{ ñdÀN> oMXmV_ ^mogV hm{$&&20&&
AÝd`mW© :- [ñdmÝV§] A[Zm öX` [`X² `X² (ñdV`m)
CoëbIoV] oOg-oOgH$m AmË_[Z{ ("`h _¢ hÿ±' – Bg ê$[ _|)
C„{I H$aVm h¡ (H$hVm h¡) [VV² VV² A-ñdV`m Ë`O{V²] Cg Cg
[XmW© H$m{ A-ñdV`m ("`h _¢ Zht hÿ±/`{ _wPg{ o^ÝZ h¢'– Bg ê$[
g{) Ë`mJ X{Zm MmohE$& [VWm odH$ë[-AZwX`{] Cg Vah H{$ odH$ë[m|
H{$ CoXV Z hm{Z{ [a [AmË_m AÀN> oMÝ_`{ Xm{Úm{oV] AmË_m ñdÀN>
oMÝ_` ê$[ _| oZaÝVa àH$me_mZ hm{Vm h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- AmË_m H$m cjU M{VZm h¡$& M{VZm H$m ì`m[ma
kmZ d Xe©Zê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& kmZ d Xe©Z H$m cjU ñd-[a àH$meH$Vm
h¡$& AV• Ord H{$ odH$ë[m| H{$ AZwgma kmZ k{`mH$maê$[ [naU_Z
H$aVm h¡$& AmË_m H$s ñdÀN>Ëd ep”V H{$ H$maU kmZ k{`mH$maê$[
[naU_Z H$aVm h¡, O¡g{ X[©U _| ghO hr gm_Z{ dmcr dñVw H{$ AmH$ma
]ZV{ h¢$& My§oH$ OJV H$s g_ñV dñVwE± gm_mÝ`-ode{fmË_H$ h¢,
BgocE M{VZm Xe©ZkmZê$[Vm H$m{ Zht N>m{¶S>Vr$& k{` gm_mÝ`-
ode{fmË_H$ hm{Z{ g{ CÝh| àoV^mgZ{ dmcr M{VZm ^r gm_mÝ` àoV^mg
(Xe©Zê$[) Am¡a ode{f àoV^mgê$[ (kmZê$[) hm{Vr h¡$& k{`m| H$m{
OmZZ{ H$s Bg àoH«$`m _| ewÕ AmË_m gm_mÝ` àoV^mgê$[ h¡, k{`m|
H{$ ode{f – Ðì`-JwU-[`m©` ode{f àoV^mgê$[ h¢$& k{`cwãYVm Am¡a
82 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
[aÐì` d CZH{$ ^mdm| H{$ àoV amJ hm{Z{ [a C[`m{J H$m odf` k{`
O¡g{ kmZmH$ma (k{` H$s _w»`Vm g{ H$h| Vm{ k{`mH$ma) hm{V{ h¢, Vm{
C[`m{J ode{fm| H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a gm_mÝ` [a EH$mJ« Zht hm{Vm$&
O] àkm H{$ Ûmam [a H{$ Am¡a AmË_m H{$ oZ`V ñdcjUm| g{
AmË_m kmZr hm{Vm h¡ AWm©V² oMÝ_mÌ ^md H$m{ A[Zm OmZVm h¡ Am¡a
e{f gd© ^mdm| H$m{ Om{ kmZ _| k{`mH$ma [naUo_V hm{ ah{ h¢ CÝh| [a
OmZVm h¡; V] M¡VÝ` g{ o^ÝZ cjU dmc{ ododY àH$ma H{$ ^md
(Om{ k{`mH$maê$[ kmZ H$s [`m©` _| [naUo_V hm{ ah{ h¢) dh _{am
ñd^md Zht h¡ E{gm OmZH$a [a-k{`mH$mam| g{ C[`m{J hQ>H$a gd©Wm
oZod©H$ë[ hm{H$a ñdÐì` _| hr g§d¥Îm hm{Vm h¡, ode{fm| H$m oVam{^md
d gm_mÝ` H$m Amod^m©d hm{Vm h¡ Vm{ oZO ewÕmË_m gå`H²$V`m
oXImB© X{Vm h¡$& AmË_ Xe©Z H$s `h hr odoY h¡$&
M¡VÝ`ep”V_mÌ AmË_m H{$ AZw^d H$s à{aUm X{V{ hþE AmMm`©
A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-35 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
""gH$c_o[ odhm`m…m` oMÀN>oº$naº§$,
ñ\w$Q>Va_dJmh²` ñd§ M oMÀN>oº$_mÌ_²$$&
B__w[na MaÝV§ Mmé odídñ` gmjmV²$,
H$c`Vw [a_mË_mË_mZ_mË_Ý`ZÝV_²$&&
AW© •- oMËep”V g{ aohV AÝ` g_ñV ^mdm| H$m{ _yc g{
N>m{¶S>H$a Am¡a àJQ>ê$[ g{ A[Z{ oMËep”V_mÌ ^md H$m AdJmhZ
H$aH{$, ^ì`mË_m g_ñV [XmW©g_yhê$[ cm{H$ H{$ D$[a gwÝXa aroV
g{ àdV©_mZ E{g{ `h EH$_mÌ AodZmer AmË_m H$m AmË_m _| hr
Aä`mg H$am{, gmjmV² AZw^d H$am{$&''
kmZ_mÌ ^md kmV¥oH«$`mê$[ hm{Z{ g{ kmZñdê$[ h¡ Am¡a dh ñd`§
^r oZåZ àH$ma g{ k{`ê$[ h¡$–
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 83

]mø k{` kmZ g{ o^ÝZ h¢, d{ kmZ _| àodï> Zht hm{V{; k{`m|
H$m{ OmZZ{ H$s oOkmgm hm{Z{ [a k{`m| H{$ AmH$ma H$s PcH$ kmZ
_| [¶S>Z{ [a, kmZ k{`mH$maê$[ oXImB© X{Vm h¡; [aÝVw d{ kmZ H$s
Va§J| hr h¡§$& d{ kmZ-Va§J| hr kmZ H{$ Ûmam kmV hm{Vr h¢, BgàH$ma
ñd`§ hr ñdV• OmZZ{ `m{½` hm{Z{ g{ kmZ_mÌ^md hr k{`ê$[ h¡
Am¡a ñd`§ hr A[Zm OmZZ{ dmcm hm{Z{ g{ kmZ_mÌ^md hr kmVm
h¡$& BgàH$ma kmZ_mÌ^md kmZ, k{` Am¡a kmVm – BZ VrZm| ^mdm|
g{ `w”V gm_mÝ` ode{fmË_H$ dñVw h¡$& oZod©H$ë[ ^mdlwVkmZ _|
`h kmZ_mÌ^md àË`j ñdg§d{XZ _| OmZZ{ _| AmVm h¡$& `h hr
AmË_-Xe©Z h¡, Bg{ hr AmË_m H$s AZw^yoV H$hm J`m h¡$& AmË_m
A^{X kmZñdê$[ AZw^d _| AmVm h¡, oOgH$m cjU AVrpÝÐ`
AmZÝX H$m àË`j d{XZ h¡$& AVrpÝÐ` AmZÝX H$m àË`j d{XZ
hm{Z{ [a VËH$mc hr AmË_m H{$ gå[yU© gm_Ï`© H$m kmZ d lÕmZ
CoXV hm{Vm h¡$& AVrpÝÐ` AmZÝX H$s [`m©` _| AmË_m H$s AZÝV
ep”V`m| H$m EH$X{e oZ_©c [naU_Z hm{Vm h¡, AmË_m H$s AZÝV
ep”V`m| H$m g_d{V ñdmX AmVm h¡$&
[a_mË_àH$me _| AmMm`© `m{JrÝXwX{d AmË_kmZ H$s _oh_m
]VmV{ hþE H$hV{ h¢ oH$ AmË_kmZ g{ aohV Om{ ^r kmZ h¡ Cgg{ gwI
gå]ÝYr Hw$N> ^r H$m`© Zht hm{Vm, ”`m|oH$ drVamJ ñdg§d{XZ aohV
V[ erK« hr Ord H$m{ Xw•I H$m H$maU hm{Vm h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ àkm (ñdg§d{XZ kmZ) H{$ Ûmam AmË_m d
]ÝY H$m{ N{>XH$a àkm Ûmam hr AmË_m H{$ J«hU H$s odoY AmË_»`moV
Q>rH$m H{$ H$ce-182 _| ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""o^Îdm gd©_o[ ñdcjU ]cmX²^{Vw§ oh `ÀN>”`V{
oMÝ_wÐm§nH$VoZod©^mJ_oh_m ewÕpíMX{dmñå`h_²$&
84 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

o^ÚÝV{ `oX H$maH$moU `oX dm Y_m© JwUm dm `oX

o^ÚÝVm§ Z o^XmpñV H$mMZ od^m¡ ^md{ odewÕ{ oMoV$&&
ícm{H$mW© •- Om{ Hw$N> ^r ^{Xm Om gH$Vm h¡ Cg g]H$m{
ñdcjU (AmË_m H$m cjU – M¡VÝ` Am¡a ]§Y H$m bjU – amJmoX
^md) H{$ ]c g{ ^{XH$a oOgH$r oMÝ_wÐm g{ A§oH$V oZod©^mJ _oh_m
h¡ E{gm ewÕ M¡VÝ` hr _¢ hÿ±$& `oX H$maH$m| H{$ AWdm Y_m~ H{$ `m
JwUm| H{$ ^{X hm| Vm{ ^c{ hm|, oH$ÝVw ewÕ (g_ñV od^mdm| g{ aohV)
od^w1 E{g{ ewÕ M¡VÝ`^md _| Vm{ H$m{B© ^{X Zht h¡$& BgàH$ma àkm
H{$ Ûmam AmË_m H$m{ J«hU oH$`m OmVm h¡$&''
BgàH$ma ewÕZ` g{ A^{Xê$[ AmË_m H$m{ J«hU H$aZm MmohE$&
A] ]VmV{ h¢ oH$ oZod©H$ë[ ñdg§d{XZ g{ ogÕ hþAm kmZ ñd[a
àH$meH$ h¡ •-
AmË_m H$s odídê$[Vm Ed§ H{$dbkmZJå`Vm
g odídê$[m{ZÝVmWm©H$ma-àga-^yËdV•&
gm{dm©½X¥em_cú`m{o[ cú`• H{$dc-Mjwfm_²$&&21&&
AmË_m k{`mH$ma AZÝV àgma ^yo_ h¡, odíd ñdê$[$&
dmUr Ed§ Z{Ì AJm{Ma, H{$db-ÑJ g{ k{` ñdê$[$&&21&&
AÝd`mW© :- [g• AmË_m] dh AmË_m [AZÝV-AW©–
AmH$ma-àga-^yËdV•] AZÝV k{`mH$mam| H{$ àgma H$r ^yo_ hm{Z{ g{
[odœê$[•] odœê$[ h¡$& [g• dmH²$–Ñem_² Acú`• Ao[] dh
(AmË_m) dmUr d Am±Im| Ûmam Acú` hm{Z{ [a ^r (oXImB© Z X{Z{ [a
^r) [H{$dc-Mjwfm_² cú`•] H{$dckmZ ê$[r Mjw g{ cú` (X{IZ{
`m{½`) h¡$&
1. od^w – gd© ^mdm| _| ì`m[H$ E{gm EH$^md$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 85

ì`m»`m •- AmË_m M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV ñdê$[ h¡$& J«ÝWH$ma Z{

ícm{H$ 19-20 _| AmË_m H{$ Bg kmZñd^md H$m{ ñd`§ Adcm{H$Z
H$aZ{ H$s à{aUm Xr h¡$& AmË_m H$m kmZñd^md odídê$[ h¡ AWm©V²
cm{H$ H{$ AZÝV [XmWm~ H{$ AmH$ma (Ðì`-JwU-[`m©`) Bg_| PcH|$
(àoV^mogV hm|) E{gm Bg kmZ H$m ñdê$[ h¡$& BgrocE J«ÝWH$ma
kmZÁ`m{oV H$m{ odídê$[ H$hV{ h¢$& AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ àdMZgma
_| H{$dckmZ (ghOkmZ) H$m{ gd©JV H$hm h¡$& cm{H$ _| H$m{B© E{gm
[XmW© Zht h¡ Om{ kmZ _| OmZ{ o]Zm ah Om`{ Bgoc`{ Bg{ gd©JV
H$hm h¡$& AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-275 _| H$hV{ h¢ –
""O`oV ghOV{O• [w§O_ÁOpËÌcm{H$s
ñIcXoIc odH$ë[m{@ß`{H$ Ed ñdê$[•
ñdagodga[yUm©pÀN>ÝZ VÎdm{[cå^•
àg^oZ`o_VmoM©píMƒ_ËH$ma Ef•$&&
AW© •- ghO V{O[w§O _| oÌcm{H$ H{$ [XmW© _¾ hm{ OmV{ h¢
AWm©V² H{$dckmZ _| gd© [XmW© PcH$V{ h¢, VWmo[ oOgH$m EH$ hr
ñdê$[ h¡ - M¡VÝ`ê$[ kmZmH$ma H$s X¥oï> _| EH$ ñdê$[ hr h¡, oOg_|
oZOag H{$ odñVma g{ [yU© ApÀN>ÝZ VÎdm{[cpãY h¡ Am¡a oOgH$r
Á`m{oV AË`ÝV oZ`o_V h¡ – E{gm `h M¡VÝ`-M_ËH$ma O`dÝV
dV©Vm h¡$&''
M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m odídê$[ ñd^md H{$dckmZ H$s [`m©` _|
àJQ> hm{Vm h¡$& AWm©V² H{$dc Mjw g{ odíd H{$ gma{ [XmW© A[Z{ [yU©
AmH$ma (Ðì`-JwU-[`m©`) H{$ gmW X¥í`_mZ hm{V{ h¢ – àoV^mogV
hm{V{ h¡§$& N>X²_ñWm| H{$ ocE AmË_m H$m `h gd©JV ñd^md Acú`-
AX¥í` hr h¡$&
àdMZgma JmWm-23 _| kmZ H{$ gd©JV ñd^md H$m{ AmMm`©
86 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ oZåZàH$ma g{ ]Vm`m h¡ •-

""AmXm UmU [_mU§ UmU§ U{`ß[_mU_woÔQ²>R§>$&
U{`§ cm{`mcm{`§ Våhm UmU§ Vw gìdJ`§$&&
JmWmW© •- AmË_m kmZà_mU h¡, kmZ k{`à_mU H$hm J`m
h¡$& k{` cm{H$mcm{H$ h¡; BgocE kmZ gd©JV – gd©ì`m[H$ h¡$&''
kmZXe©ZmdaU H$_© H$m j` hm{V{ hr cm{H$ d Acm{H$ H{$ od^mJ
g{ od^”V g_ñV dñVwAm| H{$ AmH$mam| (ñdê$[m|) H{$ [ma H$m{ àmá H$aH{$
kmZ g]H$m{ OmZVm h¡ Am¡a o\$a H$^r ^r g]H{$ OmZZ{ê$[ gd©JV[Z{
g{ À`wV Zht hm{Vm$& BgocE kmZ gd©ì`m[H$ h¡$& oOZda gd©JV h¢,
Am¡a OJV H{$ gd© [XmW© oOZdaJV h¢, ”`m|oH$ oOZ (H{$dcr) ^JdmZ
kmZ_` h¢ Am¡a d{ g] [XmW© kmZ H{$ odf` hm{Z{ g{ oOZ-^JdmZ H{$
odf` H$h{ J`{ h¢$& BgocE AmË_m ^r gd©JV h¡$&
H{$dcr ^JdmZ H{$ kmZ _| gd©Ðì` [`m©`| àË`j h¢$& My§oH$
AmË_m kmZà_mU h¡ Am¡a kmZ k{`à_mU h¡, AV• N>X²_ñW H{$ kmZ
[a O] VH$ AmdaU h¡ CgH$m kmZ gd©JV Zht h¡$& oZ•e{f AmdaU
H{$ j` H{$ g_` hr cm{H$ Am¡a Acm{H$ _| od^º$ g_ñV dñVwAm|
H{$ AmH$mam| H{$ [ma H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ AÀ`wV ê$[ g{ ahZ{ g{ kmZ gd©JV
h¡$& gd©kËd d gd©Xoe©Ëd ep”V AmË_m _| gXmH$mc odÚ_mZ h¡$&
aËZÌ` [naUV `m{Jr H{$ ^r BZ ep”V`m| H$s Am§oeH$ (EH$X{e)
ì`p”V àJQ> hm{Vr h¡$& kmZ g{ oOVZm AmdaU hQ>m CVZm àJQ> kmZ
gå`H²$ kmZ h¡$&
AmË_m kmZà_mU h¡, kmZ gd©JV h¡, BgocE AmË_m ^r
gd©JV h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h J«ÝW H$s JmWm-43
_| OrdÐì` H$m{ odídê$[ H$hm h¡ –
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 87

""U od`ß[oX UmUmXm{ UmUr UmUmoU hm|oV U{JmoU$&

Våhm Xw odñgê$d§ ^oU`§ Xod`oÎm UmUrqh$&&
JmWmW© •- kmZ g{ kmZr H$m (AmË_m H$m) ^{X Zht oH$`m
OmVm, VWmo[ kmZ AZ{H$ h¢$& BgocE Vm{ kmoZ`m| Z{ Ðì` H$m{
odídê$[ (AZ{H$ ê$[) H$hm h¡$&''
EH$ Ðì` ghdVu AZÝVJwU Am¡a H«$_dVu AZ§V [`m©`m| H$m
AmYma hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU AZÝVê$[ dmcm hm{Z{ g{ EH$ hm{Z{ [a ^r
odídê$[ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡$&
kmZr (AmË_m) kmZ g{ [¥WH²$ Zht h¡, ”`m|oH$ Xm{Zm| EH$
ApñVËd (EH$ Ðì`-j{Ì-H$mc-^md[Zm) g{ aoMV hm{Z{ g{ Xm{Zm| _|
EH$Ðì`[Zm h¡$& Bgoc`{ Ðì` odídê$[ (AZ{H$ê$[) hm{Z{ g{ kmZ
^r odídê$[ h¡$&
`hm± kmZÁ`m{oV AWm©V² H{$dckmZ Á`m{oV H$m{ odídê$[ H$hm h¡
”`m|oH$ H{$dckmZ _| odíd H{$ gma{ [XmW©, EH$-EH$ [XmW© H{$ AZÝV
JwU, EH$-EH$ JwU H$s AZÝV [`m©`|, `wJ[V àoV^mogV hm{V{ h¢$&
A] àíZ h¡ oH$ oOg M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m{ gd©JV (odídê$[)
H$hm J`m h¡ CgH$m cjU ”`m h¡ ? ”`m|oH$ cjU Ûmam hr cú`
AÝ` g{ o^ÝZ ^mogV hm{Vm h¡$&
M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m cjU
Vñ` cjU_ÝV^m©Jw[`m{Jm{ øh§V`m$&
oZË`_Ý`V`m ^m½ä`• [a{ä`m{Ý`Ì cjUmV²$&&22&&
Ah§[Z{ H$s Ñoï> g{ AÝVdVu C[`m{J ñdê$[$&
AÝ`[Z{ g{ bojV [a H{$ bjU g{ h¡ o^Þ ñdê$[$&&22&&
AÝV^m©H²$ - [¥W½^yV AÝVa§ ^OVroV AÝV^m©H²$
^m½ä` - [¥W½^yV{ä` H$W§oMV², [a{ä`m{ - AM{VZ Ðì`{ä`$&
88 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AÝd`mW© :- [Vñ` (AmË_Z•) cjU§ oh] Cg (AmË_m)

H$m dmñVodH$ cjU [Ah§V`m AÝV^m©J²-C[`m{J•] Ah§[Z{ H$r
Ñoï g{ AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J h¡$& [oZË`_² AÝ`V`m] Om{ oH$ oZË` hr
AÝ`[Z{ g{ cojV [[a{ä`• ^m½ä`• AÝ`Ì cjUmV²] [¥W½^yV [a-
[XmWm~ H{$ (AM{VZ Ðì`m| H{$) cjUm| g{ o^ÝZ h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m cjU AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J h¡$& `h
cjU gX¡d AÝ`Vm H$s X¥oï> g{ cojV hm{Z{ dmc{ AM{VZ Ðì`m| H{$
cjUm| g{ o^ÝZ h¡$& e{f Ðì` – [wX²Jc, Y_©, AY_©, AmH$me, H$mc
Zm_ H{$ Ðì` AM{VZ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Bg C[`m{J cjU g{ aohV h¢$&
AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma
H$ce-31 _| BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""BoV goV gh gd£aÝ`^md¡od©d{H{$
ñd`_`_w[`m{Jm{ o]^«XmË_mZ_{H$_²$&
àH$oQ>V [a_mW£X©e©ZkmZd¥Îm¡•
H¥$V[naUoVamË_mam_ Ed àd¥V•$&&
AW© •- BgàH$ma ^mdH$^md Am¡a k{`^mdm| g{ ^{XkmZ hm{Z{
[a gd© AÝ` ^mdm| g{ O] o^ÝZVm hþB© V] `h C[`m{J ñd`§ hr
A[Z{ EH$ AmË_m H$m{ hr YmaU H$aVm hþAm, oOZH$m [a_mW© àJQ>
hþAm h¡ E{g{ Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ g{ oOgZ{ [naUoV H$s h¡ E{gm, A[Z{
AmË_m ê$[r ]mJ _| hr àd¥oÎm H$aVm h¡, AÝ`Ì Zht OmVm$&''
AmË_m _| a_U H$aVm hþAm C[`{mJ AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J h¡ Om{
M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m cjU h¡$& `h C[`m{J Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ H{$ gmW
EH$ ê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& O] gd© [aÐì`m| VWm CZg{ CË[ÝZ ^mdm| g{ AmË_m
H$m ^{X OmZm Vm{ k{` km`H$ (AmË_m km`H$ Am¡a k{`mH$ma k{`)
^md _mÌ g{ CË[ÝZ [aÐì`m| H{$ gmW [añ[a o_cZ hm{Z{ [a ^r, àJQ>
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 89

ñdmX _| AmZ{ dmc{ ñd^md ^{X (AmË_m M{VZ, AÝ` AM{VZ) H{$
H$maU Y_©, AY_©, AmH$me, H$mc, [wX²Jb Am¡a AÝ` Ordm| H{$ àoV
AmË_m oZ_©_ (oZ_©_Ëd) hm{ J`m Am¡a Cg{ a_U H$aZ{ h{Vw oZO ewÕ
AmË_m hr ah J`m$& oZO ewÕ AmË_m _| a_U H$aVm hþAm C[`m{J
hr M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m cjU h¡, ”`m|oH$ `h C[`m{J hr Ord H$s A[Zr
gå[yU© gm_Ï`© H$m{, Ord H{$ `WmW© ñdê$[ H$m{ àJQ> H$aVm h¡$&
AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J _| àJQ> hþAm AmË_m H¡$gm h¡ CgH$m ñdê$[
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-41 _| àJQ> H$aV{ h¢ –
""AZmÚZÝV_Mc§ ñdg§d{Úo_X§ ñ\w$Q>_²$&
Ord• ñd`§ Vw M¡VÝ`_wƒ¡íMH$MH$m`V{$&&
AW© •- Om{ AZmoX h¡, AZÝV h¡, AMc h¡, ñdg§d{Ú h¡ Am¡a
àH$Q> h¡ – E{gm Om{ `h M¡VÝ` AË`ÝV MH$MoH$V - àH$moeV hm{
ahm h¡ dh ñd`§ hr Ord h¡$&''
amJmoXH$ oMX²odH$mam| H$m{ (ew^-Aew^ ^md ê$[ M¡VÝ` odH$mam|
H$m{) X{IH$a E{gm ^«_ Zht H$aZm Mmoh`{ oH$ `{ ^r M¡VÝ` hr h¢$&
d{ M¡VÝ` H$s gd© AdñWmAm| _| ì`má Z hm{Z{ g{ M{VZ Zht, O¶S>
h¢$& M¡VÝ` H$m AZw^d oZamHw$c h¡ BgocE AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J `m oZO
ewÕmË_m H$m{ odf` H$aZ{ dmcm C[`m{J hr oZO ewÕmË_m H$m cjU
h¡$& C[`m{J H$m "AÝVd©Vu' ode{fU AmË_m H{$ gmW CgH{$ VmXmËå`
H$m – AmË_^yVVm H$m gyMH$ h¡$&
VÎdmW©gma, AÜ`m` 2 íbm{H$-9 _| ^r AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
Ord H$m cjU ]VmV{ hþE H$hV{ h¢ •-
""AZÝ`^yVñVñ` ñ`mXw[`m{Jm{ oh cjU_²$&
Ordm{@o^ì`§Á`V{ Vñ_mXdï>ãYm{@o[ H$_©o^•&&
90 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
AW© •- VmXmËå`^md H$m{ àmá C[`m{J hr Ord H$m cjU
h¡$& AmR> H$_m~ g{ AmÀN>moXV hm{Z{ [a ^r Ord Cg C[`m{J Ûmam
àJQ> hm{Vm h¡ – AZw^d _| AmVm h¡$&''
A] àíZ h¡ oH$ - amJmoX ^r oMX²odH$ma h¡, kmZ H{$ gmW
AmË_ àX{em| _| hr CË[ÝZ hm{V{ h¢, E{gr pñWoV _| ñd (AmË_m) Am¡a
[a H$m ^{X H¡$g{ ogÕ hm{?
cjU^{X g{ ñd-[a ^{X H$s ogoÕ
``m{c©jU^{XñVm¡ o^ÝZm¡ Vm{`mZcm¡ `Wm$&
gm{pñV M ñdmË_-[a`m{naoV ogÕmÌ `woº$dmH²$$&&23&&
Ob-Ao¾dV² o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ bjU dmb{ Xm{ o^Þ ah|$&
oZO-[a H{$ bjU h¢ o^Þ A]moYV OmZm{ `woº$ g{$&&23&&
AÝd`mW© :- [``m{• cjU-^{X•] oOZ Xm{ [XmWm~ _| cjU-
^{X hm{Vm h¡ [Vm¡ o^ÝZm¡] d{ Xm{Zm| [XmW© o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ hm{V{ h¢$& [`Wm
Vm{`-AZcm¡] O¡g{– Oc Am¡a Ao¾$& [g• M (cjU-^{X•)] Am¡a
dhr cjU-^{X [ñdmË_-[a`m{• ApñV] A[Zr AmË_m d [a-[XmWm~
_| h¡$& [BoV AÌ `woº$-dmH²$ ogÕm] Bg àH$ma `hm± (`h) `woº$-
dMZ ogÕ h¡ – à_mU g{ A]moYV h¡$&
ì`m»`m•- cjU ^{X g{ dñVw ^{X hm{Vm h¡, `h `wp”V `m
Ý`m` h¡$& ñdmË_m Am¡a [aÐì`m| _| d¡gm hr cjU ^{X h¡, O¡gm Oc
d Ao¾ _| – EH$ erVc ñd^md h¡ Vm{ Xygam CgH{$ od[arV CîU
ñd^md h¡, AV• Xm{Zm| H$s o^ÝZVm `wp”V ogÕ h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-39 _| Bg cjU ^{X g{
Ord-AOrd H$s o^ÝZVm ñWmo[V H$aV{ h¢ •-
""dUm©oXgm_J«²`o_X§ odXÝVw, oZ_m©U_{H$ñ` oh [wÒcñ`$&
VVm{@pñËdX§ [wX²Jb Ed ZmË_m `V• g odkmZKZñVVm{@Ý`•&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 91

AW© •- Ahm{ kmZrOZm{ ! `{ dUm©oX g{ c{H$a JwUñWmZ[`ªV

^md h¢ CZ g_ñV H$m{ EH$ [wX²Jb H$s aMZm OmZm{; Bgoc`{ `h
^md [wX²Jb hr hm|, AmË_m Z hm|; ”`m|oH$ AmË_m Vm{ odkmZKZ h¡,
kmZ H$m [w§O h¡, Bgoc`{ dh BZ dUm©oX^mdm| g{ AÝ` hr h¡$&''
[wX²Jb _m{hH$_© H{$ CX` H{$ oZo_Îm g{ hm{Z{dmc{ amJmoXH$^md
(o_Ï`mX¥oï> AmoX JwUñWmZ) gXm hr AM{VZ hm{Z{ g{ Ord Zht h¢,
E{gm ñdV•ogÕ hm{Vm h¡; ”`m|oH$ CZ_| M¡VÝ`ñd^md H$s ì`moá Zht
h¡$& JwUñWmZ `m{½` ^mdm| H$m AM{VZËd AmJ_ g{ ogÕ hm{Vm h¡$&
d{ M¡VÝ` H$s gd© AdñWmAm| _| ì`m[H$ Z hm{Z{ g{ M¡VÝ` eyÝ`
h¢ – O¶S> h¢$&
AmMm`© `m{JrÝÐ X{d `m{Jgma Xyhm-17 _| ^r ^{XodkmZ H$s
`hr odoY àoV[moXV H$aV{ h¢ –
""_½JUJwUR>mUB H$oh`m ddhma{U od oXoQ²>R>$&
oUÀN>BUB Aß[m _wUhþ oO` [mdhþ [a_{oQ²>R>$&&
AW© •- H{$dc ì`dhma Z` H$s X¥oï> g{ Ord H$m{ _mJ©Um d
JwUñWmZ ê$[ H$hm h¡$& oZíM` Z` g{ A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ AmË_m ê$[
g_P, oOgg{ Vy ogÕ [a_{ð>r H{$ [X H$m{ [m gH{$$&''
AV• AIÊS>Ymamdmhr kmZ g{ AmË_m H$m oZaÝVa ewÕ AZw^d
hr AmË_m H$m Aì`moá Am¡a AoVì`moá XyfU aohV cjU ogÕ hm{Vm
h¡$& oOZ_| `h cjU Zht h¡ d{ g] ^md oZO ewÕ AmË_m H$s A[{jm
[a^md h¢, Am¡a oOZ [XmWm~ _| `h cjU Zht h¡ d{ g] [a [XmW© ogÕ
hm{V{ h¢$& ñd H$s X¥oï> g{ C”V (AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J) cjU gohV dñVw
oZO AmË_m h¡ e{f g] AZmË_m h¢, AOrd VËd h¢ •-
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm 294-297 _| oZ`V ñd
cjUm| g{ AmË_m Am¡a ]§Y H$m oÛYmH$aU H$aH{$ ewÕ AmË_m H$m{
92 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

J«hU H$aZ{ d ]§Y H$m{ N>m{¶S>Z{ H$m C[m` ]VmV{ h¡ •-

""Ordm{ ]§Ym{ ` Vhm oN>ÁO§oV gc”IU{qh oU`Eqh$&
[ÊUmN{>XUEU Xw oN>ÊUm UmUÎm_mdÊUm$&&294&&
Ordm{ ]§Ym{ ` Vhm oN>ÁO§oV gc”IU{qh oU`Eqh$&
]§Ym{ N{>X{Xìdm{ gwÕm{ Aß[m ` K{Îmìdm{$&&295&&
H$h gm{ oKß[oX Aß[m [ÊUmE gm{ Xw oKß[X{ Aß[m$&
Oh [ÊUmB od^Îmm{ Vh [ÊUmEd K{Îmìdm{$&&296&&
[ÊUmE oKÎmìdm{ Om{ M{Xm gm{ Ah§ Vw oUÀN>`Xm{$&
Adg{gm O{ ^mdm V{ _ÁP [a{ oÎm Um`ìdm$&&297&&
JmWmW© •- Ord VWm ]§Y oZ`V ñd-cjUm| g{ N{>X{ OmV{
h¢; àkmê$[ N¡>Zr H{$ Ûmam N{>X{ OmZ{ [a d{ ZmZm[Z H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢
AWm©V² AcJ hm{ OmV{ h¢$&
BgàH$ma Ord Am¡a ]§Y A[Z{ oZpíMV ñd-cjUm| g{ N{>X{ OmV{
h¢$& dhm± ]§Y H$m{ N{>XZm Mmoh`{ AWm©V² N>m{¶S>Zm MmohE Am¡a ewÕ
AmË_m H$m{ J«hU H$aZm MmohE$&
dh ewÕ AmË_m H¡$g{ J«hU oH$`m Om`? AmMm`© CÎma X{V{
h¢ oH$ àkm H{$ Ûmam dh (ewÕ) AmË_m J«hU oH$`m OmVm h¡$& O¡g{
àkm H{$ Ûmam o^ÝZ oH$`m Cgr àH$ma àkm H{$ Ûmam hr J«hU H$aZm
MmohE$&
àkm H{$ Ûmam (AmË_m H$m{) BgàH$ma J«hU H$aZm MmohE oH$
Om{ M{VZ{ dmcm h¡ dh oZíM` g{ _¢ hÿ±, e{f Om{ ^md h¡§ d{ _wPg{
[a h¢, E{gm OmZZm Mmoh`{$&''
A_¥VMÝÐmMm`© H$hV{ h¢ •- ""AmË_]§Y`m{oÛ©YmH$aU§ _m{j•''
M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m cjU AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 93

h¡$& A] CgH$m ñdê$[ ]VmV{ h¡§ •-

C[`m{J H$m ñdê$[ Ed§ ^{X
C[`m{JpíMV• ñdmW©-J«hU-ì`m[¥oV• lwV•{ $&
eãXJm{ Xe©Z§ kmZ_W©JñVÝ_`• [w_mZ²$&&24&&
AmV_ H$m ì`m[ma ñd-[a H{$ J«hU ê$[, C[`m{J H$h|$&
AmË_m VÝ_` kmZ AW©JV Am¡a eãXJV Xe©Z h¡$&&24&&
AÝd`mW© :- [oMV• ñdmW©–J«hU-ì`m[¥oV• C[`m{J•]
M¡VÝ`mË_m H$m ñdmW© (ñd d AW©) H{$ J«hUê$[ ì`m[ma hr C[`m{J
h¡$& [lwV{• eãXJ• Xe©Z_²] lwoV H$r Ñoï>> g{ eãXJV C[`m{J Xe©Z
h¡$& [AW©J• kmZ_²] AW©JV C[`m{J kmZ h¡ Am¡a [VÝ_`• [w_mZ²]
AmË_m Cg C[`m{J g{ VÝ_` h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- Ord H$m Om{ ^md ñd d [a dñVw H{$ J«hU H$aZ{
H{$ ocE àd¥V hm{Vm h¡ Cg ^md `m [naUm_ H$m{ C[`m{J H$hV{ h¢$&
VÎdmW© gyÌ _| AmMm`© C_mñdm_r Z{ C[`m{J H$m{ Ord H$m cjU
]Vm`m h¡$& (C[`m{Jm{ cjU_² – AÜ`m`-2, gyÌ-8)
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-40 H$s Q>rH$m _| C[`m{J H$s oZåZ
[na^mfm Xr JB© h¡ •- "AmË_ZíM¡VÝ`mZwodYmo`[naUm_• C[`m{J•$&
AmË_m H$m M¡VÝ`mZwodYm`r (M¡VÝ` H$m AZwgaU H$aZ{dmcm) [naUm_
C[`m{J h¡&'
kmZXe©Z ê$[ C[`m{J H$s oddjm _| C[`m{J eãX g{ oddojV
[XmW© H{$ OmZZ{ê$[ – dñVw H{$ J«hUê$[ ì`m[ma H$m J«hU oH$`m
OmVm h¡$& ew^, Aew^ VWm ewÕ BZ VrZm| C[`m{Jm| H$s oddjm _|
C[`m{J eãX g{ ew^-Aew^ VWm ewÕ ^mdZmê$[ AZwð>mZ OmZZm
Mmoh`{$&
`hm± C[`m{J H$m ñdê$[ ñd-[a dñVw H{$ J«hUê$[ ì`m[ma H$s
94 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

A[{jm g{ VWm _w»`V: lwoV (H$U© BpÝÐ` H{$ odf` – eãX) H$s
X¥oï> g{ ]Vm`m J`m h¡$&
C[`m{J H{$ Xm{ ^{X h¢ – Xe©Zm{[`m{J d kmZm{[`m{J$&
oH$gr ^r [XmW© H$m{ OmZZ{ H$s `m{½`Vm hm{Z{ [a Cg [XmW©
H$s Am{a gå_wIVm, àd¥oÎm AWdm [yd© odf` g{ hQ>H$a oddojV [XmW©
H$s Am{a CËgwH$ hm{Z{ ê$[ M{VZm [`m©` H$m{ Xe©Zm{[`m{J H$hm OmVm
h¡$& BgàH$ma C[`m{J H$m [XmWm}Ý_wI hm{Zm "Xe©Zm{[`m{J' h¡$& oddojV
[XmW© H$m{ OmZZ{ H$s CËgwH$Vm M{VZm _| hr hm{Vr h¡$& O] VH$
oddojV [XmW© H$m{ Wm{¶S>m ^r Zht OmZm OmVm V] VH$ M{VZm H$m
ì`m[ma Xe©Zm{[`m{J h¡$& O] H$m{B© ^r Hw$N> ^r Adcm{H$Z H$aVm h¡
– X{IVm h¡ V], O] VH$ dh C[`m{J odH$ë[ (gmH$ma) Zht H$aVm
V] VH$ gÎmm _mÌ H{$ J«hUê$[ Xe©Z H$hcmVm h¡, VË[íMmV² ew”b
AmoX odH$ë[ (AWm~ H{$ AmH$mam| H$m Ad^mgZ) hm{Z{ [a, kmZ
H$hcmVm h¡$& ]«÷X{d gyna (Ðì`g§J«h JmWm-43 H$s Q>rH$m) H{$ eãXm|
_| "VXm `mdV² odH$ë[§ Z H$am{oV VmdV² gÎmm_mÌJ«hU§ Xe©Z§
^Ê`V{, [íMmÀNw>”bmoX odH$ë[{ OmV{ kmZo_oV$&'
AmË_m H{$ C[`m{J H$m [XmWm}Ý_wI hm{Zm Xe©Z h¡$& eãX Am¡a
CgH{$ dmÀ` AW© H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ (OmZZ{) H$s CËgwH$Vm hm{Z{ [a
eãX H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ H$s Am{a C[`m{J cJZm Xe©Zm{[`m{J h¡$& eãX
Am¡a CgH{$ dmÀ` gm_mÝ`-ode{fmË_H$ AW© H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ dmcm
C[`m{J kmZm{[`m{J h¡$&
Xe©Zm{[`m{J d kmZm{[`m{J H$s àH¥$oV _| ^{X h¡$& Xe©Zm{[`m{J
AZmH$ma AWm©V² oZod©H$ë[ hm{Vm h¡$& Bgroc`{ H$hm OmVm h¡ oH$
gm_mÝ` ê$[ g{ AWm©V² gÎmmdcm{H$Z ê$[ g{ J«hU H$aZm ([XmWm~
H$m AmH$ma J«hU Z H$aH{$ AWdm odH$ë[ Z H$aH{$) dh [a_mJ_
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 95

_| Xe©Z H$hm J`m h¡$& `h Xe©Z odH$ë[ aohV h¡$& gm_mÝ`-

ode{fmË_H$ [XmW© H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ dmcm kmZm{[`m{J gmH$ma AWdm
godH$ë[ hm{Vm h¡$& oOg àH$ma [XmW© hm{Vm h¡ Cgr àH$ma kmZ _|
kmV hm{ Cg{ AmH$ma H$hV{ h¢$&
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H$m{ OmZZm hr AmH$ma h¡ dh kmZ H$m ñdê$[ h¡ $&
BgàH$ma [XmWm~ H{$ oZíM` H$amZ{ dmc{ Om{ M¡VÝ` [naUm_
h¢ d{ kmZ H$hcmV{ h¢$& gmH$ma H$m `h AW© Zht h¡ oH$ kmZ ñd`§
Cg [XmW© H{$ AmH$ma Vwë` hm{ OmVm h¡$& (VÎdmW©gma)
N>ÙñW Ordm| H$m{ Xe©Z [yd©H$ kmZ hm{Vm h¡, ”`m|oH$ N>ÙñWm|
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^JdmZ H$m{ kmZ Am¡a Xe©Z `{ Xm{Zm| C[`m{J EH$ gmW hm{V{ h¢$& O¡g{
oH$ _{K aohV gy`© H{$ AmV[ Am¡a àH$me `wJ[X hr hm{V{ h¢$&
gÎmmdcm{H$Z ê$[ Xe©Zm{[`m{J H$m C[am{”V H$WZ VH©$ H{$
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kmZ H$s CË[oÎm AmË_m _| hr hm{Vr h¡, k{` g{ kmZ Zht hm{Vm$&
kmZ H$s CË[oÎm H{$ ocE Om{ à`ËZ, Cg ê$[ Om{ A[Z{ AmË_m H$m
[naÀN{>XZ – Adcm{H$Z, J«hU h¡ dh kmZ h¡; `h dmoV©H$ h¡$& (Ðì`
g§J«h Q>rH$m - JmWm 44 [¥. 215) O¡g{ H$m{B© _Zwî` [hc{ KQ> gå]ÝYr
odH$ë[ H$aVm h¡, VË[íMmV² H$[¶S{> H$m kmZ H$aZ{ H$s BÀN>m hm{Z{
[a dh KQ> H{$ odH$ë[ g{ hQ>H$a (oZd¥V hm{H$a) Om{ ñdê$[ _| à`ËZ-
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h¡' E{gm oZíM` AWdm ]mø odf`ê$[ [XmW© H{$ J«hUê$[ Om{
odH$ë[ H$aVm h¡ dh kmZ H$hcmVm h¡$&
Ydcm [wñVH$ 6 gyÌ 16 H$s Q>rH$m [¥.33 _| ^r H$hm h¡ •-
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AmË_ odf`H$ C[`m{J H$m{ Xe©Z H$hV{ h¢$& Bg Xe©Z _| kmZ H{$
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g{ o^ÝZ ]oh^y©V Om{ odf` àoV^mg_mZ hm{Vm h¡ Cg{ AmH$ma H$hV{
h¢$& dh AmH$ma oOg C[`m{J _| Zht [m`m OmVm dh C[`m{J AZmH$ma
AWm©V² Xe©Zm{[`m{J H$hcmVm h¡$&''
O] Xe©Z Ûmam AmË_m H$m J«hU hm{Vm h¡ V] AmË_m H{$ gmW
AodZm^yV kmZ H$m ^r (Xe©Z Ûmam) J«hU hm{ OmVm h¡ Am¡a kmZ
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dh Xe©Z h¡$&
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AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 97

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hm{H$a oZO ewÕmË_m _| VÝ_` hm{Vr h¡$&
`h AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J hr AmË_ewoÕ H$m gmYZ h¡$&
""AÝVd©Îmu C[`m{J Xe©Z d kmZ ê$[ hm{H$a [naU_Z H$aVm
h¡$& [hc{ Vm{ Hw$N> H$mc VH$ Ðì`lwV odVH©$[Zm ê$[ ^md ahVm h¡$&
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([§. Xr[MÝXOr, AZw^d àH$me [¥. 88-89)
Ðì`lwV H{$ Adcå]Z _| C[`m{J [hc{ H$U© `m _Z H{$ Aml`
g{ [naUo_V hm{Vm h¡$& O] C[`m{J eãXmoX H$m{ OmZZ{ g{ hQ> J`m
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98 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

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A] àíZ h¡ oH$ AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J AmË_m H$m{ oH$g odoY g{
ewÕ H$aVm h¡?
AmË_ewoÕ H$m _mJ© - ewÕm{[`m{J
A_wøÝV_aÁ`ÝV_oÛfÝV§ M `• ñd`_²$&
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ñd`§ Zht hm{Vm Om{ _m{hr Am¡a Z amJr-Û{fr hm{$&
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OmVm h¡$&
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g{ aohV C[`m{J O] H{$dc oZO ewÕmË_m H$m{ odf` H$aVm h¡, dh
ewÕm{[`m{J h¡ dh hr AmË_ ewoÕ H$s àJQ>Vm, ewoÕ H$s d¥oÕ Am¡a
ewoÕ H$s [yU©Vm H$m gmYZ h¡$& AmË_m H{$ ewÕ ñdê$[ H$m{ oZ`V
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 Ohm±
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 99

H$aZ{ g{ AmË_m H$s ewoÕ hm{Vr h¡$& Bg AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J H$m{ hr

ícm{H$-22 _| M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV H$m cjU ]Vm`m J`m h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$X Z{ AmË_m H$s ewoÕ H$m _mJ© g_`gma H$s
JmWm-186 _| BgàH$ma ]Vm`m h¡ –
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OmU§Vm{ Xw AgwÕ§ AgwÕ_{dß[`§ choX$&&
AW© •- ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ OmZVm hþAm (AZw^d H$aVm hþAm)
Ord ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ hr àmá H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AewÕ AmË_m H$m{ AZw^d
H$aVm hþAm-OmZVm hþAm Ord AewÕ AmË_m H$m{ hr àmá H$aVm h¡$&''
Om{ gXm hr ApÀN>ZYmamdmhr kmZ g{ ewÕ AmË_m H$m AZw^d
oH$`m H$aVm h¡ dh, "kmZ_` ^md g{ kmZ_` ^md hr hm{Vm h¡' Bg
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Z`{ H$_© ]§Y H$m oZam{Y hm{Z{ g{ amJ-Û{f-_m{h H$s g§VoV jrU hm{Vr
OmVr h¡$& O¡g{-O¡g{ ^mdmòd jrU hm{Vm OmVm h¡ AmË_m CÎmam{Îma
ewÕ hm{Vm hþAm [yU© ewÕVm H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&
AIÊS> Ymamdmhr kmZ g{ AmË_m H$m AZw^d Xm{ àH$ma g{ H$hm
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Ymamdmhr kmZ h¡$& Xygam EH$ hr k{` _| C[`m{J H{$ C[`w”V ahZ{
H$s A[{jm kmZ H$s YmamdmohH$Vm H$hr OmVr h¡, AWm©V² Ohm± VH$
C[`m{J EH$ k{` _| C[`w”V ahVm h¡ dhm± VH$ Ymamdmhr kmZ H$hcmVm
h¡$& àW_ àH$ma g{ AmË_m H{$ AZw^d H$m{ ewÕ [naUoV d Xyga{ àH$ma
g{ AmË_m H{$ AZw^d H$m{ ewÕm{[`m{J `m ewÕmË_ ^mdZm H$hm J`m
h¡$& ewÕ [naUoV H{$ ]c g{ AewÕVm jrU hm{Vr h¡ d ewÕVm ]¶T>Vr
100 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

h¡ [aÝVw Bg_| AmË_m H$m{ [yU© ewÕVm H$s àJQ>Vm hm{ Omd{ E{gr gm_Ï`©
Zht hm{Vr$& ewÕm{[`m{Jê$[ AmË_m H$m AZw^d AmË_m _| ewÕVm H$m{
Vrd«JoV g{ ]¶T>mVm h¡, AewÕVm H$m{ V{Or g{ KQ>mVm h¡ Am¡a BgH{$
]c g{ [yU© ewÕVm àmá hm{ OmVr h¡$& [yU© ewÕVm H{$ ocE C[`m{J
H$m oZO ewÕ AmË_m _| AWm©V² kmZ H$m kmZ _| AIÊS> Ymamdmhrê$[
g{ pñWa ahZm Amdí`H$ h¡$&
AodaV gå`½X¥oï>, g§`Vmg§`V Am¡a à_Îmg§`V (4 g{ 6)
JwUñWmZm| _| _w»`V: àW_ àH$ma H$m AmË_mZw^d (ewÕ [naUoV)
hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a 7 d| d D$[a H{$ JwUñWmZm| _| Xyga{ àH$ma H$m AmË_mZw^d
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A[{jm cmJy [¶S>Vr h¡, ”`m|oH$ CgH$m C[`m{J ewÕ-AmË_m _| hr
C[`w”V ahVm h¡$&
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ewÕ AmË_m H{$ AZw^d H$m{ ^{XodkmZ H$hV{ h¢ Am¡a g_`gma
AmË_»`moV H$ce-131 _| ^{XodkmZ H$m{ hr AmË_m H$s ewoÕ H$m
EH$_mÌ C[m` ]VmV{ h¢ –
""^{XodkmZV• ogÕm• ogÕm• `{ oH$c H{$MZ$&
Añ`¡dm^mdVm{ ]Õm ]Õm `{ oH$c H{$MZ$&&
AW© •- Om{ H$m{B© ogÕ ([yU© ewÕ AmË_m) hþE h¢ d{ ^{XodkmZ
g{ ogÕ hþE h¡; Am¡a Om{ H$m{B© ]§Y{ h¢ d{ Cgr H{$ A^md g{ ]§Y{ h¡§$&''
AmMm`© `m{JrÝXwX{d ^r `m{Jgma Xyhm-33 d 34 _| ^r `hr
H$hV{ h¢ –
""dCVCg§O_wgrc oZ` B` gìdB ddhmê$$&
_m{”Ih H$maU E”H$ _woU Vm{ VBcm{`hþ gmê$$&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 101

Aß[m Aß[B Om{ _wUB Om{ [a^md MEB$&

gm{ [mdB ogd[wnaJ_Uw oOUda EC ^U{B$&&
AW© •- h{ Ord ! d«V, V[, g§`_, erc `{ g] ì`dhma
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_| gma dñVw h¡$& Om{ [a^md H$m{ N>m{¶S> X{Vm h¡ d Om{ A[Z{ g{ hr
A[Z{ AmË_m H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡ dhr _m{j ZJa _| [hþ±M OmVm
h¡ – E{gm lr oOZ{ÝÐ Z{ H$hm h¡$&''
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX g_moYV§Ì ícm{H$-35 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
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ñdê$[ H$m{ X{IVm – AZw^d H$aVm h¡$& Cg AmË_VÎd H$m{ Xygam
amJ-Û{fmoX H$„m{cm| g{ AmHw$ocV-oMÎm _Zwî` Zht X{I gH$Vm$&''
oOgH$m _Z-amJ-Û{fmoX odH$ë[ Va§Jm| g{ aohV hm{Vm h¡, dh
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[a amJmoX odH$ë[ ñd`§ emÝV hm{ OmV{ h¢$& CZH$m{ emÝV H$aZ{ H$m
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AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-267 _| kmZZ` d oH«$`mZ`
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102 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

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H$m{ oZaÝVa AIÊS> Ymamàdmhê$[ AZw^dZm kmZZ` h¡$& g_ñV amJmoX
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AZw^d amJmoX AewÕ [naUm_ H{$ Ë`mJ o]Zm Zht hm{Vm Am¡a amJmoX
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H$a àJQ> hm{Vm h¡ AWm©V² dh AZÝV MVwï>`ê$[ hm{Vm h¡$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-196 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$
EH$mJ«g§M{VZ oOgH$m cjU h¡ E{gm Ü`mZ AewÕVm H$m oZam{Y H$aVm
hþAm AË`ÝV odewoÕ H$aVm h¡ •-
""Om{ IodX_m{hH$cwgm{ odg`odaÎmm{ _Um{ oUê§$o^Îmm$&
g_doQ²>R>Xm{ ghmd{ gm{ Aß[mU§ hdoX PmXm$&&
JmWmW© •- Om{ _m{h_c H$m j` H$aH{$, odf` g{ odaº$ hm{H$a
_Z H$m oZam{Y H$aH{$ ñd^md _| g_dpñWV h¡, dh AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ
H$aZ{ dmcm h¡$&''
odf` odaº$Vm hm{Z{ [a _Z H$m{ AmË_ Ðì` H{$ AoVnaº$ AÝ`
H$m{B© eaU Z ahZ{ g{, M§McVm H$m odc` hm{Z{ g{ AZÝV ghO
M¡VÝ`mË_H$ ñd^md g{ g_dñWmZ (X¥¶T>V`m oQ>H$Zm) hm{Vm h¡$& E{g{
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 103

ñdê$[ _| àdV©_mZ AZmHw$c EH$mJ«g§M{VZê$[ Ü`mZ g{ AmË_m

AË`ÝV odewÕ hm{Vm hþAm àJQ> hm{Vm h¡$&
A] ]VmV{ h¡ oH$ AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J g{ AmË_m _| AewoÕ H$m
oZam{Y d odZme Xm{Zm| H$m`© hm{V{ h¡§ •-
amJmoXH$ AewoÕ H{$ odZme H$m C[m`
^md`{ÀNw>ÕoMÐy[§ ñdmË_mZ§ oZË`_wÚV•$&
amJmÚwXJ«-eÌyUm_ZwË[Î`¡ j`m` M$&&26&&
amJmoXH$ AoV CJ« eÌw H$s AZwË[oÎm Ed§ j` h{Vw$&
ewÕ oMXmZÝX oZO AmË_m H$s gXm ^mdZm h¡ H$Îm©ì`$&&26&&
AÝd`mW©:-$[amJmoX-CXJ«-eÌyUm_²] AoV CJ« amJmoX
eÌwAm| H$r [AZwË[Ë`¡ j`m` M] AZwË[oÎm (CË[oÎm Z hm{Zm) VWm
odZme H{$ ocE [oZË`_² CÚV• gZ²] oZË` CÚV hm{V{ hþE [ewÕ-
oMÐy[§ ñd-AmË_mZ_² ^md`{V]² ewÕ-oMÐy[ A[Zr AmË_m H$r ^mdZm
H$aZr MmohE$&
ì`m»`m •- amJmoX odH$mar ^md AmË_m H{$ AoV CJ« eÌw
h¢$& ew^-Aew^ oH«$`m, gyú_-ñWyc AÝVO©ë[-]ohO©ë[ê$[ oOVZm
odH$ë[ê$[ AmMaU h¡ dh dO©Z H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡; ”`m|oH$ Ord H$m
ewÕê$[ [naU_Z _| `{ amJmoX KmVH$ h¢$& ew^-Aew^ oH«$`mê$[
ì`dhma MmnaÌ ^r hm{Vm hþAm Xwï> h¡, AoZï> h¡, KmVH$ h¡ BgocE
AoZï> odf`-H$fm` H{$ g_mZ VOZr` h¡, C[mX{` Zht h¡$& `h "_m{j
h{Vw oZam{Ym`r' AWm©V² _m{j H{$ h{Vw ewÕM{VZmê$[ [naU_Z CgH$m
KmVZerc h¡$& ewÕ kmZ Am¡a Amòd^md H$m [añ[a odam{Y h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-72 _| H$hV{ h¢ –
''UmXyU AmgdmU§ AgwoMÎm§ M oddar`^md§ M$&
Xw”Iñg H$maU§ oV ` VXm{ oU`qÎm Hw$UoX Ordm{$&&
104 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AW© •- Amòdm| H$s AewoMVm Am¡a od[arVVm VWm d{ Xw•I

H{$ H$maU h¢ – E{gm OmZH$a Ord CZg{ oZd¥oÎm H$aVm h¡$&''
ew^-Aew^ ^md AmHw$cVm H{$ CË[ÝZ H$aZ{ dmc{ h¢ BgocE
Xw•I H{$ H$maU h¢$& `{ AmË_m H{$ oZamHw$c ñd^md _| _¡cê$[ (odH$ma
ê$[) AZw^d _| AmV{ h¢$& BZH$m A^md hm{Z{ [a hr AmË_m H$m [yU©
ewÕê$[ [`m©` _| àJQ> AZw^d _| AmVm h¡, BgrocE CÝh| CJ« eÌw
H$hm J`m h¡$& O] VH$ odH$ë[m| H$s H$„m{c| McVr h¢ Ord A[Z{
M¡VÝ`-_mÌ ñd^md H$m AZw^d Zht H$a gH$Vm$&
Ord H{$ ewÕ^mdê$[ [naU_Z{ [a AewÕ ^md Adí` hr
o_Q>Vm h¡$& AewÕ ^md H{$ o_Q>Z{ [a Adí` hr Ðì`H$_©ê$[ Amòd
o_Q>Vm h¡$& ewÕ-oMÐy[-ñdmË_m H$s oZË` hr CÚ_r hm{H$a ^mdZm
H$aZ{ g{ amJmoX H$m A^md hm{Vm h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ amJmoX Amòd ^md VWm Ord _|, d¥j
Am¡a cmI H$s ^m§oV dÜ`-KmVH$ ñd^md ]Vm`m h¡$& O¡g{ cmI
KmVH$ h¡ Am¡a d¥j dÜ` – KmV hm{Z{ `m{½` h¡, d¡g{ hr ew^-Aew^
^md cmI H{$ g_mZ KmVH$ h¢ Am¡a AmË_m d¥j g_mZ dÜ` h¡$& amJmoX
^md AmË_m H{$ CJ« eÌw H¡$g{ h¢? `hr g_`gma JmWm-74 _| ^r
H$hm h¡ •-
""OrdoU]Õm EX{ AYwd AoUƒm Vhm AgaUm `$&
Xw”Im Xw”I\$c oÎm ` UmXyU oUdÎmX{ V{qh$&&
AW© •- `h Amòd Ord H{$ gmW oZ]Õ h¡§, AY«wd h¡§, AoZË`
h¢ VWm AeaU h¢ Am¡a Xw•I ê$[ h¢, Xw•I hr oOZH$m \$c h¡ E{g{
h¢ – E{gm OmZH$a kmZr CZg{ oZd¥Îm hm{Vm h¡$&''
amJmoX Amòd ^mdm| H{$ odZme H$m (j` H$m) C[m` ewÕ-
oMÐy[-ñdmË_m H$s ^mdZm H$m{ ]Vm`m h¡$& ewÕ-oMÐy[-ñdmË_m H$s
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 105

^mdZm H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-73 _| oZåZ

àH$ma g{ ]VmV{ h¢ :-
""Ah_{”H$m{ Icw gwÕm{ oUå__Am{ UmUX§gU g_½Jm{$&
Vpåh oR>Xm{ VoƒÎmm{ gìd{ EX{ I`§ U{o_$&&
AW© •- kmZr odMma H$aVm h¡ oH$ oZíM` g{ _¢ EH$ hÿ±, ewÕ
hÿ±, __Vm aohV hÿ±, kmZ-Xe©Z g{ [yU© hÿ±$& Cg ñd^md _| ahVm hþAm,
Cg_| crZ hm{Vm hþAm _¢ BZ H«$m{YmoX gd© Amòdm| H$m{ j` H$m{ àmá
H$amVm hÿ±$&''
oZíM`Z` g{ _¢ ñdg§d{XZ kmZ àË`j ewÕ oMÝ_mÌ Á`m{oV
hÿ±$& AZmoX-AZÝV, Q§>H$m{ËH$rU© km`H$ EH$ ñd^md dmcm hm{Z{ g{
_¢ EH$ hÿ±$& ñ[ï>ê$[ g{ H$Îmm©, H$_©, H$aU, gåàXmZ, A[mXmZ d
AoYH$aU fQ>²H$maH$ê$[ odH$ë[MH«$ g{ aohV hm{{Z{ H{$ H$maU _¢ ewÕ
hÿ±$& oZ_m}h ñdê$[ ewÕmË_VÎd g{ o^ÝZ, _m{h H{$ CX` g{ CË[ÝZ
H«$m{YmoX H$fm` H{$ ñdm_r[Z{ H{$ A^md H{$ H$maU __Ëd aohV hÿ±$&
àË`j àoV^mg_` odewÕ kmZ-Xe©Z g{ [na[yU© hÿ±$& BgàH$ma H{$
JwU-odoeï> [XmW© ode{f _¢ hÿ±§$& Cg H$oWV cjUê$[ ewÕmË_
ñdê$[ _| _¢ pñWV hÿ±$& ghOmZÝX EH$ cjUdmc{ gwIê$[ g_agr
^md g{ VÝ_` hm{H$a oZamòd [a_mW© [XmW© g{ o^ÝZ _¢ BZ g^r
H«$m{YmoX ^mdm| H{$ odZme H$m{ àmá hm{Vm hÿ±$&
BgàH$ma ewÕ-oMÐy[-ñdmË_m H$m CÚ_r hm{H$a oZË` ^mdZm
H$aVm hþAm AWm©V² oZod©H$ë[ AMocV oZ_©c AmË_m H$m Adcå]Z
c{Vm hþAm, odkmZKZ hm{Vm hþAm dh AmË_m amJmoX ^mdm| g{ oZd¥Îm
hm{Vm h¡ – CZH$m j` H$aH{$ Xw•I H$s g§VoV H$m A^md H$aVm h¡$&
AmMm`© `m{JrÝXwX{d [a_mË_àH$me Xyhm-312 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$
[a_ g_moY g{ ^md_c H$m odc` hm{Vm h¡$&
106 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""[a_-g_moh-_hmgaqh O{ ]wÈ>qh [Bg{od$&

Aß[m W”H$B od_cw Vh ^d _c O§oV dh{od$&&
AW© •- Om{ [a_g_moY ê$[r _hmga _| àd{e H$a Sy>] OmV{
h¢, Om{ od_c AmË_m _| crZ hm{ OmV{ h¢ CZH{$ ^md_c ]hH$a Zï>
hm{ OmV{ h¢$& gå[yU© odH$ë[m| H$m odc` hr [a_g_moY h¡$&''
ewÕ-oMÐy[-ñdmË_m H$s ^mdZm Am¡a amJmoX Amòd ^mdm| H$s
oZd¥oÎm H$m ñdê$[ BgàH$ma h¡ oH$ Á`m|-Á`m| ewÕmË_-^mdZm ]¶T>Vr
h¡ AWm©V² Ord odkmZKZ ñd^md hm{Vm OmVm h¡, Ë`m|-Ë`m| amJmoX
^mdm| g{ oZd¥Îm hm{Vm OmVm h¡$& Á`m|-Á`m| amJmoX Amòd ^mdm| g{
oZd¥Îm hm{Vm OmVm h¡ Ë`m|-Ë`m| odkmZKZ ñd^md (ewÕVm H$s d¥oÕ)
hm{Vm OmVm h¡$& Á`m|-Á`m|§ odkmZKZ ñd^md hm{Vm OmVm h¡ Ë`m|-
Ë`m| Amòdm| g{ oZd¥Îm hm{Vm OmVm h¡$& oOVZm Amòdm| g{ oZd¥Îm hm{Vm
h¡ CVZm gå`H²$ àH$ma g{ odkmZKZ ñd^md hm{Vm h¡$& BgàH$ma kmZ
H$m (ewÕ ñd^md H$s C[cpãY) d amJmoX g{ oZd¥oV (j`) H$m
g_H$mc h¡$&
oOg-oOg àH$ma oOVZ{-oOVZ{ A§e _| AmË_m odkmZKZ
ñd^md ([`m©` _| ewoÕ) hm{Vm h¡ Cg-Cg àH$ma g{ CVZ{-CVZ{ A§e
_| dh amJmoX Amòd^mdm| g{ oZd¥Îm hm{Vm h¡$& O] gå[yU© odkmZKZ
ñd^md hm{Vm h¡ V] g_ñV Amòdm| g{ oZd¥Îm hm{Vm h¡$&
odkmZKZ ñd^md hm{Zm AWm©V² AmË_m H$m kmZ _| pñWV
hm{Zm$& odkmZ AWm©V² kmZ H$m pñWa – KZ hm{Zm hr amJmoX H$s gÝVoV
H{$ odZme H$m C[m` h¡$&
g_moYV§Ì J«ÝW _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX ícm{H$-39 _| amJÛ{fmoXH$
H$m{ emÝV H$aZ{ H$m C[m` BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢ •-
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 107

""`Xm _m{hmËàOm`{V{ amJÛ{fm¡ V[pñdZ•$&

VX¡d ^md`{ËñdñW_mË_mZ§ emå`V• jUmV²$&&
AW© •- oOg g_` oH$gr V[ñdr AÝVamË_m H{$ _m{hZr` H$_©
H{$ CX` g{ amJ Am¡a Û{f CË[ÝZ hm{ OmV{ h¢, Cgr g_` Cg V[ñdr
Ûmam A[Z{ ewÕ ñdê$[ H$s ^mdZm g{ d{ amJ-Û{fmoXH$ jU^a _|
emÝV hm{ OmV{ h¢$&''
amJÛ{fmoX H{$ e_Z H{$ ocE ewÕmË_m H$s ^mdZm hr EH$ _mÌ
C[m` h¡$&
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-166 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX ñdm_r
]VmV{ h¢ oH$ CËH¥$ï>V_ ew^^md ^r H$_©j` Zht H$aV{ •-
""Aah§VogÕM{oX` [d`UJU UmU ^oÎm g§[ÊUm{$&
]§YoX [wÊU§ ]hþgm{ U hþ gm{ H$å_”I`§ Hw$UoX$&&
AW© •- AhªV, ogÕ, M¡Ë` (AhªVmoX H$s àoV_m), àdMZ
(emñÌ), _woZJU Am¡a kmZ H{$ àoV ^p”V gå[ÝZ Ord ]hþV [wÊ`
]m§YVm h¡, [aÝVw dmñVd _| dh H$_© H$m j` Zht H$aVm$&''
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-169 H$s g_`ì`m»`m Q>rH$m H$hV{
h¢ oH$ –
""amJ H{$ gX²^md H{$ H$maU E{gm Ord A[Z{ H$m{ oMÎm H{$ ^«_U
aohV Zht aI gH$Vm, oMÎm-^«_U hm{Z{ g{ Cg{ ew^mew^ H$_© H$m
oZam{Y Zht h¡$& oMÎm H{$ ^«_U g{ H$_© ]ÝY hm{Vm h¡$& Bgoc`{ _m{jmWu
Ord H$m{ H$_© ]§Y H$m _yc E{gm Om{ oMÎm H$m ^«_U CgH{$ _yc^yV
amJmoX [naUoV H$m EH$mÝV g{ oZ•e{f Zme H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡$& ewÕmË_
Ðì` _| odlm§oVê$[ [ma_moW©H$ ogÕ-^p”V YmaU H$aZ{ dmcm AmË_m
ñdg_` àd¥oV (AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J) H$s àogoÕ dmcm hm{Vm h¡$& Cg
108 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

H$maU g{ dh Ord H$_©]§Y H$m oZ•e{f Zme H$aH{$ ogoÕ H$m{ àmá
H$aVm h¡$&''
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-170 _| ^r AmMm`© _m{jmWu H{$ ocE
[ag_` àd¥oÎm H$m{ oZ•e{fê$[ g{ N>m{¶S>Z{ `m{½` ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""g[`ËW§ oVËW`a§ Ao^JX]woÕñg gwÎmam{Bñg$&
Xy a Va§ oUìdmU§ g§ O _Vdg§ [ Am{ Î mñg$&&
AW© •- g§`_, V[ g§`w”V hm{Z{ [a ^r Zd [XmWm~ VWm
VrWªH$am| H{$ àoV oOgH$r ]woÕ H$m PwH$md dV©Vm h¡ Am¡a gyÌm| H{$
àoV oOg{ éoM (àroV) dV©Vr h¡, Cg Ord H$m{ oZdm©U XyaVa (ode{f
Xya) h¡$&''
gmjmV² _m{j_mJ© _| AJ«ga gM_wM drVamJ[Zm$h¡$& Bgoc`{
_m{jmo^cmfr _hmOZ g] Am{a g{ amJ H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a, AË`ÝV drVamJ
hm{H$a, ewÕñdê$[ [a_m_¥V g_wÐ H$m{ AdJmh H$a, erK« oZdm©U H$m{
àmá H$aVm h¡$&
oOZ amJmoX H$m{ AmË_m H$m CJ« eÌw H$hm J`m h¡, A] CZH$m
ñdê$[ ]VmV{ h¢ •-
AewoÕ H{$ ^{X (_m{h-amJ-Û{f)
amJ• à{_ aoV_m©`m cm{^§ hmñ`§ M [§MYm$&
o_Ï`mËd^{X`wH²$ gm{o[ _m{hm{ Û{f• H«w$YmoX fQ²>$&&27&&
à{_ bm{^ aoV _m`m Ed§ hmñ` amJ h¡ [m±M Vah$&
hm| o_Ï`mËd gohV V] `{ hr _m{h, Û{f H«$m{YmoXH$ N>h$&&27$&&
AÝd`mW© :- [amJ• [mYm –$ à{_, aoV, _m`m, cm{^§,
hmñ`_² M] amJ [m§M àH$ma H$m h¡ –$ à{_, aoV, _m`m, cm{^ Am¡a
hmñ`$& [g• Ao[ o_Ï`mËd-^{X-`wH²$ _m{h•] dh amJ hr o_Ï`mËd
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 109

H{$ ^{Xm| g{ `wº$ hm{Z{ [a _m{h H$hcmVm h¡$& [Û{f• H«w$YmoX fQ²> (odYm)]
Am¡a Û{f H«$m{YmoX N>h àH$ma H$m h¡$&
à{_ (oÌd{Xê$[ [naUoV) aoV, _m`m, cm{^ Am¡a hmñ` H{$ ^{X
g{ amJ [m§M àH$ma H$m h¡$& Cg_| Xe©Z _m{hZr` H{$ o_Ï`mËd-^{X
g{ `w”V dhr amJ – _m{h H$hcmVm h¡$& Cgr àH$ma H«$m{YmoX H{$ ^{X
g{ Û{f N>h àH$ma H$m h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- ícm{H$-26 _| amJ-Û{f-_m{h H$m{ AmË_m H$m eÌw
H$hm J`m h¡$& AmMm`© [wî[XÝV-^yV]oc Z{ Ydcm ([wñVH$-12) _|
H$hm h¡ – ""H«$m{Y, _mZ, _m`m, cm{^, hmñ`, aoV, AaoV, em{H$,
^`, OwJwßgm, ñÌrd{X, [wéfd{X, Z[w§gH$ d{X Am¡a o_Ï`mËd BZH{$
g_yh H$m Zm_ _m{h h¡$&''
`hm± amJ H{$ [m§M ^{X ]Vm`{ J`{ h¢ •- (1) à{_ (VrZ àH$ma
H{$ d{X [naUm_) (2) aoV (3) _m`m (4) cm{^ (5) hmñ`$&
Bgr àH$ma Û{f H{$ N>h ^{X ]Vm`{ h¢ :- (1) H«$m{Y (2) _mZ
(3) AaoV (4) em{H$ (5) ^` (6) OwJwßgm (½cmoZ)$&
Xe©Z_m{hZr` H$_© H{$ CX` H{$ oZo_Îm g{ hm{Z{dmc{ o_Ï`mËd
^md g{ `w”V amJ H$m{ _m{h H$hm J`m h¡$&
_m{h eãX H$m [«`m{J od^md ^mdm| H{$ g_ñV g_yh H{$ ocE ^r
hm{Vm h¡ (Ydcm)$& H$ht [a AH{$c{ o_Ï`mËd H$m{ ^r _m{h H$hm OmVm
h¡$& [§MmpñVH$m` H$s VËdàXro[H$m Q>rH$m _| "Xe©Z_m{hZr` od[mH$
H$cwf [naU_Vm _m{h•' Xe©Z_m{hZr` H{$ od[mH$ g{ Om{ H$cwofV
[naUm_ hm{Vm h¡ dh _m{h h¡$& àdMZgma (VmË[`©d¥oÎm) _| ^r ewÕmË_
lÕmZê$[ gå`”Ëd H{$ odZmeH$ Xe©Z_m{h H$m{ _m{h H$hm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX _m{h-amJ-Û{f H$m ñdê$[ d gå]ÝY àdMZgma
110 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

JmWm-83 _| oZåZàH$ma H$hV{ h¢ •-

XìdmoXEgw _yT>m{ ^mdm{ Ordñg hdoX _m{hm{ oÎm$&
Iwã^oX V{UwÀN>ÊUm{ [ß[m amJ§ d Xm{g§ dm$&&
AW© •- Ord H{$ Ðì`moX (Ðì`-JwU-[`m©`) gå]ÝYr _y¶T>
^md (_y¶T>Vmê$[ [naUm_) dh _m{h h¡$& Cgg{ AmÀN>moXV dV©Vm hþAm
Ord amJ AWdm Û{f H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ jwãY hm{Vm h¡$&
_y¶T>^md AWm©V² dñVwñdê$[ H$m AkmZ – "VÎd AàoV[oÎm-
bjU _y¶T>^md:' _m{hê$[, amJê$[ AWdm Û{fê$[ [naUo_V Ord
H{$ ododY ]§Y hm{Vm h¡, BgocE d{ (_m{h-amJ-Û{f) gå[yU©V`m j`
H$aZ{ `m{½` h¢$& – àdMZgma JmWm-84
_m{h (o_Ï`mËd^md) g{ oZOê$[ AmÀN>moXV hm{Z{ g{ `h
AmË_m [aÐì` H$m{ ñd-Ðì`ê$[ g{, [aJwU H$m{ ñd-JwUê$[ g{ Am¡a
[a[`m©`m| H$m{ ñd-[`m©`ê$[ g_P H$a – A§JrH$ma H$aH{$, AoVê$¶T>
X¥¶T>Va g§ñH$ma H{$ H$maU [aÐì` H$m{ hr gXm J«hU H$aVm hþAm, X½Y
BpÝÐ`m| H$s éoM H{$ de g{, BpÝÐ` odf` oOZ_| Û¡V Zht h¡, CZ_|
_m{hmÀN>moXV Ord – "`h AÀN{> h¢, `h ]wa{ h¢' BgàH$ma H$m Û¡V
CË[ÝZ H$aVm hwAm, éoMH$a-AéoMH$a odf`m| _| amJ-Û{f H$aH{$
AË`§V jm{^ H$m{ àmßV hm{Vm h¡$&
""[XmWm~ H{$ `WmW© ñdê$[ g{ od[arV _mÝ`Vm VWm oV`ªMm|
Am¡a _Zwî`m| H{$ àoV VÝ_`Vm g{ H$éUm^md – `{ Xe©Z_m{h (o_Ï`mËd)
H{$ oMÝh h¢$& Bï> odf`m| _| àroV amJ H$m oMÝh h¡ Am¡a AoZï> odf`m|
_| AàroV Û{f H$m oMÝh h¡$& BZ VrZm| oMÝhm| g{ VrZm| àH$ma H{$ _m{h
H$m{ [ohMmZH$a _w_wjwAm| H$m{ Cg{ VËH$mc hr Zï> H$a X{Zm Mmoh`{$&''
– àdMZgma, VÎdàXro[H$m Q>rH$m, JmWm-85
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 111

Xe©Z_m{hZr` H$_© H$s o_Ï`mËd, gå`H²$o_Ï`mËd, gå`H²$

àH¥$oV – BZ VrZ àH¥$oV`m| _{ g{ o_Ï`mËd àH¥$oV H{$ CX` H{$ oZo_Îm
g{ hm{Z{ dmc{ o_Ï`mËd ^md g{ `w”V amJ H$m{ _m{h H$hm J`m h¡$&
Ohm± _m{h-amJ-Û{f eãX à`m{J oH$`{ OmV{ h¢ dhm± _m{h eãX Bg AW©
_| à`w”V g_PZm Mmoh`{$& amJ-Û{f Am¡a _m{h BZ VrZ ^{Xm| _| d{
g] odH$mar ^md g_modï> hm{ OmV{ h¢ oOZH{$ hm{Z{ _| _m{hZr` H$_©
H$m CX` oZo_Îm ]ZVm h¡$& `{ hr ^md AmË_m{[cpãY H$m{ –
AmË_odH$mg H$m{ am{H$V{ h¢$&
_m{h-amJ-Û{fê$[ Ord H{$ [naUm_m| H$m{ ew^^md ([wÊ`^md)
Am¡a Aew^^md ([m[^md) _| dJuH¥$V oH$`m J`m h¡$&
Ord H{$ ew^^md H{$ VrZ àH$ma h¢ :– àeñVamJ, AZwH$å[m
Am¡a oMÎmàgmX$&
(1.) Aah§V, ogÕ, gmYwAm| H{$ àoV ^p”V, ì`dhma-MmnaÌê$[
AZwð>mZ _| ^mdàYmZ M{ï>m d AmMm`m©oX JwéAm| H{$ àoV aogH$Vmê$[
AZwJ_Z dh àeñV amJ h¡ ”`m|oH$ BZH$m odf` àeñVê$[ h¡$&
(2.) oH$gr V¥fmoX Xw•I g{ [ro¶S>V àmUr H$m{ X{I H$éUm g{
CgH{$ àoVH$ma H$s BÀN>m g{ oMÎm _| hm{Z{ dmcr ì`mHw$cVm AZwH$å[m
h¡$& ZrM{ H{$ JwUñWmZm| _| odÚ_mZ kmoZ`m| H$m{ ^dmU©d _| oZ_¾
OJV H$m{ X{IH$a _Z _| qH$oMV² I{X hm{Vm h¡, V] _ÝX [wéfmW© H$s
pñWoV _| `Wmg§^d CgH{$ àoVH$ma H$m ^md ^r AZwH$å[m h¡$&
(3.) H«$m{Y, _mZ, _m`m Am¡a cm{^ H{$ _§X CX` g{ hm{Z{dmbr
Vrd« CX`JV jm{^ê$[-H$cwfVm H{$ Zht hm{Z{ê$[ oMÎm H$s àgÝZVm
oMÎmàgmX h¡$& ([§MmpñVH$m`-g_`ì`m»`m, JmWm-135-138)
Ord H{$ Aew^^md H{$ gmV àH$ma h¢ •-
(1) Vrd«_m{h g{ Amhma, ^`, _¡WwZ Am¡a [naJ«h g§kmE±$&
112 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

(2) Vrd« H$fm` g{ a§oOV `m{Jàd¥oÎmê$[ H¥$îU, Zrc, H$m[m{V E{gr

VrZ c{í`mE±$&
(3) amJ-Û{f H$s d¥oÕ g{ oà` H{$ g§`m{J H$s, Aoà` H{$ od`m{J
H$s, d{XZm g{ _wp”V H$s d oZXmZ – odf`m| H$s BÀN>mê$[
AmV©Ü`mZ$&
(4) amJ-Û{f H{$ CJ« CX` g{ BpÝÐ`mYrZËd$&
(5) H$fm` Ûmam oZX©`r-H«y$a E{g{ [naUm_ H{$ H$maU hm{Z{dmbm
qhgmZÝX, AgË`mZÝX, ñV{`mZÝX Am¡a odH$ma g§ajUmZÝX
ê$[ am¡ÐÜ`mZ$&
(6) à`m{OZ o]Zm Aew^ H$m`© g{ Ow¶S>m kmZ$&
(7) gm_mÝ`ê$[ g{ Xe©Z-_m{hZr` d MmnaÌ-_m{hZr` H{$ CX` g{
CË[ÝZ Aodd{H$ê$[ _m{h$& ([§MmpñVH$m`-g_`ì`m»`m, JmWm-140)
A] àíZ h¡ oH$ amJ-Û{f g_yc Zme H$aZ{ `m{½` ”`m| h¢?
_m{h-amJ-Û{f H$m ñdê$[ Ed§ \$c
gd©ÌmWm©Xw[{ú`{o[ BX§ _{ ohVo_Ë`Yr•$&
J¥h²UZ² àr`{@ohVo_oV l`Z² Xy`{Ì H$_©o^•$&& 28&&
h¡ g] Ðì` C[{jUr` [a Bï> ]woÕ g{ J«hU H$a|$&
hm| àgÞ Aé AohV H$ë[Zm H$aH{$ OJ _| Xw:Ir ah|$&&28&&
AÝd`mW© :- [AWm©V² gd©Ì C[{ú`{ Ao[] dñVwV gd©Ì C[{jm
`m{½` hm{Z{[a ^r ["BX_² _{ ohV_²' BË`Yr• (BoV AYr•)] "`{ _{a{
ocE ohVH$a h¢' –$E{gr ]woÕdmcm AkmZr Ord [(Bï>>)- [XmWm©Z²
J¥†Z²] (Bï>>) [XmWm~ H$m{ J«hU H$aVm hþAm [àr`{] àgÝZ hm{Vm h¡$&
[(BX_² M _{) AohV_²' BoV l`Z² ] Am¡a "`h _{a{ ocE AohVH$a
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 113

h¡' –$ E{gm g_PVm hþAm [AÌ H$_©o^• Xy`]{ Bg g§gma _| H$_m~ g{

XwIr hm{Vm h¡$AWm©V² gd© C[{jm-`m{½` [XmWm~ _| Bï>>-AoZï>> H$r H$ë[Zm
H$aH{$ XwI ^m{JVm h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- amJ Am¡a Û{f Xm{Zm| ]ÝY H{$ H$maU hm{Z{ g{ _w_wjwAm|
Ûmam gXm C[{jm oH$`{ OmZ{ AWm©V² Ë`mJZ{ `m{½` h¢$& Xe©Z_m{h H{$
o_Ï`mËd ^{X `w”V amJ H{$ H$maU AkmZr Ord [a-[XmWm~ _| Bï>-
AoZï> H$s H$ë[Zm H$aH{$ oH$gr _| amJ Am¡a oH$gr _| Û{f YmaU H$aV{
h¢$& amJ-Û{f H{$ \$c _| AZ{H$ àH$ma H{$ H$_m~ g{ ]±Y H$a Xw•Ir hm{V{
h¢$& H$_©de àd¥oÎm H$aV{ hþE Xw•I H$m hr AZw^d H$aV{ h¢$&
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX Bï>m{[X{e _| amJ-Û{fê$[ àd¥oÎm H$m \$c
ícm{H$-11 _| BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢•-
""amJ-Û{f-Û`r-XrKªZ{Ìm@@H$f©U- H$_©Um$&
AkmZmËgwoMa§ Ord• g§gmamãYm¡ ^«_Ë`gm¡$&&
AW© •- `h Ord AkmZ g{ amJ-Û{fê$[r cå]r S>m{na`m| H$s
ItMVmZê$[ H$m`© g{ g§gma-g_wÐ _| ]hþV cå]{ H$mc VH$ Ky_Vm
ahVm h¡ – ^«_Vm ahVm h¡$&''
Bg cm{H$ _| `h H$Wm àogÕ h¡ oH$ X{dm| Z{ _§XamMc [d©V
H$m{ _§WZXÊS> ]ZmH$a Xm{ apñg`m| g{ CgH$r ItMVmZ H$aH{$ g_wÐ
H$m _§WZ oH$`m, d¡g{ hr Ord Ðì`-j{Ì-H$mc-^d-^md ê$[ [§M
[amd©VZê$[ g§gma-g_wÐ _| AkmZOoZV amJ-Û{fê$[ apñg`m| H$s
ItMVmZ H$s oH«$`m g{ AZmoXH$mc g{ Ky_Vm ahm h¡$&
AkmZ H{$ H$maU AWm©V² X{hmoXH$ [a-[XmWm~ _| AmË_-]woÕ
H{$ H$maU [a-[XmWm~ _| hr ñd-[a H$m od^mJ OÝ_ c{Vm h¡$& [a-
[XmWm~ _| hr ñd-[a H{$ od^mJ H{$ H$maU amJ-Û{f hm{Vm h¡$& ñd
_| amJê$[ Am¡a [a _| Û{fê$[ ^md hm{Vm h¡$& Ohm± amJ A[Zm [¡a
114 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

O_mVm h¡ dhm± Û{f Adí` hr hm{Vm h¡$& amJ-Û{f H$s àd¥oÎm ep”Vê$[
VWm ì`p”Vê$[ gXm EH$ gmW hm{Vr h¡$& `h ]VcmZ{ H{$ ocE CZ
Xm{Zm| H$m (amJ-Û{f H$m) EH$ gmW J«hU oH$`m h¡$&
`Úo[ H$m{B© ^r dñVw Bï>-AoZï> Zht h¡ VWmo[ AkmZ H{$
H$maU `h AkmZr Ord [a-[XmWm~ _| ñd-[a H$m od^mJ H$aVm h¡,
o\$a [a-[XmWm~ _| Bï>-AoZï> H$s H$ë[Zm H$a CZH{$ ^r Xm{ od^mJ
H$a c{Vm h¡$& oOg dñVw `m ^md _| Bï>[Z{ H$s H$ë[Zm H$aVm h¡
Cg_| amJ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Om{ AoZï> cJVr h¡ Cg_| Û{f H$aVm h¡$&
amJ-Û{f g{ oMV odh²dc ahVm h¡ Am¡a M§Mc ]Zm ahVm h¡$& oMÎm
H$s M§McVm g{ _m{hZr` H$_© H{$ CX` OoZV d{ g^r Xm{f [¡Xm hm{V{
h¢ Om{ Bgr J«§W H{$ ícm{H$-27 _| ]Vm`{ J`{ h¢$&
_m{h-amJ-Û{f ^mdm| H{$ oZo_Îm g{ H$_©]§Y hm{Vm h¡$& H$_©]§Y
g{ JoV àmá hm{Vr h¡$& JoV àmá Ord H{$ X{h hm{Vr h¡, X{h g{ BpÝÐ`m±
hm{Vr h¢$& BpÝÐ`m| g{ odf` J«hU hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a odf` J«hU g{ amJ-
Û{f hm{V{ h¢$& BgàH$ma BZ ^mdm| H{$ H$maU Ord AZmoX H$mc g{ g§gma
_| [na^«_U H$aVm hþAm Xw•Ir h¡$&
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-128 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ ^r ocIm h¡–
""Om{ Icw g§gmaËWm{ Ordm{ VÎmm{ Xw hm{oX [naUm_m{$&
[naUm_mXm{ H$å_§ H$å_mXm{ hm{oX JoXgw JXr$&&
AW© •- dñVwV• Om{ g§gma pñWV Ord h¡, Cgg{ (AZmoX
]§YZê$[ C[moY H{$ de g{) [naUm_ (amJ-Û{f) hm{V{ h¡§, [naUm_m|
g{ H$_© Am¡a H$_© g{ JoV`m| _| J_Z hm{Vm h¡$&''
Bg amJ-Û{f à{naV g§gma MH«$ H$m dU©Z AmMm`© ZmJg{Z Z{
VÎdmZwemgZ J«ÝW H{$ ícm{H$ 16 g{ 19 VH$ BgàH$ma oH$`m h¡ –
""o_Ï`mkmZ H{$ gmW hm{Z{dmc{ o_Ï`mXe©Z g{ __H$ma Am¡a
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 115

Ah§H$ma CË[ÝZ hm{V{ h¢ VWm __H$ma Am¡a Ah§H$ma g{ Bg Ord H{$

amJ-Û{f [¡Xm hm{V{ h¢$& amJ-Û{f g{ H$fm` Am¡a Zm{H$fm` _| Ord VÝ_`
hm{Vm h¡$& Cgg{ `m{Jm| (_Z-dMZ-H$m`) H$s àd¥oÎm hm{Vr h¡$& `m{Jm|
H$s àd¥oÎm g{ qhgmoX _hm[m[ CË[ÝZ hm{V{ h¢$& BZ [m[m| g{ H$_m~ H$m
]±Y hm{Vm h¡$& ]±Y{ hþE H$_m~ H{$ CX` g{ gwJoV VWm XwJ©oV àmá hm{Vr
h¡, JoV g{ eara CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a BpÝÐ`m± àJQ> hm{Vr h¢$& BpÝÐ`m|
H{$ odf`m| H$m{ J«hU H$aVm hþAm Ord _m{ohV hm{Vm h¡, Û{f H$aVm
h¡ Am¡a amJ H$aVm h¡$& _m{ohV hm{Z{ d amJ-Û{f H$aZ{ g{ Bg Ord H{$
o\$a H$_m~ H$m ]§Y hm{Vm h¡$& BgàH$ma _m{h H{$ ì`yh _| àmá hþAm
Ord gXm [na^«_U H$aVm h¡$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h _| _m{j_mJ© H{$ gma
ê$[ _| JmWm-172 H$s aMZm H$s h¡ –
""Våhm oUìdwoXH$m_m{ amJ§ gìdËW§ Hw$UXw _m qH$oM$&
gm{ V{U drXamJm{ ^od`m{ ^dgm`a§ VaoX$&&
AW© •- BgocE _m{jmo^cmfr Ord gd©Ì qH$oMV² ^r amJ
Z H$am{, E{gm H$aZ{ g{ dh ^ì`Ord drVamJ hm{H$a ^dgmJa H$m{
VaVm h¡$&''
A] amJ-Û{f H$s OZZr AodÚm (AkmZ) H$m ñdê$[ d CgH{$
N{>XZ{ H$m C[m` ]VmV{ h¢ •-
BpÝÐ` odf`m| _| gwI-Xw•I H$s H$ë[Zm AodÚm h¡
]ÝYV• gwJVm¡ImW£• gwIm` XwJ©Vm¡ _whþ•$&
Xw•Im` M{Ë`odÚ¡d _m{hmÀN{>ÚmÚ odÚ`m$&&29&&
BpÝÐ` gwI ew^JoV _| Ed§ XwJ©oV _| Xw:I hm{Vm h¡$&
`hr AodÚm _m{h-OÝ`, Om{ odÚm Ûmam N>{Ú H$h|$&&29&&
116 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AÝd`mW© :- []ÝYV•] H$_©]ÝY H{$ H$maU [gwJVm¡ ImW£

gwIm`] gwJoV _| BpÝÐ`m| H{$ odf`m| g{ gwI hm{Vm h¡ [M] VWm
[XwJ©Vm¡ _whþ• Xw•Im`] XwJ©oV _| (ZrM JoV`m| _|) ]hþV XwI hm{Vm h¡,
[_m{hmV² BoV AodÚm Ed] _m{h g{ CË[ÝZ E{gr ]woÕ AodÚm hr h¡,
Om{ [AÚ odÚ`m N{>Úm] AmO odÚm g{ N{>XZ{ `m{½` h¡ (Zme H$aZ{
`m{½` h¡)$&
ì`m»`m •- Bg ícm{H$ _| AodÚm H$m ñdê$[ ñ[ï> oH$`m
J`m h¡$& BpÝÐ` odf`m| H{$ cm^ H$m{ gwIê$[ Am¡a Acm^ H$m{ Xw•I
ê$[ _mZZm AodÚm h¡$& _m{hr Ord gwJoV H$s àmoá H$m{ gwI _mZVm
h¡ ”`m|oH$ Bg_| BpÝÐ` odf`m| H$m cm^ àmá hm{Vm h¡, XwJ©oV H$s
àmoá H$m{ Xw•I _mZVm h¡ ”`m|oH$ Bg_| BpÝÐ` odf`m| H$m Acm^
ahVm h¡$& BpÝÐ` odf`m| _| gwI-XwI H$s `h H$ë[Zm _m{h (o_Ï`mËd)
H{$ CX`de AkmZr Ordm| H$m{ hm{Vr h¡$&
""`h AmË_m ew^m{[`m{J H$s gm_Ï`© g{ BpÝÐ` gwI H{$ ñWmZ^yV
oV`ªM, _Zwî` Am¡a X{dËd H$s ^yo_H$mAm| _| g{ oH$gr EH$ ^yo_H$m
H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ oOVZ{ g_` VH$ Cg_| ahVm h¡ CVZ{ g_` VH$ AZ{H$
àH$ma H$m BpÝÐ` gwI àmá H$aVm h¡$& `h ñd^md^yV-ñd^mdogÕ
gwI Zht h¡$& BpÝÐ` gwI H{$ ^mOZm| _| àYmZ X{d h¢, d{ [§M{pÝÐ`mË_H$
earaê$[r o[emM H$s [r¶S>m g{ AWm©V² X{h H$s d{XZm g{ [ro¶S>V hm{Z{
g{ aå` odf`m| _| a_V{ h¢$& ^¥Jwà[mV (AË`ÝV Xw•I g{ K]amH$a
AmË_KmV H$aZ{ H{$ ocE [d©V H{$ oZamYma Cƒ oeIa g{ oJaZm)
H{$ g_mZ _Zm{k odf`m| H$s Am{a Xm¡¶S>V{ h¢$&
Aew^m{[`m{J OÝ` [m[ H{$ \$c _| ZmaH$moX H$s Am[Xm`| o_cVr
h¡§$& oH$ÝVw d{ X{dmoXH$ VWm ZmaH$moXH$ [a_mW© g{ Xw•Ir hr h¢$& O¡g{
V¥îUm H{$ H$maU Om|H$ H$s XyofV a”V _| àd¥oÎm oXImB© X{Vr h¡ d¡g{ hr
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 117

odf`V¥îUm H{$ H$maU g_ñV g§gmar Ordm| H$s odf`m| _| àd¥oÎm oXImB©
X{Vr h¡$& BgocE [wÊ` H{$ CX` g{ BpÝÐ` gwI H$m cm^ dñVwV• Xw•I
H{$ ]rOê$[ V¥îUm H$m hr cm^ h¡$&''
(àdMZgma JmWm 70-75 H$m Q>rH$m§e)
AV• BpÝÐ` odf`m| H{$ cm^ H$m{ gwIê$[ Am¡a BpÝÐ` odf`m|
H{$ Acm^ H$m{ Xw•Iê$[ _mZZm AodÚm h¡ – AkmZ hr h¡$& ”`m|oH$
oOZH$r V¥îUm CoXV h¡ E{g{ g^r Ord V¥îUmAm| H{$ Ûmam Xw•Ir hm{V{
hþE _aU [`©ÝV odf`-gwIm| H$m{ MmhV{ h¢ Am¡a Xw•Im| g{ g§Vá hm{V{
hþE CÝh| ^m{JV{ h¢$& O¡g{ Om|H$ V¥îUm H{$ H$maU XyofV a”V H$m{ MmhVr
h¡ Am¡a Cgr H$m{ ^m{JV{ hþE _aU[`©ÝV ”b{e H$m{ [mVr h¡ Cgr àH$ma
[wÊ`emcr Ord ^r, [m[emcr Ordm| H$s ^m§oV odf`-V¥îUm g{
AmH«$m§V hm{Z{ g{, odf`m| H$m{ MmhV{ hþE CÝht H$m{ ^m{JV{ hþE _aU[`©ÝV
”b{e [mV{ h¢$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX ñdm_r BpÝÐ` gwI H$m ñdê$[ àdMZgma
JmWm-76 _| oZåZàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢ –
""g[a§ ]mYmgohX§ odpÀN>ÊU§ ]§YH$maU§ odg_§$&
O§ B§oXEqh cÕ§ V§ gm{”I§ Xw”I_{d Vhm$&&
AW© •- Om{ BpÝÐ`m| g{ àmá hm{Vm h¡, dh gwI [agå]§Y`wº$,
]mYmgohV, odpÀN>ÝZ, ]§Y H$m H$maU Am¡a odf_ (hmoZ-d¥oÕê$[
ApñWa) h¡ – BgàH$ma dh Xw•I hr h¡$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX ñdm_r àdMZgma JmWm-77 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$
Om{ BpÝÐ` odf`m| H{$ cm^-Acm^ _| AÝVa H$aV{ h¢, cm^ H$m{ gwI
Am¡a Acm^ H$m{ Xw•I _mZV{ h¢ d{ _m{hr AkmZr h¢ –
""U oh _ÊUoX Om{ Ed§ UpËW odg{gm{ oÎm [wÊU[mdmU§$&
qhS>oX Km{a_[ma§ g§gma§ _m{hg§N>ÊUm{$&&
118 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
AW© •- BgàH$ma "[wÊ` Am¡a [m[ _| AÝVa Zht h¡' – E{gm
Om{ Zht _mZVm, dh _m{hmÀN>moXV hm{Vm hþAm Km{a A[ma-g§gma _|
[na^«_U H$aVm h¡$&''
dmñVd _| BpÝÐ` gwI Am¡a BpÝÐ` Xw•Iê$[ Û¡V odÚ_mZ Zht
h¡$& E{gm hm{Z{ [a ^r Om{ Ord CZ Xm{Zm| _| gwdU© d cm{h{ H$s ]{¶S>r
H$s ^m§oV Ah§H$mnaH$ AodÚmOÝ`, AkmZOÝ` AÝVa _mZVm h¡,
CgH$r oMÎm H$s ^yo_ H$_m}[moY (Xe©Z _m{hZr` H$_© H{$ CX`) H{$
oZo_Îm g{ _ocZ – odH¥$V hm{Z{ g{ g§gma[`ªV emarnaH$ Xw•I H$m
hr AZw^d H$aVr h¡$& dh Ord A[Zr ewÕm{[`m{J ep”V H$m oVañH$ma
H$aVm h¡$& CgH$r `h AodÚm, AkmZ, _m{hmÀN>moXV-]woÕ, dñVw-
ñdê$[ H{$ `WmW© kmZ d àVroV g{ N{>XZ H$s OmZr Mmoh`{$&
`oX H$m{B© Ord [m[maå^ H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a ew^ MmnaÌ _| CÚV hm{Z{
[a ^r Bg AodÚm (_m{hmÀN>moXV ]woÕ) H$m{ Zht N>m{¶S>Vm Vm{ dh
ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ àmá Zht hm{Vm$&
""`oX H$m{B© gmYH$ gd©gmdÚ`m{J ([m[maå^) H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a
MmnaÌ A§JrH$ma oH$`m hm{Z{ [a ^r ew^m{[`m{J [naUoV H{$ de hm{H$a
_m{hmoXH$ H$m CÝ_ycZ (O¶S>-_yc g{ CÀN{>XZ) Zht H$a{ Vm{ Cg{ ewÕ
AmË_m H$s àmoá Zht hm{Jr$& BgocE `m{Jr _m{hmoX H{$ CÝ_ycZ H{$
àoV gdm©aå^ (gd© CÚ_) [yd©H$ H$oQ>]Õ hm{Vm h¡$&''
àdMZgma JmWm 79 H$m Q>rH$m§e)
lr_X² [X²_à^_cYmnaX{d oZ`_gma H$s VmË[`©d¥oÎm Q>rH$m H{$
ícm{H$-59 _| H$hV{ h¢$&
""gwH¥$V_o[ g_ñV§ ^m{oJZm§ ^m{J_yc§,
Ë`OVw [a_VÎdmä`mgoZîUmVoMÎm•$&
C^`g_`gma§ gmaVÎdñdê$[§
^OVw ^dod_w”Ë`¡ H$m{@Ì Xm{fm{ _wZre•$&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 119

ícm{H$mW© •- g_ñV gwH¥$V (ew^H$_©) ^m{oJ`m| H{$ ^m{J H$m _yc

h¡, [a_VÎd H{$ Aä`mg _| oZîUmV oMÎmdmc{ _wZrída ^d g{ od_w”V
hm{Z{ h{Vw Cg g_ñV ew^H$_© H$m{ N>m{¶S>m{ Am¡a gmaVÎd ñdê$[ E{g{ C^`
g_`gma (H$maU d H$m`©) H$m{ ^Om{, Bg_| ”`m Xm{f h¡ ?''
A] AodÚm H$m{ N{>XZ{ _| g_W© odÚm H$m ñdê$[ ]VmV{ h¢ •-
goÀMXmZÝX_` ñdê$[mZw^d
oZíM`mV² goƒXmZÝXmÛ`ê$[§ VXñå`h_²$&
]«÷{oV gVVmä`mgm„r`{ ñdmË_oZ oZ_©c{$&&30&&
oZíM` g{ h¡ ]«÷ gV² oMXmZÝXê$[, dh _¢ hr h±ÿ&
H$ê±$ `hr Aä`mg oZaÝVa oZ_©b oZO _| brZ ah±ÿ$&&30&&
AÝd`mW© :- [oZü`mV² ]«÷ gV²-oMV²-AmZÝX-AÛ`-
ê$[_²] oZü` g{ ]«÷ gV², oMV² Am¡a AmZÝX H{$ gmW EH$-ê$[ h¡$&
["VX² (]«÷) Ah_² Apñ_' BoV gVV-Aä`mgmV²] "dh ]«÷ _¢
hÿ±' E{g{ gVV Aä`mg g{ [(Ah_²) oZ_©c{ ñdmË_oZ cr`{] (_¢)
A[Zr oZ_©c AmË_m _| crZ hm{Vm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- AmË_m H$m{ àkm H{$ Ûmam J«hU H$aZm Mmoh`{$&
A[Z{ H$m{ M{Vo`Vm AZw^d H$aZm Mmoh`{$& àkm H{$ Ûmam e{f ì`dhma
ê$[ ^mdm| g{ o^ÝZ oH$`m J`m `h M{VH$ h¡ gm{ `h _¢ hÿ±$& goƒXmZÝX-
ê$[ ]«÷ dh _¢ hr hÿ±$& oOZH$m ñdcjU M¡VÝ` Zht h¡ E{g{ g_ñV
[a^md Vm{ _wPg{ o^ÝZ h¢, _¢ Vm{ _mÌ ewÕM¡VÝ` hr hÿ±$& H$Îmm©, H$_©,
H$aU, gåàXmZ, A[mXmZ Am¡a AoYH$aUê$[ H$maH$ ^{X, gËd
AgËd, oZË`Ëd, AoZË`Ëd, EH$Ëd, AZ{H$Ëd AmoX Y_© ^{X Am¡a
kmZ, Xe©Z, gwI AmoX JwU ^{X H$W§oMV² hm| Vm{ ^c{ hm|; [aÝVw ewÕ
M¡VÝ`_mÌ ^md _| H$m{B© ^{X Zht h¡$& BgàH$ma ewÕZ` g{ A^{Xê$[
AmË_m H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ g{ ewÕM¡VÝ` _| oZod©H$ë[ AZw^d g{ CË[ÝZ
120 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

hþE gwI _| _½Z[Z{ H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& ewÕ oMÐy[ H$m AZw^d hr
C[mX{` h¡$& E{gm _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
Om{ [wéf "Ah§ ewÕ• oMV² Apñ_ Ed' _¢ oZíM` g{ ewÕ
M¡VÝ` _mÌ hÿ±, E{g{ [naUm_ g§ñH$ma dmcm hm{Vm h¡, AewÕVm H$aZ{
dmc{ [aÐì` H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a ñd`§ ñdÐì` _| crZ hm{Vm h¡, dh [wéf
oZ`_ g{ gd© A[amYm| g{ aohV hm{Vm hþAm, ]§Y H{$ Zme H$m{ àmá
hm{H$a oZË` CoXV – gXm àH$me_mZ hm{Vm hþAm A[Zr Á`m{oV
(AmË_ ñdê$[ H{$ àH$me g{) g{ oZ_©cV`m CN>cVm hþAm Om{
M¡VÝ`ê$[r A_¥V H{$ àdmh Ûmam oOgH$r [yU© _oh_m h¡ E{gm ewÕ
hm{Vm hþAm H$_m~ g{ _w”V hm{Vm h¡$& (g_`gma H$ce-191) A[Z{ oZ_©c
AmË_m H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$& oZOag g{ [na[yU© ñd^md _| oZíMc hm{Z{
dmcm _woZ [a_ ewÕVm H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&
AmMm`© ZmJg{Z Z{ VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-177 _| Û¡V[Zm Am¡a
AÛ¡V[Zm H$m ñdê$[ ñ[ï> oH$`m h¡ •-
''AmË_mZ_Ý`g§[¥”V§ [í`Z² Û¡V§ à[í`oV$&
[í`Z² od^”V_Ý`{ä`• [í`Ë`mË_mZ_Û`§$&&
AW© •- AÝ` H$_m~ H{$ g§]ÝY g{ g§`w·V AmË_m H$m{ X{IVm
hþAm `h Ord Û¡V[Zm X{IVm h¡, [aÝVw O] `hr Ord Bg AmË_m
H$m{ H$_m~ H{$ gå]ÝY g{ aohV d o^ÝZ X{IVm h¡ Vm{ `hr AmË_m Cg{
AÛ¡V oXImB© X{Vm h¡$&''
VËdkmZ Va§oJUr íbm{H$-20 AÜ`m`-6 _| ^Q²>Q>maH$ kmZ^yfU
H$hV{ h¢•-
''oZíMcm|@Jr `Xm ewÕ• oMÐy[m{@ho_oV ñ_¥Vm¡$&
VX¡d ^md_wp”V• ñ`mV² H«$_{U Ðì`_wp”V^mJ²$&&
AW© •- oOg g_` oZíMc _Z g{ `h ñ_aU oH$`m OmVm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 121

h¡ oH$ "_¢ ewÕ oMÐy[ hÿ±' ^md_m{j Cgr g_` hm{ OmVm h¡ Am¡a Ðì`-
_m{j H«$_e• hm{Vm Mcm OmVm h¡$&''
BpÝÐ` odf`m| H{$ cm^ H$m{ gwIê$[ Am¡a Acm^ H$m{ Xw•Iê$[
_mZZm AodÚm h¡$& Bg AodÚm H$m Zme odÚm g{ AWm©V² A[Z{
AmË_m H$m{ gV²-oMV²-AmZÝX H{$ gmW AÛ¡V ]«÷ê$[ AZw^d H$aZ{
g{ hm{Vm h¡$&
Ord A[Zr AmË_m H$m{ AÝ` H$_m~ g{ gå]pÝYV X{IVm hþAm
Û¡V[Zm X{IVm h¡, [aÝVw O] `hr Ord Bg AmË_m H$m{ H$_m~ H{$ gå]§Y
g{ aohV o^ÝZ X{IVm h¡, Vm{ dhr AmË_m Cg{ AÛ¡V oXImB© X{Vm h¡$&
''Am¡Xo`H$, Am¡[eo_H$, jm`m{[eo_H$ d jmo`H$ ^mdmÝVam|
([a_ [mnaUmo_H$ ^md g{ o^ÝZ ^md) g{{ AJm{Ma hm{Z{ g{ Om{ (H$maU
[a_mË_m) Ðì`H$_©, ^mdH$_©, Zm{H$_© ê$[ C[moY g{ OoZV od^mdJwU
[`m©`m| g{ aohV h¡, VWm AZmoX-AZÝV A_yV© AVrpÝÐ` ñd^md
dmcm ewÕ-ghO-[a_-[mnaUmo_H$ ^md oOgH$m ñd^md h¡ E{gm
H$maU [a_mË_m dmñVd _| "AmË_m' h¡$& AoV AmgÝZ ^ì`Ordm| H$m{
E{g{ oZO [a_mË_m (AÛ¡V ]«÷) H{$ AoVnaº$ AÝ` Hw$N> C[mX{` Zht
h¡$&'' (oZ`_gma JmWm-38 H$s [Ùà^_cYmarX{d odaoMV Q>rH$m)
`m{Jr oOg ñdmË_m _| crZ hm{Z{ H$m oZaÝVa Aä`mg H$aVm
h¡ dh gV²-oMV²-AmZÝX ê$[ h¡$& dh oZË`-ewÕ oMXmZÝXê$[r
gå[XmAm| H$s CËH¥$ï> ImZ h¡$& O¡gm oH$ [X²_à^_cYmarX{d oZ`_gma
H$s VmË[`©d¥oÎm Q>rH$m H{$ ícm{H$-56 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
''oZË`ewÕoMXmZÝXg§[Xm_mH$a§ [a_²$&
od[Xmo_X_{dm{ƒ¡a[X§ M{V`{ [X_²$&&
AW© •- Om{ oZË`-ewÕ oMXmZÝXê$[r gå[XmAm| H$s CËH¥$ï>
ImZ h¡ VWm Om{ od[XmAm| H$m AË`ÝVê$[ g{ A[X h¡ (Ohm± od[Xm
o]ëHw$c Zht h¡) E{g{ Bgr [X H$m _¢ AZw^d H$aVm hÿ±$&''
122 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

oZO[Xê$[ AmË_m kmZ-AmZÝXê$[r gå[XmAm| g{ ^a[ya h¡$&

ñdê$[ _| g{ AZÝV H$mc VH$ kmZ d AmZÝX oZH$cm H$a{ Vm{ ^r `h
gå[Xm H$^r H$_ Zht hm{Vr$& dh ewÕ AÝV•VËd, ghO ewÕ oZíM`
Z` g{ AZmoX AZÝV, A_yV©, AVrpÝÐ` ñd^md dmc{ Am¡a ewÕ E{g{
ghO-kmZ, ghO-Xe©Z, ghO-MmnaÌ, ghO-[a_ drVamJ gwImË_H$
h¡$& dh od[XmAm| H$m AË`ÝV ê$[ g{ A[X h¡ – Cg_| _m{h-amJ-Û{fê$[
od[Xm`| h¢ hr Zht$& E{g{ oZO[X H$m AZw^d amJmoXê$[ AoV CJ«
eÌwAm| H$s AZwË[oÎm Am¡a odZme H$m gmYZ h¡$&
Bgoc`{ `m{Jr E{gr ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ dñVw _| hr pñWoV àmá
H$aVm h¡, Cgr H$m oZaÝVa Ü`mZ H$aVm h¡, Cgr H$m{ M{VVm – AZw^d
H$aVm h¡, Cgr _| oZaÝVa odhma H$aVm h¡$& [wZ• [wZ• Cg ewÕ ñdê$[
H$m ñ_aU H$aVm h¡, ewÕ oMÐy[ _| EH$mJ« hm{H$a AIÊS> Ymam àdmh-
ê$[ àdV©Vm h¡$& kmZr H$s oZaÝVa `h ^mdZm ahVr h¡ oH$ `h H$mc
H$s Amdcr Om{ oH$ àdmhê$[ g{ AZÝV h¡ dh AmË_VÎd H{$ C[^m{J
_| hr ]hVr ah{, C[`m{J H$s àd¥oÎm AÝ` _| H$^r ^r Zht Omd{$&
AmË_m gV²-oMV²-AmZÝX ñdê$[ h¡$& A] BZ ode{fUm| H$m
ñdê$[ ñ[ï> H$aV{ h¢$&
`m{Jr oOg AmË_Ðì` H$m{ "_¢' ê$[ AZw^d H$aV{ h¢, CgH$m
"gV²' ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢ •-
AmË_m H$m gËñdê$[
gÝZ{dmh§ _`m d{Ú{ ñdÐì`moX-MVwï>`mV²$&
pñWË`wË[oÎmì``mË_ËdmXgÝZ{d od[`©`mV²$&& 31&&
ì``-CË[mX-Y«m¡ì`_` gV² h±ÿ, ñd-Ðì`moX MVwï>` g{$&
AZw^d H$aVm, Am¡a AgV² h±,y [a Ðì`moX MVwï>` g{$&&31&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 123

AÝd`mW© :- [pñWoV-CË[oÎm-ì``mË_ËdmV²] CË[mX-ì``-

Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU, [ñd-Ðì`moX-MVwï> `mV² ] ñd-Ðì`moX
MVwï> ` H$r Ñoï> g{ [Ah_² gÝZ{d] _¢ gV² ê$[ hr hÿ±, Am¡a [od[`©`mV²
AgÝZ{d] od[arV Ñoï>> g{ ([a-MVwï> ` H$r Ñoï>> g{) _¢ AgV² hr hÿ± $
[BoV _`m d{Ú{] – E{gm _¢ AZw^d H$aVm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- ApñVËd Ðì` H$m ñd^md h¡ (gV² Ðì`cjU_²)
dh ApñVËd AZmoX-AZÝV h¡ VWm Ah{VwH$ EH$ê$[ [naUoV g{ gXm
[naUo_V hm{Vm h¡$& JwU-[`m©`m| H$m Am¡a Ðì` H$m ApñVËd o^ÝZ
Zht h¡, EH$ hr h¡, ”`m|oH$ JwU-[`m©`| Ðì` g{ hr oZî[ÝZ hm{Vr h¡§
Am¡a Ðì` JwU-[`m©`m| g{ hr oZî[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$& Bgr àH$ma CË[mX-
ì``-Y«m¡ì` H$m Am¡a Ðì` H$m ApñVËd ^r EH$ hr h¡; ”`m|oH$
CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` Ðì` g{ hr CË[ÝZ hm{V{ h¢, Am¡a Ðì` CË[mX-
ì``-Y«m¡ì` g{ hr CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$& Bgr àH$ma Ðì`-j{Ì-H$mc-^md
g{ o^ÝZ Z oXImB© X{Z{ dmc{ JwUm| Am¡a [`m©`m| H$m ApñVËd dh Ðì`
H$m hr ApñVËd h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Ðì` H{$ ApñVËd H$m ñdê$[ àdMZgma
JmWm-95 d 96 _| odñVma g{ ñ[ï> H$aV{ h¢ –
""A[naƒÎmghmd{Uwß[mXìd`YwdÎm g§]Õ§$&
JwUd§ M g[ÁOm`§ O§ V§ Xìd§ oV dwƒ§oV $&&
gã^mdm{ oh ghmdm{ JwU{qh gJ[ÁOEqh oMÎm{qh$&
Xìdñg gìdH$mc§ Cß[mXìd`YwdÎm{qh$&&
AW© •- ñd^md H$m{ N>m{¶S{> o]Zm Om{ CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` g§`w”V
h¡ VWm JwU`w”V Am¡a [`m©` gohV h¡, Cg{ Ðì` H$hV{ h¢$& gd©H$mc
JwU VWm AZ{H$ àH$ma H$s A[Zr [`m©`m| g{ Am¡a CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`
g{ Ðì` H$m Om{ ApñVËd h¡, dh dmñVd _| ñd^md h¡$&''
124 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h J«ÝW JmWm-10 _|
Ðì` H$m{ VrZ cjU dmcm H$hm h¡ •-
""Xìd§ g„”IU`§ Cß[mXìd`YwdÎm g§OwÎm§$&
JwU[ÁO`mg`§ dm O§ V§ ^ÊU§oV gìdÊhÿ$$&&
AW© •- Om{ "gV²' cjU dmcm h¡, CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` g§`w”V
h¡ AWdm Om{ JwU-[`m©`m| H$m Aml` h¡, gd©k Cg{ Ðì` H$hV{ h¢$&''
AmMm`© C_mñdm_r Z{ Ðì` H{$ gV² ñdê$[ H$m{ VrZ gyÌm| Ûmam
]Vm`m h¡ •- ""gV² Ðì`cjU§$& CË[mXì``Y«m¡ì``wº§$ gV²$,
JwU[`©`dX² Ðì`_²$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ VrZm| gyÌm| H$m ^md C[am{”V Xm{ JmWmAm|
_| ì`”V oH$`m h¡$&
Bg odíd _| Om{ ñd^md ^{X oH$`{ o]Zm, CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`
Ì` g{ Am¡a JwU-[`m©` g{ cojV hm{Vm h¡, [ohMmZm OmVm h¡, dh
Ðì` h¡$& Ðì` H$m CZ CË[mXmoX H{$ gmW AWdm JwU-[`m©`m| H{$ gmW
cú`-cjU ^{X hm{Z{ [a ^r ñdê$[^{X Zht h¡$& ñdê$[ g{ Ðì`
CË[mXmoX AWdm JwU-[`m©` dmcm h¡$&
_{ar AmË_m H$m ApñVËd ^r ñd^md ^{X oH$`{ o]Zm CË[mX-
ì``-Y«m¡ì` g{ Am¡a JwU-[`m©` g{ cojV hm{Vm h¡$& AmË_m EH$ hr
g_` CÎma AdñWm g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm hþAm, [yd© AdñWm g{ ì`` hm{Vm
hþAm Am¡a oQ>H$Z{ dmcr E{gr Ðì`Ëd AdñWm g{ Yw«d ahVm hþAm Y«m¡ì`
g{ cojV hm{Vm h¡$& oH$ÝVw CgH$m Y«m¡ì` H{$ gmW ñdê$[ ^{X Zht
h¡, dh ñdê$[ g{ hr d¡gm h¡$&
AmË_m H$m ApñVËd Om{ CgH$m ñd^md h¡ dh Ðì` g{, j{Ì
g{, H$mc g{ `m ^md g{ JwUm| Am¡a [`m`m~ g{ [¥WH²$ Zht oXImB© X{Vm,
H$Îmm©-H$aU-AoYH$aUê$[ g{ Ðì` H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ YmaU H$aH{$
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 125

àdV©_mZ JwUm| Am¡a [`m©`m| g{ oOgH$r oZî[oÎm hm{Vr h¡, E{g{ AmË_m
(Ðì`) H$m _yc gmYZ[Z{ g{ CZg{ oZî[ÝZ hm{Vm hþAm Om{ ApñVËd
h¡, dh ñd^md h¡$&
AmË_m H$m ApñVËd CgH{$ JwUm| g{ Am¡a [`m©`m| g{ o^ÝZ Zht
oXImB© X{Vm, BgocE Om{ JwU [`m©`m| H$m ApñVËd h¡ dh hr AmË_m
H$m ApñVËd h¡$& AmË_m A[Z{ ñdê$[ H$m{ JwUm| Am¡a [`m©`m| Ûmam
hr YmaU H$aVm h¡$& BgocE JwU Am¡a [`m©`m| H{$ ApñVËd g{ hr
AmË_m H$s oZî[oV hm{Vr h¡$& JwU Am¡a [`m©`| Z hm| Vm{ AmË_m (Ðì`)
^r Z hm{$&
A[Zr AmË_m H$m ñdÐì` g{ ApñVËd h¡, [aÐì` H$s A[{jm
ZmpñVËd h¡$& AmË_m ñdj{Ì _| ApñVËd YmaU H$aVm h¡, [ak{`m| H{$
j{Ì H$m ñdj{Ì _| ZmpñVËd h¡$& AmË_m H$m ApñVËd A[Z{ H$mc
g{ h¡, [ak{`m| H{$ H$mc g{ ZmpñVËd h¡$& AmË_m _| kmZ^md H$m ñd^md
g{ ApñVËd h¡, ewÕ kmZñd^md _| gd© [a^mdm| H$m ZmpñVËd h¡$&
_{a{ AmË_Ðì` Am¡a ApñVËd H{$ àX{e^{X Zht h¡$& AmË_m H$m
ApñVËd AZmoX AZÝV h¡$& _{am AmË_m Ah{VwH$ EH$ê$[ [naUoV
g{ gXm [naUo_V hm{Vm h¡$& _{a{ JwU-[`m©`m| Am¡a Ðì` H$m ApñVËd
EH$ hr h¡$&
_{am AmË_Ðì` JwU-[`m©`m| g{ oZî[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a JwU-[`m©`|
Ðì` g{ oZî[ÝZ hm{Vr h¢$& Bgr àH$ma CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` _{ar AmË_m
g{ hr CË[ÝZ hm{V{ h¢ Am¡a AmË_ Ðì` CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` g{ oZî[ÝZ
hm{Vm h¡$&
BgàH$ma _{am AmË_m (Ðì`) ñd^md g{ ogÕ Am¡a gV² h¡$&
ñd^mdogÕ hm{Z{ g{ AZmoX AZÝV h¡$& oZË` ñd^md _| AdpñWV
hm{Z{ g{ gV² h¡$& AmË_m H$m ñd^md Y«m¡ì`-CË[mX-odZme H$s EH$Vm
126 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ñdê$[ [naUm_ h¡$& CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` _| g_`^{X Zht h¡, VrZm|

hr EH$ g_` _| h¢$& E{g{ CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ [naUm_m| H$s
[aå[am _| AmË_m ñd^md g{ gXm ahVm h¡, BgocE _{am AmË_m
CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ h¡ (àdMZgma JmWm-99)$& CË[mX, ì``
Am¡a Y«m¡ì` [`m©`m| _| dV©V{ h¡§, [`m©`| oZ`_ g{ Ðì` _| hm{Vr h¢, BgocE
dh g] Ðì` hr h¡$&
AmMm`© O`g{Z àdMZgma H$s VmË[`©d¥oV Q>rH$m (JmWm-95)
_| H$hV{ h¢ •- "CË[mXì``Y«m¡ì`ñdê$[§ JwU[`m©`ñdê$[§ M
[naU_oV ewÕmË_X{d' – ewÕmË_X{d CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` ñdê$[
d JwU [`m©` ñdê$[ [naUo_V hm{Vm h¡$&
""AmË_dñVw _| gÎd-AgÎd EH$ gmW odÚ_mZ h¡$& A[Z{
Ðì`-j{Ì-H$mc-^mdê$[ g{ hm{Z{ H$s ep”Vê$[ Om{ ñd^md h¡ Cg
ñd^md[Z{ H{$ Ûmam gÎd h¡ Am¡a [a H{$ Ðì`-j{Ì-H$mc-^mdê$[ Z
hm{Z{ H$s ep”Vê$[ Om{ ñd^md h¡ Cg ñd^md[Z{ H{$ Ûmam AgÎd
h¡$&'' (AmË_»`moV H$ce-247 H$s ì`m»`m)
ñdm_r g_ÝV^Ð Z{ X{dmJ_-ñVm{Ì 15 _| ñ[ï>ê$[ g{ H$hm h¡ oH$•-
""gX{d gdª H$m{ Z{ÀN{>Ëñdê$[moX-MVwï>`mV²$&
AgX{d od[`m©gmÝZ M{ÝZ ì`doVðV{$&&
AW©•- gd© Ðì` ñdê$[moX-MVwï>` H$s X¥oï> g{ gV²-ê$[ hr
h¢ Am¡a [aê$[moX-MVwï>` H$s A[{jm AgV²ê$[ hr h¢$& `oX E{gm
Zht _mZm Omd{Jm Vm{ gV² Am¡a AgV² Xm{Zm| _| g{ oH$gr H$s ^r
ì`dñWm Zht ]Z gH{$Jr$&''
`Úo[ M¡VÝ`_mÌ dñVw (oZO AmË_m) AZ{H$ ep”V-g_yhê$[
gm_mÝ`-ode{fê$[ h¡, [aÝVw kmZr Cg{ gd©ep”V_` EH$ kmZ_mÌ
AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 127

kmZr `m ñ`mÛmXr A[Zr AmË_m H$m g§M{VZ H¡$gm H$aVm h¡?

`h AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ H{$ eãXm| _| •- "Z Ðì`{U IÊS>`mo_, Z
j{Ì{U IÊS>`mo_, Z H$mc{Z IÊS>`mo_, Z ^md{Z IÊS>`mo_;
gwodewÕ EH$m{ kmZ_mÌm{ ^mdm{@pñ_$&'
(g_`gma H$ce 270-271 H{$ ]rM _| g_mJV Q>rH$m§e)
_¢ gwodewÕ EH$ kmZ_mÌ ^md hÿ±$& ñdÐì`, ñdj{Ì, ñdH$mc,
ñd^md g{ odamO_mZ hÿ±$& ñdÐì`ê$[ odMmaZ{ [a ñdÐì`_mÌ hÿ±,
ñdj{Ìê$[ odMmaZ{ [a ñdj{Ì_mÌ hÿ±, ñdH$mcê$[ odMmaZ{ [a
ñdH$mc_mÌ hÿ±, ñd^mdê$[ odMmaZ{ [a ñd^md_mÌ hÿ±$& _¢ kmZ_mÌ
àH$me [w±O hÿ±$& ghOê$[ g{ AIÊS> hÿ±, EH$ hÿ±, EH$mÝV emÝV Am¡a
A[Z{ M¡VÝ`-ñdê$[ _| AMc hÿ±$& E{gm M¡VÝ`-ñdê$[ _¢ hÿ±$&
ñ`mÛmXr ñdMVwï>` H$s X¥oï> g{ A[Z{ H$m{ gËê$[ Am¡a [a
MVwï>` H$s A[{jm AgV²ê$[ AZw^d H$aVm h¡ – BgH$m{ [mÊS{>
amO_cOr g_`gma H$ce-252 H$s Q>rH$m _| BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢•-
""kmZdñVw H$m A[Z{ ApñVËd g{ ApñVËd h¡, CgH{$ ^{X
Mma h¡•- ñdÐì`[Z{ ApñV, ñdj{Ì[Z{ ApñV, ñdH$mc[Z{ ApñV,
ñd^md[Z{ ApñV$& [aÐì`[Z{ ZmpñV, [aj{Ì[Z{ ZmpñV, [aH$mc[Z{
ZmpñV, [a^md[Z{ ZmpñV$& CZH$m cjU – ñdÐì`-oZod©H$ë[ _mÌ
dñVw Am¡a Cg_| godH$ë[ ^{X-H$ë[Zm [aÐì`$& ñdj{Ì-AmYma_mÌ
dñVw H$m àX{e Om{ dñVw H$m AmYma^yV àX{e oZod©H$ë[ dñVw_mÌ
dhr àX{e, godH$ë[ ^{X H$ë[Zm g{ [aàX{e ]woÕJm{Maê$[ g{
H$hm OmVm h¡$& dñVw_mÌ H$s _yc AdñWm ñdH$mc; Cg _yc
oZod©H$ë[ AdñWm _| AdñWmÝVa ^{Xê$[ H$ë[Zm g{ [aH$mc H$hm
OmVm h¡$& dñVw H$s _yc H$s ghO ep”V dh ñd^md; Cg Ðì`
H$s ghO ep”V H{$ [`m©`ê$[ AZ{H$ A§e Ûmam ^{X H$ë[Zm, Cg{
[a^md H$hm OmVm h¡$&''
128 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
BgàH$ma ñ`mÛmXr kmZ_mÌ Ord dñVw H$m A[Z{ ApñVËd (ñd
Ðì`-j{Ì-H$mc-^md) g{ AZw^d H$aVm h¡$& O¡g{ EH$ dZ _| ]hþV
g{ (g§»`m[{jm g{ AZ{H$) d¥jm| H$m A[Zm-A[Zm ñdê$[mpñVËd
o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ h¡, àË`{H$ d¥j ode{f cjU^yV ñdê$[mpñVËd g{ cojV
hm{Vm h¡$& [aÝVw d¥jËd Om{ gd©d¥jm| H$m gm_mÝ` cjU h¡ Am¡a Om{
d¥jm| _| gmX¥í` ]VcmVm h¡, CgH$r A[{jm g{ gd© d¥jm| _| EH$Ëd
h¡ – `h gmX¥í` ApñVËd h¡$& O] EH$Ëd H$m{ _w»` H$aV{ h¢ Vm{
AZÝV Am¡a AZ{H$ (N>h) àH$ma H{$ Ðì`m| _| gm_mÝ` gV²[Zm cj
_| AmVm h¡ – gmX¥í` ApñVËd ^mogV hm{Vm h¡$& O] AZ{H$Ëd _w»`
H$aV{ h¢ V] EH$Ëd Jm¡U hm{ OmVm h¡, àË`{H$ Ðì` H$m A[Zm-A[Zm
ñdê$[mpñVËd o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ h¡$& ñdê$[mpñVËd H$s A[{jm g^r Ordm|
_| AZ{H$Ëd h¡ [aÝVw gmX¥í`-ApñVËd (Ord[Z{) H$s A[{jm g]
Ordm| _| EH$Ëd h¡$&
`m{Jr (kmZr) A[Zm ñdê$[-ApñVËd g_ñV OJV g{ o^ÝZ
AZw^d H$aVm h¡, dh H$hV{ h¢ •-
ñdê$[-ApñVËd H$s o^ÝZVm
`Wm OmVw OJÝZmh§ VWmh§ Z OJV² ·doMV²$&
H$W§ oMËgd© ^ mdmZm§ o_Wm{ ì `md¥ oÎm-odoÎmV•$&&32&&
gd© [XmW© [añ[a o^Þ H$W§oMV² – E{gm kmZ ob`m$&
AV: OJV² _¢ Zht Am¡a _¢ O¡gm h±ÿ dh OJV² Zht$&&32&&
AÝd`mW© :- [gd©-^mdmZm_²] gd© [XmWm~ H$r [o_W•]
[añ[a [H$WomV² ì`md¥oÎm-odoÎmV•] H$WomV² [¥WH$Vm kmV hm{Z{
g{ [`Wm OmVw OJÝZmh§] O¡gm OJV h¡ d¡gm _¢ H$^r Zht hÿ± Am¡a
[VWm Ah_² (Ao[) ¹$oMV² Z OJV²] O¡gm _¢ hÿ± d¡gm OJV H$^r
Zht h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 129

ì`m»`m •- kmZr oZO ewÕmË_m H$m{ gd© [aÐì`m| g{ VWm

[a^mdm| g{ o^ÝZ J«hU H$aH{$ Cgr H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡$& AWdm
OJV H{$ ñdê$[ g{ A[Z{ ñdê$[ H$m{ o^ÝZ AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-175 _| AmMm`© ZmJg{Z H$hV{ h¢ •-
""[añ[a[amd¥Îmm• gd} ^mdm• H$W§MZ$&
Z¡amËå`§ OJVm{ `ÛÝZ¡O©JË`§ VWmË_Z•&&
AW© •- àH$mamÝVa g{ g§gma H{$ g_ñV [XmW© [añ[a [amd¥Îmê$[
h¢ AWm©V² g§gma H$m àË`{H$ [XmW© A[Z{ g{ o^ÝZ AÝ` g_ñV [XmWm~
H{$ A^mdê$[ h¡ BgocE g§gma Z¡amËå` h¡ VWm g§gma Am¡a AmË_m
^r o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ h¢$& BgocE AmË_m Z¡O©JË` – g§gma g{ o^ÝZ h¡$&''
AÝ` AmË_mAm| Am¡a [XmWm~ H$m A[Zr ñdê$[ gÎmm _| A^md
hr Z¡amËå` H$hcmVm h¡ Am¡a dh ñdmË_gÎmmË_H$ hr hm{Vm h¡ (A[Zr
AmË_m H$s gÎmmê$[ hm{Vm h¡), BgocE gå`¾¡amËå` Xe©Z ñdmË_
Xe©Z hr h¡$& A[Z{ AmË_m H$m Xe©Z hr CÎm_ Z¡amËå` Xe©Z h¡$&
oZO ewÕmË_m H$m{ gd© [aÐì`m| d [a^mdm| g{ o^ÝZ M¡VÝ`Á`m{oV-
_mÌ AZw^d H$aZ{ H{$ AoVna”V OJV _| dmñVd _| Xygam Hw$N> ^r
gma^yV Zht h¡$&
kmZr A[Zr AmË_m H$s gÎmm _| ñdÐì` g{ ApñVËd Am¡a
[aÐì` H$s A[{jm ZmpñVËd _mZVm hþAm oZOÐì` _| hr a_Vm h¡$&
Bgr àH$ma ñdj{Ì _| ahVm hþAm, [aj{Ì _| A[Z{ ZmpñVËd H$m{ OmZVm
hþAm k{` [XmWm~ H$m{ N>m{¶S>Vm hþAm ^r k{` [XmWm~ H{$ oZo_Îm g{ A[Zr
kmZ H$s [`m©` _| kmZmH$ma ê$[ [naUo_V k{` O¡g{ AmH$mam| H$m{ Zht
N>m{¶S>Vm BgocE VwÀN>Vm H$m{ àmá Zht hm{Vm$&
kmZr A[Zr AmË_m H$m oZOH$mc g{ ApñVËd OmZVm hþAm,
k{` [XmWm~ H{$ Zï> hm{Z{ [a ^r A[Z{ H$m{ [yU©ê$[ AZw^d H$aVm h¡-
130 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AmË_m _| X¥¶T>V`m ahm hþAm oZË` ghO kmZ H{$ [w±Oê$[ dV©Vm hþAm
A[Z{ ñdê$[ _| ahVm h¡$& kmZr Vm{, kmZ^md H{$ k{`mH$ma hm{Z{ [a
^r kmZ^md H$m ñd^md g{ ApñVËd OmZVm hþAm, [a^mdê$[ ^dZ
H{$ A^md H$s X¥oï> hm{Z{ g{, A[Z{ ewÕ ñd^md H$m{ gd© [a^mdm| g{
o^ÝZ AZw^d H$aVm hþAm, A[Z{ km`H$ ñd^md _| oZîH$å[ dV©Vm
hþAm em{o^V hm{Vm h¡$&
kmZr H$m{ oMËñdê$[ H$m g§M{VZ
`X² M{VÎmWmZmoX M{VVrËWo_hmÚ `V²$&
M{oVî`Ë`Ý`WmZÝV§ `ƒ oMX²Ðì`_pñ_ VV²$&&33&&
oOgZ{ M{Vm h¡ AZmoX g{ Am¡a AmO ^r M{V ahm$&
Om{ AZÝV VH$ M{V{Jm _¢ h±ÿ dh M{VZ Ðì` ahm$&&33&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`V² AZmoX VWm AM{VV²] oOgZ{ AZmoX g{
Cg àH$ma M{Vm h¡ [`V² Bh AÚ BËW§ M{VoV] Om{ AmO `hm± Bg
àH$ma M{V ahm h¡ [`V² M AÝ`Wm AZÝV§ M{oVî`oV] Am¡a Om{ AÝ`
àH$ma g{ AZÝVH$mc VH$ M{VVm ah{Jm [VV² oMV²-Ðì`_² (Ah_²)
Apñ_] dh M{VZ Ðì` _¢ hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- gå`½X¥oï> Ord H$m{ A[Z{ oMV² ñdê$[ H$m g§M{VZ
H¡$gm hm{Vm h¡? Om{ AZmoXH$mc g{ M{VVm h¡ (OmZVm-X{IVm h¡) Om{
dV©_mZ _| ^r M{V ahm h¡ Am¡a ^odî` _| ^r M{VVm ah{Jm – E{gm
M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ Ðì` _¢ hy±$&
VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-156 _| AmMm`© ZmJg{Z M{Vo`Vm H$m{
M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ H$m g§M{VZ H¡$gm hm{Vm h¡ – `h ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""`X² M{VÎmWm [ydª M{oVî`oV `XÝ`Wm$&
M{VZr`§ `XÌmÚ VoƒX²Ðì`§ g_ñå`h§$&&
AW© •- Om{ [hc{ ^r Bgr ê$[ _| M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ Wm, AmJ{
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 131

^r ê$[mÝVa g{ M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ ah{Jm Am¡a AmO ^r Om{ M¡VÝ` ñdê$[

h¡ – E{gm M¡VÝ`ñdê$[ oMX²Ðì`_` _¢ hÿ±$&''
g_`gma H$ce-184 _| AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ H$hV{ h¢•-
""EH$píMVpíMÝ_` Ed ^mdm{, ^mdm• [a{ `{ oH$c V{ [a{fm_²$&
J«møñVVpíMÝ_` Ed ^mdm{ ^mdm• [a{ gd©V Ed h{`m•&&
AW© •- M¡VÝ` (AmË_m) H$m Vm{ EH$ oMÝ_` hr ^md h¡,
Am¡a Om{ AÝ` ^md h¢ d{ dmñVd _| Xygam| H{$ ^md h¢; BgocE EH$
oMÝ_` ^md hr J«hU H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡, AÝ` ^md gd©Wm Ë`mÁ` h¢$&''
kmZr H$m{ oZaÝVa `h g§M{VZ dV©Vm h¡ oH$ "Ah§ ewÕ• oMV²
Apñ_' _¢ ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ hÿ± $&
oH$gr dñVw H{$ àoV EH$mJ« hm{H$a Cgr H$m AZw^dê$[ ñdmX
ob`m H$aZm CgH$m g§M{VZ H$hcmVm h¡$& kmZ H{$ àoV hr EH$mJ«
hm{H$a Cg Am{a hr Ü`mZ aIZm dh kmZ H$m g§M{VZ h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-224 _| H$hV{ h¢•-
""kmZñ` g§M{VZ`¡d oZË`§, àH$meV{ kmZ_Vrd ewÕ_²$&
AkmZg§M{VZ`m Vw YmdZ², ]m{Yñ` ewqÕ oZéUoÕ ]§Y•$&&
AW© •- oZaÝVa kmZ H$s g§M{VZm g{ hr kmZ (AmË_m) ewÕ
àH$moeV hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a AkmZ (H$_©M{VZm d H$_©\$cM{VZm) H$s
g§M{VZm g{ ]§Y Xm¡¶S>Vm hþAm kmZ H$s ewÕVm H$m{ am{H$Vm h¡, AWm©V²
kmZ H$s ewÕVm Zht hm{Z{ X{Vm$&''
Ord _| H$Îmm©, H$_©, H$aU, gåàXmZ, A[mXmZ, AoYH$aU ê$[
H$maH$ ^{X, gËd-AgËd, oZË`Ëd-AoZË`Ëd, EH$Ëd-AZ{H$Ëd
AmoX Y_© ^{X, kmZ-Xe©Z-gwI-dr`© AmoX JwU ^{X Am¡a CË[mX-
132 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ì``-Y«m¡ì` ê$[ [`m©` ^{X `oX H$W§oMV (oH$gr A[{jm g{) hm{ Vm{
^c{ hm{; [aÝVw ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ ^md, oOg{ kmZr "_¢' ê$[ AZw^d
H$aVm h¡ Cg_| Vm{ H$m{B© ^{X Zht h¡$& lÕm (Ah§) H$m odf` Vm{
gXmH$mc oZamdaU, AIÊS> EH$, àË`j àoV^mg_mZ M¡VÝ` dñVw
hr h¡$& `m{Jr H$m{ A[Zm AmË_m gX¡d gd© odewÕ oMÝ_mÌ ^mdê$[
AZw^d _| AmVm h¡, `Úo[ cãYê$[ kmZ _| H$maH$ ^{X, JwU ^{X
d [`m©` ^{X odÚ_mZ hm{V{ h¢$&
`h kmZ H$s g§M{VZm hr AmË_m H$s amJmoX _ocZVm H$m A^md
H$a Cg{ [yU© ewÕê$[ _| àH$moeV H$aZ{ _| g_W© h¡$& BgàH$ma kmZr
Ðì`X¥oï> H{$ odf`^yV H$maU-[a_mË_m AWdm Y«wd VÎd H$m{ A[Zm
gd©ñd _mZVm h¡$& kmZr H{$ odíd _| Y«wd (oZOH$maU-[a_mË_m) H{$
AoVnaº$ AÝ` gÎmm H$m ñdrH$ma (lÕm _|) hr Zht h¡$& kmZ _| ñd-
[a H$m ^{X [¡Xm hm{Vm hm{ Vm{ hm{, [aÝVw Ah§ H$m odf` Vm{ A^{X
oÌH$mcr Y«wd hr ahVm h¡$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ oMV²ñdê$[ ê$[ AZw^d _| AmZ{ dmcm
AmË_m CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ M¡VÝ` [naUoV ê$[ cjU g{
cojV hm{Vm h¡•-
AmË_m H$s CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$Vm
EH$_{H$jU{ ogÕ§ Zí`V² àmJmË_Zm ^dV²$&
gVmoÎmð>ÎmX{d{Xo_oV odÎ`m `W{ú`V{$&&34&&
Ðì`§ VWm gXm gdª Ðì`ËdmÎmÛXß`h_²$&
oddV}ZmoXgÝVË`m oMoÛdV£• [¥Wp½dY¡:$&&35&&
[yd©ê$[ g{ hm{ odZï> Aé dV©_mZ _| hm{ CË[Þ$&
"`h dh hr h¡'BgàH$ma gV² ê$[ kmZ h¡ ogÕ ñd`§$&&34&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 133

g^r Ðì` h¢ Ðì` AZmoX [`m©`m| g{ ogÕ ñd`§$&

VX²dV² _¢ ^r o^Þ AÝ` g{ oMV²-[naUoV g{ ogÕ ñd`§$&&35&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`Wm EH$_² (Ðì`_²)] oOgàH$ma EH$ Ðì`
[EH$ jU{] EH$ hr jU _| [àmH²$-AmË_Zm Zí`V²] [yd©-[`m©` g{
Zï>> hm{Vm hþAm [^dV²] dV©_mZ _| CË[ÝZ hm{Vm hþAm [gV² AoVðV²]
gV² ê$[ g{ gXm pñWa ahVm hþAm ["VV² Ed BX_²' BoV odË`m] "`h
dhr h¡' – BgàH$ma g{ kmZ (àË`o^kmZ) g{ [ogÕ_² B©ú`V{] ogÕ
hþAm cojV hm{Vm h¡ [VWm (Ed)] d¡g{ hr [Ðì`ËdmV²] Ðì` hm{Z{ g{
[gXm gdª Ðì`_²] gXm gma{ Ðì` [AZmoX g§VË`m oddV}Z ogÕ_²]
AZmoX gÝVoV g{ Mcr Am ahr [`m©`m| g{ ogÕ h¢$& [VÛV] CZH{$
g_mZ hr [Ah_² Ao[] _¢ ^r [[¥Wp½dY¡• oMoÛdV£ ogÕ_² ]
(AZmoX gÝVoV g{) AÝ` AM{VZ Ðì`m| g{ o^ÝZ àH$ma H$r M{VZ
[`m©`m| g{ ogÕ hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- drVamJ oOZ{ÝÐ ^JdmZ CË[mX, ì`` Am¡a Y«m¡ì`
g{ `w”V AWdm JwU-[`m©`m| g{ `w”V [XmWm~ H$m{ Ðì` H$hV{ h¢$& A[Zr
OmoV H$m{ Z N>m{¶S>V{ hþE M{VZ VWm AM{VZ Ðì` H$m{ Om{ AÝ` [`m©`m|
H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡ dh CË[mX H$hcmVm h¡$& A[Zr OmoV H$m odam{Y
Z H$aV{ hþE M{VZ-AM{VZ Ðì` H$s [yd© [`m©` H$m Om{ Zme hm{Vm
h¡ dh ì`` H$hcmVm h¡$& AZmoXñd^md H{$ H$maU Ðì` _| Om{ CË[mX
Am¡a ì`` H$m A^md h¡ Cg{ oOZ{ÝÐ ^JdmZ Y«m¡ì` H$hV{ h¢$&
– VÎdmW©gma-3/5-8
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ àdMZgma JmWm-96 H$s Q>rH$m _| Bg
Ðì`-ñd^md H$m{ ñdU© H{$ CXmhaU Ûmam g_Pm`m h¡ •- "O¡g{ Ðì` g{,
j{Ì g{, H$mc g{ `m ^md g{ ñdU© g{ Om{ [¥WH²$ oXImB© Zht X{V{, H$Vm©-
H$aU-AoYH$aU ê$[ g{, Hw$ÊS>cmoX CË[mXm| H{$, ]mOy]§YmoX ì``m| H{$
134 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Am¡a [rVËdmoX Y«m¡ì`m| H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{ YmaU H$aH{$ àdV©_mZ ñdU© H{$
ApñVËd g{ oOZH$r oZî[oV hm{Vr h¡, E{g{ Hw$ÊS>cmoX CË[mX, ]mOy]§YmoX
ì`` Am¡a [rVËdmoX Y«m¡ì` g{ Om{ ñdU© H$m ApñVËd h¡, dh ñdU© H$m
ñd^md h¡$& BgràH$ma CË[mX-ì`` Am¡a Y«m¡ì`m| H{$ ApñVËd g{ hr Ðì`
H$s oZî[oÎm hm{Vr h¡$& `{ CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` hr Ðì` H{$ H$Îmm©, H$aU
Am¡a AoYH$aU h¢, BgocE CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` hr Ðì` H{$ ñdê$[ H$m{
YmaU H$aV{ h¢$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ àdMZgma JmWm-99-102 H$s Q>rH$m
_| – Ðì` H{$ àdmh (H$mc gm[{j [naU_Z) H$m N>m{Q{> g{ N>m{Q>m A§e
[naUm_ h¡$& àË`{H$ [naUm_ ñdH$mc _| A[Z{ ê$[ g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm
h¡ (CË[mX), [yd©ê$[ g{ Zï> hm{Vm h¡ (ì``) Am¡a gd© [naUm_m| _|
EH$ àdmh[Zm (Y«m¡ì`) hm{Z{ g{ àË`{H$ [naUm_ _| CË[mX-odZme g{
aohV EH$ê$[-Y«m¡ì` ahVm h¡$& CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` _| g_` ^{X Zht
h¡, VrZm| H$m EH$ hr g_` h¡$& E{g{ CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ [naUm_m|
H$s [aå[am _| Ðì` ñd^md g{ gXm ahVm h¡, Ðì` ñd`§ ^r CË[mX-
ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ h¡$& O¡g{ ]rO, A§Hw$a Am¡a d¥jËd, `h d¥j H{$ A§e
h¢$& ]rO H$m Zme, A§Hw$a H$m CË[mX Am¡a d¥jËd Y«m¡ì`-VrZm| EH$
hr gmW hm{V{ h¢; VWm _¥oVH$mo[ÊS> H$m ì``, am_[mÌ H$m CË[mX
Am¡a o_Q²>Q>r[Zm – `h o_Q²>Q>r H{$ hr A§e h¢$& Cgr àH$ma cm{H$ _|
odÚ_mZ àË`{H$ Ðì` _| CÎma [`m©`, [yd© [`m©` Am¡a Ðì`Ëd _|
àdV©_mZ CË[mX, ì`` Am¡a Y«m¡ì` Ðì` hr h¡, AÝ` [XmW© Zht$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-154 _| Ðì` H{$ Bg
ñdê$[ ApñVËd H$m{ cú` _| c{Z{ H$m \$c ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""V§ gã^mdoU]Õ§ Xìdghmd§ oVhm g_”ImX§$&
OmUoX Om{ god`ß[§ U _whoX gm{ AÊUXod`påh$&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 135

AW© •- Om{ Cg ApñVËd oZî[ÝZ VrZ àH$ma g{ H$oWV ^{Xm|

dmc{ (Ðì`-JwU-[`m©`ê$[ g{ VWm Y«m¡ì`-CË[mX-ì``ê$[ g{
Ì`mË_H$) Ðì` ñd^md H$m{ OmZVm h¡ dh AÝ` Ðì` _| _m{h H$m{
àmá Zht hm{Vm$&''
gå`½X¥oï> Ord A[Z{ H$m{ C[`w©”V ñd^md dmcm AmË_m AWm©V²
M{VZÐì` AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
Cg{ A[Zr AmË_m H$m AZw^d BgàH$ma hm{Vm h¡ •- ""[yd© Am¡a
CÎma ì`oVa{H$ ([`m©`) H$m{ ñ[e© H$aZ{ dmc{ M{VZ ñdê$[ Om{ Y«m¡ì`
Am¡a M{VZ H{$ CÎma VWm [yd© ì`oVa{H$ê$[ g{ Om{ CË[mX Am¡a ì``
– `h Ì`mË_H$Vm E{gm oOgH$m ñd^md h¡, dh M{VZm_` [naUo_V
Ðì` _¢ hÿ±$& _¢ Vm{ ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ ^md hÿ±$& `h AM{VZ Ðì`-JwU-
[`m©` VWm AM{VZ Y«m¡ì`-CË[mX-ì`` oOgH$m ñd^md h¡ – E{gm
[wXJc `h _wPg{ o^ÝZ h¡$&''(àdMZgma VÎdàXro[H$m JmWm-154)
BgàH$ma AmË_m H{$ ñd^md H$m{ OmZVm hþAm gå`½Ñoï> Ord
[a _| _m{ohV Zht hm{Vm$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ oMËñdê$[ AmË_m JwU-[`m©`dmZ h¡•-
JwU-[`m©`-dX² Ðì`§ JwUm• gh^wdm{Ý`Wm$&
[`m©`mñVÌ M¡VÝ`§ JwU• [w§ñ`Ýdo`ËdV•$&&36&&
JwU-[`m©`m| `wº$ Ðì` h¡ JwU gh^mdr hm{V{ h¢$&
[`m©`| ì`oVnaº$ Am¡a M¡VÝ` AÝd`r oZO JwU h¢$&&36&&
AÝd`mW© :- [JwU-[`©`dX² Ðì`_² ] Ðì` JwUm| d [`m©`m|
g{ `wº$ h¡ [gh^wd• JwUm•] JwU gh^mdr h¢ (EH$ gmW ahV{ h¢)$&
[[`m©`m• AÝ`Wm] [`m©`| (JwUm|) g{ o^ÝZ àH$ma H$r h¢ (AWm©V²
d{ gh^mdr Z hm{H$a H«$_^mdr h¢)$& [VÌ M¡VÝ` JwU•] dhm± M¡VÝ`
136 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AmË_m H$m JwU h¡, [[w§og AÝdo`ËdV•] ·`m|oH$ dh AmË_m _|

AÝd`r h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- gd©H$mc _| JwU VWm AZ{H$ àH$ma H$s A[Zr
[`m©`m| g{ Am¡a CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` g{ Ðì` H$m ApñVËd h¡$& oOg
àH$ma CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` H$m Am¡a Ðì` H$m ApñVËd EH$ hr h¡,
Cgr àH$ma JwU-[`m©`m| H$m Am¡a Ðì` H$m ApñVËd EH$ hr h¡$& JwU-
[`m©`| Ðì` g{ hr oZî[ÝZ hm{Vr h¢$ Am¡a Ðì` JwU-[`m©`m| g{ hr oZî[ÝZ
hm{Vm h¡$& Bg odíd _| JwU E{gm Hw$N> `m [`m©` E{gm Hw$N> Ðì` H{$
o]Zm Zht hm{Vm, BgocE Ðì` ñd`§ gÎmm h¡-gV² h¡$& Ðì`, JwU Am¡a
[`m©` EH$ Xyga{ g{ [añ[a ogÕ hm{V{ h¢ Bgoc`{ `oX EH$ Z hm{ Vm{
Xyga{ Xm{ ^r ogÕ Zht hm{V{$& O¡g{ ñdU© _| [rVËdmoX JwU Am¡a
Hw$ÊS>cmoX [`m©`| gwdU© g{ [¥WH²$ oXImB© Zht X{V{$&
àdMZgma JmWm-93 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ [XmW© H$m{ Ðì`-
JwU-[`m©` ñdê$[ dU©Z oH$`m h¡ •-
""AËWm{ Icw Xìd_Am{ XìdmoU JwUß[JmoU ^oUXmoU$&
V{qh [wUm{ [ÁOm`m [ÁO`_yT>m oh [ag_`m$&&
AW© •- [XmW© Ðì` ñdê$[ h¡, Ðì` JwUmË_H$ H$h{ J`{ h¢;
Am¡a Ðì` VWm JwUm| g{ [`m©`| hm{Vr h¢$& [`m©`_y¶T> Ord [ag_`
(o_Ï`mX¥oï>) h¡$& Ðì` H$s Om{ ode{fVm h¡ Cg{ JwU H$hV{ h¢ Am¡a
Ðì` H$m Om{ [naU_Z (ode{f H$m`©) h¡ dh [`m©` H$hcmVm h¡$&''
""Ðì`-JwU-[`m©`m| H$m A[¥WH²$ogÕ g_wXm` h¡$& gm_mÝ`,
AÝd` Am¡a CËgJ© `{ JwUdmMH$ eãX h¢; VWm ì`oVa{H$, ode{f,
^{X `{ [`m©`dmMH$ eãX H$h{ J`{ h¢$&'' (VÎdmW©gma ícm{H$ 3/10)
[wéf AWm©V² AmË_m ^r OmZZ{ _| AmZ{ dmcm [XmW© h¡$& dh
g_ñV hr JwU d [`m©`mË_H$ Ðì` g{ aoMV h¡, AV• Ðì`_` h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 137

dh JwUm| g{ aoMV hm{Z{ g{ JwUmË_H$ h¡ Am¡a Ðì` g{ VWm JwUm| g{

aoMV hm{Z{ g{ [`m©`| JwUmË_H$ ^r hm{Vr h¢ Am¡a Ðì`mË_H$ ^r$& AWm©V²
[`m©`| Ðì` H$s ^r hm{Vr h¢ Am¡a JwUm| H$s ^r$& OrdmË_m H{$ AZÝV
JwUm| _| M{VZËd CgH$m cjU h¡$& M¡VÝ` JwU Ord H{$ gmW gXm
ahVm h¡, CgH{$ gd© ode{fm| _| ì`má ahVm h¡, H$^r Ord g{ AcJ
Zht hm{Vm, BgocE AmË_m H$m ode{f JwU h¡$& JwU gh^mdr – EH$
gmW Ðì` _| odÚ_mZ h¢ Am¡a [`m©`| H«$_^mdr hm{Vr h¢, ”`m|oH$
odÚ_mZ [`m©` H$m A^md hm{H$a CÎma [`m©` àJQ> hm{Vr h¡$&
Ðì` H$m{ odñVma gm_mÝ` g_wXm`mË_H$ H$hm J`m h¡, (àdMZgma
VÎdàXro[H$m JmWm-93) odñVma H$m AW© h¡ Mm¡¶S>mB©$& EH$ gmW ahZ{
dmc{ AWm©V² gh^mdr ode{fm| (odñVma ode{fm|) H$m{ JwU H$hm OmVm
h¡; O¡g{ kmZ-Xe©Z-MmnaÌ BË`moX Ord H{$ odñVma ode{f AWm©V²
JwU h¢$& Om{ Ðì` _| gXm EH$gmW ah| CÝh| JwU H$hV{ h¢$& Ðì` H$m{
Am`Vgm_mÝ` g_wXm`mË_H$ ^r H$hm J`m h¡$& Am`V H$m AW© h¡
cå]mB© AWm©V² H$mcm[{ojV àdmh$& H$mcm[{ojV àdmh AWm©V² H$mc
H«$_ _| EH$ H{$ ]mX EH$ àdV©_mZ (H«$_^mdr) ^{Xm| (Am`V ode{fm|)
H$m{ [`m©` H$hm OmVm h¡$&
AZÝV JwUm| H$m Aml` EH$ Ðì` h¡$& Ðì` d CgH{$ JwUm| H$s
EH$ H{$ ]mX EH$ (H$mcgm[{j àdV©_mZ) àJQ> hm{Z{ dmcr AdñWm`|
(^{X ode{f) [`m©`| h¢$&
M{VZËd AmË_m H$m ode{f JwU h¡$& BgrocE kmZr (gå`½X¥oï>)
AZw^d H$aVm h¡ oH$ "ewÕ oMX²KZ_hm{oZoYapñ_' _¢ Vm{ ewÕ
M¡VÝ` H{$ g_yh ê$[ V{O[w§O H$s oZoY hÿ±$&
Ord Ðì` H$m [a_mW© ñdê$[ H¡$gm h¡? CgH$m cjU ”`m
h¡ ? Bg àíZ H$m CÎma AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-49 _|
138 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
oZåZàH$ma g{ X{V{ h¢•-
""Aag_ê$d_J§Y§ AìdÎm§ M{XUmJwU_gÔ§$&
OmU AqcJ½JhU§ Ord_oUoÔÆ> g§R> mU§$&&
AW© •- h{ ^ì` ! Vy Ord H$m{ Aag, Aê$[, AJ§Y, Aì`º$,
AeãX, AqcJJ«hU, AoZoX©ï>g§ñWmZ Am¡a M{VZmJwU g§`wº$ OmZ$&''
g_ñV AÝ` Ðì`m| g{ OrdÐì` H{$ od^mJ H$m gmYZ M{VZmJwU-
h¡$& `h JwU hr AmË_m H$m{ e{f AÝ` Ðì`m| g{ o^ÝZ ogÕ H$aVm h¡$&
AmË_m M{VZmê$[ g{ [naUo_V hm{Vm h¡, AmË_m H$m Om{ Hw$N>
[naUm_ h¡ dh g] hr M{VZËd H$m C„§KZ Zht H$aVm, AWm©V² AmË_m
H$m H$m{B© ^r [naUm_ M{VZm H$m{ qH$oMV ^r Zht N>m{¶S>Vm$& M{VZm
H$m [naU_Z VrZ ê$[ hm{Vm h¡ 1. kmZê$[, 2. H$_©ê$[ Am¡a 3.
H$_©\$cê$[$& Cg_| kmZ [naUoV (OmZZ{-X{IZ{ê$[ ì`m[ma) dh
kmZM{VZm, H$_© (_m{h-amJ-Û{f) [naUoV dh H$_©M{VZm Am¡a H$_©\$c
[naUoV (BpÝÐ` gå]§Yr gwI-Xw•I d{XZ) H$_©\$cM{VZm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-125 _| kmZ, H$_© Am¡a
H$_©\$c H$m{ AmË_mê$[ g{ oZpíMV H$aV{ h¢•-
""Aß[m [naUm_ß[m [naUm_m{ UmU H$å_\$c^mdr$&
Våhm UmU§ H$å_§ \$c§ M OmXm _wU{Xìdm{$&&
AW© •- AmË_m [naUm_mË_H$ h¡, [naUm_ kmZê$[, H$_©ê$[
Am¡a H$_©\$cê$[ hm{Vm h¡; BgocE kmZ, H$_© Am¡a H$_©\$c AmË_m
hr h¡ – E{gm g_PZm$&''
`h kmZàYmZ H$WZ h¡$& dmñVd _| ewÕ Ðì` H{$ oZê$[U _|
[aÐì` H{$ gå]ÝY H$m Agå^d hm{Z{ g{ Am¡a [`m©`| Ðì` H{$ ^rVa
àcrZ (AË`ÝV crZ, AX¥í`) hm{ OmZ{ g{ AmË_m Ðì`X¥oï> _| ewÕ
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 139

Ðì` hr ahVm h¡$& ghO ewÕ H$maU[a_mË_m oOg{ `m{Jr "gm{ Ah_²'
ê$[ AZw^d H$aVm h¡ dh ghO ewÕ kmZM{VZm ñdê$[ h¡$&
g§gma Xem _| ñWmda (EH$ BpÝÐ` d¥jmoX Ord) Ordm| H$m{
H{$dc H$_©\$cM{VZm hm{Vr h¡$& H$m`© [a_mË_m (AnahÝV-ogÕ) Am¡a
H$maU [a_mË_m (oZO ewÕ AmË_m – oÌH$mc ewÕ AmË_VÎd) H$m{
H{$dc kmZM{VZm hm{Vr h¡$& gm_mÝ` Ìg Ordm| (ÛrpÝÐ`, ÌrpÝÐ`,
MVwa{pÝÐ` d [§M{pÝÐ`) H$m{ H$m`© gohV H$_©\$cM{VZm hm{Vr h¡$&
gå`”Ëd hm{Z{ [a kmZM{VZm H$m A§e àJQ> hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a H{$dckmZ
hm{Z{ [a AmË_m [yU© ewÕ kmZM{VZm_` hm{ OmVm h¡$&
kmZ H$s g§M{VZm g{ hr Ord ewÕê$[ _| àH$moeV hm{Vm h¡
(AZÝV ep”V`m± [`m©` _| ì`”V hm{Vr h¢)$&
Ðì` – Ord Am¡a AOrd h¢$& CZ_| Om{ M{VZm_` VWm
C[`m{J_` h¡ dh Ord h¡ Am¡a e{f Ðì` – [wX²Jb, Y_©, AY_©,
AmH$me Am¡a H$mc AM{VZ Ðì` h¢ – AOrd h¢$&
AmË_m H{$ oMËñdê$[ H$m oZíM` ñd-ê$[ g{ ApñVËd Am¡a
[a-ê$[ g{ ZmpñVËd – BZ Xm{Zm| H{$ Ûmam hm{Vm h¡$& AV: A] [a-
ê$[ g{ ZmpñVËd Ûmam AmË_m H{$ oMËñdê$[ H$m oZíM` H$amZ{ h{Vw
AOrd Ðì`m| H{$ ñdê$[ H$m H$WZ H$aV{ h¢$&
AOrd Ðì`m| H{$ ode{f cjU Am¡a AW© [`m©` H$m ñdê$[
ê$o[Ëd§ [wX²Jb{ Y_} JË`w[J«mohVm V`m{•$&
pñWË`w[J«mohVm@Y_}, [naU{VË¥ d-`m{OZm$&&37&&
gd©Ì H$mc{ gd}fm§ I{@dJmhm{[H$mnaVm$&
gd}fm_W©-[`m©`• gyú_• àoVjU-j`r$&&38&&
140 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

[wX²Jb ê$[r, Y_© Ðì` h¡ JoV-C[H$mar Xm{Zm| H$m{$&

pñWoV-C[H$mar AY_© h¡ H$mb Ðì` [nadV©Z _|$&&37&&
g] Ðì`m| H{$ obE h{Vw AdJmhZ _| AmH$me bIm{$&
g]H$s gyú_ AW©-[`m©`| àoVjU [mVr h¢ j` H$m{$&&38&&
AÝd`mW© :- [[wÒc{ê$o[Ëd_²] [wÒc _| ê$o[Ëd JwU h¡, [Y_}
V`m{ JoV-C[J«mohVm] Y_©Ðì` _| Ord d [wÒc Xm{Zm| H{$ àoV JoV-
C[H$mnaVm h¡, [AY_} pñWoV-C[J«mohVm] AY_©Ðì` _| pñWoV
C[H$mnaVm JwU h¡, [H$mc{ gd©Ì gd}fm_² [naU{V¥Ëd-`m{OZm ]
H$mc-Ðì` _| gd©Ì (g^r Ðì`m| H{$ àoV) [naU{V¥Ëd ([nadV©Z H$m
H$maU^yV[Zm) JwU h¡, [ I{ AdJmh- C[H$mnaVm] AmH$me _|
(g^r Ðì`m| H{$ àoV) AdJmhm{[H$mnaVm JwU h¡$& (Bg àH$ma àË`{H$
Ðì` H{$ ode{f JwUm| H$m H$WZ oH$`m, A] [`m©`- ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢&)
[gd}fm_² AW©-[`m©`• gyú_•, àoVjU-j`r] g^r Ðì`m| H$r
AW©-[`m©`| gyú_ d àoVjU j` H$m{ àmá hm{Z{ dmcr h¢$&
ì`m»`m •- OrdÐì` g{ o^ÝZ AOrd Ðì` H{$ [m±M ^{X h¢–
[wX²JbÐì`, Y_©Ðì`, AY_©Ðì`, H$mcÐì` Am¡a AmH$meÐì`$&
Om{ Ðì` M{VZm-aohV h¡ dh AOrd h¡$& [wX²Jb _| ê$o[Ëd
(dU©-ag-J§Y-ñ[e©), Y_©Ðì` _| Ord-[wX²Jb H$s JoV _| ghH$mnaVm
(oZo_Îm^yV hm{Zm) AY_©Ðì` _| Xm{Zm| H$s pñWoV _| ghH$mnaVm, H$mc
Ðì` _| [naU{V¥Ëd (gd©Ðì`m| H$m{ dV©Zm _| oZo_Îm^yV hm{Zm) Am¡a
AmH$me _| g] Ðì`m| H$m{ AdJmhZ _| ghH$mnaVm ode{f JwU h¢$&
gd©Ðì`m| _| ì`má hm{Z{ dmcm [a_ _hmZ AmH$me h¡$& AmH$me
EH$ AIÊS> Ðì` h¡; CgH{$ oOVZ{ ^mJ _| JoV d pñWoV Y_© dmc{
Ord VWm [wX²Jb Ðì` JoV-pñWoV H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢, Y_© Am¡a AY_©
ì`má hm{H$a ahV{ h¢ Am¡a gd© Ðì`m| H{$ dV©Zm _| oZo_Îm^yV H$mc
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 141

dV©Vm h¡ CVZm AmH$me cm{H$ h¡, Am¡a oOVZ{ AmH$me _| Ord-[wX²Jb

H$s JoV-pñWoV Zht hm{Vr, Y_© Am¡a AY_© Zht ahV{ Am¡a H$mc
Zht dV©Vm, CVZm H{$dc AmH$me oOgH$m ñd[Z{ g{ ñdcjU h¡,
dh Acm{H$ h¡$&
C[`©wº$ N>h Ðì`m| H$m g_wXm` hr cm{H$ h¡, AWm©V² dh hr
cm{H$ H$m ñdê$[ h¡$& N>h Ðì`m| H$m g_wXm` cm{H$ H$m ñdcjU h¡$&
BZ_| AmH$me, H$mc, Ord, Y_© Am¡a AY_© A_yV© (ñ[e©-ag-J§Y-
dU© H$m A^md oOgH$m ñd^md h¡) h¢, [wX²Jb Ðì` _yV© h¡$& Ord
dmñVd _| M{VZ h¡$& _yV© Ðì` BpÝÐ`J«mh²` odf` h¡, e{f [XmW©g_yh
A_yV© h¡, CZ_| BpÝÐ`m| Ûmam J«hU (OmZZm) hm{Z{ H$s `m{½`Vm H$m
A^md h¡$& _yV© Am¡a A_yV© Xm{Zm| àH$ma H{$ [XmW© oMÎm (^md_Z)
Ûmam J«hU hm{Z{ H$s `m{½`Vm H{$ gX²^md dmc{ h¡§$&
`{ N>h Ðì` oZË` h¢ ”`m|oH$ `{ H$^r ^r A[Z{ ñd^md g{ Zï>
Zht hm{V{$& N>h H$s gr_m H$m C„§KZ Zht H$aV{ $&
Y_©, AY_© Am¡a AmH$me `{ VrZ Ðì` EH$-EH$ h¢$& H$mc Ðì`
(H$mcmUw) Ag§»`mV h¢$& Ord AZÝV h¢ Am¡a [wX²Jb CZg{ AZÝVJwZ{
h¢ AWm©V² AZÝVmZÝV h¢$&
BZ Ðì`m| _| Y_©, AY_©, AmH$me Am¡a H$mc `{ Mma Ðì`
oZpîH«$` h¢ VWm Ord d [wX²Jb Xm{ Ðì` J_Z ep”V gohV hm{Z{
g{ goH«$` h¢$& BgàH$ma Ord VWm [wX²Jb ^md dmb{ d oH«$`m dmb{
h¢ e{f g^r Ðì` H{$db ^md dmb{ h¢$&
[XmW© Ðì` ñdê$[ h¡$& Ðì` AZÝVJwU_` h¡$& Ðì`m| Am¡a JwUm|
g{ [`m©` hm{Vr h¡$& [`m©` H{$ Xm{ àH$ma h¡ •- (1) Ðì` [`m©`
(2) JwU [`m©`$& BZ_| Ðì` [`m©` H{$ Xm{ ^{X h¡ •- (1) g_mZOmVr`
(2) Ag_mZOmVr`$& JwU [`m©` H{$ Xm{ ^{X h¢ •- (1) AW©[`m©`
142 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

(2) ì`§OZ[`m©`$& Ðì` d JwU Xm{Zm| H$s hr [`m©`| ñd^md d od^md

H{$ ^{X g{ Xm{-Xm{ àH$ma H$s hm{Vr h¢$&
g^r Ðì`m| H$s gyú_ [`m©` Om{ jU-jU _| Zme hm{Z{ dmcr
h¡ AW©[`m©` h¡$& fQ²> hmoZ-d¥oÕê$[ gyú_, [a_mJ_ à_mU g{ ñdrH$ma
H$aZ{ `m{½` AW©[`m©`| hm{Vr h¢ (fS²>T>moZd¥oÕ ê$[m• gyú_m• [a_mJ_
àm_mÊ`mXä`w[Jå`m AW©[`m©`m•$& oZ`_gma JmWm-168 H$s
Q>rH$m) g^r Ðì` AW©[`m©`ê$[ [naU_Z H$aV{ h¢$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ BZ AOrd Ðì`m| H{$ ^{X oZ`_gma JmWm-
20 g{ 33 _| BgàH$ma H$h{ h¢ •-
""[a_mUw Am¡a ñH§$Y E{g{ Xm{ ^{X g{ [wX²Jb Ðì` Xm{ ^{X dmcm
h¡$& ñH$ÝY dmñVd _| N>h àH$ma H{$ h¢ – 1. ñWyc-ñWyc O¡g{ [¥Ïdr,
2. ñWyc O¡g{ Oc, 3. ñWyc-gyú_ O¡g{ N>m`m, 4. gyú_-ñWyc O¡g{
Mjw H{$ AoVna”V AÝ` Mma BpÝÐ`m| H{$ odf` ^yV ñH§$Y, 5. gyú_ O¡g{
H$_© `m{½` ñH§$Y Am¡a 6. gyú_-gyú_ O¡g{ H$_© H{$ A`m{½` ñH§$Y$&
[a_mUw H{$ Xm{ ^{X h¢ – H$m`© [a_mUw Am¡a H$maU [a_mUw$& [wX²Jb
[XmW© JcZ Ûmam (AWm©V² o^ÝZ hm{ OmZ{ g{) [a_mUw H$hcmVm h¡ Am¡a
[yaU Ûmam (AWm©V² g§`w”V hm{Z{ g{) ñH$ÝY Zm_ H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& [yaU-
JcZ [wX²Jb H$m ñd^md h¡$& Om{ EH$ agdmcm, EH$ dU©dmcm, EH$
J§Ydmcm, Am{a Xm{ ñ[e©dmcm hm{ dh ñd^md-JwUdmcm h¡$& od^md-
JwUdmc{ [wX²Jb H$m{ oOZ_V _| gd© àJQ> (gd© BpÝÐ`m| g{ OmZZ{ _| AmZ{
`m{½`) H$hm h¡$& Xm{ [a_mUwAm| g{ c{H$a AZÝV [a_mUwAm| H{$ o_bZ{ g{
]Zm hþAm ñH§$Y od^md [wX²Jb h¡$& oZíM` g{ [a_mUw H$m{ [wX²Jb Ðì`
H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a ì`dhma g{ ñH§$Y H$m{ ^r [wX²Jb Ðì` E{gm Zm_ hm{Vm
h¡$& [wX²Jb [a_mUw H$s [`m©`| [a-oZa[{j hm{Z{ g{ ñd^md-[`m©`| h¢ Am¡a
ñH$ÝY H$s [`m©`| [a-gm[{j hm{Z{ g{ od^md-[`m©`| h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 143

Y_© Ðì` Ord-[wÒcm| H$m{ J_Z H$m oZo_Îm h¡ Am¡a AY_© Ðì`
CÝh| pñWoV H$m oZo_Îm h¡, AmH$me Ðì` OrdmoX gd© Ðì`m| H$m{
AdJmhZ H$m oZo_Îm h¡$&
H$mcmUw cm{H$mH$me _| AdpñWV h¢, d{ [a_mW© AWm©V² oZíM`
H$mc Ðì` h¢$& g_` Am¡a Amdoc H{$ ^{X g{ ì`dhma H$mc H{$ Xm{
^{X h¢ AWdm ^yV, ^odî` Am¡a dV©_mZ H{$ ^{X g{ VrZ ^{X h¢$&
EH$ AmH$me àX{e _| Om{ [a_mUw pñWV hm{ Cg{ Xygam [a_mUw
_ÝXJoV g{ cm±K{ CVZm H$mc dh "g_`' ê$[ ì`dhma H$mc h¡$&
E{g{ Ag§»` g_`m| H$m oZo_f hm{Vm h¡$& oZo_f AWm©V² Am±I P[H{$
CVZm H$mc$& 8 oZo_f H$s EH$ H$mð>m hm{Vr h¡$& gm{ch H$mð>m H$s
EH$ H$cm, ]Îmrg H$cm H$s EH$K¶S>r (24 o_oZQ>), gmR> K¶S>r H$m
EH$ Ahm{amÌ, Vrg Ahm{amÌ H$m EH$ _mg, Xm{ _mg H$s EH$ F$Vw,
VrZ F$Vw H$m EH$ A`Z Am¡a Xm{ A`Z H$m EH$ df© hm{Vm h¡$& E{g{
Amdoc AmoX ì`dhma H$mc H$m H«$_ h¡$&''
Ý`m`Xro[H$m _| AW©[`m©` H$m{ BZ eãXm| _| [na^mofV oH$`m
h¡ – ""^yV Am¡a ^odî` H{$ C„{I aohV H{$dc dV©_mZ H$mcrZ dñVw-
ñdê$[ H$m{ AW© [`m©` H$hV{ h¢''$& AmMm`m~ Z{ Bg{ F$OwgyÌ Z` H$m
odf` _mZm h¡$&
àdMZgma H$s VmË[`©d¥oÎm Q>rH$m _| AmMm`© O`g{Z AW©-[`m©`
H$m{ oZåZ àH$ma [na^mofV H$aV{ h¢•- ""AJwê$cKwJwU H$s fQ²> d¥oÕ
Am¡a hmoZê$[ VWm àoVjU ]XcVr h¢, d{ AW©[`m©` hm{Vr h¢$&''
""AW© H$hm{ `m JwU H$hm{ – BZ Xm{Zm| H$m EH$ hr AW© hm{Z{
g{ AW©[`m©`m| H$m{ hr JwU[`m©`| ^r H$hV{ h¢$& JwU _| Om{ JwUm§e hm{V{
h¢ d{ hr JwU[`m©` Zm_ g{ H$hbmV{ h¢$&''
([§MmÜ`m`r [ydm©Õ© íbm{H$-61-62)
144 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Y_©, AY_©, AmH$me Am¡a H$mc BZ Mma Ðì`m| H$s Vm{ _w»`
d¥oÎm g{ EH$g_`dVu AW©[`m©` hr hm{Vr h¡ Am¡a Ord d [wX²Jb
_| AW© d ì`§OZ Xm{Zm| [`m©`| hm{Vr h¢$&
Ðì`m| H$s AW© Am¡a ì`§OZ [`m©`|
dm½Jå`m{@Zída• ñW{`mÝ_yVm} ì`§OZ[`©`•$&
Ord-[wÒc`m{Щì`§ VÝ_`§ V{ M VÝ_`m:$&&39&&
Ord Am¡a [wX²Jb H$s ì`§OZ-[`m©`| dmUr-Jm{Ma$&
_yV© AZída Ðì`ê$[ Aé Ðì` ah{ CZg{ VÝ_`$&&39&&
AÝd`mW© :- [Ord-[wÒc`m{• ì`ÄOZ-[`©`•] Ord Am¡a
[wÒc H$r ì`ÄOZ-[`m©`| [dmH²$-Jå`•] dmUr Jm{Ma h¢, [AZœa•]
AZœa h¢ (Hw$N> H$mc VH$ oQ>H$Z{ dmcr h¢), [ñW{`mV²] pñWa h¢ VWm
[_yV©•] _yV© h¢$& [Ðì`_² VÝ_`_²] `{ Ord d [wÒc Ðì` A[Zr-
A[Zr AW© d ì`ÄOZ [`m©`m| g{ VÝ_` h¢ [V{ M VÝ_`m•] Am¡a d{
[`m©`| Ðì` g{ VÝ_` h¢$&
ì`m»`m •- Ðì` H$s AZ{H$ê$[ [naUoV H«$_ g{ hm{ AWm©V²
AoZË` ê$[, g_`-g_` C[O{-odZe{ dh [`m©` H$hr OmVr h¡$&
[`m©` EH$ H{$ [íMmV² Xygar BgàH$ma H«$_[yd©H$ hm{Vr h¡, BgocE
[`m©` – Ðì` H$m H«$_dVr© ode{f H$hr OmVr h¡$&
AmMm`© AH$c§H$ X{d H{$ eãXm| _| –"[nag_ÝVmXm`• [`m©`•'
(amOdmoV©H$) BgàH$ma Om{ gd© Am{a g{ ^{X H$m{ àmá H$a{, dh [`m©`
h¡$& JwUm| H{$ odH$ma (ode{f H$m`©) `m [naU_Z H$m{ [`m©` H$hV{ h¢$&
Ðì` H{$ àX{eËd JwU H{$ odH$ma ([naU_Z `m H$m`©) H$m{ ì`§OZ
[`m©` H$hV{ h¢$& ì`§OZ[`m©` H{$ Xm{ ^{X h¢ – ñd^md ì`§OZ[`m©`
d od^md ì`§OZ[`m©`$& AÝ` H{$ oZo_Îm o]Zm Om{ [`m©` hm{Vr h¡
dh ñd^md ì`§OZ[`m©` h¡ O¡g{ – Ord H$s ogÕ[`m©`, [wX²Jb H$s
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 145

[a_mUw[`m©`$& AÝ` H{$ oZo_Îm gohV Om{ [`m©` hm{Vr h¡, dh od^md
ì`§OZ[`m©` h¡, O¡g{ – Ord H$s _Zwî`, ZmaH$, oV`ªM d X{dê$[
[`m©`|; o_Q²>Q>r H$s KQ>, o[ÊS> AmoX [`m©`|$&
ì`§OZ[`m©` g{ [XmW© ì`”V hm{Vm h¡, ”`m|oH$ `h ñWyc h¡$&
eãX g{ H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a oMañWm`r h¡$& ì`§OZ[`m©` H$m OKÝ`
H$mc AÝV_w©hÿV© Am¡a CËH¥$ï> H$mc Ag§»`mV cm{H$_mÌ H$mc AWdm
AZmoX-AZÝV h¡$&
""ì`”VVm H$m Zm_ ì`§OZ h¡ Am¡a àd¥oÎm-oZd¥oÎm _| H$maU^yV
oH«$`mH$mnaVm h¡ dh ì`p”V h¡$& Cg ì`p”V g{ `w”V [`m©` H$m{
ì`§OZ[`m©` H$hV{ h¢$& O¡g{ – o_Q²>Q>r AmoX H$s o[ÊS>, ñWmg, H$m{e,
Hw$eyc, KQ> Am¡a H$[mc AmoX [`m©`| h¢$&'' (Ý`m`Xro[H$m 3/77)
eara H{$ AmH$maê$[ g{ AmË_àX{em| H$m AdñWmZ OrdÐì`
H$s od^md-ì`§OZ[`m©` h¡$&
àX{eËd JwU H{$ ogdm` Ðì` H{$ AÝ` g_ñV JwUm| H{$ odH$ma
(àË`{H$ g_`dVu hm{Z{ dmcr AdñWm) H$m{ AW©[`m©` H$hV{ h¢$& o]Zm
Xyga{ H{$ oZo_Îm H{$ Om{ AW©[`m©` hm{ CgH$m{ ñd^md AW©[`m©` H$hV{
h¢ O¡g{ – Ord H{$ kmZ JwU H$s H{$dckmZ [`m©`$& [a H{$ oZo_Îm
g{ Om{ AW©[`m©` hm{ CgH$m{ od^md AW©[`m©` H$hV{ h¢ O¡g{ Ord
H{$ kmZ JwU H$s _oVkmZ-lwVkmZ AmoX [`m©`|; MmnaÌ JwU H$s _m{h-
amJ-Û{f AmoX [`m©`|$& AW©[`m©` gyú_ h¡, kmZ odf`H$ h¡, AV•
eãX g{ Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr Am¡a jU-jU _| ]XcVr h¡$& EH$
g_` _| Om{ AdñWm hm{ J`r dh AW©[`m©` h¡$& Ðì` Am¡a [`m©`
A^{X hm{Vr h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-12 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
146 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
""[ÁO`odOwX§ Xìd§ XìdodOwÎmm ` [ÁO`m UpËW$&
Xm{Êh§ AUÊU^yX§ ^md§ g_Um [ê$d|oV$&&
AW© •- [`m©`m|aohV Ðì` Am¡a Ðì`aohV [`m©`| Zht hm{Vr,
Xm{Zm| H$m AZÝ`^md (AZÝ`[Zm) l_U àê$o[V H$aV{ h¢$&''
oOg àH$ma XyY, Xhr, _”IZ, Kr BË`moX g{ aohV Jm{ag Zht
hm{Vm Cgr àH$ma [`m©`m| g{ aohV Ðì` Zht hm{Vm$& BgocE Ðì` Am¡a
[`m©`m| H$m AmX{edemV² (H$WZ H{$ de) H$W§oMV ^{X h¡ VWmo[
d{ EH$ ApñVËd _| oZ`V (X¥¶T>ê$[ g{ pñWV) hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU
AÝ`m{Ý`d¥oÎm Zht N>m{¶S>Vr; Bgroc`{ dñVwê$[ g{ CZH$m A^{X h¡$&
AÝ`m{Ý`d¥oÎm AWm©V² EH$-Xyga{ H{$ AmYma g{ pñWV ahZm, EH$-Xyga{
H{$ H$maU ]Z{ ahZm$& (g_`ì`m»`m Q>rH$m)
gd©k H$s dmUr g{ H$oWV gd© [XmWm~ H$m Ðì`-JwU-[`m©`
ñdê$[ hr `WmW© h¡$& Om{ Ord Ðì`-JwU H$m{ Z OmZV{ hþE _mÌ [`m©`
H$m hr Adcå]Z c{{V{ h¢ ([`m©`ê$[ hr [XmW© H$m{ _mZV{ h¢) d{
oZOñd^md H$m{ Z OmZV{ hþE [ag_` (o_Ï`mX¥oï>) hm{V{ h¢$&
àdMZgma JmWm-93 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX H$hV{ h¢ "[ÁO`_yT>m
oh [ag_`m' – [`m©`_y¶T> hr [ag_` h¡$&
M¡VÝ`ñdê$[ AmË_Ðì` JwU-[`m©`_` h¡ – E{g{ M¡VÝ` ñdê$[
Ðì` H$s gå`H²$X¥oï> H$m{ hmZ{dmbr àVroV H$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢ •-
oMËñd^md H$s àVroV
M{VZm{@ho_oV Ðì`{ em¡”ë`§ _w”VmíM hmadV²$&
M¡ V Ý`§ oMoÛdVmª í M _æ`m_rë`o_cmå`O{ $ &&40&&
_m{Vr Am¡a g\{$Xr oXIV{ o^Þ-o^Þ [a hma g^r$&
_wP M{VZ _| M{VZ H$s [`m©`| EH$_{H$ oXIVt$&&40&&
AÝd`mW© :- [hmadV² em¡·ë`§ _wº$m• M] oOg àH$ma hma
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 147

_|, hma H{$ _m{oV`m| H$r d ew·bVm H$r [¥WH$²–[¥WH²$ àVroV hm{V{ hþE
^r d{ g] hma_` h¢, CgràH$ma [Ðì`{] AmË_-Ðì` _| ["Ah_²
M{VZ:' BoV] "_¢ M{VZ hÿ±' – E{gr (àVroV hm{Vr h¡)$& [_o` AO{]
_wP AOÝ_{ Ðì` _| [M¡VÝ`§ oMX²-oddVm©Z² M Am_rë` o_cmo_]
M¡VÝ` d M¡VÝ` H$r [`m©`| EH$_{H$ hm{H$a àVrV hm{Vr h¢$&
ì`m»`m •- [XmW© H{$ Ðì`, JwU Am¡a [`m©` _| [añ[a
AodZm^md h¡, Bg ]mV H$m{ g\{$X _m{oV`m| H{$ hma Ûmam ]Vm`m J`m
h¡$& O¡g{ _m{Vr H{$ hma _| _m{Vr h¢, _m{oV`m| H$m ew”bVmê$[ JwU h¡,
Am¡a CZ_` (_m{Vr, ew”bVm d g\{$Xr) hma h¡, Cgr àH$ma M¡VÝ`
Ðì` AmË_m _| M¡VÝ`mË_H$ [`m©`|, CgH{$ JwUê$[ M¡VÝ`_` Ðì`
ñd`§ h¡$& AmË_Ðì` BZ g]H{$ gmW VÝ_` h¡$& hma H{$ ñWmZ [a
AmË_Ðì` h¡, ew”bVm JwU H{$ ñWmZ [a h¡ Am¡a _m{Vr [`m©` H{$ ñWmZ
[a h¢$& BZ_` hma h¡$& oOg àH$ma hma [hZZ{ dmcm BZ g]H$m{ hma
hr AZw^d H$aVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma `Úo[ AmË_Ðì` JwU-[`m©`_`
h¡, [aÝVw kmZr CZ g]H$m{ AmË__` hr AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ Z{ àdMZgma J«ÝW H$s VÎdàXro[H$m Q>rH$m
(JmWm-99) _| `h ^md BgàH$ma g_Pm`m h¡ :-
""gXdoÆ>X§ ghmd{ Xìd§ Xìdñg Om{ oh [naUm_m{$&
AËW{gw gm{ ghmdm{ oR>oXg§^dUmgg§]Õm{$&&
AW© •- ñd^md _| AdpñWV (hm{Z{ g{) Ðì` "gV²' h¡, Ðì`
H$m CË[mXì``Y«m¡ì` gohV [naUm_ h¡, dh [XmWm~ H$m ñd^md h¡$&
Q>rH$m •- àË`{H$ Ðì` gXm A[Z{ ñd^md _| ahVm h¡ BgocE
gV² h¡$& dh ñd^md CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` ñdê$[ [naUm_ h¡$& oOg
àH$ma Ðì` H{$ odñVma _| gyú_ g{ gyú_ A§e àX{e h¡ Cgr àH$ma
Ðì` H{$ àdmh (H$mcgm[{j [naU_Z) _| gyú_V_ A§e "[naUm_'
148 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

h¡$& àË`{H$ [naUm_ ([`m©`) ñdH$mc _| A[Z{ê$[ g{ C[OVm h¡,

[yd©ê$[ g{ Zme H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a gd© [naUm_m| _| EH$ àdmh[Zm
hm{Z{ g{ àË`{H$ [naUm_ CË[mX-odZme o]Zm EH$ê$[ Y«wd ahVm h¡$&
CZ_| (CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì` _|) g_`^{X Zht h¡ – EH$ hr g_` VrZ
h¢$& E{g{ CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`m_H$ [naUm_m| H$s [aå[am _| Ðì`-
ñd^md g{ hr gXm ahVm hþAm ^r Ðì` ñd`§ "ew”b _m{oV`m| H{$ hma'
H{$ g_mZ CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$ h¡$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ àdMZgma H$s JmWm-154 H$s Q>rH$m _|
]VmV{ h¢ oH$ kmZr H$m{ ñd-[a H{$ od^mJ H$s ogoÕ H{$ obE ñdê$[
ApñVËd hr [J-[J [a AdYmaUm MmohE$:–
""M{VZËd H$m AÝd` oOgH$m cjU h¡ E{gm Om{ Ðì`; M{VZm
ode{fËd oOgH$m cjU h¡ E{gm Om{ JwU Am¡a M{VZËd H$m ì`oVa{H$
oOgH$m cjU h¡ E{gr Om{ [`m©` – `h Ì`mË_H$ (E{gm ñdê$[
ApñVËd) VWm [yd© Am¡a CÎma H$s Xm{Zm| [`m©`m| H$m{ ñ[e© H$aZ{ dmcm
M{VZËd ê$[ g{ Om{ Y«m¡ì` h¡ Am¡a M{VZ H{$ CÎma VWm [yd© ì`oVa{H$
ê$[ g{ CË[mX Am¡a ì`` – `h Ì`mË_H$ (E{gm) ñdê$[ ApñVËd
oOgH$m ñd^md h¡ E{gm _¢ hÿ±$& M{VZ Ðì`-JwU-[`m©` Am¡a M{VZ
Y«m¡ì`-CË[mX-ì`` oOgH$m ñd^md h¡, dh _¢ hÿ±;$Am¡a `h AM{VZ
Ðì`-JwU-[`m©` VWm AM{VZ Y«m¡ì`-CË[mX-ì`` oOgH$m ñd^md
h¡ E{gm `h [wX²Jb _wPg{ o^ÝZ ahm$& BgocE _wP{ [a H{$ àoV _m{h
Zht h¡$&''
gå`½X¥oï> – OrdÐì` H{$ (1) gV² (2) CË[mX-ì``-Y«m¡ì`mË_H$
Am¡a (3) JwU-[`m©` ñdê$[ ñd^md H$m{ OmZVm hþAm A[Z{ ñdê$[
H$m{ A^{Xê$[ "M¡VÝ`-_mÌ' AZw^d H$aVm h¡$& AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ H{$
eãXm| _| "Ah_² ewÕ§ oMÝ_`_² EH$_² [a_§ Á`m{oV Ed gXm Ed
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 149

Apñ_' – _¢ Vm{ gXm hr ewÕ M¡VÝ`_` EH$ [a_Á`m{oV hr hÿ±§$& kmZr

àkm Ûmam AmË_m H$m{ BgàH$ma g{ J«hU H$aVm h¡ oH$ Om{ M{VZ{dmcm h¡
dh oZíM` g{ _¢ hÿ±, e{f Om{ ^md h¢ d{ _wPg{ [a h¢$&
ícm{H$-30 _| AÛ¡V ]«÷ H$m{ gV²-oMV²-AmZÝX ñdê$[ ]Vm`m
J`m Wm$& gV² d oMV² ñdê$[ H{$ ]mX A] AmË_m H$m AmZÝX ñd^md
]VmV{ h¢•-
AmnË_H$ AmZÝX H$m ñdê$[
`íMH«$rÝÐmho_ÝÐmoX ^m{oJZm_o[ OmVw Z$&
eídËgÝXm{h_mZÝXm{ _m_{dmo^ì`ZpÁ_ V_²$&&41&&
BÝÐ MoH«$ Aho_ÝÐm{§ H$m{ ^r Om{ AmZÝX Zht hm{Vm$&
Cg emídV AmZÝX H$m{ _¢ A[Z{ _| hr AZw^d H$aVm$&&41&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`• AmZÝX•] Om{ AmZÝX [MH«$r-BÝÐ-
Aho_ÝÐ-AmoX-^m{oJZm_² Ao[] MH«$dVu, BÝÐ, Aho_ÝÐ AmoX
^m{oJ`m| H{$ ^r [OmVw Z] H$^r ^r Zht hm{Vm, [V_² eœV² gÝXm{h_²]
(AmZÝX H{$) Cg emídV ^ÊS>ma H$m{ [Ah_² _m_² Ed Ao^ì`ZpÁ_]
_¢ A[Z{ _| hr Ao^ì`pÄOV H$aVm hÿ±/àH$Q> H$aVm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- AmË_m _| M¡VÝ` JwU H{$ g_mZ hr AmZÝX Xygam
ode{f JwU h¡$& `m{Jr A[Z{ H$m{ "goƒXmZÝX' (gV²-oMV²-AmZÝX)
ñdê$[ AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
BpÝÐ`gwI H$m ñdê$[ d h{`Vm
àdMZgma _| BoÝÐ`gwI H$s h{`Vm H$m ]hþV odñVma g{ dU©Z
Am`m h¡ Om{ _ybV: [R>Zr` h¡, o\$a ^r `hm± Hw$N> g§j{[ _| gma oX`m
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150 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

H{$ h¢ (1) BpÝÐ`O (2) AVrpÝÐ`O$& BpÝÐ`O kmZ VWm gwI BpÝÐ`m|
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XwI ñdm^modH$ h¡$& BpÝÐ`-odf`m| H$m{ J«hU H$aZ{ H$s BÀN>m H$m
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gwI dmñVd _| Xw•I ñd^mdê$[ hr h¡$& odf`-J«hU g{ [yd© odf`
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BÀN>m – d{XZm H$m e_Z hr BpÝÐ` gwI H$m ñdê$[ h¡$& `h
[ma_moW©H$ gwI Zht h¡$&
BpÝÐ`O kmZ d gwI (1) [a H{$ Ûmam CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ g{ [amYrZVm
H{$ H$maU, (2) Ag_§V (gd© AmË_ àX{em| _| ì`má Z hm{Z{ g{) Xyga{
Ûmam| (BpÝÐ` Ûma) H{$ AmdaU H{$ H$maU (3) _mÌ Hw$N> [XmWm~ _|
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 151

àdV©_mZ hm{Vm hþAm AÝ` [XmWm~ H$m{ OmZZ{-^m{JZ{ H$s BÀN>m ]Zr ahZ{
H{$ H$maU (4) g_c (H$_©_c `w”V) hm{Z{ g{ Am¡a (5) AdJ«hmoX
gohV hm{Z{ g{ H«$_e• [XmW©-J«hUOoZV I{X H{$ H$maU (BZ H$maUm|
g{) AË`ÝV AmHw$c h¡, Bgoc`{ dh [ma_moW©H$ gwI Zht h¡$& dh h{`
h¡, N>m{¶S>Z{ `m{½` h¡$&''
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BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¡ •-
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g{ dU©Z Am`m h¡ Om{ _ybV: [R>Zr` h¡, `hm± CgH$m ^r Hw$N> g§j{[
_| gma oX`m Om ahm h¡$&
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152 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

dV©Z{ dmcr AmË_ep”V`m| g{ AWm©V² kmZñdê$[ AmË_m H{$ Aml`

g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$& `h AmË_-[naUm_ ep”V`m| g{, A[Zr [`m©`
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[ma_moW©H$ gwIê$[ ]VcmV{ h¢ •-
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AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 153

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h¡ E{gm gwI A^{Xoddjm g{ H{$dckmZ H$m ñdê$[ h¡$&
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gwI H$m gmYZ^yV [na[yU© kmZ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$& BgocE H{$dckmZ
hr gwI h¡$& kmZr A[Z{ H$m{ Bg gwI-ñdê$[ AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
AmMm`© ZmJg{Z Z{ VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-246 _| BpÝÐ` gwI
d AVrpÝÐ` gwI H$s VwcZm BgàH$ma H$s h¡ •-
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154 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

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gwI o_cVm h¡, dh [a_mË_mAm| (H{$dcr) H{$ gwI H$s EH$ H$cm
H{$ g_mZ ^r Zht hm{ gH$Vm$&''
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AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 155

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H{$ gmW ew^^md H$s CË[oÎm éH$Vr OmVr h¡, ñdê$[mZÝX ]¶T>Vm OmVm
h¡$& Á`m|-Á`m| ñdê$[-pñWaVm ]¶T>Vr OmVr h¡ Ë`m|-Ë`m| amJmoX
odH$ë[m| H$s CË[oÎm éH$Vr OmVr h¡$& BgàH$ma `m{Jr H$_m©Zw^yoV H{$
àoV oZéËgwH$ dV©V{ hþE H$_©\$cmZw^yoV AË`ÝV oZañV H$aH{$ VmpÎdH$
AmZÝX g{ ^a[ya dV©V{ hþE erK« oZdm©U gwI H{$ ^m{”Vm ]ZV{ h¢$&
156 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ñdmË_-g§odoÎm hm{Z{ [a C[{jm H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX

Bï>m{[X{e íbm{H$-40 _| BgàH$ma H$hV{ h¢•-
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AW© •- ñdmË_g§odoÎm H{$ OmJ¥V hm{ OmZ{ [a `h AmË_m ]¶S{>
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^r ^m{½`]woÕ (^m{JZ{ H$s cmcgm) [¡Xm Zht H$a [mV{ h¢$& XwoZ`m
_| ^r X{Im J`m h¡ oH$ _hmZ gwI H$s àmoá hm{ OmZ{ [a Aë[ gwI
[¡Xm H$aZ{ dmc{ H$maUm| H{$ àoV H$m{B© AmXa `m J«mh²`^md Zht
ahVm$&'' AÝ`Ì ^r H$hm h¡•-
""g_gwIerocV_Zgm§ À`dZ_o[ Û{f_{oV oH$_w H$m_m•$&
ñWc_o[ XhoV PfmUm§ oH$_‹[wZa‹_‹mam•&&
íbm{H$mW© : g_Vmê$[r gwI H$m AZw^d H$aZ{ dmb{ _Zwî` H$m{
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 157

g_Vm g{ À`wV hm{Zm hr AÀN>m Zht bJVm, V] [§M{pÝÐ` odf`-^m{Jm|

H$s Vm{ ]mV hr ·`m? AWm©V² d{ dhm± H¡$g{ a_ gH$V{ h¢? Zht a_ gH$V{$&
O¡g{ _N>ob`m| H$m{ R>§S>r ^yo_ ^r ObmVr h¡ Vm{ Ao¾-A§Jmam| H$m Vm{
H$hZm hr ·`m? d{ Vm{ Obm`|J{ hr$& BgocE odf`m| H$s AéoM hr `m{Jr
H$s ñdmË_g§odoÎm H$m cjU h¡$&''
ñdmË_-g§odoÎm H$m A^md hm{Z{ [a odf`m| g{ AéoM Zht
hm{Vr$& Á`m|-Á`m| ñdmË_-g§d{XZ _| oZOmË_mZw^d H$s [naUoV d¥oÕ
H$m{ àmá hm{Vr ahVr h¡, Ë`m|-Ë`m| ghO _| ^r àmá hm{Z{ dmc{ BpÝÐ`
odf`-^m{J éoMH$a àVrV Zht hm{V{ h¢$&
`m{Jr g_ñV g§gma H$m{ BÝÐOmc H{$ g_mZ g_PVm h¡$& dh
AmË_ñdê$[ àmoá H$s hr Ao^cmfm H$aVm h¡$& `oX oH$gr AÝ`
odf` _| CcP Om` `m cJ Om` Vm{ [íMmVm[ H$aVm h¡$& dh gXm
oMXmZÝX ñdê$[ AmË_m H{$ AZw^d H$s BÀN>m H$aVm h¡$& A[Zr
AmË_m H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a AÝ` oH$gr dñVw _| [hc{ g§ñH$ma AmoX H$maUm|
g{ `oX _Z g{, dMZ g{ `m H$m`m g{ àd¥oÎm H$a ]¡R>Vm h¡, Vm{ dhm±
g{ hQ>H$a IwX hr [íMmVm[ H$aVm h¡, oH$ Am{h ! `h _¢Z{ H¡$g{ AmË_m
H$m AohV H$a S>mcm$&
oOgZ{ AmË_ñdê$[ _| ode{f pñWaVm àmá H$acr h¡ – E{gm
`m{Jr ]m{cV{ hþE ^r Zht ]m{cVm, McV{ hþE ^r Zht McVm Am¡a
X{IV{ hþE ^r Zht X{IVm$& g§ñH$mam| H{$ de g{ `m Xygam| H{$ g§H$m{M
g{ Y_m©oX H$m ì`m»`mZ H$aV{ hþE ^r Zht ]m{c ahm h¡ E{gm g_PZm
MmohE ”`m|oH$ CZH$m{ ]m{cZ{ H$s Am{a H$m PwH$md Zht hm{Vm$&
AZmg”V `m{Jr ^m{OZ H{$ ocE OmV{ hþE ^r Zht Om ahm h¡,
VWm ogÕ àoV_moX H$m{ X{IV{ hþE ^r Zht X{I ahm h¡ `hr g_PZm
Mmoh`{$&
158 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

`m{J [am`U `m{Jr – `h ”`m h¡ ? H¡$gm h¡ ? oH$gH$m h¡ ? ”`m|

h¡ ? H$hm± h¡ ? BË`moX ^{Xê$[ odH$ë[m| H$m{ Z H$aV{ hþE A[Z{ eara
H$m{ ^r Zht OmZVm$& `h AZw^d _| Am ahm AÝVñVËd oH$g ê$[ dmcm
h¡ ? oH$gH{$ gX¥e h¡ ? BgH$m ñdm_r H$m¡Z h¡ ? oH$gg{ hm{Vm h¡ ? H$hm±
[a ahVm h¡ ? BË`moX odH$ë[m| H$m{ Z H$aVm hþAm g_agr ^md H$m{ àmá
hþAm `m{Jr Om{ A[Z{ eara VH$ H$m ^r »`mc Zht aIVm, CgH$r oMÝVm
d [admh Zht H$aVm, V] ohVH$mar `m AohVH$mar eara g{ o^ÝZ dñVwAm|
H$s oMÝVm H$aZ{ H$s ]mV hr ”`m h¡ ?
""H{$dckmZmoX AZÝVJwU_`r AmË_m H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a Xygar dñVw
kmoZ`m| H{$ _Z _| Zht éMVr$& oOgZ{ _aH$V_Ur OmZ oc`m, Cg{
H$m§M g{ ”`m à`m{OZ ?'' ([a_mË_àH$me JmWm-202)
g^r OmZV{ h¢ oH$ Om{ _Zwî` oOg ZJamoX _| ñdmW© H$s ogoÕ
H$m H$maU hm{Z{ g{ `m ]ÝYwOZm| H{$ AmJ«h g{ oZdmgr ]ZH$a ahZ{
cJ OmVm h¡, dh Cg_| AÝ` Va\$ g{ oMÎm hQ>mH$a AmZÝX H$m
AZw^d H$aZ{ cJ OmVm h¡$& Am¡a Om{ Ohm± AmZÝX H$m AZw^d H$aVm
ahVm h¡ AWm©V² dh Ohm± a_Z{ cJ OmVm h¡, dhm± g{ Xygar OJh
Zht OmVm$& BgràH$ma AmË_m _| – AÜ`mË_ _| ahZ{ dmc{ `m{Jr H$m{
AZZw^yV (oOgH$m [hc{ H$^r AZw^d Zht hþAm) Am¡a A[yd© AmZÝX
H$m AZw^d hm{V{ ahZ{ g{ CgH$s AmË_m g{ o^ÝZ àd¥oÎm Zht hm{Vr$&
ñdmË_VÎd _| pñWa hþAm [a_ EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmßV `m{Jr O]
AÜ`mË_ g{ o^ÝZ Xygar OJh àd¥oÎm Zht H$aVm V] VH$ Cg ñdmË_m
g{ o^ÝZ earamoX H{$ gm¡ÝX`©-Agm¡ÝX`© AmoX ode{fm| g{ AZo^k hm{ OmVm
h¡ Am¡a O] CZH$r ode{fVmAm| [a »`mc Zht H$aVm, V] CZ_| amJ-
Û{f [¡Xm Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H$_m~ g{ ]±YVm Zht h¡, Ao[Vw ]mb-d«VmoX
H$m AmMaU H$aZ{ dmcm| H$s A[{jm H$_m~ g{ ^r Á`mXm Ny>Q>Vm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 159

`m{Jr H$m ñdê$[ g§M{VZ

g_ñVdñVwodñVmamH$maH$rUm}o[ [`©`mV²$&
Ðì`mWm©X{H$ Edmpñ_ dmÀ`• H$ñ`mo[ ZmW©V•$&&43&&
[`m©`m| g{ g^r dñVw-odñVmaê$[ AmH$ma AZ{H$$&
Ðì` Ñoï> g{ oH$gr eãX H$m dmÀ` Zht _¢ h±ÿ oZV EH$$&&43&&
AÝd`mW© :- [[`©`mV²] [`m©`Ñoï>> g{ [g_ñV-dñVw-
odñVma- AmH$ma-AmH$rU©• Ao[] g_ñV dñVwAm| H{$ odñVma
ê$[ AmH$mam| g{ [na[yU© hm{Z{H{$ H$maU AZ{H$mH$ma (_{MH$) oXImB© X{Z{
[a ^r [Ðì`mWm©V² (Ah_²) EH • Ed Apñ_] Ðì`Ñoï> >g{ _¢ EH$ hr
hÿ±$& [AW©V• (Ah_²) H$ñ` Ao[ eãXñ` dmÀ`• Z ] oZü` g{ _¢
oH$gr ^r eãX H$m dmÀ` Zht hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m•- AmË_gÝ_wI Ord E{gm odMma H$aVm h¡ oH$
AZmoXH$mc g{ AZÝV[`m©`m| H$s X¥oï> g{ gd©[`m©` AmH$mam| _| _¢ EH$
Ðì`ê$[ hy±, g] [`m©`m| _| EH$ hr Ðì`ê$[ g{ ahm hy±$& BgocE _{am
ñdê$[ dñVwV• oH$gr eãX H$m dmÀ` Zht h¡$&
oH$gr ^r dñVw H{$ àoV EH$mJ« hm{H$a Cgr H$m ñdmX oc`m
H$aZm dh CgH$m g§M{VZ h¡$& kmZ (AmË_m) H{$ àoV EH$mJ« hm{H$a
Cg hr H$m AZw^dê$[ ñdmX oc`m H$aZm kmZ H$m g§M{VZ h¡ AWm©V²
kmZ-M{VZm h¡$&
`m{Jr (_m{jmWu) H{$ _Z H{$ Ao^àm` H$m{ AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
BgàH$ma H$hV{ h¢ •- "Ah§ ewÕ§ oMÝ_`_² EH$_² [a_§ Á`m{oV• Ed
gXm Ed Apñ_' – _¢ Vm{ gXm ewÕ M¡VÝ`_` EH$ [a_Á`m{oV hr hÿ±$&)
– g_`gma H$ce-185
`m{Jr H$m{ oZOewÕmË_m EH$ê$[ àoV^mg_mZ h¡$& oOg àH$ma
Z_H$ H$s S>cr EH$ jma ag H$s crcm H$m Amcå]Z H$aVr h¡ Cgr
160 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

àH$ma Om{ V{O EH$ kmZagê$[ ñdê$[ H$m Amcå]Z H$aVm h¡, dh
AIpÊS>V h¡ – k{`m| H{$ AmH$mam| g{ IpÊS>V Zht hm{Vm, AZmHw$c
h¡ – amJmoX g{ CË[ÝZ AmHw$cVm Zht h¡, Om{ AodZmer ê$[ g{ AÝVa§J
Am¡a ]mha _| àJQ> X¡Xrß`_mZ h¡ – OmZZ{ _| AmVm h¡, Om{ ñd^md
g{ aMm hm{Z{ g{ ghO h¡, gXm oOgH$m odcmg CX`ê$[ h¡, Om{ EH$ê$[
àoV^mg_mZ h¡$& BgàH$ma JwU-JwUr H$s A^{X X¥oï> _| AmZ{dmcm
gd© [aÐì`m| g{ o^ÝZ, A[Zr [`m©`m| _| EH$ê$[ oZíMc, A[Z{ JwUm|
_| EH$ê$[, [aoZo_Îm g{ CË[ÝZ hþE A[Z{ ^mdm| g{ o^ÝZ A[Z{ ñdê$[
H$m AZw^d, kmZñdê$[ AmË_m H$m AZw^d h¡$&
A_¥VMÝÐmMm`© g_`gma H$ce-15 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$ Bg EH$
H$m hr g{dZ (AZw^d) H$aZm Mmoh`{ •-
""Ef kmZKZm{ oZË`_mË_m ogoÕ_^rßgwo^•$&
gmÜ`gmYH$^md{Z oÛY¡H$• g_w[mñ`Vm_²$&&
AW© •- `h kmZñdê$[ AmË_m, ñdê$[ H$s àmoá H{$ BÀNww>H$
[wéfm| H$m{ gmÜ`-gmYH$ ^md H{$ ^{X g{ Xm{ àH$ma ([yU© ê$[ gmÜ`^md
d A[yU© ê$[ gmYH$^md) g{ EH$ hr oZË` g{dZ H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡, CgH$m
g{dZ H$am{$&''
AZw^d H$aZ{`m{½` oZod©H$ë[ kmZ_mÌ dñVw h¡$& Z` odH$ë[m| _|
ewÕ Ord H$m AZw^d Im{ OmVm h¡$& `Úo[ Z`m| H{$ Ûmam AmË_m gmYm
OmVm h¡, VWmo[ `oX Z`m| [a hr X¥oï> ah{ Vm{ [yU©ñd^md AmË_m àJQ>
Zht hm{Vm$& AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ ^r g_`gma H$ce-270 _| H$hV{ h¢•-
""oMÌmË_ep”Vg_wXm`_`m{@`_mË_m
gÚ• àUí`oV Z`{jUI§S²>`_mZ•$&
Vñ_mXI§S>_oZamH¥$VI§S>_{H$-
_{H$mÝVemÝV_Mc§ oMXh§ _hm{@pñ_$&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 161

AW© •- AZ{H$ àH$ma H$s oZO ep”V`m| H$m g_wXm`_` `h

AmË_m Z`m| H$s X¥oï> g{ IÊS>-IÊS>ê$[ oH$`{ OmZ{ [a VËH$mc Zme
H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡, BgocE _¢ E{gm AZw^d H$aVm hÿ± oH$ oOg_| g{ IÊS>m|
H$m{ oZamH¥$V (Xya) Zht oH$`m J`m h¡, VWmo[ Om{ AIÊS> h¡, EH$ h¡,
EH$mÝV emÝV h¡ Am¡a AMc h¡ – E{gm M¡VÝ`_mÌ V{O _¢ hÿ±$&''
O`g{ZmMm`© g_`gma H$s VmË[`©d¥oÎm Q>rH$m (JmWm-341) _|
kmZr H{$ ^md H$m{ BZ eãXm| Ûmam H$hV{ h¢•-
""Ü`mVm [wéf• `X{d gH$coZamdaU_I§S¡>H$àË`jàoV-
^mg_`_odZída§ ew Õ [mnaUmo_H$[a_^mdcjU§ oZO
[a_mË_Ðì`§ VX{dmho_oV ^md`oV Z M I§S>kmZê$[o_oV ^mdmW©'
AW©•- Ü`mVm [wéf E{gr ^mdZm H$aVm h¡ oH$ Om{ gH$c
oZamdaU AIÊS> EH$ àË`j àoV^mg_` AodZída ewÕ[mnaUmo_H$
[a_^md cjUdmcm oZO [a_mË_Ðì` h¡, dhr _¢ hÿ,± oH$ÝVw IÊS>kmZê$[
_¢ Zht hÿ±$ – E{gm ^mdmW© h¡$&''
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ Ðì`X¥oï> gå[ÝZ `m{Jr ewÕmË_ ^mdZm ]¶T>mZ{
H{$ ocE eãX]«÷ H$m Aml` c{Vm h¡ •-
AmË_ g§ñH$ma H$m C[m`
VX{d Vñ_¡ H$ñ_¡oMË[añ_¡ ]«÷U{@_wZm$&
gyú_{ZX
{ § _Z• eãX ]«÷Um g§ñH$am{å`h_²$&&44&&
dMZ-AJm{Ma [a_-]«÷ H$s àmoá h{Vw A] Bg _Z H$m{$&
_¢ Bg gyú_ eãX ]«÷ H{$ Ûmam g§ñH$mnaV H$aZm$&&44&&
AÝd`mW© :- [VX{d] Cg H$maU g{ [Vñ_¡ H$ñ_¡oMX² [añ_¡
]«÷U{] Cg oH$gr AoZd©MZr` [a]«÷ ([a_m{ËH¥$ï> AmË_[X) H$r
àmoá H{$ ocE [Ah_² A_wZm gyú_{U eãX-]«÷Um] _¢ Bg gyú_
162 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

eãX-]«÷ H{$ Ûmam [BX_² _Z• g§ñH$am{o_] Bg _Z H$m{ g§ñH$mnaV

H$aVm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- AmË_m H$m{ [yd© ícm{H$ _| dMZ H{$ AJm{Ma, dMZ
Ûmam dmÀ` Zht h¡ – E{gm àoV[moXV oH$`m J`m h¡, o\$a ^r [a]«÷
H$s àmoá H{$ ocE "gm{@h§' Bg gyú_ eãX]«÷ Ûmam `m{Jr _Z H$m{
g§ñH$mnaV H$aVm h¡$&
ícm{H$-42 _| H$hm oH$ C[{jm Zm_ H$s odÚm g{ AodÚm – AkVm
H$m Zme hm{Vm h¡$& H«$_-H«$_ g{ AkVm H$m Zme H$a `m{Jr Ma_gr_m
H$m{ àmá hm{ OmVm h¡$& A[Z{ ewÕ M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ _| pñWaVm H$m{ àmá H$aZ{
H{$ ocE `m{Jr "gm{@h§' E{g{ gyú_ eãX ]«÷ g{ g§ñH$ma S>mcVm h¡{$& Cg
[a_mË_ [X _| ^mdZm H$aV{ ahZ{ g{ dh "AZÝVkmZ ñdê$[ [a_mË_m
_¢ hÿ±' BgàH$ma H{$ g§ñH$ma H$m{ àmá hþAm kmZr [wéf o\$a-o\$a Cg
[a_mË_[X _| AmË_ñdê$[ H$s ^mdZm H$aVm hþAm Cgr [a_mË_-ñdê$[
_| g§ñH$ma H$s X¥¶T>Vm H{$ hm{ OmZ{ g{ oZíM` g{ A[Z{ ewÕ M¡VÝ`ñdê$[
_| pñWaVm H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&
`m{Jr "gm{@h§' Bg eãX]«÷ Ûmam ewÕmË_^mdZm H$aVm hþAm
AodÚm (od^md[naUoV) H$m Zme H$aVm hþAm M¡VÝ`ñdê$[ _| pñWaVm
àmá H$aVm OmVm h¡$& ewÕ ñdê$[ H$m AZw^d amJmoX AewÕ[naUoV
_{Q>H$a hr hm{Vm h¡$& AewÕ [naUoV H$m odZme ewÕ ñdê$[ H{$ AZw^d
g{ hm{Vm h¡$& ewÕmË_-^mdZm g{ oOVZr AewÕ [naUoV o_Q>Vr OmVr
h¡, CVZr ñdê$[-pñWaVm ]¶T>Vr OmVr h¡, Am¡a oOVZr ñdê$[-pñWaVm
]¶T>Vr OmVr h¡ CVZr AewÕ [naUoV o_Q>Vr OmVr h¡$& Bg H«$_ _| `m{Jr
H{$ AewÕ [naUoV H$m g_J« odZme hm{H$a AZÝVMVwï>`ê$[ [a_[X
àmá hm{ OmVm h¡$&
`m{Jr oZO ewÕmË_m H$s C[mgZm H$aVm hþAm A[Z{ oMÎm H$m{
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 163

BVZm g§ñH$mnaV H$a c{Vm h¡ oH$ dh gwá Am¡a CÝ_Îm AdñWm _| hm{Z{
[a ^r ewÕmË_ ^mdZm g{ aohV Zht hm{Vm$&
dh AÝVamË_m X¥¶T>Va Aä`mg H{$ ]c [a Cg AdñWm _| ^r
odoeï> H$_©oZO©am H$aVm h¡$& `h H$_©oZO©am _wp”V H{$ H$maUê$[ hm{Vr
h¡$& "gm{@h§' eãXm| H{$ dmÀ` oZO ewÕmË_m H$s C[mgZm H$aH{$ `m{Jr
[`m©` _| AVrpÝÐ` AmË_mZÝX àJQ> H$aVm h¡$& BZ eãXm| Ûmam A[Z{
ñdê$[ H$m{ öX` _| ñWmo[V H$aH{$ Am¡a Cg{ oZaÝVa Ü`mH$a AVrpÝÐ`
gwI àmá H$aVm h¡$& oZOñdê$[ Adcm{H$Z g{ Xw•I-Û§Û odcrZ hm{
OmVm h¡$&
eãX]«÷ Ûmam [a§]«÷ H$s C[mgZm
öËgam{O{@ï> [Ì{@Ym{_wI{ Ðì`_Zm{@å]wO{$&
`m{JmH©$-V{Ogm ]wÕ{ ñ\w$aÝZpñ_ [a§ _h•$&&45&&
AmR> [§Iw¶S>r `wº$ AYm{_wI H$_b-Ðì`_Z-Ca ga _|$&
oIbm `m{J-aod g{, Cg_| ñ\w$naV [a_ Á`m{oV©_` _¢$&&45&&
AÝd`mW© :- [öV²-gam{O{] öX` ê$[r gam{da _| [Aï>>[Ì{
AYm{_wI{] AmR> [§Iwo¶S>`m| dmc{ AYm{_wI [`m{J-AH©$-V{Ogm ]wÕ{]
`m{J ê$[r gy`© H{$ àH$me g{ oIc{ hþE [Ðì`-_Zm{@å]wO{] Ðì`-_Z
ê$[r H$_c _| [ñ\$waZ² [a§ _h• (Ah_²) Apñ_] ñ\$wam`_mZ hm{Z{
dmcr [a_Á`m{oV (_¢) hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- gyú_ eãX ]«÷ê$[ "gm{@h§' H$s ^mdZm g{ A[Z{
_Z H$m{ g§ñH$mnaV H$aV{ hþE Ü`mZmdñWm _| AmË_m `h AZw^d H$aVm
h¡ oH$ AmR> [§Iwo¶S>`m| dmcm AYm{_wI Ðì`_Zê$[ H$_c `m{JmË_H$
(Ü`mZ ê$[) àH$me g{ oIc J`m h¡ Am¡a Cg_| oOg [a_Á`m{oVê$[
àH$me H$m Xe©Z hm{Vm h¡, dh _¢ hÿ±$&
164 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""Ohm± BpÝÐ`-odH$ma odc` H$m{ àmá hþAm h¡, _Z odH$ma aohV

hm{H$a, AZmHw$c gwI g_moY OmJr h¡ "Ah§ ]«÷' "Ah§ Apñ_' (_¢
]«÷ hÿ±µ; _¢ hÿ±) E{gr ]«÷ àVroV H$s ^mdZm _|, pñWaVm _| g_moY
hþB©, dhm± AmZÝX hþAm$& dhm± [hc{ Vm{ Hw$N> H$mc VH$ Ah§ (_¢)
E{gm ^md ahVm h¡$& [íMmV² g_moY g{ "Ah§[Zm' Vm{ Ny>Q{> Am¡a Apñ_
AWm©V² "hÿ±' E{gm ^md ah{; dhm± "Xe©Z-kmZ_` hÿ±, _¢ g_moY _| cJVm
hÿ±' E{g{ "_¢' H$m ahZm ^r odMma h¡$&
dh odH$ë[ (Ðì`lwV odVH©$[Zm) o_Q>H$a ñdê$[ _| EH$Ëd
hþAm$& EH$VmZ ag ê$[ _| _Z crZ hm{H$a g_moY cJr, dhm±
odMma^{X o_Q>m$& drVamJê$[ AZw^d ñdg§d{XZ ^md hþAm$& EH$Ëd
M{VZm _| _Z cJm, crZ hþAm, dhm± BpÝÐ`OoZV AmZÝX H$m A^md
hm{Z{ g{ ñd^md Xe©Z (ñd^md kmZ) H$m agmñdmX H$aZ{ g{ AmZÝX
_| d¥oÕ hþB©, dhm± Om{ "Apñ_^md' kmZÁ`m{oV _| Wm dh ^r WH$m
(AQ>H$m, emÝV hþAm)$&
dhm± AZÝV JwU H{$ ag H$m{ [wZ• [naUm_ _| d{XZ H$a g_moY
cJr$& ñdê$[ ag H$m ñdmX M¶T>Vm Om`, V] ewÕm{[`m{J ñdag [yU©
odñVma H$m{ àmá hm{ , V] AmË_m H¥ $ V-H¥ $ Ë` hm{ H $a ah{ $ &''
(AZw^dàH$me-g_moY dU©Z)$&
BgàH$ma eãX]«÷ Ûmam [a§]«÷ H$s C[mgZm hm{Vr h¡$& `h hr
`m{J^p”V h¡$&
`m{J^p”V _| O¡g{-O¡g{ gmYH$ VÝ_` hm{Vm OmVm h¡ d¡g{-
d¡g{ MmnaÌmoX AmË_JwUm| H$s AZ{H$ ep”V`m± [wX²Jb dJ©Um H{$
AmÀN>mXZ Am¡a oMV²-odH$ma g{ _w”V hm{H$a gmjmV² oZO-oZO
ñd^md ep”Vê$[ hm{Vr OmVr h¢$& BgàH$ma g_`-g_` _|
MmnaÌmoX ep”V`m| H$m _w”Vê$[ hm{Z{ H$m àdmh àoV g_` ]¶T>Vm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 165

OmVm h¡$& Cg{ hr `hm± `m{Jê$[ gy`© (Ü`mZ) H{$ V{O g{ Ðì`_Zê$[
H$_c H$m oIcZm H$hm h¡$&
BgàH$ma "_¢-_¢' [naUm_m| Z{ ñd[X H$s AmpñV”`Vm H$s$&
AmË_mZw^yoV (ñd-g§d{XZ) H$s Xem
ÜdñV{ _m{hV_ñ`ÝVX¥©em@ñV{@j-_Zm{@oZc{$&
eyÝ`m{ß`Ý`¡• ñdVm{eyÝ`m{ _`m X¥í`{`_ß`h_²$&&46&&
_m{hjrU hm{Z{ [a BpÝÐ`-_Z dm`w ^r hm{Vr AñV$&
[a g{ eyÝ` AeyÝ` ñd`§ g{ AÝVÑ©oï> g{ _¢ Ñí`$&&46&&
AÝd`mW© :- [_m{h-V_og ÜdñV{] _m{h ê$[r AÝYH$ma H{$
ÜdñV hm{ OmZ{ [a VWm [Aj-_Zm{-AoZc{ AñV{] BpÝÐ` d _Z
ê$[r dm`w (dm`w H{$ g_mZ Mmc BpÝÐ` d _Z) H{$ AñV hm{ OmZ{ [a,
[Ah_² AÝ`¡• eyÝ`• Ao[ ñdV• AeyÝ`•] _¢ AÝ` Ðì`m| g{ eyÝ`
hm{Z{ [a ^r ñd`§ g{ AeyÝ` hÿ±, [B`_² ([a_² _h•) _`m AÝVÑ©em
Ñí`m] `h [a§Á`m{oV _wP{ AÝVÑ©oï>> g{ X{IZ{ `m{½` h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- O] _m{hmÝYH$ma Zï> hm{Vm h¡ AWm©V² _m{h ^md
H$m A^md hm{ OmVm h¡, BpÝÐ`m| Am¡a _Z H$m ì`m[ma éH$Vm h¡ V]
Hw$N> jUm| H{$ ocE AÝVX¥©oï> g{ AmË_m H{$ Ûmam AmË_m H$m ewÕñdê$[
oXImB© [¶S>Vm h¡ AWm©V² AZw^d _| AmVm h¡$& Om{ AÝ` [a-[XmWm~
g{ eyÝ` hm{V{ hþE ^r A[Z{ ghO Xe©Z, ghO kmZ, ghO gwI,
ghO dr`© AmoX JwUm| g{ eyÝ` Zht h¡, oH$ÝVw [na[yU© h¡$& BgàH$ma
Ü`mZ_½Z AmË_m, oZO AmË_m H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
VÎdmZwemgZ íbm{H$-172,173 _| AmMm`© ZmJg{Z H$hV{ h¢•-
""VXm M [a_¡H$mJ«`m×ohaW}fw gËñdo[$&
AÝ`ÝZ qH$MZm^moV ñd_{dmË_oZ [í`V:$&&
166 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AV EdmÝ` eyÝ`m{@o[ ZmË_m eyÝ`• ñdê$[V:$&

eyÝ`meyÝ` ñd^mdm{@`_mË_Z¡dm{[cä`V{$&&
AW© •- Cg g_` [a_-EH$mJ«Vm YmaU H$aZ{ g{ dh `m{Jr A[Z{
Am[ _| H{$dc A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ hr X{IVm h¡ Am¡a BgrocE ]mø [XmWm~
H{$ ahV{ hþE ^r Cg{ AmË_m H{$ ogdm` AÝ` Hw$N> oXImB© Zht [¶S>Vm$&
Bgoc`{ AÝ` [XmWm~ g{ eyÝ` hm{H$a ^r `h AmË_m A[Z{ ñdê$[ g{
eyÝ` Zht hm{ gH$Vm h¡$& AVEd eyÝ`meyÝ` ñd^md dmcm `h AmË_m
A[Z{ hr AmË_m H{$ Ûmam àmá hm{Vm h¡$& `h AdñWm _m{h ê$[r AÝYH$ma
H$m Zme Am¡a BpÝÐ` d _Z H$m ì`m[ma éH$Z{ [a hm{Vr h¡$&''
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ `m{J^p”V g{ `m{Jr ñd`§ g§da d oZO©am^md-
ê$[ [naU_Vm h¡ •-
[a_ EH$mJ«Vm g{ g§da-oZO©am
_m_{dm@h§ VWm [í`ÝZ¡H$mJ«²`§ [a_íZwd{$&
^O{ _ËH$ÝX_mZÝX§ oZO©am-g§damdh_²$&&47&&
Bg àH$ma _¢ bIy± ñd`§ H$m{ oZO _| hr hm{Vm EH$mJ«$&
g§da-oZO©a ê$[ ñd`§ hm{ ^m{Jy± _¢ AmË_O AmZÝX$&&47&&
AÝd`mW© :- [VWm] C[`w©º$ àH$ma g{ [Ah_² _m_² Ed
[í`Z²] _¢ A[Z{ Am[H$m{ hr X{IVm hþAm [[a_² E{H$mJ«²`_² AíZwd{]
[a_² EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h±ÿ Am¡a [_ËH$ÝX_ ²AmZÝX_ ² ^O{]
AmË_m{ËW AmZÝX H$m{ ^m{JVm hÿ±$& [ (Ed_²) Ah_² (Ed) oZO©am-
g§dam¡] Bg àH$ma _¢ hr oZO©am d g§da ê$[ hm{Vm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- _m{hm§YH$ma H$m Zme hm{Z{ [a Am¡a BpÝÐ` d _Z
H$m ì`m[ma éH$Z{ [a AmË_m H$m{ AmË_m H$m Xe©Z hm{Vm h¡, eyÝ`meyÝ`
ñd^mdr AmË_m C[cãY hm{Vm h¡$& C[`w©”V àH$ma g{ A[Z{ _| hr
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 167

A[Zm Xe©Z H$aVm hþAm AmË_m [a_-EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a
AmË_molV AWm©V² AVrpÝÐ` AmZÝX H$m{ ^m{JVm h¡$& BgH{$ \$c
ñdê$[ dh AmË_m oZO©am d g§da Xm{Zm| ^mdm| H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$& Bg
^md g{ ZdrZ H$_m~ H$m ]§Y éH$Vm h¡ Am¡a [yd© g§oMV H$_m~ H$s oZO©am
hm{Vr h¡$&
oOg g_` `h AmË_m Ah§H$ma Am¡a __H$ma AmoX ^mdm| H$m{
Zï> H$a EH$mJ«Vm g{ A[Z{ H$m{ X{IVm h¡ Cg g_` AZ{H$ BH$Æ{> oH$`{
hþE [m[m| H$m Zme H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AmJm_r AmZ{dmc{ H$_m~ H$m g§da
^r H$aVm h¡$& (VÎdmZwemgZ ícm{H$-178)
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-127 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
""`oX H$W_o[ YmamdmohZm ]m{YZ{Z
Y«wd_w[c^_mZ• ewÕ_mË_mZ_mñV{$&
VX`_wX`XmË_mam__mË_mZ_mË_m
[a [naUoV am{YmÀNw>Õ_{dmä`w[¡oV$&&
AW© •- `oX oH$gr ^r àH$ma g{ (Vrd« [wéfmW© H$aH{$)
Ymamdmhr kmZ g{ ewÕ AmË_m H$m{ oZíMcV`m AZw^d oH$`m H$a{
Vm{ `h AmË_m oOgH$m AmË_mZÝX àJQ> hm{Vm OmVm h¡, E{g{ AmË_m
H$m{ [a[naUoV H{$ oZam{Y g{ ewÕ hr àmá H$aVm h¡$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-187 g{ 189 _| g§da H$m
C[m` BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢•-
""Aß[mU_ß[Um ê§$oYD$U Xm{[wÊU[mdOm{J{gw$&
X§gUUmUpåh oR>Xm{ BÀN>modaXm{ ` AÊUpåh$&&
Om{ gìdg§J_w”H$m{ Pm`oX Aß[mU_ß[Um{ Aß[m$&
U od H$å_§ Um{H$å_§ M{Xm qMV{oX E`Îm§$&&
168 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Aß[mU{ Pm`§Vm{ X§gU UmU_Am{ AUÊU_Am{$&

choX AoMa{U Aß[mU_{d gm{ H$å_[od_w”H§$$&&
AW© •- AmË_m H$m{ AmË_m H{$ Ûmam [wÊ`-[m[ê$[ ew^mew^
`m{Jm| g{ am{H$H$a Xe©Z-kmZ _| pñWV hm{Vm hþAm Am¡a AÝ` (dñVw)
H$s BÀN>m g{ odaV hm{Vm hþAm Om{ AmË_m gd©g§J g{ aohV hm{Vm hþAm
(A[Z{) AmË_m H$m{ AmË_m H{$ Ûmam Ü`mVm h¡ Am¡a H$_©-Zm{H$_© H$m{
Zht Ü`mVm Ed§ ñd`§ M{Vo`Vm hm{Z{ g{ EH$Ëd H$m hr oMÝVdZ H$aVm
h¡ – M{VVm h¡ – AZw^d H$aVm h¡ dh AmË_m, AmË_m H$m{ Ü`mVm
hþAm Xe©Z-kmZ_` Am¡a AZÝ`_` hm{Vm hþAm Aë[H$mc _| hr H$_m~
g{ aohV ewÕ-AmË_m H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&''
Om{ Bg ^{XodkmZ H$s ep”V Ûmam oZO_oh_m _| crZ ahV{
h¢ CÝh| oZ`_ g{ ewÕVÎd H$s C[cpãY hm{Vr h¡; ewÕVÎd H$s C[cpãY
hm{Z{ [a AMocV ê$[ g{ g_ñV AÝ`Ðì`m| g{ Xya dV©V{ hþE E{g{ CZH{$
Aj` _m{j hm{Vm h¡$&
gå`½X¥oï> Ord ewÕ ñdê$[ _| EH$mJ«Vm ê$[ g{ _¾ hm{Vm hþAm,
ewÕm{[`m{J [naUoVê$[ [naU_Vm h¡, Cgr H$mc H$_©]ÝY g{ _w”V
hm{Vm h¡$& dñVw ñdê$[ H$m{ Á`m| H$m Ë`m| OmZH$a Ohm± kmZ AmË_m
_| EH$mJ« hm{Vm h¡, dhm± amJ AWdm odH$ë[ H$s CË[oÎm Zht hm{Vr,
Bgr H$m Zm_ oMÎm H{$ oZam{Yê$[ Ü`mZ h¡ AWdm `m{J h¡$& _¢ M¡VÝ`_`
ñd^md hÿ±$ Bg Vah ApñVñd^md H$s Am{a kmZ H$m ]c X{Z{ g{ ghO
hr oMÎm H$m oZam{Y hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a ñd^md H$s Am{a EH$mJ«Vm H{$ Om{a
g{ amJ H$m – odH$ë[ H$m A^md hm{ OmVm h¡, gd© odH$ë[ ghO
odc` H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢ Am¡a AZÝVY_m~ H$m M¡VÝ`o[ÊS> ñdg§d{XZ
_| Am OmVm h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐH¥$V g_`gma H$s AmË_»`moV Q>r H$m _|
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 169

g_mJV H$ce-240 H$s Q>r H$m H$aV{ hþE H$ceQ>r H$mH$ma [mÊS>{
amO_bOr H$hV{ h¢ •-
""EH$m{ _m{j[Wm{ ` Ef oZ`Vm{ X¥½koád¥Î`mË_H$-
ñVÌ¡d pñWoV_{oV `ñV_oZe§ Ü`m`{ƒ V§ M{VoV$&
Vpñ_ÝZ{d oZaÝVa§ odhaoV Ðì`mÝVamÊ`ñ[¥eZ²
gm{@dí`§ g_`ñ` gma_oMampÝZË`m{X`§ odÝXoV$&&
AW© •- Om{ gå`½X¥oï> Ord ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ dñVw _| EH$mJ«
hm{H$a pñWaVm H$aVm h¡ VWm ewÕ oMÐy[ H$m{ oZaÝVa AZw^dVm h¡,
]ma-]ma Cg ewÕ ñdê$[ H$m ñ_aU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a dh H$_© H{$ CX`
g{ ZmZm àH$ma H$s AewÕ [naUoV H$m{ gd©Wm N>m{¶S>Vm hþAm, ewÕ
oMÐy[ _| EH$mJ« hm{H$a AIÊS> Ymamàdmhê$[ àdV©Vm h¡, Om{ `h
kmZ H{$ àË`j Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ, dhr h¡ gd©ñd oOgH$m E{gm h¡$&
oOgH{$ ewÕñdê$[ [naU_Z H$aZ{ [a gH$c H$_m~ H$m j` hm{Vm h¡
dh g_ñV odH$ë[ g{ aohV h¡$& dh oZË` CX`ê$[ ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ
H$m{ AoV hr Wm{¶S{> H$mc _| AmñdmXVm h¡$& Ðì`moW©H$ X¥oï> g{ X{IZ{
[a O¡gm h¡ d¡gm hr h¡, Cgg{ hrZê$[ Zht, AoYH$ Zht h¡$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-244 _| EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ hr
_m{j_mJ© oZpíMV H$aV{ h¢ •-
""AÆ{>gw Om{ U _wÁPoX U oh aÁOoX U{d Xm{g _wd`moX$&
g_Um{ OoX gm{ oU`X§ Id{oX H$å_moU ododhmoU$&&
AW© •- `oX l_U [XmWm~ _| _m{h Zht H$aVm, amJ Zht
H$aVm Am¡a Z Û{f H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡, Vm{ dh oZ`_ g{ ododY
H$_m~ H$m{ I[mVm h¡$&''
Om{ `m{Jr kmZñd^mdr EH$ AJ« (oZO ewÕmË_m) H$m{ ^mVm
170 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
h¡ dh k{`^yV AÝ` Ðì` H$m Aml` Zht H$aVm, dh ñd`_{d kmZr
ahVm hþAm ñd`§ g§da-oZO©am^mdê$[ [naU_Z H$aVm hþAm, AmË_m{ËW
AmZÝX H$m{ ^m{JVm hþAm _w”V hr hm{Vm h¡, ]±YVm Zht h¡$&
lr_X² Ao_VJoV AmMm`© `m{Jgma àm^¥V íbm{H$-38 _| H$hV{
h¢ •-
""Mna̧ Xe©Z§ kmZ_mË_ê$[§ oZa§OZ_²$&
H$_©o^_w©À`V{ `m{Jr Ü`m`_mZm{ Z g§e`:$&&
AW© •- oZ_©c Xe©Z, kmZ, MmnaÌ `h AmË_m H$m ñd^md
h¡$& Bg AmË_ ñdê$[/ñd^md H$m{ Ü`mV{ hþE `m{Jr H$_m~ g{ Ny>Q> OmV{
h¢, Bg_| H$m{B© g§X{h Zht h¡$&''
emñÌm| _| ewÕmË_m H$m Ü`mZ Xm{ àH$ma g{ H$hm J`m h¡ – gmYZ
^md g{ Am¡a gmÜ`^md g{$& ewÕ aËZÌ`mË_H$ AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$aZm
Mmoh`{ – `h H$WZ gmYZ^md H$m hþAm$& "ewÕmË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$aZm
Mmoh`{ – `h H$WZ gmÜ`^md H$m hþAm$& O¡gm g_`gma JmWm-
16 _| H$hm J`m h¡, "gmYw [wéf H$m{ Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ gXm g{dZ
H$aZ{ `m{½` h¢ Am¡a CZ VrZm| H$m{ oZíM` g{ EH$ AmË_m hr OmZm{$&'
AmË_m H{$ kmZ, lÕmZ Am¡a AmMaU AmË_m H{$ ñd^md H$m
C„§KZ Z H$aZ{ g{ AmË_m hr h¡, AÝ` dñVw Zht$& BgocE `h ñd`_{d
ogÕ hþAm oH$ EH$ AmË_m hr Ü`mZ{ `m{½` h¡$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ `m{J^p”V àmá gmYH$ H$m{ A[Zr [yd© [naUoV
H$m I{X dV©Vm h¡ –
`m{Jr H$m [yd© [naUoV [a I{X
AZÝVmZÝVoMÀN>oº$ - MH«$`wº$m{{@o[ VÎdV:$&
AZmÚodÚm - g§ñH$mademXj¡]©oh• ñ\w$aZ²$&&48&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 171

`Xm `XoYoVð>mo_ VXm VËñdV`m d[w:$&

odÛm§ñVX²d¥oÕ-hmoZä`m§ ñdñ` _Ý`{ M`j`m{$&&49&&
dmñVd _| oMV²eoº$ AZÝVmZÝV `wº$ hm{Z{ [a ^r$&
_¢ AZmnX g§ñH$ma-AodÚm de BpÝÐ`-_Z Ûmam hr$&&48&&
]ohO©JV _| brZ ahm oOg VZ _| oñWa ahVm h±ÿ$&
Cg_| A[Zm[Z H$aH{$ VX² d¥oÕ-hmoZ A[Zr _mZ±y$&&49&&
AÝd`mW© :- [VÎdV•] ewÕ-oZü`Z` g{ [AZÝVmZÝV–
oMV² eoº$-MH«$ `wº$• Ao[ (Ah_²)] AZÝVmZÝV-M¡VÝ` eoº$
H{$ g_yh g{ `wº$ hm{Z{ [a ^r _¢Z{ [AZmoX-AodÚm-g§ñH$mademV²]
AZmoXH$mcrZ AodÚm H{$ g§ñH$ma-de [Aj¡• ]oh• ñ\w$aZ²] BpÝÐ`m|
(d _Z) Ûmam ]ohO©JV² _| ñ\w$am`_mZ hm{V{ hþE (crZ hm{V{ hþE) [`Xm
`V² d[w• AoYoVð>>mo_] oOg eara _| pñWV ahm, [VXm VV² ñdV`m
odÝXZ²] Cg eara H$m{ A[Z{ ê[ OmZV{ hþE [VX²-d¥oÕ-hmoZä`m_²]
Cg eara H$r d¥oÕ d hmoZ g{ [ñdñ` M`-j`m¡ _Ý`{] ñd`§ H$r
d¥oÕ d hmoZ g_Pr$&
ì`m»`m •- kmZr A[Zr [yd©H$mc H$s [naUoV H$m{ cú` _|
c{H$a odMmaVm h¡ oH$ – M¡VÝ`eoº$ H{$ MH«$ g{ `w”V hm{Z{ [a ^r
AZmoXH$mc g{ AodÚm (o_Ï`mËd) H{$ g§ñH$made _¢ X{hmoXH$ _|
AmË_m H$s ^«mpÝV H$aH{$ BpÝÐ`m| Ûmam hr ñ\w$naV hm{ ahm hÿ±$& BpÝÐ`m|
H$m odf` [wX²Jb [XmW© h¡, AV• BpÝÐ`kmZ Ûmam ]mø odf`m| H{$
J«hU _| hr àd¥oÎm H$aVm ahm hÿ±$& g§gma _| [na^«_U H$aV{ hþE AkmZ
g{ O]-O] oOg eara H$s àmoá hþB©, V]-V] Cg X{h H$m{ hr AmË_m
_mZH$a – _¢ _Zwî`, _¢ X{d, _¢ ZmaH$r, _¢ oV`ªM E{gm _mZm$& eara
H$s d¥oÕ-hmoZ H$m{ AmË_m H$s d¥oÕ-hmoZ g_PH$a àdV©Z oH$`m,
dh _{ar AZmoX H$s ^mar ^yc Wr$& d{ [`m©`| jU^§Jwa Am¡a O¶S> h¡§$&
_¢ AZÝVmZÝV M¡VÝ`ep”V g{ `w”V [yU© hÿ±, oZË` hÿ±$&
172 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Bgr ^md H$m{ AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX g_moYVÝÌ íbm{H$-7 g{ 9

_| oZåZàH$ma g{ ì`º$ H$aV{ h¢ •-
""]ohamË_{pÝÐ`- Ûma¡ - amË_kmZ - [amL²>_wI:$&
ñ\w$naV• ñdmË_Zm{ X{h_mË_Ëd{ZmÜ`dñ`oV$&&
ZaX{hñW_mË_mZ_odÛmZ² _Ý`V{ Za_²$&
oV`ªM oV`©J‹ñW§ gwam‹ñW§ gwa§ VWm$&&
ZmaH§$ ZmaH$m‹ñW§ Z ñd`§ VÎdVñVWm$&
AZÝVmZ§VYrep”V• ñdg§d{Úm{@McpñWoV•$&&
AW© •- ]ohamË_m BpÝÐ` Ûmam| g{ ]mø[XmWm~ H$m{ hr J«hU
H$aZ{ _| àd¥Îm hm{Z{ g{ AmË_kmZ g{ [am‹_wI-d§oMV hm{Vm h¡; Bgg{
dh A[Z{ eara H$m{, o_Ï`m Ao^àm` [yd©H$ AmË_mê$[ g_PVm h¡$&
_y¶T> ]ohamË_m _Zwî` X{h _| pñWV AmË_m H$m{ _Zwî`, oV`ªM
eara _| pñWV AmË_m H$m{ oV`ªM, X{d H{$ eara _| pñWV AmË_m H$m{
X{d Am¡a ZmaH$r H{$ eara _| pñWV AmË_m H$m{ ZmaH$r _mZVm h¡$&
dñVwV• ñd`§ AmË_m d¡gm Zht h¡ AWm©V² _Zwî`, oV`ªM, X{d Am¡a
ZmaH$rê$[ Zht h¡$& dmñVodH$ê$[ g{ `h AmË_m AZÝVmZ§V kmZ Am¡a
AZ§VmZ§V eoº$ (dr`©) ê$[ h¡, ñdmZw^dJå` h¡ Am¡a A[Z{ ñdê$[
_| gXm oZíMc ahZ{ dmcm h¡$&
kmZr H$m{ `h ^mZ hm{Vm h¡ oH$ AZÝVmZÝV ep”V-MH«$ H$m
YmaH$ hm{V{ hþE ^r _¢ ^«_de àmá [`m©` _| VÝ_` ahm, _¢ AZÝVmZÝV
Yr-eoº$ AWm©V² AZÝVmZÝV kmZ Am¡a ep”V dmcm hÿ±$&''
AÝVamË_m AmË_m _| Ah§]woÕ H$aVm hþAm [yd© _| Zht àmá
E{g{ cm^ (AVrpÝÐ` AmZÝX) g{ g§Vm{f [mH$a A[Zr ]ohamË_ Xem
H$m ñ_aU H$aH{$ odfmX H$aVm h¡ •-
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 173

""_ÎmíÀ`wËd{pÝÐ`Ûma¡• [oVVm{ odf`{îdh_²$&

VmZ² à[Úm@ho_oV _m§ [wam d{X Z VÎdV•&&
– [yÁ`[mX g_moYVÝÌ-16
AW© •- _¢ AZmoXH$mc g{ AmË_ñdê$[ g{ À`wV hm{H$a BpÝÐ`m|
Ûmam odf`m| _| [oVV hþAm, Bgg{ CZ odf`m| H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ dmñVd
_| _wP{ ñd`§ H$m{ "_¢ dhr hÿ± – AmË_m hÿ±' – E{gm _¢Z{ Zht [ohMmZm$&
kmZr odMmaVm h¡ oH$ O¡g{ H$m{B© ^m{OZmoX [XmWm~ H$m{ ñd`§
^m{JH$a N>m{¶S> X{Vm h¡ Am¡a N>m{¶S{> hþE CpÀN>ï> [XmWm~ H$m{ o\$a g{ Zht
^m{JZm MmhVm, Bgr Vah AodÚm (AkmZ) H{$ g§ñH$made AZmoXH$mc
g{ AZ{H$]ma ^m{JH$a N>m{¶S{> hþE [XmWm~ H$m{ kmZr hm{Z{ g{ _¢ ^m{JZm
Zht MmhVm AWm©V² A] _wP{ CZ ^m{Jm| H{$ àoV ñ[¥hm Zht hm{Vr$&''
`m{Jr Am¡a ^r odMma H$aVm h¡ •-
XmamoXd[waß`{d§ VXmË_moYoð>V§ odXZ²$&
VXmË_Ëd{Z VËgm¡»`-Xw•I{ g§od^O{ [wam$&&50&&
Bgr Vah ^m`m© H$m AmË_m oOg VZ _| pñWV ahVm$&
Cg{ AmË_m OmZ, CÝht H{$ gwI-Xw:I _| ^mJr hm{Vm$&&50&&
AÝd`mW© •- Bgr àH$ma [[wam] [hc{ [XmamoX] ñd-ñÌr
AmoX H{$ [VXmË_moYoð>V§) CZH$r AmË_m Ûmam AoYoð>V [d[waß`{d]§
eara H$m{ ^r [VXmË_Ëd{Z odXZ²] CZH$m AmË_m g_PV{ hþE
[VËgm¡»`-Xw•I{] CZH{$ gwI-Xw•I _| [g§od^O{] gh^mJr hþAm
h¡ AWm©V² CZ_| AmË_r`Vm H$s H$ë[Zm H$a CZH{$ gwI-Xw•I H$m{
A[Zm gwI-Xw•I g_P H$a ^m{Jm$&
ì`m»`m •- oOg àH$ma A[Zr X{h H$m{ AmË_m _mZm Cgr
àH$ma [wÌ, ^m`m© AmoX H{$ eara H$m{ CZH$r AmË_m g_PH$a X{hX¥oï>
g{ AZmoX g{ Cg_| gh^mJr hþAm$& CZH{$ gwI-Xw•Im| H$m ^r _¢ ^mJr
174 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
ahm$& `h ^r _{ar ^yc Wr$& A] AmË_kmZ H$s àmoá hm{ OmZ{ g{
`WmW© VÎd H$m ^mZ hþAm h¡$&
AkmZ AdñWm _| ñdX{h _| AÜ`dgm` H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`©
[yÁ`[mX g_moYVÝÌ _| BgàH$ma H$hV{ h¢ •-
""ñdX{hgX¥e§ X¥ï²dm [aX{h_M{VZ_²$&
[amË_moYoð>V§ _yT>• [aËd{ZmÜ`dñ`oV$&&10&&
AW© •- ]ohamË_m AÝ` H{$ AmË_m H{$ gmW ahZ{dmc{, AM{VZ–
M{VZm aohV Xyga{ H{$ eara H$m{ A[Z{ eara g_mZ X{IH$a, AÝ` H{$
AmË_mê$[ g{ _mZVm h¡$&''
`m{Jr odMmaVm h¡ oH$ – _{a{ ^r earam| _| A[Zr Am¡a [a H$s
AmË_]woÕ H{$ H$maU g{ [wÌ-ñÌr AmoX H{$ odf` _| od^«_ dV©Vm
Wm$& [a_mW© g{ [wÌ-ñÌr, YZ-YmÝ`moXH$ AmË_r` (A[Z{) C[H$maH$
Zht hm{Z{ [a ^r _¢Z{ CÝh| AmË_r` Am¡a C[H$maH$ _mZm, CZH{$ g§`m{J
_| g§Vm{f VWm od`m{J _| _hmg§Vm[ H$aVm ahm$& Bg od^«_ g{ AodÚm
Zm_ H$m g§ñH$ma X¥¶T> – _O]yV hþAm$&
eara _| AmË_]woÕ H{$ H$maU hr A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ eara H{$ gmW
Om{¶S>m, Xm{Zm| H$m{ EH$ê$[ _mZm$& A] A[Z{ AmË_m _| hr AmË_]woÕ hm{Z{
g{ A[Z{ AmË_m H$m{ eara g{ [¥WH²$ – o^ÝZ AZw^d H$aVm hÿ±$&
g_moYVÝÌ íbm{H$-14 _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX H$hV{ h¢ •-
""X{h{îdmË_oY`m OmVm• [wÌ^m`m©oXH$ë[Zm• $&
gå[oÎm_mË_ZñVmo^_©Ý`V{ hm hV§ ! OJV² $&&14&&
AW© •- earam| _| AmË_]woÕ H{$ H$maU g{ _{am [wÌ, _{ar ñÌr
BË`moXH$ H$ë[Zm`| CË[ÝZ hm{Vr h¡§$& I{X h¡ oH$ ]ohamË_-ñdê$[
àmUrJU CZ H$ë[ZmAm| H{$ H$maU g{ ñÌr-[wÌmoX H$s g_¥oÕ H$m{
A[Zr g_¥oÕ _mZV{ h¢$& BgàH$ma `h OJV KmVm Om ahm h¡$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 175

A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ _m{j_mJ© H$m gmYH$ `m{Jr AmË_m d X{h H$m{

`Wmê$[ AZw^d H$aVm hþAm gmå`-gwYm H$m AmñdmXZ H$aVm h¡ •-
^«mpÝV H$s oZd¥oÎm [a AmZÝX H$m AZw^d
gåàË`mË_V`mË_mZ§ X{h§ X{hV`mË_Z•$&
[a{fm§ M odXZ² gmå`gwYm§ Md©ÝZodoH«$`m_² &&51&&
A] A[Z{ `m AÝ` AmË_mAm| H$m{ AmËåmm hr OmZ±y$&
Am¡a X{h H$m{ X{h OmZH$a oZod©H$ma g_-ag [rD±$$&&51&&
AÝd`mW© :- [gåàoV] A] (AkmZ Xya hm{ OmZ{ [a) [Ah_²
(ñdñ`) [a{fm_² M AmË_mZ_²] _¢ A[Zr d Xygam| H$r (ñÌr-[wÌmoX
H$r) AmË_mAm| H$m{ [AmË_V`m odXZ²] AmË_m ê$[ g{ OmZVm hþAm,
[X{h§ M X{hV`mË_Z• odXZ²] Am¡a X{h H$m{ X{h ê$[ g{ OmZVm hþAm
[AodoH«$`m_² gmå`-gwYm§ Md©Z²] oZod©H$ma g_Vmê$[r A_¥V H$m
[mZ H$a ahm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- _¢ X{h Zht h±ÿ$& _¢ AmË_m H$m{ AmË_mê$[ Am¡a
X{h H$m{ X{hê$[ AZw^d H$aVm hÿ±$& [a H{$ AmË_m H$m{ CZH{$ X{h g{
o^ÝZ OmZVm hÿ±$& E{gm H$aH{$ _¢ gmå`^md H$m{ àmá hþAm hÿ±$& gmå`^md
H$s àmoá g{ g_Vm-ag H$m _wP{ AmñdmXZ hm{ ahm h¡$& earamoXH$
_| AmË_[Z{ H{$ ^«_ g{ aohV hm{ OmZ{ g{ X{hmoXH$ _| A[Z{ C[H$mamoX
H$s ]woÕ ^r Ny>Q> J`r h¡$& _¢ A[Zr AmË_m _| hr ñdg§d{XZ kmZ
H{$ Ûmam A[Zr AmË_m H$m{ Am[ hr AZw^d H$a ahm hÿ±$& ewÕmË_-
ñdê$[ H$s C[cpãY hm{Z{ g{ _¢ OmJ¥V hþAm hÿ±$& ewÕmË_-ñdê$[
ñdg§d{Ú h¡, Cgr ê$[ _¢ hÿ±$&
ewÕ kmZñdê$[ _wP AmË_m H$m AZw^d hm{ OmZ{ [a _{am Z
H$m{B© eÌw h¡ Am¡a Z H$m{B© o_Ì h¡, _¢ gmå`^md H$m{ àmá hþAm h±ÿ$&
H$m{B© ]mø gm_J«r gmYH$-]mYH$ ^mogV Zht hm{Vr$&
176 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

gmå`^md-[naUV `m{Jr Am¡a ^r odMma H$aVm h¡ :-

""EH$m{@h§ oZ_©_• ewÕm{, kmZr `m{JrÝÐ Jm{Ma•$&
]mh²`m• g§`m{JOm ^mdm, _Îm• gd}@o[ gd©Wm$&&
Xw•Ig§Xm{h^moJËd§, g§`m{JmoXh X{ohZm_²$&
Ë`Omå`{Z§ VV• gdª, _Zm{dm”H$m`H$_©o^•$&&
Z _{ _¥Ë`w• Hw$Vm{ ^roVZ© _{ ì`moY• Hw$Vm{ ì`Wm$&
Zmh§ ]mcm{ Z d¥Õm{@h§, Z `wd¡VmoZ [wX²Jb{$&&
^wº$m{pÁPVm _whþ_m}hmÝ_`m gd}@o[ [wÒcm•$&
CpÀN>ï{>pîdd V{îdÚ, __ odkñ` H$m ñ[¥hm?$&&
– Bï>m{[X{e íbm{H$ 27-30
ícm{H$mW© •- _¢ EH$ __Vm aohV, ewÕ, kmZr Am¡a `m{JrÝÐm|
Ûmam OmZZ{ cm`H$ hÿ±$& g§`m{JOoZV oOVZ{ ^r X{h-amJmoXH$ ^md
h¢, d{ _wPg{ gd©Wm o^ÝZ h¢$& Bg g§gma _| X{hmoXH$ H{$ gå]Y g{
àmoU`m| H$m{ Xw•I-g_yh ^m{JZm [¶S>Vm h¡, BgocE BZ g_ñV gå]Ym|
H$m{ Om{ oH$ _Z, dMZ, H$m` H$s oH«$`m g{ hþAm H$aV{ h¢ CÝh| _Z
g{, dMZ g{, H$m` g{ N>m{¶S>Vm hÿ±$& _{ar _¥Ë`w Zht, V] S>a oH$gH$m?
_wP{ ì`moY Zht, V] [r¶S>m H¡$gr? Z _¢ ]mcH$ hÿ±, Z ]y¶T>m hÿ±, Z
OdmZ hÿ±$& `{ g] XemE± [wX²Jb _| hr [m`r OmVr h¢$& _m{h g{ _¢Z{
g^r [wÒcm| H$m{ ]ma-]ma ^m{Jm Am¡a N>m{¶S>m$& ^m{J-^m{JH$a N>m{¶S> oX`m$&
A] OyR>Z O¡g{ CZ [XmWm~ _| _{ar ”`m BÀN>m hm{ gH$Vr h¡? AWm©V²
A] CZ ^m{Jm| H{$ àoV _{ar BÀN>m hr Zht h¡$&''
gmå`^md H$s àmoá h{Vw `m{Jr A[Z{ H$m{ EH$ ewÕ, oZ_©_Ëd,
kmZr, ñdg§d{Ú ê$[ AZw^d H$aVm hþAm Ðì`H$_m~ H{$ gå]ÝY g{ àmá
hþE X{hmoX [`m©` H$m{ A[Z{ g{ o]ëHw$c o^ÝZ AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 177

AmË_m _Z, dMZ, H$m` g{ o^ÝZ h¡ BgàH$ma H{$ Aä`mg g{ dh

gmå`^md H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&
AmMm`© Ao_VJoV `m{Jgma íbm{H$-280 _| H$hV{ h¡§ oH$
AmË_-Ad]m{Y hr AmË_ewoÕ H$m EH$_mÌ C[m` h¡ •-
""AmË_md]m{YVm{ ZyZ_mË_m ewÕ`oV ZmÝ`V:$&
AÝ`V• ewoÕo_ÀN>ÝVm{ od[arVX¥em{@oIcm•&&
ícm{H$mW© •- oZíM` g{ AmË_m AmË_kmZ g{ ewÕ hm{Vm h¡,
AÝ` g{ Zht$& Om{ AÝ` [XmW© g{ ewoÕ MmhV{ h¢ d{ g] od[arV
]woÕ AWm©V² o_Ï`mX¥oï> h¢$&''
ewÕmË_^mdZm-[naUV A^{XaËZÌ` ^{XkmZ H$m cjU h¡$&
Cg ^{XkmZ Ûmam O] ]ohamË_m AÝVamË_[Z{ H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡, AWm©V²
oZíM` Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ ñdê$[ [naUV hm{Vm h¡ Vm{ Cg{ A[Zm
ñdê$[ g§M{VZ H¡$gm hm{Vm h¡ – `h AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma
JmWm-38 _| ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""Ah_{”H$m{ Icw gwÕm{ X§gUUmU_BAm{ gXmê$dr$&
U od ApËW _ÁP qH$oM od AÊU§ [a_mUw_{Îm§ o[$&&
AW© •- Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌê$[ [naUV AmË_m `h OmZVm h¡
oH$ – oZíM` g{ _¢ EH$ hÿ±, ewÕ hÿ±, Xe©Z-kmZ_` hÿ±, gXm Aê$[r
hÿ±, AÝ`-[aÐì` qH$oMV²_mÌ ^r – [a_mUw_mÌ ^r _{am Zht h¡$&
– `h oZíM` h¡$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-241 _| gmå`^md H$m{
lm_Ê` H$m cjU oZYm©naV H$aV{ h¢ •-
""g_gÎmw]§Ywd½Jm{ g_gwhXw”Im{ [g§gqUXg_m{$&
g_cm{Æ>H§$MUm{ [wU OrodX_aU{ g_m{ g_Um{$&&
178 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AW© •- oOg{ eÌw d ]§Yw dJ© g_mZ h¡, gwI Am¡a Xw•I g_mZ
h¡, àe§gm Am¡a oZÝXm H{$ àoV oOgH$m{ g_Vm h¡, oOg{ o_Q²>Q>r H$m
T{>cm Am¡a gwdU© g_mZ h¡ VWm OrdZ-_aU H{$ àoV oOgH$m{ g_Vm
h¡, dh l_U h¡$&''
Q>rH$m§e ^r Ñï>ì` h¡ –
Om{ l_U [XmWm~ _| _m{h Zht H$aVm, amJ Zht H$aVm Am¡a Z
Û{f H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡ Vm{ dh oZ`_ g{ ododY H$_m~ H$m{ I[mVm h¡$&
gmå`-gwYmag H$m AmñdmXZ _m{j_mJ© H{$ gmYH$ H$s [naUoV
H$m cjU h¡$& X{h _| AmË_]woÕ _m{h-amJ-Û{f H$m _yc h¡, Xw•I H$m
_yc h¡$& AV• X{h _| oOg{ AmË_]woÕ Zht h¡ dh hr gmå`^md H$m{
àmá hm{Vm h¡$& Om{ gmå`^md H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡ dh hr AmZÝX d empÝV
H$m d{XZ H$aVm h¡$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ BpÝÐ` odf`m| H$s AéoM `m{Jr H$s ñdmË_
g§odoÎm (^{XodkmZ – d¡am½`) H$m{ àJQ> H$aVr h¢ •-
`m{Jr H$s d¡am½` [naUoV
VÎdodkmZ-d¡am½`-éÕ-oMÎmñ` ImoZ _{$&
Z _¥VmoZ Z OrdpÝV Z gwámoZ Z OmJ¥oV$&&52&&
VÎdkmZ Ed§ d¡am½`-oZ`pÝÌV oMV² H$s ImZ Ahm{$&
__ BpÝÐ`m± Zht OrodV, Zqh _¥VH$ gwá-OmJ¥V ^r Zqh$&&52&&
AÝd`mW© :- [_{ (AmË_m) ] _{ar AmË_m [VÎdodkmZ-
d¡am½`- éÕ-oMÎmñ` ImoZ] VÎdkmZ d d¡am½` g{ oZéÕ (oZ`pÝÌV)
oMÎm H$r ImZ h¡, [_{ BpÝÐ`moU Z _¥VmoZ, Z OrdpÝV, Z gwámoZ,
Z OmJ¥oV] _{ar BpÝÐ`m± Z _ar h¢, Z OrodV h¢, Z gwá h¢, Z OmJ«V h¢$&
ì`m»`m •- AmË_dñVw Ðì`ê$[ Am¡a [`m©`ê$[ oOg àH$ma
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 179

h¡ Cg àH$ma, od[arV Ao^oZd{e (Ao^àm`) aohV A§JrH$ma H$aH{$

Ord H{$ ewÕ ñdê$[ H$m{ oZaÝVa AIÊS> Ymamàdmhê$[ AZw^dZm
VÎdodkmZ `m ^{XodkmZ h¡$& Cgr H{$ gmW amJmoX AewÕ [naUoV
H$m Ë`mJ d¡am½` h¡$& AewÕ amJmoX [naUm_m| H$m{ _{Q> H$a oZaÝVa
AIÊS> Ymamàdmhê$[ A[Z{ ewÕmË_m H$m AZw^d H$aVm hþAm kmZr
Bg{ hr A[Zm ñdê$[ _mZVm h¡$& dh OmZVm h¡ oH$ "_¢ ewÕ kmZ
ñdê$[ [a_mË_m hÿ±, eara-_Z-dmUrê$[ _¢ Zht hy±, _¢ CZg{ o^ÝZ
hÿ±', E{gr ^mdZm ]maå]ma ^mZ{ g{ CgH{$ kmZ H{$ g§ñH$ma X¥¶T> hm{V{
h¢ Am¡a d¡g{ g§ñH$mam| g{ M¡VÝ`ñdê$[ _| pñWaVm àmá hm{Vr h¡$&
eara-_Z-dmUr H$m{ A[Z{ g{ o^ÝZ AZw^d H$aVm hþAm kmZr
O] ewÕ ñdê$[ H{$ AZw^dê$[ [naU_Vm h¡ Vm{ Cg{ BpÝÐ` ì`m[ma,
OrdZ-_aU, gm{Zm-OmJZm AmoX eara d BpÝÐ` ì`m[ma H{$ àoV
AoV C[{jm^md dV©Vm h¡$& dh eara _| AmË_]woÕ H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a VWm
]mø odf`m| g{ BpÝÐ` àd¥oÎm H$m{ am{H$H$a A§Va§J _| AmË_m _| àd{e
H$aVm h¡$& odf`m| H$s AéoM hr `m{Jr H$s ñdmË_g§odoÎm (ñdmË_mZw^d)
H$m kmZ H$amVr h¡$& ñdmË_g§odoÎm H$s àH$f©Vm H{$ gmW-gmW odf`m|
H{$ àoV AéoM ^r ]¶T>Vr OmVr h¡$&
[aÐì`-àd¥oÎm H{$ A^md g{ Am¡a odf`-odaº$Vm AWm©V² _m{h
H{$ A^md g{, _Z oOgH$m _yc h¡ E{gr M§McVm H$m odc` hm{Z{ H{$
H$maU Ü`mVm H$m oMÎm AZÝV ghO-M¡VÝ`mË_H$ ñd^md _| X¥¶T>V`m
ahVm h¡$& Cg{ [aÐì`-àd¥oÎm (eara-_Z-dmUr H$s oH«$`m) H{$ àoV
AË`ÝV C[{jm ahVr h¡$& BgocE dh Z gm{Vm hþAm h¡ Z OmJVm hþAm
h¡, CgH$r BpÝÐ`m± Z _ar h¢ Z OrodV h¢$&
Bï>m{[X{e _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX `m{Jr H$s BpÝÐ` odf`m| gå]ÝYr
AéoM H$m{ àJQ> H$aV{ h¢ •-
180 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""`Wm `Wm g_m`moV g§odÎmm¡ VÎd_wÎm__²$&

VWm VWm Z am{MÝV{ odf`m• gwc^m Ao[$&&37&&
AW© •- O¡g{-O¡g{ CÎm_ VÎd (oZO ewÕmË_m) AZw^d _|
AmVm h¡ d¡g{-d¡g{ gwc^ odf` ^r éMV{ Zht, éoMH$a Zht cJV{$&
`Wm `Wm Z am{M§V{ odf`m• gwc^m Ao[$&
VWm VWm g_m`moV g§odÎmm¡ VÎd_wÎm__²$&&38&&
AW© •- O¡g{-O¡g{ gwc^ (ghO àmá) BpÝÐ` odf` ^r Zht
éMV{ d¡g{-d¡g{ ñdmË_ g§d{XZ _| CÎm_ oZOmË_-VÎd AmVm OmVm h¡$&''
kmZr H$m{ ghO àmá aå` BpÝÐ`-odf` ^r ^m{J-]woÕ H$m{
CË[ÝZ Zht H$aV{, ”`m|oH$ _hmgwI H$s àmoá hm{Z{ [a AÝ` gwI H{$
H$maUm| H{$ àoV cm{H$ _| ^r AZmXa X{Im OmVm h¡$&
`m{Jr H$m earamoX [aÐì` H{$ àoV _Ü`ñW[Zm AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX
àdMZgma JmWm-160 _| àJQ> H$aV{ h¢ •-
""Umh§ X{hm{ U _Um{ U M{d dmUr U H$maU§ V{qg$&
H$Îmm U U H$mao`Xm AUw_§Vm U{d H$ÎmrU§$&&
AW© •- _¢ Z X{h hÿ±, Z _Z hÿ±, Am¡a Z dmUr hÿ±, CZH$m H$maU
Zht hÿ±, H$Îmm© Zht hÿ±, H$amZ{ dmcm Zht hÿ±, Am¡a H$Îmm© H$m AZw_m{XH$
Zht hÿ±$&''
X{h, _Z Am¡a dmUr [wX²Jb Ðì`mË_H$ h¢$& _¢ [wX²Jb Zht hÿ±
Am¡a d{ [wX²Jb _{a{ Ûmam o[ÊS>ê$[ Zht oH$`{ J`{ h¢$& BgocE _¢ X{h
Zht hÿ± Am¡a Cg X{h H$m H$Îmm© Zht hÿ±$&
`m{Jr H$m{ [X odf`H$ Amgp”V oH$VZr KQ> OmVr h¡ –
Bg d¡am½` [naUoV H$m{ A] X¥ï>mÝV Ûmam ]VmV{ h¢ •-
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 181

odeX-kmZ-gÝVmZ{ g§ñH$mam{×m{Y-am{oYoZ$&
OmJ«Ë` OmJ«Ëñ_¥Ë`mX{• qH$ ñ_aËH$ë[Zmo[ _{$&&53&&
g§ñH$mam{Ë[oÎm Adam{YH$ odeX kmZ gÝVmZ OJ|$&
__ H$b[Zm AOmJ«V ñ_¥oV AmoX H$m ·`m| ñ_aU H$a|$&&53&&
AÝd`mW© :- [g§ñH$ma-C×m{Y-am{oYoZ] ([yd© H{$ AkmZ-
`wº$) g§ñH$mam| H{$ C×m{Y H$m{ am{H$Z{ dmc{ (odeX-kmZ-gÝVmZ{ OmJ«V{
goV) odeX (oZ_©c) kmZ H$r gÝVmZm| H{$ OmJ«V ahZ{ [a [_{ H$ë[Zm
Ao[] _{ar H$ë[Zm ^r [AOmJ«V² ñ_¥Ë`mX{• oH$_² ñ_aV²] AOmJ«V
ñ_¥oV AmoX H$m ·`m ñ_aU H$a{Jr ? AWm©V² Hw$N> ^r Zht$&
ì`m»`m •- _¢ ewÕ kmZ ñdê$[ [a_mË_m hÿ±, eara-_Z-dmUr
ê$[ _¢ Zht hÿ±, _¢ CZg{ o^ÝZ hÿ± – E{gr ^mdZm ]maå]ma ^mZ{ g{,
_{a{ kmZ H$m g§ñH$ma X¥¶T> hm{Vm hþAm AodÚm H{$ Aä`mg g{ [¶S{> AkmZ
H{$ g§ñH$mam| H$m{, odf`m| Am¡a BpÝÐ`m| H{$ AYrZ àd¥oÎm H$m{ am{H$Z{
dmcm h¡$& kmZ H$m g§ñH$ma AodÚm H{$ Aä`mg g{ [¶S{> AkmZ-g§ñH$ma
H$m{ OmJ«V Zht hm{Z{ X{Vm$&
kmZ H$m g§ñH$ma O¡g{-O¡g{ X¥¶T> hm{Vm OmVm h¡, ñdê$[ _|
pñWaVm ]¶T>Vr h¡, d¡g{-d¡g{ AkmZ-g§ñH$ma OoZV amJ-Û{fmoX ^md
Ny>Q>V{ h¢, drVamJVm ]¶T>Vr h¡$& gmYH$ Ord H$m{ kmZ-g§ñH$ma H$m
]c BVZm h¡ oH$ ]mø dñVw H{$ àoV ñ_aUmoX odf`H$ H$ë[Zm ^r
H$^r OmJ CR{> Vm{ H$ë[Zm pñWV ñ_¥oV ”`m oH$gr dñVw H$m ñ_aU
H$a{Jr? Zht H$a{Jr & AÝVa§J _| ^{XodkmZ AodpÀN>ÝZYmam – AIÊS>
àdmhê$[ E{gm Mc ahm h¡ oH$ kmZ [a^mdm| H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a A[Z{ ñdê$[
_| hr R>haVm h¡$&
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX g_moYVÝÌ íbm{H$-37 _| kmZ H{$ g§ñH$ma
H{$ ]c H$m{ BgàH$ma ]VcmV{ h¢ •-
182 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
""AodÚmä`mgg§ñH$ma¡ade§ ojß`V{ _Z•$&
VX{d kmZg§ñH$ma¡• ñdVñVÎd{@doVð>V{$&&
AW© •- AodÚm (earamoX H$m{ ewoM, pñWa Am¡a AmË_r`ê$[
_mZZm) H{$ [wZ• [wZ• àd¥oÎmê$[ g§ñH$mam| Ûmam _Z ñdmYrZ Z ahH$a
odojá hm{ OmVm h¡, Am¡a dhr _Z ñd-[a H{$ ^{XodkmZ Ûmam CË[ÝZ
hþE kmZ g§ñH$mam| Ûmam ñd`§ hr AmË_-ñdê$[ _| pñWa hm{ OmVm h¡$&''
AmË_ ñdê$[ _| O] gmYH$ H$m _Z pñWa hm{ OmVm h¡ Vm{
CgH$m _Z amJmoXê$[ [naUo_V Zht hm{Vm$& qH$oMV² amJ-Û{f H$s
d¥oÎm hm{, dhm± Cg d¥oÎm H$m{ ^r kmZ g{ o^ÝZê$[ hr OmZVm h¡ Am¡a
kmZñd^md H$s hr ^mdZm Ûmam kmZ H$s AoYH$Vmê$[ [naU_Vm h¡$&
\$cV• ñ_aUmoX odf`H$ H$m{B© _mZ-A[_mZ H$s H$ë[Zm`| CË[ÝZ
Zht hm{Vr$& _Z _| odj{[ Zht hm{Vm$& _m{hZr` H$_© H{$ CX` g{ amJ-
Û{f CË[ÝZ hm{ ^r Omd{$Vm{ Cgr g_` dh gmYH$ A[Z{ AmË_ ñdê$[
H$s ^mdZm H$aVm h¡ oOgg{ d{ amJÛ{fmoXH$ jU^a _| em§V hm{ OmV{
h¢, jU_mÌ _| C[e_V{ h¢$&
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX Bï>m{[X{e íbm{H$-39 g{ 42 _| `m{Jr H$s
d¡am½` [naUoV H$m{ BgàH$ma àJQ> H$aV{ h¢ •-
""oZem_`oV oZ•e{fq_ÐOmcm{[_§ OJV²$&
ñ[¥h`Ë`mË_cm^m` JËdm@Ý`Ìm@ZwVß`V{$&&
BÀN>Ë`{H$m§Vg§dmg§ oZO©Z§ OoZVm@Xa•$&
oZOH$m`©dempËH$qMXw”Ëdm odñ_aoV ÐwV_²$&&
]«ydÝZo[ oh Z ]«wV{ JÀN>ÝZo[ Z JÀN>oV$&
pñWarH¥$VmË_VËdñVw [í`ÝZo[ Z [í`oV$&&
oH$o_X§ H$rX¥e§ H$ñ` H$ñ_m˹{$Ë`ode{f`Z²$&
ñdX{h_o[ Zm@d¡oV `m{Jr `m{J[am`U•&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 183

AW© •- `m{Jr g_ñV OJV H$m{ BÝÐOmc H{$ g_mZ g_PVm

h¡ (X{IVm h¡) AmË_ñdê$[ H$s àmoá H{$ ocE ñ[¥hm (Ao^cmfm)
H$aVm h¡ Am¡a AÝ`Ì (C[`m{J) cJ Om` Vm{ dh [íMmVm[ H$aVm
h¡$& oZO©ZVm H{$ ocE oOgH$m{ AmXa CË[ÝZ hþAm h¡ – E{gm `m{Jr
EH$mÝVdmg hr MmhVm h¡ Am¡a oZO H$m`©de Hw$N> ]m{c J`m hm{ Vm{
dh OëXr ^yc OmVm h¡$& oOgZ{ AmË_VÎd H{$ odf` _| pñWaVm àmá
H$a cr h¡ dh ]m{cVm hm{Z{ [a ^r Zht ]m{cVm, McVm hm{Z{ [a ^r
Zht McVm Am¡a X{IVm hm{Z{ [a ^r Zht X{IVm$& `m{J[am`U `m{Jr
`h ”`m h¡? H¡$gm h¡? oH$gH$m h¡? ”`m| h¡? H$hm± h¡? BË`moX ^{X
ê$[ odH$ë[ Z H$aVm hþAm A[Z{ eara H$m{ ^r Zht OmZVm$&''
[yd© g§ñH$made kmZr H{$ _Z-dMZ-H$m` H$s àd¥oÎm ñdmË_m H$m{
N>m{¶S>H$a AÝ` oH$gr ^r dñVw _| àd¥Îm hm{ ^r Omd{ Vm{ dh dhm± g{ hQ>H$a
ñd`§ hr [íMmVm[ H$aVm h¡ oH$ Aa{ ! _wPg{ AZmË_r` AZwð>mZ H¡$g{
hþAm? AmË_oZÝXm-Jhm©oX H$aH{$ A[Zr ewoÕ H$aVm h¡$& ñd^md g{
AmË_m H{$ ohVê$[ AZwð>mZ _| aV ahZ{ H{$ ocE EH$mÝVdmg hr MmhVm
h¡$& oZO (AmhmamoX oZo_V) H$m`©de cm¡oH$H$OZm| g{ gå[H©$ hm{Z{ [a
Hw$N> ]m{c J`m hm{ Vm{ dh OëXr hr ^yc OmVm h¡$& lmdH$m| g{ H$XmoMV²
`h H$hZ{ _| Am Omd{ oH$ – Ahm{ ! "`h H$am{' BË`moX H$hH$a Cgr
jU ^yc OmVm h¡$& `oX lmdH$moX [yN>V{ h¢ oH$ ^JdZ² ! ”`m AmX{e
h¡? Vm{ ^r dh Hw$N> CÎma Zht X{Vm$& O] dh `m{Jr AmË_qMVZ _| crZ
hm{ OmVm h¡ V] Cg dMZmcm[ gå]ÝYr g] odñ_¥V hm{ OmVm h¡$&
BgàH$ma oOgZ{ AmË_VÎd H{$ odf` _| pñWaVm àmá H$acr h¡ E{gm `m{Jr
g§ñH$made C[X{e H{$ AZwam{Y g{ ]m{cVm hm{Z{ [a ^r (Y_m©oXH$ H$m
ì`m»`mZ H$aVm hm{Z{ [a ^r) dmñVd _| ]m{cVm hr Zht h¡, ”`m|oH$ Cg{
^mfU H$aZ{ H{$ àoV Ao^_wI[Z{ H$m A^md h¡$&
184 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

g_moYVÝÌ íbm{H$-50 _| ^r AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX H$hV{ h¢ •-

""AmË_kmZmË[a§ H$m`ª Z ]wÕm¡ Yma`{oƒa_²$&
Hw$`m©aW©dempËH§$oMÛm”H$m`mä`m_VË[a•$&&
AW© •- AÝVamË_m H$m{ MmohE oH$ dh AmË_kmZ g{ o^ÝZ
Xyga{ H$m`© H$m{ AoYH$ g_` VH$ A[Zr ]woÕ _| YmaU Zht H$a{$&
`oX ñd-[a H{$ C[H$mamoXê$[ à`m{OZ H{$ de dMZ d H$m` g{ Hw$N>
H$aZm ^r [¶S{> Vm{ Cg{ AZmg”V hm{H$a H$a{$&''
`m{Jr H$m C[`m{J AmË_kmZ g{ o^Þ oH$gr ì`mdhmnaH$ H$m`©
_| cå]{ g_` VH$ Zht éH$Vm$& ñd-[a H{$ C[H$mamW© ApñWaVm H{$
H$maU dMZ-H$m` Ûmam Amhma-C[X{emoX H$m odH$ë[ Amd{ Vm{ Cg_|
kmZr H$m{ AVÝ_`^md dV©Vm h¡$& BgocE kmZr H$s [agÝ_wI-d¥oÎm
AoV CXmgrZVm[yd©H$ hm{Vr h¡$&
`m{Jr H$s ^mdZm
oZpíMË`mZw^dZ² h{`§ ñdmZw^yË`¡ ]ohñË`OZ²$&
AmX{`§ MmXXmZ• ñ`m§ ^m{”V¥ aËZÌ`mË_H$•$&&54&&
ñdmZw^yoV d¥oÕ h{Vw oZíMb-ñdê$[ AZw^d H$aVm$&
h{`-]mø VO aËZÌ`_` oZO ñdê$[ ^m{º$m hm{Vm$&&54&&
AÝd`mW© :- [ñdmZw^yË`¡] ñdmZw^yoV H$r CÎmam{Îma ode{f
àmoá H{$ ocE [(ñdê$[§) oZoüË` AZw^dZ²] ñdê$[ H$m oZü`
H$aH{$ oZüc ê$[ g{ AZw^d H$aVm hþAm, [h{`_² ]oh• Ë`OZ²]
h{`ê$[ ]mø [XmWm~ H$m{ Ë`mJVm hþAm Am¡a [AmX`{_ ² M AmXXmZ•]
C[mX{` ê$[ Om{ A[Zm ñdê$[ h¡ Cg{ J«hU H$aVm hþAm [aËZÌ`mË_H$•
^m{º¥ ñ`m_² ] aËZÌ`mË_H$ ñd^md H$m ^m{º$m ]Zy±/hm{D±$$&
ì`m»`m •- kmZr gå`½X¥oï> oZaÝVa ñdmZw^d d¥oÕ H$s ^mdZm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 185

^mVm h¡$& dh oZO oMXmZÝX ñdê$[ H$m{ C[mX{` Am¡a ñdê$[ g{ ]mø
H$_m}X`OoZV ^mdm| H$m{ h{`ê$[ g{ J«hU H$aVm hþAm oZaÝVa amJ-
Û{fmoXê$[ ]mø [naUoV H$m{ Ë`mJZ{ H$s d ewÕ ñdê$[ _| pñWaVm H$s
^mdZm H$aVm h¡$& E{gr ^mdZm H{$ ]c g{ aËZÌ`mË_H$ oZO ñdê$[ H$m
^m{”Vm ]ZVm h¡$& BgàH$ma C[mX{` H{$ J«hU d h{`^mdm| H{$ Ë`mJ Ûmam
dh CÎmam{Îma A[Zr AmË_ep”V`m| H$m{ àH$moeV H$aVm OmVm h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-136 _| gå`½X¥oï> H$s Bg
^mdZm H$m{ kmZ d d¡am½` ep”V H$hV{ h¢ •-
""g_`½X¥ï{>^©doV oZ`V§ kmZd¡am½`ep”V•
ñd`§ dñVwËd§ H$co`Vw_`§ ñdmÝ`ê$[moá_w”Ë`m$&
`ñ_mÁkmËdm ì`oVH$ao_X§ VÎdV• ñd§ [a§ M
ñdpñ_ÝZmñV{ oda_oV [amËgd©Vm{ amJ`m{JmV²$&&
AW© •- gå`½X¥oï> Ord H{$ oZ`_ g{ kmZ d d¡am½` E{gr Xm{
ep”V`m± Adí` hm{Vr h¢$& kmZ ep”V g{ gå`½X¥oï> ghO hr ewÕ
ñdê$[ _| AZw^dê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& d¡am½` ep”V g{ [wX²Jb Ðì` H$s
C[moY g{ oOVZr amJmoX AewÕ [naUoV Cgg{ gd©àH$ma aohV hm{Vm
OmVm h¡$& ewÕ M¡VÝ`_mÌ _{am ñdê$[ h¡ E{gm dh AZw^dê$[ OmZVm
h¡$& oZaÝVa Aä`mg Ûmam dh A[Zm ewÕ[Zm ]¶T>mVm h¡, oOgg{
[aÐì` H$m gd©Wm Ë`mJ Am¡a A[Z{ ewÕñdê$[ H$m cm^ hm{ – oZO
ewÕ dñVw H$s àmoá hm{$&''
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX g_moYVÝÌ íbm{H$-78 _| gå`½X¥oï> Ord
H$s àd¥oÎm H$m{ BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¡§ •-
""ì`dhma{ gwfwám{ `• g OmJË`m©Ë_Jm{Ma{$&
OmJoV© ì`dhma{@pñ_Z² gwfwáíMmË_Jm{Ma{$&&
186 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AW© •- Om{ H$m{B© àd¥oÎm-oZd¥Ë`moXê$[ cm{H$-ì`dhma _| gm{Vm

h¡ – AZmg”V d Aà`ËZerc ahVm h¡ dh AmË_m H{$ odf` _|
OmJVm h¡ – AmË_mZw^d _| VË[a ahVm h¡ Am¡a Om{ Bg cm{H$-ì`dhma
_| OmJVm h¡ CgH$r gmYZm _| VË[a ahVm h¡ dh AmË_m H{$ odf`
_| gm{Vm h¡ – AmË_mZw^d H$m H$m{B© à`ËZ Zht H$aVm$&''
AmË_mZw^d H$s ^mdZm dmcm Om{ Ord àd¥oÎm Am¡a oZd¥oÎm ê$[
ì`dhma _| AVË[a hm{Vm h¡, dh hr AmË_mZw^d H$m{ ]¶T>mVm OmVm h¡$&
AmË_ ñdê$[ _| pñWaVmê$[ àd¥oÎm H$aVm h¡$& CgH$r dh àd¥oÎm
odH$ë[mê$¶T> Zht hm{Vr Am¡a Cgg{ Y_© hm{Vm h¡$& _m{h-amJ-Û{fê$[
[naUoV odZeVr h¡, ewÕ kmZ M{VZm àJQ> hm{Vr h¡ Am¡a Ord AVrpÝÐ`
gwIê$[ [naU_Vm h¡ – BVZm H$m`© EH$ hr gmW hm{Vm h¡$&
Bï>m{[X{e íbm{H$-45 _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX `m{Jr H$s ]woÕ[yd©H$
àd¥oV H¡$gr hm{Vr h¡, CgH$m H$WZ H$aV{ h¢ •-
""[a• [añVVm{ Xw•I_mË_¡dmË_m VV• gwI_²$&
AVEd _hmË_mZñVpÝZo_Îm§ H¥$Vm{Ú_m:$&&
AW© •- [a [a hr h¡ Cgg{ Xw•I hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a AmË_m AmË_m
hr h¡, Cgg{ gwI hm{Vm h¡, BgocE hr _hmË_mAm| Z{ CgH{$ (gwI
H{$) ocE hr CÚ_ oH$`m h¡$&''
oOg àH$ma oH$gr H$m{ am{J, em{H$, Xmnaв` o]Zm hr dm§N>m H{$
hm{Vm h¡ Cgr àH$ma gå`½X¥oï> Ord H{$ Om{ H$m{B© oH«$`m hm{Vr h¡ gm{
o]Zm dm§N>m H{$ hm{Vr h¡$& dh AoZÀNw>H$ hm{H$a ]cmV² Am [¶S{> H$_©
H{$ CX` _| [§M{pÝÐ` odf`-^m{Jê$[ oH«$`m H$aVm h¡, [aÝVw H$_© H{$
CX` H{$ àoV CXmgrZ h¡$& AV: E{gr oH«$`m hm{V{ hþE ^r Z hm{Z{ H{$
g_mZ h¡$& dh Vm{ A[Z{ H$m{ km`H$-ñdê$[_mÌ AZw^dVm h¡$&
Om{ `m{Jr (Ü`mZr) ì`dhma _| gm{Vm h¡ dh A[Z{ ñdê$[ H{$
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 187

H$m`© _| OmJVm h¡ Am¡a Om{ ì`dhma _| OmJVm h¡ dh AmË_H$m`©

_| gm{Vm h¡$& `m{Jr AmJ_ H{$ [ydm}º$ H$WZ H$m{ OmZH$a ì`dhma N>m{¶S>
AmË_H$m`© H$aVm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX _m{j[mhþS> ½mmWm-32 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
""B` OmoUD$U Om{B© ddhma§ M`B gìdhm gìd§$&
Pm`B [a_ß[mU§ Oh ^oU`§ oOUdna§X{qh$&&
AW© •- BgàH$ma [ydm}º$ H$WZ H$m{ OmZH$a Om{ `m{Jr Ü`mZr
_woZ h¡ dh gd© hr ì`dhma H$m{ gd©àH$ma g{ N>m{¶S>H$a [a_mË_m H$m
Ü`mZ H$aVm h¡ – O¡g{ oOZda{ÝÐm|-VrWªH$am| Z{ H$hm h¡, d¡g{ hr [a_mË_m
H$m Ü`mZ H$aVm h¡$&''
gmYH$ EH$ km`H$^md g{ ^a{ hþE _hmñdmX (M¡VÝ`_mÌ kmZ
^md H$m ñdmX) H$m{ c{Vm hþAm ÛÝÛ_` ñdmX H{$ c{Z{ _| Ag_W©
(AWm©V² dUm©oXH$, amJmoXH$ VWm jm`m{[eo_H$ kmZ H{$ ^{Xm| H$m
ñdmX c{Z{ _| Ag_W©) AmË_mZw^d `m AmË_ñdmX H{$ à^md H{$
AYrZ hm{Z{ g{ oZO dñVw-d¥oÎm H$m{ OmZVm – AmñdmX c{Vm hþAm
Am¡a kmZ H{$ ode{fm| H{$ CX` H$m{ Jm¡U H$aVm hþAm, gm_mÝ` _mÌ
kmZ H$m Aä`mg H$aVm hþAm, gH$c kmZ H$m{ EH$Ëd _| cmVm h¡
– EH$ê$[ _| àmßV H$aVm h¡$& O] kmZ gm_mÝ` H$m ñdmX ob`m OmVm
h¡ V] kmZ H{$ g_ñV ^{X ^r Jm¡U hm{ OmV{ h¢$& EH$ kmZ hr k{`ê$[
hm{Vm h¡$&
A] àíZ h¡ oH$ `m{Jr (kmZr) AÝVamË_[Z{ g{ [a_mË_[Z{ H$s
Am{a ]¶T>Z{ H{$ ocE oH$gê$[ à`ËZ H$aVm h¡? BgH{$ CÎma _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
`m{Jr H$s l{ð> oZð>m
ohËdm{[`m{J_ew^§ lwVmä`mgmÀNw>^§ olV:$&
ewÕ_{dmoYoVð{>`§ l{ð>m oZð>m oh g¡d _{$&&55&&
188 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Aew^ ^md VO lwVmä`mg g{ ew^ H$m Adb]Z b{H$a$&

AoYH$-AoYH$ ewÕm{[`m{J _| brZ ahÿ± `h hr oZð>m$&&55&&
AÝd`mW© - [Aew^_² C[`m{J_² ohËdm] Aew^ C[`m{J H$m{
N>m¶S{ >H$a [lwV-Aä`mgmV² ew^_² olV•] lwV H{$ Aä`mg g{ ew^m{[`m{J
H$m Aml` c{H$a [ewÕ_² Ed AoYoVð>{>`_²] ewÕm{[`m{J _| hr
AoYH$moYH$ pñWV ahÿ±, [gm Ed _{ l{ð> m oZð>>m oh] `hr _{ar l{ð>
oZð>>m (lÕm/YmaUm) h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- ewÕ AmË_m H$s C[cpãY H{$ ocE `hm± l{ð> oZð>m
H$m C„{I h¡$& gmYH$ H$s ^mdZm Aew^-C[`m{J H$m Ë`mJ H$aH{$
emñÌmå`mg H{$ Ûmam ew^m{[`m{J H$m Aml` c{V{ hþE ewÕm{[`m{J _|
hr AoYH$ pñWV ahZ{ H$s ahVr h¡$& BgàH$ma ewÕm{[`m{J H$m H«$_
H$hm$& Aew^ H{$ Ë`mJ [yd©H$ ew^ H{$ Aml` H{$ ocE emñÌmä`mg
(ñdmÜ`m`) gmYZ H$hm$& Bg ew^m{[`m{Jê$[ ^yo_H$m g{ ewÕm{[`m{J
H$s àmoá d pñWaVm hm{Vr h¡$& gmYH$ Ord H$s Bg H«$_ _| oZð>m
h¡ – àVroV h¡$& ewÕm{[`m{J H$s àmoá d Cg_| pñWaVm H$m `hr H«$_
h¡ E{gr CgH$r l{ð> oZð>m h¡$&
kmZr Ord H{$ qhgm, PyR>, Mm{ar AmoX Aew^ H$m`© g{ oZd¥oÎm
Am¡a Aqhgm, ^p”V, d«V, oZ`_ AmoX ew^ H$m`© _| àd¥oÎmê$[ ì`dhma
hm{Vm h¡; [aÝVw Aew^ H$m`m~ g{ oZd¥oÎm d ew^ H$m`m~ _| àd¥oÎm _mÌ g{
AmË_mZw^d H$s àmoá Zht hm{Vr h¡$& kmZr ew^^mdê$[ àd¥oÎm g{ ^r
oZd¥Îm hm{ AmË_ñdê$[ _| pñWaVmê$[ ewÕm{[`m{J H$m{ hr C[mX{` _mZVm
h¡$& O] kmZr ñdê$[ _| pñWa Zht hm{ gH$Vm V] CgH$m{ d«V, go_oV,
Jwoá, ^p”V, ñVwoV, dÝXZm AmoX ê$[ ew^-^md hm{V{ h¢ [a dh CZH$m{
^cm Zht _mZVm, CgH$m CZH$m{ ñdmo_Ëd AWdm H$Îmm©]woÕ Zht hm{Vr$&
dh ew^amJ CgH$m{ h{`]woÕ g{ dV©Vm h¡$& gå`½X¥oï> gmYH$ H$s Aew^
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 189

g{ oZd¥oÎm VWm ew^ _| àd¥oÎm H$m Zm_ ì`dhma MmnaÌ h¡$&

ì`dhma MmnaÌ H$m ñdê$[ Ðì`g§J«h JmWm-45 _| AmMm`©lr
Z{o_MÝÐOr Z{ oZåZàH$ma g{ ]Vm`m h¡ •-
""AgwhmXm{ odoUodÎmr gwh{ [odoÎm ` OmU MmnaÎm§$&
dXgo_oXJwoÎmê$d§ ddhmaU`mXw oOU^oU`§$&&
AW© •- Aew^ H$m`© g{ oZd¥oÎm Am¡a ew^ H$m`© _| àd¥oÎm Cg{
(ì`dhma) MmnaÌ OmZm{$& d«V-go_oV-Jwoá ê$[ – E{gm dh (MmnaÌ)
ì`dhmaZ` g{ oOZ{ÝÐX{d Z{ H$hm h¡$&''
ew^m{[`m{J H{$ VrZ ^{X h¢ – (1) oH«$`mê$[ (2) ^p”Vê$[
(3) JwU-JwUr H{$ ^{X odMmaê$[, gå`”Ëd gohV `{ VrZm| gmoVe`,
gå`”Ëd o]Zm `{ VrZm| oZaoVe` h¢$& (AZw^dàH$me, [§. Xr[MÝXOr)
gmoVe` ew^m{[`m{J [aå[am _m{j H$aVm hr H$aVm h¡, oZaoVe`
(gå`”Ëd aohV) ew^m{[`m{J g§gmagwI – X{d[X AWdm amO[X X{Vm
h¡$& gmoVe` ew^m{[`m{J BgàH$ma gmYH$ h¡, [aå[am _m{j gmÜ` h¡$&
AmË_mZwemgZ íbm{H$-123 _| JwU^Ðgyna ^r H$hV{ h¢•-
""odYyVV_gm{ amJñV[• lwVoZ]§YZ:$&
g§Ü`mamJ BdmH©$ñ` OÝVm{aä`wXm` g:$&&
AW© •- O¡g{ gy`© H$s à^mV gå]ÝYr aº$Vm h¡ dh CgH{$ CX`
H{$ ocE hr hm{Vr h¡, Cgr àH$ma E{gm Ord oOgZ{ AkmZ A§YH$ma
Xya oH$`m h¡ CgH{$ V[-emñÌmoXH$ gå]ÝYr amJ^md h¡ dh H$ë`mU
H{$ CX` H{$ ocE hr hm{Vm h¡$&''
`Úo[ Aew^-ew^ Xm{Zm| amJ^md h{` h¢, [aÝVw ZrM{ H$s Xem
_| ew^ amJ Vm{ H$W§oMV² AmJm_r ewÕVm H$m H$maU ^r h¡, [aÝVw
Aew^ amJ Vm{ AmJm_r Hw$JoV H$m H$maU h¡, BgocE gd©Wm h{`
190 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

h¡$& BgocE gmYH$ ew^ C[`m{J _| ahVm hþAm ewÕm{[`m{J _|

AoYH$moYH$ ahZ{ H$m{ [wéfmW©dÝV ahVm h¡$&
ew^m{[`m{J H{$ Aml` _| ^r lwVmä`mg _w»` h¡$& oOZH{$ CËH¥$ï>
d¡am½` [m`m OmVm h¡, E{g{ Om{ Ord eara H$m{ [mcV{ hþE oMaH$mc
[`ªV V[ H$aV{ h¢ `h kmZ H$m hr à^wËd OmZm{$& _woZ eara H$m{ h{`
OmZH$a ^r eara H$m{ gmW aIV{ h¡§ – [mcV{ h¡§, `h kmZ H$s hr
_oh_m h¡$&
gmYH$ AdñWm _| `m{Jr lwVmä`mg Ûmam ew^m{[`m{J H$m Aml`
c{Vm h¡$& lwVmä`mg AWdm AmJ_ H$s [`w©[mgZm o]Zm koá-[nadV©Z
Zht Q>cVm Am¡a koá-[nadV©Z éH{$ o]Zm ewÕm{[`m{J Zht hm{Vm$&
BgrocE AmMm`m~ Z{ ñdmÜ`m` H$m{ [a_V[ H$hm h¡$& Ü`mZ H$s ogoÕ
H{$ ocE lwVmä`mg (ñdmÜ`m`) ì`dhma gmYZ h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX _m{j[mhþ¶S> JmWm-33 _| `m{Jr H$m{ Ü`mZ-
AÜ``Z H$aZ{ H$m C[X{e X{V{ h¢ •-
""[§M_hìd`OwÎmm{ [§Mgw go_Xrgw Vrgw JwÎmrgw$&
a`UÎm`g§OwÎmm{ PmUÁP`U§ g`m Hw$Uh$&&
AW© •- [m§M _hmd«V, [m§M go_oV d VrZ Jwoá`m| g{ `wº$
gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌê$[ aËZÌ` g{ g§`wº$ hm{H$a h{ _woZOZm{ ! Vw_
Ü`mZ Am¡a emñÌ H{$ Aä`mg H$m{ gXm H$am{$&''
AmJ_ H{$ Aä`mg o]Zm [XmWm~ H{$ ñdê$[ H$m oZíM` Zht
hm{Vm$& [XmWm~ H{$ ñdê$[ H{$ oZíM` o]Zm (1) AlÕmOoZV VacVm
(2) [aH$Îm¥©Ëdmo^cmfmOoZV jm{^ Am¡a (3) [a^m{”V¥Ëdmo^cmfm
OoZV ApñWaVm H$m A^md Zht hm{Vm$& ApñWaVm H{$ H$maU C[`m{J
ewÕmË_m _| EH$mJ« Zht hm{Vm Am¡a EH$mJ«Vm H{$ o]Zm EH$ AmË_m
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 191

_| lÕmZ-kmZ-dV©Z ê$[ ewÕmË_ àd¥oÎm Zht hm{Vr$& ewÕmË_ àd¥oÎm

o]Zm _woZ[Zm Zht hm{Vm$& BgocE _m{jmWu H$m àYmZ H$V©ì`
eãX]«÷ ([a_]«÷ê$[ dmÀ` H$m dmMH$ Ðì`lwV) ê$[ AmJ_ _|
àdrUVm àmá H$aZm hr h¡$&
C[`m{J H{$ ^{X, Aew^-ew^ Am¡a ewÕ
C[`m{Jm{@ew^m{ amJ-Û{f-_m{h¡• oH«$`mË_Z:$&
ew^• H{$docY_m©ZwamJmÀNw>Õ• ñdoM„`mV²$&&56&&
amJ-Û{f Aé _m{h `wº$ [naUoV Aew^m{[`m{J OmZm{$&
oOZ-àUrV Y_m©ZwamJ ew^ AmË_ brZVm ewÕ Ahm{$&&56&&
AÝd`mW© :- [AmË_Z• amJ-Û{f–_m{h¡• (`wº$m) oH«$`m
Aew^m{[`m{J•] AmË_m H$r amJ-Û{f d _m{h g{ `wº$ oH«$`m/[naUoV
Aew^m{[`m{J h¡$& [H{$doc-Y_m©ZwamJmV² ew^•] H{$dcr àUrV Y_©
H{$ àoV AZwamJ g{ ew^m{[`m{J h¡ & [ñd-oMV²- c`mV² ewÕ•] A[Z{
M¡VÝ`- ñdê$[ _| crZVm ê$[ AmË_-[naUoV ewÕm{[`m{J h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- Vrd« H«$m{YmoXH$, Aew^ c{í`m, oZX©`Vm, odf`m-
gp”V Am¡a X{d-Jwé AmoX [yÁ` [wwéfm| H{$ àoV odZ`^md g{ Zht
àdV©Zm AmoX [«d¥oÎm Aew^ [naUm_m| H{$ oZo_Îm g{ hm{Vr h¡$&
AahÝVmoX _| ^p”V-AZwamJ, Ordm| H{$ àoV AZwH$å[m H{$ [naUm_
Am¡a _ÝX H$fm` g{ oMÎm H$s C‚dcVm BË`moX [«d¥oÎm ew^ [naUm_m|
H{$ oZo_Îm g{ hm{Vr h¡$& O¡g{ gm{Z{ H$s ]{¶S>r ^r [wéf H$m{ ]m±YVr h¡
Am¡a cm{h{ H$s ^r ]m±YVr h¡, Bgr àH$ma ew^ VWm Aew^ C[`m{J
]§Y _mJ© _| h¢$& `{ g_ñV AewÕ^md ]ÝY_mJ© H{$ AmolV h¢ Am¡a
]§Y H{$ H$maU h¢$& M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ _| crZVmê$[ AmË_-[naUoV ewÕ-
C[`m{J h¡ – Ord H{$ [naUm__` hr h¡, dh hr EH$ _m{j_mJ© h¡$&
AmË_m H{$ M{VZm JwU H{$ ì`m[ma H$m{ C[`m{J H$hV{ h¢$& C[`m{J
192 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
VrZ àH$ma hm{Vm h¡$& Om{ C[`m{J amJ-Û{f gohV àdV©Vm h¡ Cg{ AewÕ
C[`m{J H$hV{ h¢$& AewÕ C[`m{J H{$ Xm{ ^{X h¢ – Aew^m{[`m{J d
ew^m{[`m{J$& oOgg{ AmË_m H$m ^cm hm{ CgH$m Zm_ JwU h¡ Am¡a
oOgg{ AmË_m H$m ]wam hm{ CgH$m Zm_ Xm{f h¡$& Vrd« _m{h H$m CX`
hm{Z{ [a Ord H$m{ JwUm| _| Û{f Am¡a Xm{fm| _| AZwamJ hm{Vm h¡$& Bg
Ao^àm` g{ oOg_| JwU hm{ `m JwU H$m H$maU hm{ CgH{$ àoV Vm{
Û{f hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a oOg_| Xm{f hm{ `m Xm{f H$m H$maU hm{ CgH{$ àoV
AZwamJ hm{Vm h¡; E{g{ Ord H{$ Aew^m{[`m{J [m`m OmVm h¡$& `h H¥$îU-
Zrc-H$m[m{V c{í`m, oZX©`Vm, odf`mgp”V, X{d-Jwé H{$ àoV AodZ`
^md AmoX ê$[ hm{Vm h¡$& AoV à_mX g{ ^a{ hþE AmMaUê$[ [naUoV,
H$cwfVmê$[ [naUoV, odf`-cm{cw[Vmê$[ [naUoV, [a[naVm[ ([a
H$m{ Xw•I X{Zm) ê$[ [naUoV Am¡a [a H{$ A[dmXê$[ [naUoV, `{
[m§M àH$ma H{$ ^mdê$[ dV©Vm C[`m{J Aew^m{J`m{J h¡$&
O] Ord H{$ _m{hZr` H$_© H{$ _ÝX CX` g{ _m{h H{$ _ÝXê$[
^md àdV©V{ h¢ Vm{ Cg{ JwUm| _| AZwamJ Am¡a Xm{fm| H{$ àoV Û{f hm{Vm
h¡$& Bg Ao^àm` g{ oOZ_| JwU hm| `m Om{ JwU H{$ H$maU hm| CZH{$
àoV AZwamJ hm{Vm h¡, Am¡a oOZ_| Xm{f hm{§ `m Om{ Xm{fm| H{$ H$maU
hm| CZH{$ àoV Û{f hm{Vm h¡, Cg Ord H{$ ew^m{[`m{J hm{Vm h¡$&
AahÝVmoX _| ^p”V, Ordm| H{$ àoV AZwH$å[m Am¡a [rV-[X²_-ew”b
c{í`mê$[ ^md ew^m{[`m{J h¡$&>
amJ-Û{f-_m{h aohV hm{H$a C[`m{J H$m oZO-ewÕmË_m _| EH$mJ«
hm{Zm ewÕm{[`m{J h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-159 _| `m{Jr H$s ewÕmË_
^mdZm H$m{ ]VmV{ h¡§ •-
""Agwhm{dAm{JaohXm{ gwhm{dOwÎmm{ U AÊUXod`påh$&
hm{ÁO§ _ÁPËWm{@h§ UmUß[J_ß[J§ PmE$&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 193

AW© •- AÝ` Ðì` _| _Ü`ñW hm{Vm hþAm _¢ Aew^m{[`m{J

aohV hm{Vm hþAm VWm ew^m{[`m{J-`wº$ Zht hm{Vm hþAm kmZmË_H$
AmË_m H$m{ Ü`mVm hÿ±$& C[`m{Jê$[ oZO-ñd^md g{ AmË_m _| hr gXm
oZíMcê$[ g{ C[`w”V ahVm hÿ±$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-147 _| H$hV{ h¢ –
""Våhm Xw Hw$grc{oh ` amJ§ _m Hw$Uh _m d g§g½J§$&
gmhrUm{ oh odUmgm{ Hw$grcg§g½Jam`{U$&&
AW© •- BgocE BZ Xm{Zm| Hw$ercm| (ew^ d Aew^ ^md) H{$
gmW amJ _V H$am{ AWdm g§gJ© ^r _V H$am{, ”`m|oH$ Hw$erc H{$
gmW g§gJ© Am¡a amJ H$aZ{ g{ ñdmYrZVm H$m Zme hm{Vm h¡$& AWdm
Vm{ A[Z{ Ûmam hr A[Zm KmV hm{Vm h¡$&''
ew^-Aew^^md Hw$erc h¢, ”`m|oH$ H$_©]§Y H{$ H$maU h¢ BgocE
ew^mew^ H$_m~ H{$ gmW amJ Am¡a g§gJ© H$m oZf{Y oH$`m J`m h¡$&
O] VH$ `Wm»`mV MmnaÌ Zht hm{Vm V] VH$ gå`½X¥oï> H{$
Xm{ YmamE± ahVr h¢ – ew^mew^ H$_©Ymam Am¡a kmZYmam$& Xm{Zm| H{$ EH$
gmW ahZ{ _| H$m{B© ^r odam{Y Zht h¡$& oOVZ{ A§e _| ew^mew^ H$_©Ymam
h¡ CVZ{ A§e _| H$_©]ÝY hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a oOVZ{ A§e _| kmZYmam h¡
CVZ{ A§e _| H$_© H$m ]ÝY Zht hm{Vm h¡$& odf`-H$fm` H{$ odH$ë[-
ê$[ Aew^m{[`m{J Am¡a d«V-oZ`_ H{$ odH$ë[ AWdm ewÕ ñdê$[
H{$ odMmaê$[ ew^m{[`m{J ^r H$_©]ÝY H$m H$maU h¡, ewÕ [naUoV-
ê$[ kmZYmam hr _m{j H$m H$maU h¡$& BgocE _m{j_mJu Ord Aew^
H$_© hr Zht, oH$ÝVw ew^H$_© H$m{ ^r N>m{¶S>H$a ñdê$[ _| pñWa hm{Z{
H{$ ocE oZaÝVa CÚ_r ahV{ h¢$& O] VH$ gå[yU© ñdê$[ pñWaVm Zht
hm{ OmVr V] VH$ CZH{$ ewÕ ñdê$[ H{$ odMma AmoX ew^ [naUm_
h{`-]woÕ g{ àdV©V{ h¢, oH$ÝVw ew^ H$_m~ H$m{ oZaW©H$ _mZH$a VWm
194 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

N>m{¶S>H$a Aew^ H$_m~ _| àd¥Îm hm{Z{ H$s ]woÕ CÝh| H$^r ^r Zht hm{Vr$&
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h J«§W H$s JmWm-166 _| lr_X²^JdV²²
Hw$ÝXHw$ÝXmMm`© H$_©j` H$m ogÕmÝV BgàH$ma àoV[moXV H$aV{ h¢ •-
Aah§VogÕM{oX` [d`UJUUmU ^oÎm g§[ÊUm{$&
]§YoX [wÊU§ ]hþgm{ U hþ gm{ H$å_”I`§ Hw$UoX$&&
AW© •- AahÝV, ogÕ, M¡Ë` (AhªVmoX H$s àoV_m), àdMZ
(emñÌ), _woZJU Am¡a kmZ H{$ àoV ^p”V gå[ÝZ Ord ]hþV [wÊ`
]m±YVm h¡, [aÝVw dmñVd _| dh H$_© H$m j` Zht H$aVm$&
oOgH{$ amJ-a{Uw H$s H$oUH$m ^r öX` _| OrodV h¡, dh ^c{
hr g_ñV ogÕmÝVgmJa [ma§JV hm{ VWmo[ oZé[amJ – ewÕ ñdê$[-
ê$[ ñdg_` H$m{ dmñVd _| Zht M{VVm (AZw^d Zht H$aVm)$& oOg
àH$ma YwZH$r g{ oM[H$s hþB© Wm{¶S>r ^r éB© YwZZ{ H{$ H$m`© _| od¿Z
H$aVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma Wm{¶S>m-gm ^r amJ ñdg_` H$s C[cpãYê$[
H$m`© _| od¿Z H$aVm h¡$& AV• Ord H$m{ ñdg_` (oZO ewÕmË_m)
H$s àogoÕ H{$ h{Vw g{ AhªVmoXH$ odf`H$ amJ-a{Uw ^r H«$_e• Xya
H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡$&
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-168 d 169 _| AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX
H$hV{ h¢ •-
""YnaXw§ Oñg U g”H§$ oMÎmwã^m_§ odUm Xw Aß[mU§$&
am{Ym{ Vñg U odÁOoX gwhmgwhH$Xñg H$å_ñg$&&
Våhm oUìdwoX H$m_m{ oUñg§Jm{ oUå__m{ ` hdo` [wUm{$&
ogÕ{gw Hw$UoX ^qÎm oUìdmU§ V{U [ß[m{oX$&&
AW© •- Om{ (amJ H{$ gX²^md H{$ H$maU) A[Z{ H$m{ oMÎm-
^«_U aohVV`m Zht aI gH$Vm, Cg{ ew^mew^ H$_© H$m oZam{Y Zht
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 195

h¡$& BgocE _m{jmWu Ord oZ•g§J Am¡a oZ_©_ hm{H$a ogÕm| H$s ^p”V
(ewÕmË_Ðì` _| pñWaVmê$[ [ma_moW©H$ ogÕ^p”V) H$aVm h¡, Bgoc`{
dh oZdm©U H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&''
AhªVmoX H$s ^p”V ^r amJaohV Zht hm{Vr$& amJ g{ oMÎm H$m
^«_U (odH$ë[m| H$m odñVma, _Z ^Q>H$Zm, _Z H$s M§McVm) hm{Vm
h¡, BgocE ew^ VWm Aew^ H$_© H$s [aå[am H$m _yc H$maU amJ
hr h¡$& BgocE _m{jmWu Ord H$m{ H$_©]ÝY H$m _yc E{gm Om{ oMÎm
H$m ^«_U Am¡a oMÎm-^«_U H{$ _yc^yV amJmoX [naUoV H$m EH$mÝV
g{ oZ•e{f Zme H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡$& amJ [naUoV H$m oZ•e{f Zme oH$`m
OmZ{ g{ oZ•g§JVm (]mø-Aä`ÝVa [naJ«h aohVVm) Am¡a oZ_©_Vm
(__H$ma-Ah§H$mamoXê$[ odH$ë[ g_yh g{ aohV oZ_m}h [naUoV)
oOg{ àogÕ hþE h¢ E{gm dh Ord ewÕmË_ Ðì` _| odlm§oVê$[
[ma_moW©H$ ogÕ-^p”V YmaU H$aVm hþAm ñdg_` àd¥oÎm H$s àogoÕ
dmcm hm{Vm h¡$& Cg H$maU g{ dh Ord H$_©]ÝY H$m oZ•e{f Zme
H$aH{$ ogoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ `m{Jr ewÕmË_^mdZm [yd©H$ ewÕm{[`m{J h{Vw
oZaÝVa [wéfmW©dÝV ahVm h¡ •-
`m{J H$m ñdê$[
g Edmh§ g Edmho_oV ^md`Vm{ _whþ•$&
`m{J• ñ`mËH$m{o[ oZ•eãX• ewÕñdmË_oZ `m{ c`•$&&57&&
dh hr _¢ h±ÿ dh hr _¢ h±ÿ – `hr ^mdZm ^mVm h±ÿ$&
oZO ñdê$[ _¢ hþB© brZVm Bg oZeãX H$m{ `m{J H$hm{$&&57&&
AÝd`mW© :- ["g• Ed Ah_² g• Ed Ah_²'] dh ewÕê$[
hr _¢ hÿ±, dh ewÕê$[ hr _¢ hÿ± [BoV _whþ• ^md`V•] Bg àH$ma
196 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

^mdZm ^mV{ hþE AmË_m H$r [ewÕ-ñdmË_oZ `• c`• ñ`mV²] A[Z{

ewÕ-ñdê$[ _| Om{ crZVm hm{Vr h¡ [(g•) H$m{@o[ oZ•eãX• `m{J•]
dh H$m{B© AoZd©MZr` `m{J h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- "Om{ ewÕê$[ [a_mË_m h¡ dh hr _¢ hÿ±' – E{gr
X¥¶T>Vm-[yd©H$ ]maå]ma ^mdZm H$aZ{ g{ gmYH$ ewÕmË_m _| crZ hm{Vm
h¡$& ewÕmË_m _| E{gr crZVm ]ZVr h¡ dh, E{gm `m{J AWdm
g_moYê$[ Ü`mZ h¡ Om{ dMZm| Ûmam Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, ”`m|oH$
dMZ _| d¡gr ep”V Zht h¡$& ewÕmË_m H{$ AZw^d _| amJ-Û{fmoX H$s
H$„m{c| Zht CR>Vt$& oOgH{$ oMÎm _| amJ-Û{fmoX H$s H$„m{c| CR> ahr
hm|, dh _Zwî` AmË_-VÎd H$m Xe©Z Zht H$a gH$Vm$&
ghO AmË_gå[Xm H$m AZw^d g_Vm H$m AZwJm_r AWm©V²
gmå`^md H{$ [rN{>-[rN{> AmZ{ dmcm h¡$& oH$gr E{gr AdU©Zr` g_moY
Ûmam CÎm_ AmË_mAm| H{$ öX` _| g_Vm H$s AZwJmo_Zr ghO AmË_
gå[Xm ñ\w$naV hm{Vr h¡$&
g_Vm H$m Hw$c-_pÝXa AZmHw$c oZOVÎd h¡, Om{ Cg{ ^OVm
h¡ Cg_| C[`m{J H$m{ EH$mJ« H$aVm h¡, Cg{ g_Vm AWdm gmå`^md
H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$& g_Vm aohV `oV H$m{ V[íMaU g{ \$c Zht h¡$&
[Ùà^_cYmnaX{d oZ`_gma H$ce 228, 229 _| `m{J^p”V
H$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢ •-
""AmË_mZ_mË_ZmË_m`§ `wZ”Ë`{d oZaÝVa_²$&
g `m{J^p”V `wº$ • ñ`mpÝZíM`{Z _wZrída•$&&
AW© •- Om{ `h AmË_m AmË_m H$m{ AmË_m H{$ gmW oZaÝVa
Om{¶S>Vm h¡, dh _wZrída oZíM` g{ `m{J^p”V dmcm h¡$&
^{Xm^md{ gVr`§ ñ`mÚm{J^p”VaZwÎm_m$&
V`mË_cpãYê$[m gm _wp”V^©doV `m{oJZm_²$&&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 197

AW© •- ^{X H$m A^md hm{Z{ [a `h AZwÎm_ (gd©l{ð>) `m{J-

^p”V hm{Vr h¡, CgH{$ Ûmam `m{oJ`m| H$m{ AmË_cpãYê$[ E{gr dh
(àogÕ) _wp”V hm{Vr h¡$&''
Om{ `oV AoV A[yd© oZOmË_mOoZV ^mdZm g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ dmc{
gwI H{$ ocE `ËZ H$aV{ h¢, d{ dmñVd _| OrdÝ_wº$ hm{V{ h¢ Xyga{ Zht$&
oZ`_gma H$ce-156-158 _| H$hm h¡ oH$ ""Om{ gH$c
BpÝÐ`m| H{$ g_yh g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ dmc{ H$m{cmhc g{ od_wº$ h¡, Om{
Z` Am¡a AZ` H{$ g_yh g{ Xya hm{Z{ [a ^r `m{oJ`m| H$m{ Jm{Ma h¡,
Om{ gXmoed_` h¡, CËH¥$ï> h¡ Am¡a Om{ AkmoZ`m| H$m{ [a_ Xya h¡,
E{gm `h AZK (ewÕ) M¡VÝ`_` ghOVÎd AË`ÝV O`dÝV h¡$& gd©
g§J g{ oZ_w©º$, oZ_m}hê$[, AZK Am¡a [a^md g{ _w”V E{g{ Bg
[a_mË_ VÎd H$m{ `m{Jr oZdm©Uê$[r ñÌr g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ dmc{ AZ§JgwI
H{$ ocE oZË` gå`H²$ê$[ g{ ^mV{ h¡§$Am¡a àUm_ H$aV{ h¢$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ àdMZgma H$s "VÎdàXro[H$m' Q>rH$m _|
g_mJV íbm{H$-5 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
""AmË_m Y_©• ñd`o_oV ^dZ² àmß` ewÕm{[`m{J§,
oZË`mZÝXàgagag{ kmZVÎd{ oZcr`$&
àmßñ`Ë`wƒ¡aodMcV`m oZîàH$å[àH$mem§,
ñ\y$O©‚`m{oV• ghOodcgÐV²ZXr[ñ` cú_r_²$&&
AW© •- BgàH$ma ewÕm{[`m{J H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ AmË_m ñd`§ Y_©
hm{Vm hþAm AWm©V² ñd`§ Y_©ê$[ [naUo_V hm{Vm hþAm oZË` AmZÝX
H{$ àgma g{ gag E{g{ kmZVËd _| crZ hm{H$a, AË`ÝV AodMcVm
H{$ H$maU, X¡Xrß`_mZ Á`m{oV_` Am¡a ghOê$[ g{ odcogV aËZXr[H$
H$s oZîH§$[-àH$me_` em{^m H$m{ [mVm h¡$& AWm©V² aËZXr[H$ H$s ^m±oV
ñd^md g{ hr oZîH§$[V`m AË`ÝV àH$moeV hm{Vm ahVm h¡$&''
198 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ewÕmË_m _| crZ `m{Jr ghOVÎd (ewÕmË_m) H$s AmamYZm

oH$g odoY g{ H$aVm h¡ – `h odoY AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX oZ`_gma
JmWm-157 _| BgàH$ma ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""cÕyU oUoh§ E”H$m{ Vñg \$c§ AUwhd{B gwOUÎm{$&
Vh UmUr UmUoUqh ^w§O{B MBÎmw [aVqÎm$&&
AW© •- O¡g{ H$m{B© EH$ (XnaÐ _Zwî`) oZoY H$m{ [mH$a A[Z{
dVZ _| (Jwáê$[ g{) ahH$a CgH{$ \$c H$m{ ^m{JVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
kmZr [aOZm| H{$ g_yh H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a kmZoZoY H$m{ ^m{JVm h¡$&''
gd© [wamU-[wéf BgàH$ma [a_mdí`H$ê$[ AmË_-AmamYZm H{$
àgmX g{ H{$dcr – gH$càË`j kmZYmar hþE h¢$&
àdMZgma JmWm-92 H$s VÎdàXro[H$m Q>rH$m _| AmMm`©
A_¥VMÝÐ ewÕm{[`m{J H$s _oh_m H$aV{ hþE H$hV{ h¢ •- ""ñdpñV
M [a_drVamJ MmnaÌmË_Z{ ewÕm{[`m{Jm`, `ËàgmXmX`_mË_m
ñd`_{d Y_m} ^yV•
AW© •- oOgH{$ àgmX g{ `h AmË_m ñd`_{d Y_© hþAm h¡
E{gm [a_ drVamJMmnaÌñdê$[ ewÕm{[`m{J O`d§V dVm}$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX _m{j[mhþ¶S> JmWm-83 _| oZíM` Z` g{ Ü`mZ
d CgH$m \$c ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""oUÀN>`U`ñg Ed§ Aß[m Aß[på_ Aß[U{ gwaXm{$&
gm{ hm{oX hþ gwMnaÎmm{ Om{B© gm{ chB oUìdmU§$&&
AW© •- oZíM` Z` H$m E{gm Ao^àm` h¡ oH$ Om{ AmË_m-
AmË_m hr _| A[Z{ hr ocE ^cr àH$ma aV hm{ Omd{ dh `m{Jr, Ü`mZr,
_woZ gå`H²$MmnaÌdmZ hm{Vm hþAm oZdm©U H$m{ [mVm h¡$&''
X{hmoXH$ g{ hQ>H$a A[Z{ AmË_m _| pñWV ahZ{ dmc{ VWm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 199

àd¥oÎm-oZd¥oÎm-cjU dmc{ ì`dhma g{ Xya ahZ{ dmc{ Ü`mZr `m{Jr

[wéf H$m{ AmË_Ü`mZ H$aZ{ g{ H$m{B© dMZm| H{$ AJm{Ma [a_, Om{ Xygam|
H$m{ Zht hm{ gH$Vm, E{gm AmZÝX CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$&
""O¡g{ Ao¾ BªYZ H$m{ Ocm S>mcVr h¡, Cgr Vah AmË_m _|
[¡Xm hþAm [a_mZÝX, h_{em g{ Mc{ Am`{ àMwa H$_m~ H$m{ AWm©V² H$_©-
gÝVoV H$m{ Ocm S>mcVm h¡, Am¡a AmZÝX gohV `m{Jr ]mhar Xw•Im|
H{$ [nafh-C[gJ© gå]ÝYr ”b{em| H{$ AZw^d g{ aohV hm{ OmVm h¡,
oOgg{ I{X H$m{ (g§”b{e H$m{) àmá Zht hm{Vm$& E{g{ `m{Jr H$s Om{
ewÕ ñdmË_m _| crZVm ]ZVr h¡, dh AoZd©MZr` `m{J h¡$&''
– Bï>m{[X{e ícm{H$ 47-48
AmË_m _| C[`m{J H$s EH$mJ«Vmê$[ Ü`mZ g{ H$_m~ H$s àMwa
oZO©am hm{Vr h¡ Am¡a Ü`mZmdñWm _| [a_mZÝX H$m dMZ-AJm{Ma ñdmX
AmVm h¡$& Bg ñdmX _| ]mø g§`m{Jm| H$m Hw$N> ^r d{XZ Zht hm{Vm$&
ewÕmË_ ñdê$[ _| crZ `m{Jr H$s oZ^©`Vm
ewÕ-]wÕ-ñdoMÐy[ Ed crZ• Hw$Vm{@o[ Z$&
o]^{oV [a_mZÝX Ed odÝXoV ^mdH$_²$&&58&&
ewÕ ]wÕ oMÐÿ[ [a_ AmZÝX _| brZ gÝV `m{Jr$&
Zoh§ ^`^rV oH$gr g{ hm{V{ ^mdH$ H{$ AZw^d ^m{Jr$&&58$&&
AÝd`mW© :- [ewÕ-]wÕ-ñdoMÐy[{ [a_mZÝX{ Ed crZ•
(`m{Jr)] ewÕ-]wÕ-oMÐy[ [a_mZÝX _| hr crZ `m{Jr [Hw$V• Ao[ Z
o]^{oV ] oH$gr g{ ^r ^`^rV Zht hm{Vm, Ao[Vw [^mdH$_² Ed
odÝXoV] ^mdH$ H$m – [a_mZÝX ñd^md H$m hr AZw^d H$aVm h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- ewÕ-]wÕ-oMXmZÝX_` oZOñdê$[ _| crZ `m{Jr
oH$gr g{ ^r ^` H$m{ àmá Zht hm{Vm$& E{gm [a_mZÝX-_¾ `m{Jr-Ü`mZr
200 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

]mø g§`m{Jm| – [nafh, C[gJ© VWm ”b{emoXH$m| _| AM{VZ ahVm h¡,

Cg{ g§`m{J d g§`m{Jr ^mdm| H$m AZw^d hr Zht hm{Vm BgocE dh I{X
AWdm g§”b{e H$m{ àmá Zht hm{Vm h¡$& AI{X – A”b{e ahVm h¡$&
oZO ewÕ ñdê$[ _| crZ `m{Jr H$s oZ^©`Vm AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ
g_`gma H$ce-154 _| BgàH$ma oZê$o[V H$aV{ h¢ •-
""gå`½X¥ï>` Ed gmhgo_X§ H$Vwª j_ÝV{ [a§
`ÛO«{@o[ [VË`_r ^`McËÌ¡cm{”`_w”VmÜdoZ$&
gdm©_{d oZgJ©oZ^©`V`m e§H$m§ odhm` ñd`§
OmZÝV• ñd_dÜ`]m{Yd[wf§ ]m{YmÀÀ`dÝV{ Z oh&&
AW© •- oOgH{$ ^` g{ Mbm`_mZ hm{V{ hþE – Ib]bmV{
hþE VrZ bm{H$ A[Z{ _mJ© H$m{ N>m{¶S> X{V{ h¢, – E{gm dO«[mV hm{Z{
[a ^r, `{ gå`½Ñoï> Ord, ñd^mdV: oZ^©` hm{Z{ g{, g_ñV e§H$m
H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a, ñd`§ A[Z{ H$m{ (AmË_m H$m{) oOgH$m kmZê$[ eara
AdÜ` h¡ E{gm OmZV{ hþE, kmZ g{ À`wV Zht hm{V{$& – E{gm [a_
gmhg H$aZ{ H{$ obE _mÌ gå`½Ñoï> hr g_W© h¢$&''
gå`½X¥oï> Ord oZ•e§H$ hm{V{ h¢ BgocE oZ^©` hm{V{ h¢$& d{ Bh-
cm{H$, [a-cm{H$, d{XZm, Aajm, AJwoá, _aU d AmH$pñ_H$ ^`
g{ aohV hm{V{ h¢$&
^` CÝht H$m{ hm{Vm h¡ Om{ [a _| AmË_Ëd H$m AZw^d H$aV{
h¢, BgH{$ o]Zm ^` H¡$g{ hm{ gH$Vm h¡ ? dmñVd _| Om{ [`m©`]woÕ
Ord h¢ CÝht H$m{ ^` hm{Vm h¡$& oOZH$m oMÎm AmË_VÎd _| cJm hþAm
h¡ CÝh| ^` Zht hm{Vm$& BgocE ^` H{$ gX²^md g{ o_Ï`m^md H$m
AZw_mZ oH$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh ^` ñdmZw^d H{$ odZme H$m Adí`
h{Vw h¡, `h oOZmJ_ g{ OmZm OmVm h¡$& `h ]mV ogÕ h¡ oH$ Om{
[amYrZ h¡ dh ^` gohV h¡ Am¡a AmË_mZw^d g{ À`wV h¡; ”`m|oH$
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 201

ñdñW [wéf ñdmoYH$mar hm{Vm h¡, BgocE CgH{$ ^` H$m [m`m OmZm
Agå^d h¡$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ – oH$ ewÕmË_^mdZm [yd©H$ EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmá
`m{Jr OrdÝ_w”V h¡ •-
[a_ EH$mJ«Vm g{ OrdÝ_wp”V
VX¡H$mJ«²`§ [a§ àmám{ oZéÝYÝZew^mòd_²$&
j[`ÝZoO©V§ M¡Zm{ OrdÝZß`pñV oZd¥©V•$&&59&&
[a_ brZ `m{Jrída JU Aew^mòd H$m oZam{Y H$aV{$&
[yd© H$_© j` H$aV{, OrodV ah{| oH$ÝVw oZd©¥Îm ah|$&&59&&
AÝd`mW© :- [VË[a_² E{H$mJ«²`_² àmá•] Cg [a_ EH$mJ«Vm
H$m{ àmá hþAm `m{Jr [Aew^-Amòd_² oZéÝYZ²] Aew^ Amòdm|
H$m{ am{H$Vm hþAm [AoO©V§ M j[`Z²] Am¡a [ydm}[moO©V H$_m~ H$m j`
H$aVm hþAm [EZ• OrdZ² Ao[ oZd¥©V• AoñV] OrodV ahV{ hþE ^r
oZd¥©V h¡ –$ OrdZ _wº$ h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- Om{ `m{Jr C”V àH$ma H$s [a_-EH$mJ«Vm H$m{ àmá
hm{Vm h¡, CgH{$ g] Aew^ Amòd éH$ OmV{ h¡§, AoO©V [m[m| H$m
Zme hm{Vm OmVm h¡, BgàH$ma dh OrodV ahVm hþAm ^r OrdÝ_w”V
h¡$& OrdÝ_w”V AdñWm H$m{ àmá H$amZ{ dmcr E{gr [a_-EH$mJ«Vm,
ew”bÜ`mZ H$s EH$mJ«Vm h¡, oOgg{ _m{hZr`, kmZmdaU, Xe©ZmdaU
Am¡a AÝVam` Zm_ H{$ Mma KmoV`m H$_© oZO©naV hm{ OmV{ h¢$& ^md
_m{j, H{$dckmZ H$s CË[pËV, OrdÝ_w”V, Ah©ÝV[X `{ g] EH$mW©-
dmMH$ h¡$&1
1. ^md_m{j• H{$dckmZm{Ë[pËV, OrdZ_w”Vm{@h©Ë[Xmo_Ë`{H$mW©•)$
– AmMm`© O`g{Z [§MmpñVH$m` Q>rH$m
202 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

BgàH$ma oZO ewÕmË_m _| [a_-EH$mJ«Vmê$[ `m{J _| ]hþV ]¶S>r

ep”V h¡$&
Om{ `m{Jr Ü`mZ H$m gdm}Îm_ Aä`mg H$aVm h¡ [aÝVw Ma_earar
Zht h¡ Vm{ CgH{$ g_ñV Aew^ H$_m~ H$s oZO©am VWm g§da hm{Vm
ahVm h¡$& CgH{$ àË`{H$ jU _| ]hþV g{ [wÊ` H$_m~ H$m Amòd hm{Vm
ahVm h¡, oOZH{$ CX` g{ dh H$ë[dmgr X{dm| _| AZ{H$ ]¶S>r-]¶S>r
F$oÕ`m| H$m{ YmaU H$aZ{ dmcm X{d hm{Vm h¡$& `oX dh `m{Jr Ma_earar
hþAm Vm{ Cg{ Cgr ^d g{ _m{j àmá hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a Ma_earar Zht
hþAm Vm{ Cg{ AZwH«$_ g{ _m{j àmá hm{Vm h¡$&
A] H$hV{ h¢ oH$ `m{Jr gd©-H$_© H{$ Ë`mJ H$s ^mdZm ^mVm
hþAm MmnaÌ _| àdV©_mZ hm{Vm h¡ –
`m{Jr H{$ gd©H$_© Ë`mJ H$s ^mdZm
`X²^mdH$_©amJmoX `X²kmZmdaUmoX VV²$&
Ðì`H$_© `X‹moX Zm{H$_m}ÁPmo_ VX² ]oh•&&60&&
^mdH$_© amJmoXH$ kmZmdaUmoXH$ O¶S> H$_© VWm$&
X{hmoXH$ Zm{H$_© ]mø Ðì`m| H$m{ _¢ h±ÿ A] VOVm$&&60&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`V² amJmoX ^mdH$_©] Om{ amJmoXê$[ ^mdH$_©
h¢, [`V² kmZmdaUmoX Ðì`H$_©] Om{ kmZmdaUmoX Ðì`H$_© h¢ [`V²
(M) A‹moX Zm{H$_©] Am¡a Om{ earamoX Zm{H$_© h¢, [VV² ]oh•] d{
g] (_{a{ AmË_ñd^md g{) ]mø-[XmW© h¢, [VV² (Ah_²) CÁPmo_]
CÝh| _¢ Nm{¶S>Vm hÿ±$&
ì`m»`m •- amJmoX ^mdH$_©, kmZmdaUmoX Ðì`H$_© Am¡a Om{
earamoX ê$[ Zm{H$_© h¢ d{ g] _{a{ ñdê$[ g{ ]mø h¢, gmYH$ Ord
E{gm g_PH$a CÝh| Ë`mJZ{ H$s ^mdZm aIVm h¡$& Bg ^mdZm VWm
VXZwHy$c àd¥oÎm g{ H$_m~ VWm CZg{ CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ dmc{ H$m`m~ AWdm
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 203

H$_©\$cm| _| Amgp”V KQ>Vr h¡ Am¡a EH$ oXZ CZ g]g{ oZd¥oÎm H$s

^r àmoá hm{Vr h¡$&
^mdH$_©, Ðì`H$_© Am¡a Zm{H$_© H$m Ë`mJ H$aZ{ H$s ^mdZm dmcm
kmZr g_ñV H$_m~ H$m$ Ë`mJ H$aZ{ H$s àoVkm H$aVm h¡ – `h ^md
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ oZåZàH$ma g{ g_`gma H$ce-225 _| ì`º$
H$aV{ h¢ •-
""H¥$VH$mnaVmZw_ZZ¡pñÌH$mcodf`§ _Zm{dMZH$m`¡•$&
[nah¥Ë`H$_© gdª [a_§ Z¡îH$å`©_dcå]{$&&
AW© •- oÌH$mc H{$ g_ñV H$_© H$m{ H¥$V-H$mnaV-AZw_m{XZm
g{ Am¡a _Z-dMZ-H$m` g{ Ë`mJ H$aH{$ _¢ [a_ Z¡îH$å`© – CËH¥$ï>
oZîH$_© AdñWm H$m Adcå]Z H$aVm hÿ±$&
^mdmW© :– kmZr-gå`½X¥oï> H$m{ `h kmZ-lÕmZ Vm{ hþAm hr
h¡ oH$ "_¢ ewÕZ` g{ g_ñV H$_© Am¡a H$_©\$c g{ aohV hÿ±$, [aÝVw
dh [yd©]Õ H$_© CX` _| AmZ{ [a CZg{ hm{Z{ dmc{ ^mdm| H$m H$V¥©Ëd
N>m{¶S>H$a H$_©M{VZm H{$ Ë`mJ H$s ^mdZm H$aH{$ VWm g_ñV H$_m~ H$m
\$c ^m{JZ{ H{$ Ë`mJ H$s ^mdZm H$aH{$ AWm©V² ]maå]ma qMVdZ H$aH{$,
M¡VÝ`cjU AmË_VÎd H$m{ AoVe`Vm g{ ^m{JVm h¡$& AmË_VÎd H{$
C[^m{J H{$ AoVnaº$ AÝ` gd© oH«$`m _| odhma g{ `m{Jr H$s d¥oÎm
oZd¥Îm h¡$& AÝ` Om{ C[`m{J H$s oH«$`m – od^mdê$[ oH«$`m Cg_|
CgH$r [naUoV àd¥oÎm Zht H$aVr$&
H$_©ê$[ Am¡a H$_©\$cê$[ C[`m{J H$m{ H$aZm, Cgr H$s Am{a
EH$mJ« hm{H$a Cgr H$m AZw^d H$aZm AkmZ M{VZm h¡$& Cgg{ H$_©
H$m ]§Y hm{Vm h¡, Om{ kmZ (AmË_m) H$s ewÕVm H$m{ am{H$Vm h¡$& kmZ
H{$ àoV hr EH$mJ« – C[`w”V hm{H$a Cg Am{a H$m hr Ü`mZ aIZm
dh kmZ H$m g§M{VZ AWm©V² kmZM{VZm h¡$& Cgg{ kmZ AË`ÝV ewÕ
204 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

hm{H$a àH$moeV hm{Vm h¡ AWm©V² H{$dckmZ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$& H{$dckmZ

CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ [a gmjmV² gå[yU© kmZM{VZm H$hcmVr h¡$& _m{jmWu [wéf
AkmZM{VZm H$m àc` H$aZ{ H{$ ocE gH$c (AmR>m|) H$_m~ H{$ g§Ý`mg
(Ë`mJ) H$s ^mdZm H$m{ d gH$c H$_©\$c H{$ g§Ý`mg H$s ^mdZm
H$m{ ZMmH$a – ñd^md^yV E{gr ^JdVr kmZM{VZm H$m{ – EH$ H$m{
hr gX¡d ZMmVm h¡$& kmZM{VZm H$m{ [naUoV _| CË[ÝZ d [yU© H$aZ{
H$m [wéfmW© H$aVm h¡, H$_© d H$_©\$c H{$ g§Ý`mg H$s ^mdZm AWm©V²
kmZM{VZm H$m{ CË[ÝZ H$aH{$ AkmZM{VZm H$m A^md H$aV{ hþE H$_©-
]ÝY H$m A^md H$aVm h¡$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$s AmË_»`moV Q>rH$m H{$ H$ce-
233 _| gmYH$ Ordm| H$m{ H$_©M{VZm d H$_©\$c M{VZm H{$ Ë`mJ H$s
^mdZm H$aH{$, AkmZM{VZm H{$ àc` H$m{ àJQ>V`m ZMmH$a, kmZ
M{VZm H$m{ ZMmV{ hþE gXmH$mc AmZÝXê$[ ahZ{ H$m C[X{e X{V{ h¢•-
""AË`ÝV§ ^mdo`Ëdm odaV_odaV§ H$_©UñVË\$bmÀM,
àñ[ï>§ ZmQ>o`Ëdm àb`_oIbmkmZ g§M{VZm`m:$&
[yUª H¥$Ëdm ñd^md§ ñdag[naJV§ kmZg§M{VZm§ ñdm§,
gmZÝX§ ZmQ²>`ÝV• àe_ago_V• gd©H$mc§ o[]ÝVw$&&
AW© •- kmZrOZ, AodaV[Z{ g{ H$_© g{ Am¡a H$_©\$c g{
AË`ÝV odaoV H$m{ ^mH$a (Bg ^m§oV) g_ñV AkmZM{VZm H{$ Zme
H$m{ ñ[ï>V`m ZMmH$a, oZOag g{ àmá A[Z{ ñd^md H$m{ [yU© H$aH{$,
A[Zr kmZM{VZm H$m{ AmZÝX [yd©H$ ZMmV{ hþE A] g{ gXmH$mc
àe_ag o[Am{ AWm©V² H$_© H{$ A^mdê$[ AmpË_H$ A_¥Vê$[ ag
H$m{ A^r g{ c{H$a AZÝVH$mc VH$ o[Am{$&''
kmZrOZm| H$s gmYH$Xem H$s ^mdZm H$m `h ñdê$[ h¡$& Am¡a
BgH$m \$c ñdmYrZ gwI_` Xem H$s àmoá h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 205

AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ gH$c H$_© d H$_©\$c H$m Ë`mJ H$aZ{ H$s

kmZr H$s ^mdZm H$m{ g_`gma H$ce-231 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
""oZ•e{fH$_©\$c g§Ý`gZmÝ__¡d§,
gd©oH«$`m§VaodhmaoZd¥Îmd¥Îm{•$&
M¡VÝ`cú_ ^OVm{ ^¥e_mË_VËd§,
H$mcmdcr`_Mcñ` dhËdZÝVm$&&
AW© •- [ydm}º$ àH$ma g{ g_ñV H$_© H{$ \$c H$m g§Ý`mg H$aZ{
g{ _¢ M¡VÝ`cjU AmË_VÎd H$m{ AoVe`Vm g{ ^m{JVm hÿ± Am¡a CgH{$
AoVna”V AÝ` gd©oH«$`m _| odhma g{ _{ar d¥oÎm oZd¥Îm h¡$& BgàH$ma
AmË_VÎd H{$ C[^m{J _| AMc E{g{ _wP{ `h H$mc H$s Amdbr$ Om{
oH$ àdmhê$[ g{ AZÝV h¡, dh AmË_VÎd H{$ C[^m{J _| hr ]hVr ah{,
C[`m{J H$s àd¥oÎm AÝ` _| H$^r ^r Z Om`{$&''
E{gr ^mdZm H$aZ{ dmcm kmZr AZÝVH$mc VH$ E{gm hr ahZm
MmhVm h¡, ”`m|oH$ Bgr ^mdZm g{ H{$dcr hþAm OmVm h¡$&
^mdH$_© H$m ñdê$[
^mì`V{@^rúUo_îQ>mW© àrË`mÚmË_V`mË_Zm$&
d{ÚV{ `ËH$am{Vr_§ `Ûe{ ^mdH$_© VV²$&&61&&
Bï> AW© H$s àroVê$[ A[Z{[Z g{ ^m`{ OmV{$&
BZH{$ de hm{ H$Îmm©-^m{º$m ^mdH$_© `{ H$hbmV{$&&61&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`X² AmË_Zm] Om{ AmË_m H{$ Ûmam [Bï>>mW©-
àroV-AmoX] Bï>> AW© H$r àroV AmoX H{$ ê$[ g{ [A^rúU_²
AmË_V`m ^mì`V{] oZaÝVa A[Z{[Z{ g{ ^m`m OmVm h¡ [`V²–de{
M] Am¡a, oOgH{$ der^yV hm{H$a Ord [B__² H$am{oV d{ÚV{] BZH$m{
H$aVm h¡ VWm d{XVm h¡, [VV² ^mdH$_©] dh ^md H$_© h¡$&
206 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ì`m»`m •- oOgH$m gXm amJ-Û{f-H$m_-H«$m{YmoXê$[ AZw^d

hþAm H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Om{ (Ord H$m [naUm_) H$_©ê$[ [wX²Jbo[ÊS>
H{$ ]±YZ{ _| oZo_Îmê$[ hm{Vm h¡ Cg ep”V H$m{ ^mdH$_© H$hV{ h¢$&
""H$å_ÎmU{U E”H§$ Xìd§ ^mdm{oÎm hm{oX Xwodh§ Vw$&
[m{½Jco[ÊS>m{ Xìd§ VñgÎmr ^mdH$å_§ Vw$&&6&&
– Jm{å_Q>gma H$_©H$mÊS>
gm_mÝ`[Z{ g{ H$_© EH$ hr h¡, Cg_| ^{X Zht h¡$& c{oH$Z Ðì`
d ^md H{$ ^{X g{ CgH{$ Xm{ àH$ma h¢$& Cg_| kmZmdaUmoX ê$[
[wX²JbÐì` H$m o[ÊS> Ðì`H$_© h¡ Am¡a Cg Ðì`o[ÊS> _| \$c X{Z{dmcr
Om{ ep”V, dh ^mdH$_© h¡$& AWdm H$m`© _| H$maU H$m ì`dhma hm{Z{
g{ Cg ep”V g{ CË[ÝZ hþE Om{ AkmZmoX dm H«$m{YmoXê$[ [naUm_
h¢, d{ ^r ^mdH$_© hr h¢$&''
AmMm`© O`g{Z g_`gma JmWm 190-192 H$s VmË[`©d¥oÎm
Q>rH$m _| ^mdH$_© Xm{ àH$ma H$m ]VmV{ h¢ •-
""^mdH$_© Xm{ àH$ma H$m hm{ V m h¡ – OrdÐì`JV d
[wX²JbÐì`JV$& ^md-H«$m{YmoX ì`p”Vê$[ OrdJV-^mdH$_© h¡ Am¡a
[wX²Jbo[ÊS> ep”Vê$[ [wX²JbÐì`JV-^mdH$_© h¡$& O¡g{ _Ywa
AWdm H$¶S>d{ [XmW© H$m{ ImZ{ H{$ g_` Ord H$m{ Om{ _Ywa `m H$¶S>d{
ñdmX H$s ì`”VXem H$m odH$ë[ CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡ dh OrdJV ^mdH$_©
h¡; Am¡a Cg ì`”VXem H{$ H$maU^yV _Ywa-H$¶S>d{ Ðì` _| ahZ{dmcm
ep”V H$m A§e-ode{f hm{Vm h¡ dh [wX²JbÐì`JV ^md h¡$& BgàH$ma
^mdH$_© H$m ñdê$[ OrdJV Am¡a [wX²JcJV Xm{ àH$ma H$m h¡ – E{gm
^mdH$_© H{$ ì`m»`mZ _| gd©Ì OmZZm Mmoh`{$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 207

Ðì`H$_© H$m ñdê$[

]m{Yam{YmoXê$[{U ]hþYm [wX²JcmË_Zm$&
odH$m`oV oMXmË_mo[ `{ZmË_m Ðì`H$_© VV²$&&62&&
oOZ O¶S>-H$_m~ Ûmam kmZ-oZam{Y AmoX odH¥$V [`m©`$&
M{VZ hm{Z{ [a ^r AmË_m _| hm| Ðì`-H$_© H$hbm`$&&62&&
AÝd`mW© :- [oMXmË_m Ao[ AmË_m ] M¡VÝ` ñdê$[ hm{Z{
[a ^r AmË_m [`{Z [wÒcmË_m (H$_©Um)] oOg [wÒcmË_H$ (H$_©)
Ûmam (]hþYm) àm`• []m{Y-am{Y-AmoX-ê$[{U] kmZ H{$ odH$mg
H$m{ am{H$Z{ AmoX ê$[ g{ [odH$m`oV] odH$mar AdñWm H$m{ àmá hm{Vm
h¡, [VV² Ðì`H$_©] dh Ðì`H$_© h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- Cg [wX²Jb g_yh H$m Zm_ Ðì`H$_© h¡ Om{ AmË_m
H{$ kmZmoX JwUm| H$m{ Amd¥V AWdm odH¥$V H$aZ{ H$s ep”V d àH¥$oV
g{ gå[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡$& AmË_m H{$ JwUm| H$m{ Amd¥V `m odH¥$V H$aZ{ H$s
àH¥$oV H{$ AZwgma BZ [wX²Jb H$_© g_yhm| H{$ kmZmdaU, Xe©ZmdaU,
_m{hZr`, AÝVam`, Am`w, Zm_, Jm{Ì Ed§ d{XZr` AmR> ^{X hm{V{ h¢$&
BZH{$ CÎmam{Îma ^{X Ag§»` h¢$& Xe©ZmdaU-kmZmdaU H$_© AmË_m
H{$ Xe©Z-kmZ JwU H$m{ Amd¥V (T>H$V{) H$aV{ h¢$& AÝVam`H$_© dr`©
JwU H$m{ Amd¥Îm H$aVm h¡$& _m{hZr`H$_© AmË_m H{$ lÓm Ed§ gwI JwU
H$m{ Amd¥Îm d odH¥$V H$aVm h¡$&
`{ [wX²Jb-g_yh AmË_m H{$ gmW ]§Y-AdñWm H$m{ àmá ahZ{ VH$
H$_© H$hcmV{ h¢$& `{ H$_©-[wX²Jb A[Zr pñWoV H$m{ [yU© H$a O] A]§Y
AdñWm H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢ V] A[Zr ep”V d àH¥$oV H{$ AZwgma \$c
X{V{ h¢$& BZ H$_m~ H{$ CX` H{$ oZo_Îm g{ AmË_m A[Z{ ewÕñdê$[ g{ À`wV
hm{Vm h¡$& A[Z{ ewÕñdê$[ g{ À`wV hm{Vm hþAm AmË_m H$_© H{$ CX`
g{ Ow¶S>Z{ [a H$_©^md H{$ AZwgma àd¥oÎm oH$`m H$aVm h¡$&
208 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Ðì`H$_© H$s (1) àH¥$oV-àX{e-pñWoV-AZw^mJ ]§Y (2)

gËd (3) CX` (4) CXraUm (5) g§H«$_U (6) CËH$f©U (7)
A[H$f©U (8) C[em§V (9) oZYoÎm (10) oZH$moMV – `{ Xg
AdñWm`| h¢$& Ord H{$ ^mdm| H{$ oZo_Îm g{ hr Ðì`H$_© BZ Xg
AdñWmAm| H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢$&
Zm{H$_© H$m ñdê$[
`X²Ord{@‹moX VX²d¥oÕ-hmÝ`W©• [wX²Jcm{ƒ`•$&
VWm odHw$éV{ H$_©demÝZm{H$_© Zm_ VV²$&&63&&
Ordm| _| H$_m{©X` H{$ de X{hmoXH$ g] AW© ode{f$&
d¥oÕ-hmoZ_` Om{ [wX²Jb hm| d{ Zm{H$_© H$h| [a_{e$&&63&&
AÝd`mW© :- [H$_©demV²] H$_m}X` H{$ de [`V² [wÒcm{ƒ`•]
Om{ [wÒc-g_yh [Ord{] Ord _| [A§JmoX VX²-d¥oÕ-hmoZ–AW©_²
odHw$éV{] eara VWm CgH$r d¥oÕ-hmoZ AmoX ê$[ AW© H$m{ ode{f
ê$[ g{ H$aVm h¡, [VV² Zm_ Zm{H$_©] CgH$m Zm_ Zm{H$_© h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- g§gmar Ordm| H{$ eara AmoX H$s àmoá, CgH$r
[woï> Am¡a jrUVm H$m oZo_Îm [wX²Jb [a_mUwAm| H{$ g_yhê$[ [wX²Jb
H$_© hm{Vm h¡$& Zm_moX [wX²Jb H$_m~ H{$ CX`mZwgma Ord H{$ A§Jm{[m§J-
ê$[ Om{ [wX²Jb [a_mUwAm| H$m [naU_Z hm{Vm h¡ Cg{ Zm{H$_© H$hm
OmVm h¡$& `hm± Zm{ H$m AW© H$W§oMV² `m qH$oMV² h¡$& oOgàH$ma Ord
H{$ [naU_Z _| Ðì`H$_© oZo_Îmê$[ hm{V{ h¢ Cgr àH$ma earamoX ^r
oZo_Îm ]ZV{ h¢¡, [aÝVw d{ Zm{H$_© Ðì`H$_© H{$ g_mZ Zht hm{V{$&
Zm{H$_© _| Zm{ eãX H$m AW© B©fV² Am¡a odéÕ ^r hm{Vm h¡$&
Am¡XmnaH$ AmoX eara Ðì`H$_m~ H{$ ghm`H$ hm{Z{ g{ B©fV² H$_© `m
Zm{H$_© h¢$& d{ eara Ðì`H$_© H$s Vah AmË_m H{$ JwUm| H{$ KmVH$ Zht
h¢, Z MVwJ©oV AmoX ê$[ [aV§ÌVm H{$ h{Vw h¢$& AV: H$_© g{ o^Þ
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 209

B©fV² H$_© hm{Z{ g{ VWm H$_m~$ H{$ ghm`H$ hm{Z{ g{ earam| H$m{ Zm{H$_©
H$hm h¡$&
AmMm`m~ Z{ Zm{H$_© H$s [na^mfm`| oZåZmZwgma Xr h¡ •-
eara-[`m©oá-`m{½` [wX²Jcm@@XmZ§ Zm{H$_©$&
– Ý`m` Hw$_wXMÝÐ
earaÌ`[`m©oáfQ>²H$`m{½` [wX²Jb [naUm_m{ Zm{H$_©$&
– AmMm`© A^`MÝÐ, cKr`ñÌ` Q>rH$m
AW© •- Am¡XmnaH$, d¡oH«$o`H$ Am¡a AmhmaH$ VrZ àH$ma H$m
X{h Am¡a fQ>² [`m©oá`m| (Amhma, eara, BpÝÐ`, ídmgm{ÀN²>dmg, ^mfm,
_Z) H{$ `m{½` [wX²Jb H{$ [naUm_ VWm AmXmZ – J«hU H$m{ Zm{H$_©
]Vcm`m h¡$&
Jm{å_Q>gma OrdH$mÊS> JmWm-244$_| H$_© Am¡a Zm{H$_© H$m
ñdê$[ BgàH$ma ]Vm`m h¡ •-
""Am{amoc`d{Jwpìd`, Amhma`V{OUm_ H$å_wX`{$&
MCUm{H$å_garam, H$å_{d ` hm{oX H$å_B`§$&&
AW© •- Am¡XmnaH$, d¡oH«$o`H$, AmhmaH$, V¡Og Zm_H$_© H{$
CX` g{ hm{Z{ dmc{ Mma earam| H$m{ Zm{H$_© H$hV{ h¢ Am¡a H$m_©U eara
Zm_H$_© H{$ CX` g{ hm{Z{ dmc{ kmZmdaUmoX AmR> H$_m~ H{$ g_yh H$m{
H$m_©U eara H$hV{ h¢$&''
gd©H$_© Ed§ H$_©\$c g§Ý`mg H$s ^mdZm dmcm `m{Jr, oOg{
C[mX{` Ed§ h{`VÎd _mZVm h¡, CgH$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢ •-
ñdmË_m{[cpãY H{$ ocE h{`-C[mX{`
ì`dhma{U _{ h{`_gX²J«mh²`§ M gX²]oh:$&
ogÕ`¡ oZíM`Vm{@Ü`mË_§ o_Ï`{Va X¥JmoXH$_²$&& 64&&
210 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ogoÕ àmoá H{$ h{Vw gwoZíM` Xe©ZmoX h¢ J«mø _wP{$&

Bgg{ o^Þ Xe©ZmoXH$-ì`dhma Zht h¢ J«mø _wP{$&&64&&
AÝd`mW© :- [ogÕ`¡ ] ogoÕ-ñdmË_m{[ cpãY H{ $ ocE
[oZíM`V•] oZíM`Z` g{ [AÜ`mË__²] AÜ`mË_ odf`H$ [o_Ï`{Va
X¥JmoXH$_²] gå`H²$ Xe©ZmoX [_{] _{a{ ocE [J«mø_²] C[mX{` h¢
[M] Am¡a [g×oh•] Cgg{ o^ÝZ [ì`dhma{U] ì`dhmaZ` g{ H$h{
J`{ gå`H²$ Xe©ZmoXH$ [h{`_²] (ñdmË_m{[cpãY H{$ ocE) h{` h¢, [M
AgV² ] Am¡a AgV² h¢$&
ì`m»`m •- ogoÕ-ñdmË_m{[cpãY (ñd+AmË_m+C[cpãY)
AWm©V² oZO ewÕmË_m H$r àmoá$& amJ d A[yU©Vm H$m gd©Wm A^md hm{Z{
[a AmË_m H$m{ Om{ [a_kmZê$[ [a_mZÝXXem àmá hm{Vr h¡, Cg AmË_
[naUoV H$r àmoá ñdmË_m{[cpãY h¡, dh hr oZdm©U h¡, _m{j h¡$&
oZO [a_mË_VÎd H{$ gå`H²$ lÕmZ-kmZ-AZwîR>mZê$[ ewÕ
aËZÌ`mË_H$ _mJ© [a_-oZa[{j hm{Z{ g{ _m{j H$m C[m` h¡ Am¡a Cg
ewÕ aËZÌ` H$m \$c [yU©V`m ñdmË_m{[cpãY h¡$&
(VmË[`©d¥oÎm Q>rH$m oZ`_gma JmWm-2)
[§. AmemYaOr Z{ ñdmË_m{[cpãY H{$ oc`{ AÜ`mË_ odf`H$
gå`½Xe©ZmoX H$m{ C[mX{` ê$[ H$hm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝXñdm_r Bgr ]mV H$m{ oZ`_gma JmWm-3 _|
BgàH$ma H$hV{ h¢ -
""oU`_{U ` O§ H$ÁO§ V§ oU`_§ UmUX§gUMnaÎm§$&
oddar`[nahaËW§ ^oUX§ Icw gmao_oX d`U§$&&
AW© •- oZ`_ AWm©V² oZ`_ g{ (oZpíMV) Om{ H$aZ{ `m{½` hm{
dh AWm©V² kmZXe©ZMmnaÌ$& od[arV H{$ [nahma h{Vw g{ (kmZ-Xe©Z-
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 211

MmnaÌ g{ odéÕ ^mdm| H$m Ë`mJ H$aZ{ H{$ oc`{) dmñVd _| "gma'
E{gm dMZ H$hm h¡$&''
C[mX{` ê$[, à`m{OZ ñdê$[, oZíM` g{ H$aZ{ `m{½` AmË_m
H$r oZé[Mma aËZÌ`ê$[ Om{ A^{X [naUoV h¡ dh _m{j AWm©V² _hm
AmZÝX H$r C[cpãY H$m C[m` h¡$& CgH{$ AÝV^©yV kmZ, Xe©Z Am¡a
MmnaÌ h¢$& AmË_m H$r Bg drVamJ [naUoV H$m{ hr oZíM` aËZÌ`,
A^{X aËZÌ`, Aä`§Va aËZÌ`, ñd^md aËZÌ` H$hm J`m h¡$& `h
[naUoV [yU©V• oZO ewÕmË_m H{$ AmolV h¡$& Bg_| kmZ-Xe©Z-MmnaÌ
AÝV^y©V h¢, VrZm| H$m EH$ê$[[Zm h¡$& `h [naUoV [a H$r VWm ^{Xm|
H$r A[{jm g{ aohV h¡$&
dh hr AWm©V² AmË_ odf`H$ ewÕ aËZÌ`ê$[ _m{j_mJ© hr
_m{jmWu H$m{ C[mX{` h¡$& [pÊS>V AmemYaOr Z{ Bg [naUoV H$m{
"AÜ`mË_ o_Ï`{Va ÑJmË_H$' H$hm h¡$&
oZé[Mma aËZÌ`ê$[ A^{X [naUoV _| AÝV^y©V ah{ hþ`{ kmZ-
Xe©Z-MmnaÌ H$m ñdê$[ oZ`_gma H$r VmË[`©d¥oÎm Q>rH$m JmWm-3
_| oZåZV• o^ÝZ-o^ÝZ oZê$o[V oH$`m J`m h¡ •-
(1) kmZ – [aÐì` H$m Adcå]Z oc`{ o]Zm oZ•e{fê$[ g{
AÝV_w©I `m{J ep”V _| g{ C[mX{` (C[`m{J H$m{ gå[yU© ê$[ g{
AÝV_w©I H$aH{$ J«hU H$aZ{ `m{½`) E{gm Om{ oZO [a_VÎd (ewÕ-
AÝVñVÎd ñdê$[ ñdÐì`) H$m [nakmZ (OmZZm) gm{ kmZ h¡$&
(2) Xe©Z – ^JdmZ [a_mË_m H{$ gwI H{$ Ao^cmfr Ord H$m{
ewÕ AÝV•VÎd H{$ odcmg (H«$r¶S>m) H$m OÝ_^yo_ ñWmZ Om{ oZO ewÕ
OrdmpñVH$m` Cgg{ CË[ÝZ hm{Z{dmcm Om{ [a_ lÕmZ, dhr Xe©Z h¡$&
(3) MmnaÌ – oZíM` kmZXe©ZmË_H$ H$maU [a_mË_m _|
AodMc pñWoV (oZíMcê$[ g{ crZ ahZm) dhr MmnaÌ h¡$&
212 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

`h aËZÌ` oZdm©U H$m H$maU hm{Z{ g{ C[mX{` h¡$& Bgg{ o^ÝZ

Ord H{$ g^r ^md oZdm©U H$m H$maU (C[m`) Z hm{Z{ g{ h{` h¢$&
]¥hX²-Ðì` g§J«h H$r JmWm-40 H$r Q>rH$m _| lr]«÷X{dgyna gwI
H$r _w»`Vm g{ oZíM` aËZÌ` H$m ñdê$[ Bg àH$ma H$hV{ h¢ •-
""amJmoX-odH$ë[-C[moY-aohV, oMƒ_ËH$ma H$r ^mdZm g{
CË[ÝZ _Ywaag H{$ AmñdmXê$[ gwI _¢ hÿ±-E{gr oZíM` éoMê$[
gå`H²$Xe©Z h¡$&''
Cgr gwI H$m{ g_ñV od^mdm| g{ ñdg§d{XZ kmZ Ûmam [¥WH²$
OmZZm – dh gå`H²$kmZ h¡$&
Cgr àH$ma X¥îQ>-lwV-AZw^yV ^m{Jm| H$r AmH$m§jm AmoX g_ñV
XwÜ`m©Zê$[ _Zm{aW g{ CË[ÝZ g§H$ë[-odH$ë[ H{$ Omc H{$ Ë`mJ Ûmam
Cgr gwI _| crZ-g§VwîQ>-V¥á Am¡a EH$mH$ma [a_-g_agr^md g{ ^rJ{
hþ`{ oMÎm H$m{ [wZ• [wZ• pñWa H$aZm dh gå`H²$ MmnaÌ h¡$&''
C”V H$oWV cjU oZíM`-aËZÌ` AmË_m H{$ AoVna”V AÝ`
Ðì` _| Zht ahVm, Bg H$maU aËZÌ`_`r AmË_m hr _m{j H$m H$maU
h¡ AWm©V² gå`½Xe©Z-gå`½kmZ-gå`½MmnaÌ_` oZO AmË_m hr
oZíM` g{ _m{j H$m H$maU h¡$&
[X²_ZpÝX [§MqdeoVH$m (EH$Ëd gáoV) ícm{H$-321 _| oZíM`
_m{j_mJ© H$m ñdê$[ BgàH$ma H$hm h¡ •-
""Xe©Z§ oZíM`• [w§og ]m{YñV×m{Y Bí`V{$&
pñWoVaÌ¡d MmnaÌo_oV `m{J• oedml`•$&&
AW©•- AmË_m H$m oZíM` dh gå`½Xe©Z h¡, AmË_m H$m ]m{Y
dh gå`½kmZ h¡ Am¡a AmË_m _| hr pñWoV dh gå`½MmnaÌ h¡$& E{gm
`m{J oed[X H$m H$maU h¡$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 213

ì`dhmaZ` odH$ë[ê$[ ì`dhmaaËZÌ` H$m{ _m{j_mJ© H$hVm h¡,

[aÝVw oZíM`Z` g{ dh amJê$[ d ]§Y H$m H$maU hm{Z{ g{ h{` (N>m{¶S>Z{
`m{½`) hr h¡$&
drVamJ àUrV N>h Ðì`, [§MmpñVH$m`, gmV VÎd Am¡a Zm¡
[XmWm~ H{$ gå`H²$ lÕmZ-kmZ Am¡a d«VmoX H{$ AmMaU H{$ odH$ë[ê$[
ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡$& ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© ñdewÕmË_ ^mdZm H$m
gmYH$ Am¡a ]mh²` [XmWm©olV h¡$& `h YmVw [mfmU _| Ao¾ g_mZ
gmYH$ h¡ Am¡a oZíM` _m{j_mJ© gwdU© g_mZ oZod©H$ma oZOmË_m H$r
C[cpãYê$[ gmÜ` h¡$&
ì`dhma aËZÌ` H$m ñdê$[ AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX ñdm_r Z{
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-107 _| Bg àH$ma H$hm h¡•-
""gå_Îm§ gÔhU§ ^mdmU§ V{og_oYJ_m{ UmU§$&
MmnaÎm§ g_^mdm{ odg`{gw odê$T>_½JmU§$&&
JmWmW© •- ^mdm| (Zd [XmWm~) H$m lÕmZ dh gå`H²$Ëd h¡,
CZH$m Ad]m{Y dh kmZ h¡, oZO VÎd _| oOZH$m _mJ© ode{f ê$T>
hþAm h¡ CÝh| odf`m| H{$ àoV dV©Vm hþAm g_^md dh MmnaÌ h¡$&''
ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© ode{f-ode{f ewoÕ H$m ì`dhma gmYZ ]ZVm
h¡, BgocE ì`dhmaZ` g{ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© H{$ gmYZ[Z{ H$m{ àmá
hm{Vm h¡$& `h C[MnaV H$WZ h¡$& dmñVd _| _woZ H$m{ à_Îm AdñWm
_| dV©V{ hþ`{ ewÕ[naUoV-o_Ï`mËd d VrZ H$fm` H{$ A^mdê$[
ewÕVm H{$ A§e H$m{ Am¡a Aà_Îm AdñWmê$[ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© H$m{
gmÜ`-gmYZ[Zm h¡$&
Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌê$[ _m{j_mJ© _| oOVZr [ag_` àd¥oÎm h¡ dh
]§Y H$m H$maU h¡$& dh _m{jê$[ H$m`© g{ odéÕ H$m`© (g§gma) H$m H$maU
214 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

h¡$& Bgoc`{ "ñdg_` àd¥oÎm' Zm_H$ Om{ Ordñd^md _| oZ`V MmnaÌ

h¡ Cg{ hr gmjmV² _m{j_mJ©[Zm (ogoÕ H$m gmYZ) KoQ>V hm{Vm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-166 _| Xem©V{ h¢
oH$ –
""Aah§VogÕM{oX`[d`UJUUmU^oÎmg§[ÊUm{$&
]§YoX [wÊU§ ]hþgm{ U hþ gm{ H$å_”I`§ Hw$UoX$&&
AW© •- AhªV, ogÕ, M¡Ë` (AhªVmoX H$r àoV_m), àdMZ
(emñÌ), _woZJU Am¡a kmZ H{$ àoV ^p”V gå[ÝZ Ord ]hþV [wÊ`
]m±YVm h¡, [aÝVw dmñVd _| dh H$_© H$m j` Zht H$aVm$&''
Bgoc`{ gd©Ì amJ H$r H$oUH$m-gyú_ àeñV amJ ^r Ë`mJZ{ `m{½`
h¡$& ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© [ag_` àd¥oÎm d amJê$[ hm{Z{ g{, oZ`_ g{
ñdmË_m{[cpãY H$m gmYZ Z hm{Z{ g{ [nahaUr` (Ë`mJZ{ `m{½`) h¡$&
_m{jmW© h{` C[mX{` _mJ© H$m ñdê$[ [Ùà^_bYmnaX{d oZ`_gma
Q>rH$m H{$ H$be-122 _| H$hV{ h¢ :-
""Ë`·Ëdm od^md_oIb§ ì`dhma _mJ©
aËZÌ`§ M _oV_moÝZOVÎdd{Xr$&
ew Õ mË_VÎdoZ`V§ oZO]m{ Y _{ H § $
lÕmZ_Ý`X[a§ MaU§ à[{ X { $ &&
íbm{H$mW© : Om{ oZOVÎdd{Xr _oV_mZ [wéf g_ñV od^md H$m{
VWm ì`dhma _mJ© H{$ aËZÌ` H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a ewÕ AmË_VÎd _| oZ`V
(ewÕmË_ VÎd [am`U) E{gm EH$ oZOkmZ, Xygam lÕmZ Am¡a o\$a Xygam
MmnaÌ H$m Aml` H$aVm h¡$&''
– BgàH$ma g_ñV od^md ^md Am¡a ewÕ oMXmZÝX_` ñdmË_m
H{$ àoV Om{ VÐÿ[ àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a pñWoVê$[ Ao^_wIVmê$[ –
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 215

E{gm ^{Xê$[ ì`dhma aËZÌ` ^r _m{jmWu H$m{ h{` h¡$Am¡a H{$db ewÕ
oMXmZÝX_` ñdmË_m H$s àVroV, AZw^yoV Am¡a pñWoV _| C[`m{J H$s
àd¥oÎm hr _m{j H$s gmjmV² H$maU hm{Z{ g{ C[mX{` h¡$& Cgg{ hr `m{Jr
H$s gd©H$_© Am¡a H$_©\$b g§Ý`mg H$s ^mdZm \$br^yV hm{H$a AVrpÝÐ`
kmZ-AmZÝXê$[ _m{j H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$&
[a_ewÕ oZíM`Z` H$s X¥oï>
Z _{ h{`§ Z Mm@@X{`§ qH$oMË[a_oZíM`mV²$&
VÚËZgmÜ`m dm@`ËZgmÜ`m dm ogoÕañVw _{$&&65&&
[a_ ewÕ oZíM` g{ _wPH$m{, h{` Zht Hw$N> J«mø Zht$&
`ËZgmÜ` `m ghOgmÜ` hm{ ogoÕ àmoá hm{ ]g _wPH$m{$&&65&&
AÝd`mW© :- [[a_-oZü`mV²] [a_-oZü` Z` g{ [_{ Z
oH$omV² h{`_² Z M AmX{`_²] _{a{ ocE Z Hw$N> h{` h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N>
C[mX{`$& [_{ ogoÕ• AñVw] _wP{ Vm{ ogoÕ/ñdË_m{[cpãY hm{d{ [VV²
`ËZ-gmÜ`m A`ËZ-gmÜ`m dm] Mmh{ dh `ËZ-gmÜ` hm{ `m
A`ËZ-gmÜ`$&
ì`m»`m •- [a_ewÕ oZíM`Z` g{ AmË_m H$m{ X{IZ{ dmc{
kmZr H$m{ Vm{ H$maUVÎd Am¡a H$m`©VÎd Xm{Zm| ewÕ hr X¥oï> _| ahV{
h¢$& Cg{ ewÕ-AewÕ H$s odH$ë[Zm Zht hm{Vr$& O] ewÕ-AewÕ H$s
odH$ë[Zm hr Z hm{ Vm{ h{`-C[mX{` H{$ odH$ë[ ^r Zht hm{V{$& CgH{$
ocE Vm{ oÌH$mcr-Y«wd ewÕ gXm-oZamdaU AIÊS>-A^{X EH$ [a_-
[naUmo_H$^mdñdê$[ ewÕOrdmpñVH$m` ñd h¡, e{f g_ñV ^md
[wX²Jb H{$ ^md hm{Z{ g{ [a^md h¢, h{` h¢$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX oZ`_gma H{$ ewÕ^md AoYH$ma JmWm-50
_| VÎdd{Xr H$m ^md oZåZàH$ma g{ ì`”V H$aV{ h¢ -
216 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""[wìdwÎmg`c^mdm [a Xìd§ [aghmdo_oX h{`$§ &

gJXìd_wdmX{`§ A§VaVƒ§ hd{ Aß[m$&&
AW© •- [ydm}º$ gd© ^md (ì`dhmaZ` H{$ Aml` g{ g§gmar
Ordm| _| H$h{ OmZ{ dmc{ ^md) [añd^md h¢, [aÐì` h¡§, BgocE h{`
h¢$& AÝV•VÎd – E{gm ñdÐì` AmË_m C[mX{` h¡$&''
Om{ H$maU[a_mË_m Ðì`H$_©, ^mdH$_© Am¡a Zm{H$_©ê$[ C[moY-
OoZV od^md JwU-[`m©`m| g{ aohV h¡, VWm AZmoX-AZÝV A_yV©
AVrpÝÐ`-ñd^md dmcm ewÕ ghO [a_[mnaUmo_H$^md oOgH$m
ñd^md h¡ – E{gm H$maU[a_mË_m dh dmñVd _| AmË_m h¡$& AoV
AmgÝZ ^ì`Ordm| H$m{ E{g{ oZO [a_mË_m H{$ AoVna”V (AÝ`) Hw$N>
C[mX{` Zht h¡$&
oZ`_gma Q>rH$m ícm{H$-74 _| lr [Ùà^_cYmnaX{d H$hV{
h¢ oH$ E{g{ VÎdd{Xr A[yd© ogoÕ H$m{ [mV{ h¢•-
""Z øñ_mH§$ ewÕOrdmpñVH$m`mXÝ`{ gd} [wX²JbÐì`^mdm$&
BËW§ ì`”V§ doº$ `ñVËdd{Xr ogqÕ gm{@`§ `moV Vm_Ë`[ydm©_²$&&
AW© •- ewÕ OrdmpñVH$m` g{ AÝ` E{g{ Om{ g] [wX²Jb Ðì`
H{$ ^md, d{ dmñVd _| h_ma{ Zht h¢ – E{gm Om{ VÎdd{Xr ñ[ï> ê$[
g{ H$hVm h¡, dh AoV A[yd© ogoÕ H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&''
oZ`_gma Q>rH$m H$ce-72 _| ^r H$hm h¡ •-
""ewÕmewÕodH$ë[Zm ^doV gm o_Ï`mX¥oe àË`h§
ewÕ§ H$maUH$m`©VÎd`wJc§ gå`½X¥oe àË`h_²$&
BËW§ `• [a_mJ_mW©_Vwc§ OmZmoV gX²X¥H²$ ñd`§
gmamgmaodMmaMmê$oYfUm dÝXm_h{ V§ d`_²$&&
AW© •- ewÕ-AewÕ H$s odH$ë[Zm o_Ï`mX¥oï> H$m{ gX¡d hm{Vr
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 217

h¡, gå`½X¥oï> H$m{ Vm{ gXm E{gr _mÝ`Vm hm{Vr h¡ oH$ H$maUVÎd Am¡a
H$m`©VÎd Xm{Zm| ewÕ h¡§$& BgàH$ma [a_mJ_ H{$ AVwc AW© H$m{ gmamgma
H{$ odMma dmcr gwÝXa ]woÕ Ûmam Om{ gå`½X¥oï> ñd`§ OmZVm h¡, Cg{
h_ dÝXZ H$aV{ h¢$&''
oOg VÎdd{Xr gmYH$ H$m{ H$maUVÎd (Ðì`) Am¡a H$m`©VÎd
([`m©`) Xm{Zm| gXm ewÕ AZw^d _| AmV{ h¢ Cg{ [`m©` _| ewÕVm-
AewÕVmê$[ ^{X X¥oï> _| Zht AmV{, H{$dc ewÕVm hr X¥oï> _| AmVr
h¡$& h{`-C[mX{` H$m ^{X Vm{ V] CË[ÝZ hm{Vm h¡ O] ewÕVm d
AewÕVm oXImB© X{ & ewÕVm H$s d¥oÕ Am¡a AewÕVm H{$ A^md H$s
A[{jm oZ`_gma ícm{H$-64 _| h{`-C[mX{` H$s ì`m»`m H$s JB© h¡$&
[a_mJ_ H{$ AVwc AW© H$m{ Om{ gå`½X¥oï> ñd`§ OmZVm h¡ Cg{ [a
[XmW© Am¡a Ord H$s [`m©` _| CË[ÝZ g_ñV [a^md [aÐì`ê$[
AZw^d _| AmV{ h¢, AWm©V² A[Zr gÎmm _| CZH$m AË`ÝV A^md
^mogV hm{Z{ g{ [a[XmW© AWdm [a^md _| h{`-C[mX{` H$m ^{X-
odH$ë[ [¡Xm hr Zht hm{Vm$& Cg{ Vm{ H{$dc ñdmË_m{ßbpãY ê$[ ogoÕ
Mmoh`{ Om{ `ËZ gmÜ` hm{ `m A`ËZ (ghO) gmÜ` hm{$& dh ñdmË_
C[cpãY H{$ ocE [a-gm[{j H$m{B© C[m` H$aZ{ H{$ àoV ^r AË`ÝV
CXmgrZ hm{Vm h¡$& Cg{ Vm{ h{`-C[mX{` H$m ^{X ^r amJ-Û{fê$[ hr
^mogV hm{Vm h¡$&
h{`-C[mX{` H$m ^{X Z` odH$ë[m| _| hm{Vm h¡$& gå`½X¥oï> (VÎd
d{Îmm) oOg ^yo_H$m _| ]hþV g{ odH$ë[Omc A[Z{ Am[ CR>V{ h¢
E{gr ]¶S>r Z`H$jm H$m C„§KZ H$aH{$ ^rVa Am¡a ]mha g_Vm-agê$[r
EH$ ag hr oOgH$m ñd^md h¡ E{g{ AZw^yoV_mÌ EH$ A[Z{ ^md H$m{
àmá H$aVm h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ g_`gma H$ce-91 _| E{g{ VÎdd{Îmm H$s
^mdZm H$m{ BgàH$ma ì`”V H$aV{ h¢ -
218 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`
""BÝÐOmco_X_{d_wÀN>cV² [wîH$cm{ƒcodH$ë[ droMo^•$&
`ñ` odñ\w$aU_{d VËjU§ H¥$ËñZ_ñ`oV VXpñ_ oMÝ_h:$&&
AW© •- od[wc, _hmZ, M§Mc, odH$ë[ê$[r Va§Jm| H{$ Ûmam
CR>V{ hþE Bg g_ñV BÝÐOmc H$m{ oOgH$m ñ\w$aU_mÌ hr VËjU
C¶S>m X{Vm h¡, dh oMÝ_mÌ V{O•[w§O _¢ hÿ± AWm©V² M¡VÝ` H$m AZw^d
hm{Z{ [a g_ñV Z`m| H{$ odH$ë[ê$[r BÝÐOmc Cgr jU AñV H$m{
àmá hm{Vm h¡$– E{gm oMV²àH$me _¢ hÿ±$&''
[X²_à^_cYmnaX{d oZ`_gma H$ce-73 _| ewÕVÎd H{$ aogH$
H$s ^mdZm H$m{ BgàH$ma ì`”V H$aV{ h¢:-
""ewÕ oZíM`Z`{Z od_w”Vm¡ g§gV¥ mdo[ M ZmpñV ode{f•$&
Ed_{d Icw VÎdodMma{ ewÕVÎdaogH$m àdXpÝV$&&
AW© •- ewÕ oZíM`Z` g{ _wp”V _| Am¡a g§gma _| AÝVa Zht
h¡, E{gm hr dmñVd _| VÎd odMmaZ{ [a ([a_mW© dñVwñdê$[ H$m
odMma AWdm oZê$[U H$aZ{ [a) ewÕVÎd H{$ aogH$ [wéf H$hV{ h¢$&''
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX g_moYVÝÌ íbm{H$-47 _| o_Ï`mX¥oï> Am¡a gå`½X¥oï>
H$s h{`-C[mX{` gå]ÝYr ]woÕ H$m AÝVa ]VmV{ hþE H$hV{ h¢:-
""Ë`mJmXmZ{ ]oh_y©¶T>• H$am{Ë`Ü`mË_mË_odV²$&
ZmÝV]©ohê$[mXmZ§ Z Ë`mJm{ oZoï>VmË_Z:$&&
AW© •- _yI© o_Ï`mX¥oï> ]mø [XmWm~ _| (Bï>-AoZï H$s
H$ë[Zm H$aH{$) Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU H$aVm h¡ AmË_kmZr gå`½X¥oï> A[Z{
^rVa Ë`mJ Am¡a J«hU H$aVm h¡ (amJ-Û{fmoX ^mdm| d A§Va§J-]oha§J
odH$ë[m| H$m{ Vm{ Ë`mJVm h¡ Am¡a oMXmZÝX_`r ñd^md H$m{ J«hU
H$aVm h¡) Am¡a oZoï>VmË_m (H¥$VH¥$Ë` AmË_m) H{$ AÝVa§J `m ]oha§J
Z Vm{ Hw$N> J«hU hr hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a Z Hw$N> Ë`mJ hr hm{Vm h¡$& d{ AmË_
_½Z hþE h¢, CÝh| Ë`mJ-J«hU H$m H$m{B© odH$ë[ hr Zht CR>Vm$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 219

A] oOZemgZ H$m ahñ` ]VmH$a H$Îm¥©Ëd^md H{$ Ë`mJ H$m

C[X{e X{V{ h¢ •-
H$Îm¥©Ëd H$m Ë`mJ Am¡a ^odVì`Vm H$m J«hU
^odVì`Vm§ ^JdVr_oY`ÝVw ahÝËdh§ H$am{_roV$&
`oX gX²Jêw $[X{eì`dogV-oOZemgZahñ`m:$&& 66&&
Jwé-C[X{em| g{ oOZ-emgZ gma g_PZ{ H$m ì`dgm`$&
oH$`m, AV: H$Îm©¥Ëd-^md VO hm{Zhma H$m bm{ Aml`$&&66&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`oX gÒwé-C[X{e-ì`dogV-oOZemgZ-
ahñ`m•] `oX gÒwé H{$ C[X{e g{ oOZ-emgZ H{$ ahñ`m| H$m{ g_PZ{
H$m ì`dgm` (CÚ_) oH$`m h¡ Vm{ ["Ah_² H$am{o_' BoV ahÝVw] "_¢
H$aVm hÿ±'– BgàH$ma H$r H$V¥©Ëd-^mdZm g{ ]g hm{Am{ Am¡a [^JdVr_²
^odVì`Vm_² AoY`ÝVw] ^JdVr (gm_Ï`©dmZ) ^odVì`Vm$H$m
Aml` H$am{$&
ì`m»`m •- gd©km| H{$ kmZ _| dñVw ñd^md BgàH$ma OmZZ{
_| Am`m h¡ –
1. Y_©-AY_©-AmH$me-H$mc-[wX²Jb-Ord Ðì`ñdê$[ cm{H$ h¡$&
2. g^r [XmW© A[Z{ ñdê$[ g{ EH$Ëd [yd©H$ A[Z{ JwU-[`m©`m|
H$m{ àmá hm{H$a [naU_Z H$aV{ h¢$& Om{ [XmW© BgàH$ma [naU_Z H$aVm
gm{ (dh) g_` h¡$&
3. àË`{H$ [XmW© A[Z{ Ðì` _| AÝV_©¾ ahZ{ dmc{ AZÝV Y_m~
H{$ g_yh H$m{ ñ[e© H$aV{ h¢ – VWmo[ [añ[a EH$ Xyga{ H$m{ ñ[e© Zht
H$aV{$&
4. cm{H$ _| N>• Ðì` AË`ÝV oZH$Q> EH$ j{ÌmdJmhê$[ g{ oVð>
ah{ h¢, VWmo[ d{ gXmH$mc A[Z{ ñdê$[ g{ À`wV Zht hm{V{$& [aê$[
[naU_Z Zht H$aV{$&
220 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

5. [aê$[ [naU_Z Z H$aZ{ g{ CZH$r AZÝV ì`p”VVm Zï>

Zht hm{Vr, BgocE d{ Q§>H$m{ËH$rU© H$s ^m§oV emídV pñWV ahV{ h¢$&
6. d{ [XmW© g_ñV odéÕ H$m`© (CË[mX-ì``) Am¡a AodéÕ
H$m`© (Y«m¡ì`) Xm{Zm| H$s h{VwVm g{ gXm odíd H$m C[H$ma H$aV{ h¢,
oQ>H$m`{ aIV{ h¢$& CZH$r [`m©`m| _| EH$ g_`-ode{f [a oZo_Îm-
Z¡o_oÎmH$ gå]ÝY ]ZVm h¡, [aÝVw Xm{ Ðì`m| H$s [`m©`m| H{$ _Ü` H$Vm©-
H$_© gå]ÝY H$Xmo[ Zht hm{Vm$&
7. gd© [XmW© A[Z{ ñd^md _| ahV{ hþE em{^m [mV{ h¢, [aÝVw
Ord Zm_H$ [XmW© (g_`) H$m{ ]§Y H$s H$Wm g{ odg§dmX H$s Am[oÎm
AmVr h¡$&
8. Ord Zm_H$ [XmW© H$s AZmoXH$mc g{ [wX²Jb H$_© H{$ gmW
oZo_Îmê$[ ]ÝY AdñWm h¡, Cgg{ Ord _| odg§dmX (ewÕ-AewÕ
^md) I¶S>m hm{Vm h¡, Cgg{ Ord em{^m H$m{ àmá Zht hm{Vm$& Ord
H$m EH$Ëd AWm©V² A[Z{ ñdê$[ _| pñWV ahZm hr gwÝXa h¡, Cgr
g{ Ord em{^m H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&
(g_`gma J«ÝW H$s JmWm-3 H$s AmË_»`moV Q>rH$m)
O] Ord `m [wX²Jb [XmW© _| H$m{B© odH$ma – ode{f H$m`© hm{Vm
h¡ Vm{ C[mXmZ Ed§ oZo_Îmê$[ Xm{ H$maUm| H$s CoMV AdñWmAm| H{$
o_cZ{ [a hm{Vm h¡$& C[mXmZ Vm{ Cg dñVw H$s Cg H$m`©ê$[ [naU_Z
H$aZ{ H$s ghO ep”V h¡, oOg_| H$m`© H$s CË[oÎm hm{Vr h¡$& oZo_Îm
Vm{ g§`m{Jê$[ H$maU h¡$& H$m`© H$s CË[oÎm H{$ g_` C[mXmZ d oZo_Îm
H$maUm| H$s `m{½` pñWoV o_cVr hr h¡$& _m{j_mJ© _| ^r odo^ÝZ
AdñWmAm| ([`m©`m|) H$s CË[oÎm H{$ g_` C[mXmZ d oZo_Îm Xm{Zm|
H$maU C[pñWV hm{V{ h¡§, [aÝVw H$m`© Vm{ dmñVd _| C[mXmZ H$maU
H$s ghO ep”V g{ hr hm{Vm h¡, H$m`© H{$ g_` CoMV oZo_Îm C[pñWV
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 221

hm{Vm h¡ [aÝVw Cg_| Xyga{ [XmW© H$m{ H$m`©ê$[ [naU_Z H$amZ{ H$s ep”V
Zht hm{Vr h¡ – `h oOZemgZ H$m ahñ` h¡$&
oZo_Îm g{ H$m`© H$s CË[oÎm Zht hm{Vr, `h oZ`_ Bï>m{[X{e
ícm{H$-35 _| AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX àoV[moXV H$aV{ h¢ •-
""Zm@km{ odkËd_m`moV odkm{ Zm@kËd_¥ÀN>oV$&
oZo_Îm_mÌ_Ý`ñVw JV{Y©_m©pñVH$m`dV²$&&
AW© •- Ak H$m{ C[X{emoX oZo_Îmm| Ûmam odk Zht oH$`m Om
gH$Vm, Z odk H$m{ Ak hr H$a gH$V{ h¢, ”`m|oH$ [a-[XmW© oZo_Îm
_mÌ h¢$& O¡g{ Y_m©pñVH$m` ñd`§ McV{ Ord Am¡a [wÒcm| H$m{ oZo_Îm
_mÌ hm{Vm h¡, CgràH$ma AÝ` [XmW© ^r oZo_Îm_mÌ h¢$&''
o_Ï`mX¥oï> (AkmZr) Ord `h _mZVm h¡ oH$ _¢ [a-Ordm| H$m{
_maVm hÿ± Am¡a [a-Ord _wP{ _maV{ h¢, _¢ [a-Ordm| H$m{ oOcmVm hÿ±
Am¡a [a-Ord _wP{ oOcmV{ h¢, _¢ [a-Ordm| H$m{ Xw•Ir-gwIr H$aVm
hÿ± Am¡a [a-Ord _wP{ Xw•Ir `m gwIr H$aV{ h¢ – E{gr _mÝ`Vm`| AkmZ
h¢$& Bg OJV _| Ordm| H{$ _aU, OrdZ, Xw•I, gwI g] gX¡d A[Z{
H$_m}X` g{ hm{Vm h¡; "Xygam [wéf Xyga{ H{$ _aU-OrdZ, Xw•I-gwI
H$m{ H$aVm h¡' – E{gm Om{ _mZVm h¡ dh Vm{ AkmZ h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ AmË_»`moV Q>rH$m _| g_`gma H$ce-
169 _| ocIV{ h¢ •-
""AkmZ_{VXoYJå` [amË[añ`,
[í`pÝV `{ _aUOrodVXw•Igm¡»`_²$&
H$_m©Ê`h§H¥$oVag{Z oMH$sf©dñV{
o_Ï`mX¥em{ oZ`V_mË_hZm{ ^dpÝV$&&
AW© •- Bg ([yd©H$oWV _mÝ`Vmê$[) AkmZ H$m{ àmá H$aH{$
222 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

Om{ [wéf [a g{ [a H{$ _aU, OrdZ, Xw•I, gwI H$m{ X{IV{ h¡§ AWm©V²
_mZV{ h¢ d{ [wéf, Om{ BgàH$ma Ah§H$ma ag g{ H$_m~ H$m{ H$aZ{ H{$
BÀNw>H$ (Om{ [a H$m{ _maZ{-oOcmZ{ H$m, gwIr-Xw•Ir H$aZ{ H$m
Ao^àm` aIV{ h¢) h¢, d{ oZ`_ g{ o_Ï`mX¥oï> h¡§ A[Z{ AmË_m H$m
KmV H$aZ{ dmc{ h¢$& d{ A[Z{ ñdê$[ g{ À`wV hm{V{ hþE amJr, Û{fr,
_m{hr hm{H$a ñdV• hr A[Zm KmV H$aV{ h¢$&''
`h Om{ ]woÕ h¡ oH$ "_¢ H$aVm hÿ±' – _¢ Ordm| H$m{ Xw•Ir-gwIr
H$aVm hÿ±, _¢ Ordm| H$m{ _maVm-oOcmVm hÿ±, `h Ah§H$ma[yU© H$Îm¥©Ëd
H$s ^mdZm (_mÝ`Vm) AkmZ_` AÜ`dgm` h¡ – _m{hê$[ ]woÕ h¡–
_y¶T>Vm h¡, ew^mew^ ^md H$_©]§Y H$m H$maU h¡, BgocE Bg _mÝ`Vm
H$m{ N>m{¶S>m{$& Om{ _aVm h¡ Am¡a Om{ Xw•Ir hm{Vm h¡ dh g] H$_m}X`
g{ hm{Vm h¡$& Om{ Z _aVm h¡ Z Xw•Ir hm{Vm h¡ dh ^r dmñVd _| CgH{$
H$_m}X` g{ hm{Vm h¡$& BgocE Bg Ah§H$ma[yU© H$Îm¥©Ëd H$s ^mdZm H$m{
N>m{¶S>m{ Am¡a ^JdVr ^odVì`Vm H$m Aml` J«hU H$am{$&
Om{ hm{Z{ `m{½` hm{ Cg{ ^odVì` H$hV{ h¢ Am¡a CgH$m ^md
^odVì`Vm H$hcmVm h¡$& H$V©¥Ëd H{$ Ah§H$ma g{ [ro¶S>V hþAm g§gmar
àmUr _ÝÌ-VÝÌmoX AZ{H$ ghH$mar H$maUm| H$m{ o_cmH$a ^r gwImoX
H$m`m~ H{$ H$aZ{ _| g_W© Zht hm{Vm$&
Bg OmoV H{$ Ah§H$ma g{ Xw•Ir AmË_m H$m{ cú` _| c{H$a AmMm`©
g_ÝV^Ð ñd`§^y ñVm{Ì íbm{H$-33$ _| Cg{ AZrída – Ag_W© ]VmV{
hþE H$hV{ h¢ •-
""Ac§¿`ep”V^©odVì`V{`§ h{VwÛ`m@@odîH¥$V-H$m`©qcJm$&
AZrídam{ OÝVwah§ oH«$`mV©• g§hË` H$m`}pîdoV gmÜddmXr:$&&
AW© •- h{VwÛ` (C[mXmZ-oZo_Îm) g{ CË[ÝZ hm{Z{ dmcm H$m`©
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 223

hr oOgH$m km[H$ h¡ E{gr Om{ ^odVì`Vm, CgH$r ep”V Ac§¿`

h¡ AWm©V² CgH$r ep”V H$m C„§KZ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¡$& O]oH$
^odVì`Vm g{ AZo^k `h oZarh g§gmar àmUr "_¢ Bg H$m`© H$m{
H$a gH$Vm hÿ±' – BgàH$ma H{$ Ah§H$ma g{ [ro¶S>V ahVm h¡, VWmo[$
^odVì`Vm H{$ o]Zm AZ{H$ ghH$mar H$maUm| H$m{ o_cmH$a ^r H$m`©
gå[ÝZ H$aZ{ _| g_W© Zht hm{Vm$&''
oOZemgZ H$m `h ahñ` h¡ oH$ H$m{B© ^r [aÐì` _{a{ JwUm| H$m
haU Zht H$a gH$Vm, Z CZH$m{ CË[ÝZ H$a gH$Vm h¡$& _¢ oH$gr ^r
[aÐì` H{$ JwUm| H$m{ CË[ÝZ Zht H$a gH$Vm AWdm CZH$m Zme ^r
Zht H$a gH$Vm$& BgocE AÝ` H$m{B© Ord AWdm [wX²Jb Ðì` _wP
AmË_m [a A[H$ma `m C[H$ma H$aV{ h¢ `m _¢ oH$gr [a-Ord H$m
C[H$ma `m A[H$ma H$aVm hÿ±, `h _mÝ`Vm gd©Wm ì`W©-AgË` h¡$&
`hm± VH$ oH$ _{am eara ^r _wP AmË_m [a C[H$ma-A[H$ma H$aZ{
_| g_W© Zht Am¡a _¢ eara H{$ JwU d [`m©`m| H$m{ CË[ÝZ H$aZ{ _|
Ag_W© hÿ±$& _¢ eÌw-o_ÌmoX H{$ AM{VZ ñdê$[ eara H$m{ Vm{ X{IVm
hÿ±, [aÝVw CZH$r AmË_m H$m{ X{I Zht [mVm, BgocE _¢ CZH$m C[H$ma
`m A[H$ma AWdm AÀN>m-]wam H$a hr Zht gH$Vm$&
oOZemgZ _| _mÝ` dñVwì`dñWm H{$ Bg ogÕmÝV H$m{ AmMm`©
Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX g_`gma JmWm-372 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
""AÊUXodEU AÊUXod`ñg Um{ H$raE JwUwß[mAm{$&
Våhm Xw gìdXìdm Cß[ÁO§V{ ghmd{U$&&
AW© •- AÝ` Ðì` g{ AÝ` Ðì` H{$ JwU H$s CË[oÎm Zht
H$s Om gH$Vr; Bgg{ (`h ogÕmÝV hþAm oH$) gd© Ðì` A[Z{-A[Z{
ñd^md g{ CË[ÝZ hm{V{ h¢$&''
AÝ` Ðì` _| AÝ` Ðì` H{$ JwUm| H$m{ CË[ÝZ H$aZ{ H$s A`m{½`Vm
224 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

hm{Z{ g{ _¢ [a H$m C[H$ma `m A[H$ma H$a gH$Vm hÿ±, `h _mÝ`Vm

o_Ï`m h¡$&
^JdVr ^odVì`Vm H$m Aml` ”`m| J«hU H$aZm Mmoh`{, Bg
oOkmgm H$m CÎma AmMm`© Ao_VJoV 208-209 `m{Jgma _| X{V{ h¢•-
""kmZ-X¥oï>-MnaÌmoU oõ`ÝV{ ZmjJm{Ma¡•$&
oH«$`ÝV{ Z M Jwdm©Ú¡• g{ì`_mZ¡aZmaV_²$&&
CË[ÚÝV{ odZí`pÝV Ordñ` [naUmo_Z•$&
VV• ñd`§ g XmVm Z [aVm{ Z H$XmMZ$&&
AW© •- ñ[e©Z{pÝÐ`moX BpÝÐ`m| H{$ odf`m| H$m{ ^m{JZ{ g{
gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ Ed§ gå`H²$MmnaÌê$[ [`m©`m| H$m haZ (Zme)
Zht hm{Vm, oZaÝVa oOZH$r g{dm H$s JB© h¡ E{g{ gƒ{ Jwé ^r A[Z{
oeî` _| gå`½Xe©ZmoX [`m©`m| H$m{ CË[ÝZ Zht H$a gH$V{$&
[naU_Z-erc Ord H$s `{ gå`½Xe©ZmoX [`m©`| ñd`§ g{ CË[ÝZ
hm{Vr h¢ Am¡a ñd`§ odZme H$m{ àmá hm{Vr h¢$& BgocE Ord Ðì` ^r BZ
gå`½Xe©ZmoX [`m©`m| H$m XmVm AWm©V² H$Vm©-hVm© Zht h¡ Am¡a Z H$m{B©
[aÐì` BZ gå`½Xe©ZmoX [`m©`m| H$m CË[mX VWm ì`` H$aVm h¡$&''
O¡g{ ñd^md g{ oZ_©c e§I A[Z{ ñd^md g{ hr ew”bVm _|
[nadoV©V hm{Vm h¡, AÝ` oH$gr g{ Zht; d¡g{ hr Ord [odÌ aËZÌ`
H$s AmamYZm _| ñd`§ àd¥Îm hm{Vm h¡, AÝ` oH$gr g{ Zht$&
Bg gÝX^© _| _m{j_mJ© àH$meH$ H$m oZåZ A§e Ðï>ì` h¡ –
""EH$ H$m`© hm{Z{ _| AZ{H$ H$maU o_cV{ h¢$& H$maU Xm{ àH$ma
H{$ h¢ (1) oOg H$maU g{ H$m`© H$s ogoÕ hm{ AWdm Zht ^r hm{
(2) oOg H$maU g{ H$m`© H$s ogoÕ Adí` hm{$& oOg H$maU g{ H$m`©
H$s ogoÕ hm{ AWdm Zht ^r hm{, Cg H$maUê$[ CÚ_ H$a{, dhm±
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 225

AÝ` H$maU o_c{ Vm{ H$m`© ogoÕ hm{Vr h¡, Z o_c{ Vm{ Zht hm{Vr$&
oOg H$maU g{ H$m`© ogoÕ Adí` hm{ Cg H$maUê$[ CÚ_ H$a{ dhm±
AÝ` H$maU o_cV{ hr o_cV{ h¢ Am¡a H$m`© H$s ogoÕ ^r hm{Vr hr
hm{Vr h¡$&''
^odVì`Vm H$m Aml` J«hU H$aZ{ H$m `h AW© H$Xmo[ Zht
h¡ oH$ Om{ Hw$N> hm{Zm h¡ dh ñd`§ hr hm{H$a ah{Jm – E{gm g_PH$a
o]cHw$c oZpîH«$` hm{H$a ]¡R> OmZm, oOg H$maU g{ H$m`© H$s ogoÕ
Adí` hm{, dh H$m`© ^r Zht H$aZm$& Om{ E{gm Ame` J«hU H$aVm
h¡ CgZ{ oOZemgZ H{$ ahñ` H$m{ Zht g_Pm$& ^odVì`Vm H{$ C”V
H$WZ g{ [wéfmW©hrZVm, AZwÚm{J VWm à_mX H$m [m{fU Zht hm{Vm$&
^JdVr ^odVì`Vm H$m Aml` J«hU H$aZ{ H$m VmË[`©, `h
Zht oc`m OmZm Mmoh`{ oH$ oOg H$maU g{ H$m`©ogoÕ Adí` hm{
Cg H$maUê$[ CÚ_ Z oH$`m Omd{$& cú` H$s àmoá h{Vw `m{½` [wéfmW©
Vm{ oH$`m hr OmZm Mmoh`{, [aÝVw H$m`© _| H$V¥©Ëd H$m Ah§H$ma qH$oMV
^r Zht hm{Zm Mmoh`{$& H$m`© H$s CË[oÎm Vm{ oOg Ðì` H$m{ H$m`© ê$[
[naUo_V hm{Zm h¡ Cg Ðì` H$s VV² g_` H$s `m{½`Vm g{ hm{Vr h¡$&
AV• H$V¥©Ëd odf`H$ Ord H$m Ah§H$ma oZ•gma h¡$&
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐgyna àdMZgma JmWm-88 H$s Q>rH$m _|
[wéfmW© H$m{ AW©oH«$`mH$mar (à`m{OZ^yVoH«$`m H$m H$aZ{ dmbm) ]VmV{
hþE [wéfmW© H$m Aml` J«hU H$aZ{ ê$[ A[Zr [naUoV H$m H$WZ
H$aV{ h¢ –
""Bg AoVXrK© gXm CË[mV_` g§gma_mJ© _| oH$gr ^r àH$ma
g{ oOZ{ÝÐ X{d H{$ Bg VrúU, AogYmam g_mZ C[X{e H$m{ àmá H$aH{$
Om{ _m{h-amJ-Û{f [a AoVѶT>Vm [yd©H$ CgH$m àhma H$aVm h¡ dh
hr hmW _| Vbdma obE hþE _Zwî` H$s ^m±oV erK« hr g_ñV Xw:Im|
226 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

g{ [na_w·V hm{Vm h¡; AÝ` ì`m[ma g_ñV Xw:Im| g{ [na_w·V Zht

H$aVm$& BgobE gå[yU© Amaå^ g{ (à`ËZ[yd©H$) _m{h H$m j` H$aZ{
H{$ obE _¢ [wéfmW© H$m Aml` J«hU H$aVm hÿ±$&''
_m{j_mJ© àH$meH$ ([¥.312-313) _| [wéfmW© H$m ñdê$[
]hþV hr _mo_©H$ T>J g{ Am`m h¡, Om{ _ybV: Ðï>ì` h¡, `hm± ^r
CgH$m Wm{¶S>m-gm A§e àñVwV h¡ –
""BgocE Om{ Ord odMma ep”V gohV hm{ Am¡a oOgH{$ amJmoX
_ÝX hm{ dh Ord [wéfmW© g{, C[X{emoXH$ H{$ oZo_Îm g{ VÎdoZU©`moX
_| C[`m{J cJm`{ Vm{ CgH$m C[`m{J dhm± cJ{ Am¡a aËZÌ` H$s àmoá
hm{$& Bg Adga _| VÎdoZU©` H$aZ{ H$m [wéfmW© Z H$a{, à_mX g{
H$mc J±dm`{ `m Vm{ _ÝX-amJ gohV odf`-H$fm`m| H{$ H$m`m~ _| hr
àdV} `m ì`dhma Y_©H$m`m~ _| àdV} V] Adga Vm{ Mcm Omd{Jm
Am¡a dh Ord g§gma _| hr [na^«_U H$a{Jm$& Bg Adga _| Om{ Ord
VÎdoZU©` H$aZ{ _| C[`m{J cJmZ{ H$m Aä`mg aI{ CZH{$ odewÕVm
]¶T{>Jr, Cgg{ H$_m~ H$s ep”V hrZ hm{Jr, Hw$N> H$mc _| A[Z{ Am[
Xe©Z_m{h H$m C[e_ hm{Jm, V] VÎdm| H$s `WmdV² àVroV Am`{Jr$&
gm{ C[mX{`ê$[ oZíM` gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ ê$[ _m{j_mJ© H$s
C[cpãY H{$ ocE BgH$m H$Îm©ì` Vm{ VÎdoZU©` H$m Aä`mg hr h¡,
Bgr g{ Xe©Z_m{h H$m C[e_ ñd`_{d hm{Jm, Cg_| Ord H$m H$Îm©ì`
Hw$N> Zht h¡$& CgH{$ hm{Z{ [a Ord H{$ ñd`_{d gå`½Xe©Z hm{Vm h¡$&
gå`½Xe©Z hm{Z{ [a lÕmZ Vm{ `h hþAm oH$ "_¢ AmË_m hÿ±, _wP{
amJmoXH$ Zht H$aZm' [aÝVw MmnaÌ_m{h H{$ CX` g{ amJmoXH$ hm{V{ h¢$&
dhm± Vrd« CX` hm{ V] Vm{ odf`moX _| àdV©Vm h¡ Am¡a _ÝX CX`
hm{ V] A[Z{ [wéfmW© g{ Y_©H$m`m~ _| d d¡am½`moX ^mdZm _| C[`m{J
H$m{ cJmVm h¡, CgH{$ oZo_Îm g{ MmnaÌ_m{h _ÝX hm{ OmVm h¡ – E{gm
hm{Z{ [a X{eMmnaÌ d gH$c MmnaÌ A§JrH$ma H$aZ{ H$m [wéfmW© àJQ>
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 227

hm{Vm h¡ VWm MmnaÌ H$m{ YmaU H$aH{$ A[Z{ [wéfmW© g{ Y_© [naUoV
]¶T>m`{ dhm± odewÕVm g{ H$_© H$s ep”V hrZ hm{Vr h¡, Cgg{ odewÕVm
]¶T>Vr h¡ Am¡a Cgg{ H$_© H$s ep”V AoYH$ hrZ hm{Vr h¡$& BgàH$ma
H«$_ g{ _m{h H$m Zme H$a{ V] gd©Wm [naUm_ odewÕ hm{V{ h¢, CZH{$
Ûmam kmZmdaUmoX H$m Zme hm{, V] H{$dckmZ àJQ> hm{Vm h¡$& [íMmV²
dhm± o]Zm C[m` AKmoVH$_© H$m Zme H$aH{$ ewÕ ogÕ[X H$m{ àmá
H$aVm h¡$& BgàH$ma C[X{e H$m oZo_Îm ]Z{ Am¡a A[Zm [wéfmW© H$a{
Vm{ H$_© H$m Zme hm{Vm h¡$&
g§gma _| ^«_U H$aV{ hþE O] H$_m~ H$m (KmoV`m H$m) Vrd«
CX` hm{ V] Vm{ CgH$m [wéfmW© Hw$N> Zht h¡, C[X{e ^r H$m`©H$mar
Zht h¡$& O] H$_m~ H$m _ÝX CX` hm{ V] [wéfmW© H$aH{$ _m{j_mJ©
_| àdV©Z H$a{ Vm{ C[mX{`ê$[ oZYm©naV _m{j àmá H$a c{$& _m{j_mJ©
_| àdV©Z Zht H$a{ Vm{ qH$oMV² odewÕVm [mH$a o\$a Vrd« CX` AmZ{
[a oZJm{XmoX [`m©` H$m{ àmá H$a{Jm$& O¡g{ H$m{B© [wéf ZXr H{$ àdmh
_| [¶S>m hm{, dhm± [mZr H$m Om{a hm{ V] Vm{ CgH$m [wéfmW© Hw$N> Zht
h¡, C[X{e ^r H$m`©H$mar Zht h¡, Am¡a [mZr H$m Om{a Wm{¶S>m hm{ V]
`oX [wéfmW© H$aH{$ oZH$c{ Vm{ oZH$c Am`{Jm$& Z oZH$c{ Vm{ Yra{-
Yra{ ]h{Jm Am¡a o\$a [mZr H$m Om{a hm{Z{ [a ]hVm Mcm Om`{Jm$&''
AmJ{ gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ d gå`½MmnaÌ H$m ñdê$[, oZíM`
ì`dhma Z` g{ àê$o[V oH$`m J`m h¡$&
gå`½Xe©Z H$m ñdê$[
ewÕ-]wÕ-ñd oMÐy[mXÝ`ñ`mo^_wIr éoM:$&
ì`dhma{U gå`”Ëd§ oZíM`{Z VWm@@Ë_Z•$&&67&&
ewÕ-]wÓ oMÐÿ[ AmË_ H$s éoM oZíM` gå`·Ëd Ahm{$&
AÝ` [XmWm{ª H$s éoM h¡ gå`½Xe©Z ì`dhma H$hm{$&&67&&
228 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

AÝd`mW© :- [ewÕ-]wÕ-ñd–oMÐy[mV² AÝ`ñ` Ao^_wIr

éoM ì`dhma{U gå`º²$d_²] A[Z{ ewÕ-]wÕ-oMÐy[ g{ o^ÝZ AÝ`
(gá-VËd `m X{d-Jwé-emñÌ AmoX) [XmWm~ H{$ àoV Om{ éoM h¡ dh
ì`dhma g{ gå`º²$d h¡$& [VWm oZü`{Z AmË_Z• (Ao^_wIr éoM•)]
VWm AmË_mo^_wIr éoM oZü` g{ gå`·Ëd h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- _m{j_mJ© Vm{ `WmW©V: EH$ hr h¡, VWmo[ oOZmJ_
_| oZíM`-ì`dhma ê$[ dU©Z h¡$& CZ_| `WmW© H$m Zm_ oZíM` h¡,
C[Mma H$m Zm_ ì`dhma h¡$& gƒ{ _m{j_mJ© H$m{ _m{j_mJ© oZê$o[V
H$aZm oZíM`Z` g{ _m{j_mJ© H$m oZê$[U h¡$& Om{ _m{j_mJ© Vm{ Zht
h¡, [aÝVw _m{j_mJ© H$m ghMmar ^md h¡ Cg{ C[Mma g{ _m{j_mJ© H$hm
Om` gm{ ì`dhmaZ` g{ _m{j_mJ© H$m H$WZ h¡$& oZíM`-ì`dhma H$m
gd©Ì E{gm hr cjU h¡, "gƒm oZê$[U gm{ oZíM`, C[Mma oZê$[U
gm{ ì`dhma' – _m{j_mJ© àH$meH$ [¥.249
Xygar oddjm _|, ewÕ Ðì` (ewÕ [`m©` [naUV Ðì`, [aoZo_Îm
aohV ewÕ [`m©`) H{$ AmolV, Ao^ÝZ gmÜ`-gmYZ ^md H{$ Aml`
_m{j_mJ© H$m àê$[U oZíM`Z` H$m àê$[U h¡ Am¡a ñd[a h{VwH$
[`m©` H{$ AmolV, o^ÝZ gmÜ`-gmYZ ^mddmcm àê$[U ì`dhmaZ`
H{$ Aml`dmbm àê$[U h¡$&
oOg Z` _| gmÜ` d gmYZ Ao^ÝZ AWm©V² EH$ àH$ma H{$ hm| dh
oZíM`Z` h¡$& oOg Z` _| gmÜ` d gmYZ o^ÝZ àê$o[V oH$`{ J`{ hm|
dh ì`dhmaZ` h¡$& O¡g{ oZod©H$ë[-Ü`mZ [naUV (ewÕmË_kmZ lÕmZ-
MmnaÌ [naUV) _woZ H$m{ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡ ”`m|oH$ `hm± gmÜ`
(_m{jê$[) Am¡a gmYZ (_m{j_mJ©ê$[) EH$ àH$ma H{$ AWm©V² ewÕmË_ê$[
(ewÕmË_ [`m©`ê$[) h¢$& ì`dhmaZ` g{ N>R>d| JwUñWmZ _| dV©V{ hþE
_woZ (Ðì`moW©H$ Z` H{$ odf`^yV) ewÕmË_ ñdê$[ H{$ Am§oeH$ Amcå]Z
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 229

gohV VÎdmW©lÕmZ, VÎdmW©kmZ Am¡a [§M_hmd«VmoXê$[ MmnaÌ ì`dhma

Z` g{ _m{j_mJ© h¡ ”`m|oH$ (_m{jê$[) gmÜ` ñdh{VwH$ [`m©` h¡ Am¡a
VÎdmW©lÕmZmoX_` _m{j_mJ©ê$[ gmYZ ñd[ah{VwH$ [`m©` h¡$&
oZíM`-ì`dhma gå`·Ëd H$m ñdê$[
gå`½Xe©Z H$m ^r oOZmJ_ _| Xm{ àH$ma g{ oZê$[U h¡$& A[Z{
ewÕ-]wÕ-oMÐy[ ñdê$[ H$s éoM/àVroV oZíM`Z` g{ gå`”Ëd h¡$&
A[Z{ ewÕ-]wÕ-oMÐy[ ñdê$[ g{ o^ÝZ fQ²>Ðì`m| VWm gáVÎdmoX
Ao^_wI-éoM ì`dhmaZ` g{ gå`”Ëd h¡$&
[pÊS>V AmemYaOr Z{ aËZÌ` odYmZ H{$ íbm{H$-35 d 36
_| ì`dhma-oZíM` gå`·Ëd H$m ñdê$[ BgàH$ma H$hm h¡ –
""pñWoV, CË[oÎm Am¡a ì``ê$[ gmV VÎdm| H{$ lÕmZ H$m{ odÛmZ
ì`dhma gå`·Ëd H$hV{ h¢, àJm¶T> AmZÝX_` Am¡a ewÕ M¡VÝ`ñdê$[
[a_mË_m _| g_rMrZ lÕm hm{Zm oZíM` gå`½Xe©Z h¡$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ AmË_»`moV H$be-6 _| oZíM` gå`”Ëd
H$m ñdê$[ H$hV{ h¢•-
""EH$Ëd{ oZ`Vñ` ewÕZ`Vm{ ì`máw`©Xñ`mË_Z•
[yU©kmZKZñ` Xe©Zo_h Ðì`mÝVa{ä`• [¥WH²$$&
gå`½Xe©Z_{VX{d oZ`_mXmË_m M VmdmZ`§
VÝ_w”Ëdm ZdVÎdgÝVoVo__m_mË_m`_{H$m{@ñVw Z•$&&
AW© •- Bg AmË_m H$m{ AÝ` Ðì`m| g{ [¥WH²$ X{IZm (lÕmZ
H$aZm) hr oZ`_ g{ gå`½Xe©Z h¡$& `h AmË_m A[Z{ JwU-[`m©`m|
_| ì`má (ahZ{ dmcm) h¡ Am¡a ewÕZ` g{ EH$Ëd _| oZpíMV oH$`m
J`m h¡ VWm [yU©kmZKZ h¡$ Am¡a oOVZm gå`½Xe©Z h¡ CVZm hr `h
AmË_m h¡$& BgocE AmMm`© àmW©Zm H$aV{ h¢ oH$ Bg ZdVÎd H$s
[na[mQ>r H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a `h AmË_m EH$ hr h_| àmá hm{$&
230 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

^mdmW© •- oZíM`Z` g{ `m ewÕZ` g{ AmË_m km`H$_mÌ EH$

AmH$ma oXIcm`m J`m h¡, Cg{ gd© AÝ` Ðì`m| g{$ Am¡a AÝ` Ðì`m|
H{$ ^mdm| g{ AcJ X{IZm – lÕmZ H$aZm gm{ oZ`_ g{ gå`½Xe©Z h¡$&
VrW© (ì`dhma Y_© H$s) àd¥oÎm H{$ ocE ZdVÎd oOZH$m cjU – E{g{
Ord, AOrd, [wÊ`, [m[, Amòd, g§da, oZO©am, ]ÝY Am¡a _m{j H{$
^{Xê$[ lÕmZ H$m{ ì`dhma gå`”Ëd H$hm OmVm h¡$& O] VH$ H{$dc
ì`dhmaZ` H{$ odf`^yV OrdmoXH$ ^{Xê$[ VÎdm| H$m hr lÕmZ ahVm
h¡ V] VH$ oZíM` gå`½Xe©Z Zht hm{Vm$& O] BZ ZdVÎdm| _| ]hþV
g_` g{ oN>[r hþB© `h AmË_Á`m{oV ewÕZ` g{ ]mha àJQ> H$s JB© V]
BZ g_ñV ^{Xm| H$m{ Jm¡U H$aH{$ ewÕZ` H$m odf`^yV M¡VÝ`-M_ËH$ma
_mÌ V{O-[w§O Om{ AmË_m h¡, CgH$m AZw^d hm{Z{ [a EH$mH$ma oMÝ_mÌ
hr oXImB© X{Vm h¡$&
ewÕZ` AmË_ñd^md H$m{ [aÐì` H{$ ^md VWm [aÐì` H{$
oZo_Îm g{ hm{Z{ dmc{ amJmoXH$ od^md – E{g{ [a^mdm| g{ o^ÝZ àJQ>
H$aVm h¡$& ì`dhmaZ` AmË_m H$m{ AZ{H$ ^{Xê$[ H$hH$a gå`½Xe©Z
H$m{ AZ{H$ ^{Xê$[ H$hVm h¡, dhm± ì`o^Mma (Xm{f) AmVm h¡, oZ`_
Zht ahVm$& ewÕZ` H$s gr_m VH$ [hþ±MZ{ [a Xm{f Zht ahVm$&''
VÎdmW©gyÌ AÜ`m`-1, gyÌ 2 _| H$hm h¡ –
VÎdmW©lÕmZ§ gå`½Xe©Z_²$
[wéfmW©ogÕ²`w[m` íbm{H$-22 _| ^r `hr H$hm h¡ –
""OrdmOrdmXrZm§ VÎdmWm©Zm§ gX¡d H$Îm©ì`_²$&
lÕmZ§ od[arVmo^oZd{e odod”V_mË_ê$[§ VV²$&&
AW© •- Ord-AOrdmoX VÎdmWm~ H$m gXmH$mc od[arV
Ao^àm` g{ aohV lÕmZ H$aZm `m{½` h¡$& `h lÕmZ hr AmË_m H$m
ñdê$[ h¡$&''
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 231

YmVw [mfmU _| Ao¾ g_mZ gmYH$ dh ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡

Am¡a gwdU© g_mZ oZod©H$ma oZOmË_m H$s C[cpãYê$[ gmÜ` dh
oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡$& Xm¡cVam_Or Z{ ^r N>hT>mcm _| H$hm h¡ "Om{
gË`maW ê$[ gm{ oZíM`, H$maU gm{ ì`dhmam{$&'
H$mc gohV [§MmpñVH$m` H{$ ^{Xê$[ Zd [XmW© d{ dmñVd _|
^md h¢$& CZ ^mdm| H$m o_Ï`mXe©Z H{$ CX` g{ àmá hm{Z{ dmcm Om{
AlÕmZ CgH{$ A^mdñd^md dmcm Om{ ^mdm§Va (o^ÝZ ^md – Zd
[XmWm~ H{$ gå`H²$ lÕmZê$[ ^md) lÕmZ dh gå`½Xe©Z h¡, Om{ oH$
ewÕM¡VÝ`ê$[ AmË_VÎd H{$ odoZíM` (X¥¶T> oZíM`) – oZíM`
gå`½Xe©Z H$m ]rO h¡$& N>h Ðì`ê$[ (Ord, [wX²Jb, Y_©, AY_©,
AmH$me Ed§ H$mc) Am¡a Zd [XmW©ê$[ (Ord, AOrd, Amòd,
[wÊ`, [m[, g§da, oZO©am, ]§Y, _m{j) oOZH{$ ^{X h¢ E{g{ Y_m©oX H{$
VÎdmW©lÕmZê$[ ^md (Y_m©pñVH$m`moX H$s VÎdmW© àVroVê$[ ^md)
oOgH$m ñd^md h¡, E{gm "lÕmZ' Zm_ H$m ^md ode{f, ì`dhma
gå`”Ëd h¡$&
"oZíM`Z` H$s àê$[Um _| – ewÕ M¡VÝ`ê$[ AmË_VÎd H$m
odoZíM` gå`½Xe©Z h¡$&' AWdm "amJmoX-odH$ë[-C[moY aohV
oMƒ_ËH$ma H$s ^mdZm (EH$mJ«Vm) g{ CË[ÝZ _Ywa ag H{$ AmñdmX
ê$[ gwI _¢ hÿ±' – E{gr oZíM` éoMê$[ gå`½Xe©Z h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Xe©Z[mhþ¶S> JmWm-20 _| ì`dhma d oZíM`
H{$ ^{X g{ gå`”Ëd H{$ Xm{ àH$ma H$hV{ h¡§ •-
""OrdmXr gÔhU§ gå_Îm§ oOUda{qh [ÊUÎm§$&
ddhmam oUÀN>`Xm{ Aß[mU§ hdB gå_Îm§$&&
AW© •- oOZ{ÝÐ ^JdmZ Z{ Ord AmoX [XmWm~ H{$ lÕmZ H$m{
ì`dhma gå`”Ëd H$hm h¡ Am¡a A[Z{ AmË_m H{$ hr lÕmZ H$m{ oZíM`
gå`”Ëd H$hm h¡$&''
232 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

kmZ H$s àYmZVm g{ H$h| Vm{ k{`VËd Am¡a kmV¥VÎd H$s

VWmàH$ma àVroV gå`½Xe©Z [`m©` H$m cjU h¡$&
gå`½kmZ H$m ñdê$[
oZod© H $ë[-ñdg§ odoÎmaZo[© V -[aJ« h m$&
gÁkmZ§ oZíM`mXwº§$ ì`dhmaZ`mË[a_²$&&68&&
oZod©H$ë[ ñd-g§d{XZ h¡ oZíM`Z` g{ gå`½kmZ$&
Am¡a [XmWm{ª H$m godH$ë[ J«hU ì`dhma H$h{ gX²kmZ$&&68&&
AÝd`mW© :- [AZo[©V–[aJ«hm] [a [XmWm~ H{$ J«hU H$m{
Jm¡U oH$`{ hwE [oZod©H$ë[–ñdg§odoÎm•] oZod©H$ë[ ñdg§d{XZ H$m{
[oZíM`mXwº§ gÁkmZ§] oZíM`Z` H$r Ñoï> g{ gå`H²$kmZ H$hm J`m
h¡, [ì`dhmaZ`mË[a_²] ì`dhma Z` g{ [XmWm~ H{$ J«hUê$[ godH$ë[
kmZ H$m{ gå`H²$kmZ H$hm J`m h¡ &
ì`m»`m •- oZíM`Z` g{ Cg oZod©H$ë[-ñdg§d{XZ H$m Zm_
gå`½kmZ h¡ Om{ ñdmË_m g{ o^ÝZ [a-[XmWm~ H{$ J«hU H$m{ Jm¡U oH$`{
ahVm h¡, Am¡a ì`dhmaZ` g{ gå`½kmZ Cg godH$ë[kmZ H$m Zm_
h¡ Om{ [a-[XmWm~ H{$ kmZ H$m{ _w»` oH$`{ ahVm h¡$&
H$mc gohV [§MmpñVH$m` H{$ ^{Xê$[ Zd [XmW© d{ dmñVd _|
"^md' h¢$& CZ ^mdm| H$m hr o_Ï`mXe©Z H{$ CX` H$s oZd¥oÎm hm{Z{
[a, Om{ gå`H²$ AÜ`dgm` (gË` g_P, `WmW© Ad^mg, gƒm
Ad]m{Y) hm{Zm dh ì`dhmaZ` H$s àê$[Um _| gå`½kmZ h¡$& Om{
oH$ Hw$N> A§e m| _| kmZM{VZm àYmZ AmË_VÎd H$s C[cpãY
(AmË_mZw^yoV) H$m ]rO h¡ AWdm VÎdmW© lÕmZ H{$ gmW _| A§J-
[yd©JV [XmWm~ H$m Ad]m{YZ (OmZZm) gm{ gå`½kmZ h¡$& AWdm
gå`½X¥oï> Ord H$m [a-[XmWm~ H{$ J«hUê$[ (OmZZ{ê$[) godH$ë[
kmZ ì`dhmaZ` g{ gå`½kmZ H$hm J`m h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 233

""AmË_m Am¡a [a-[XmWm~ H{$ g_yh H$m{ g§e`-od_m{h-od^«_

aohV OmZZm dh gå`½kmZ h¡; dh gmH$ma Am¡a AZ{H$ ^{Xm| dmbm
h¡$&
oZíM`Z` H$s àê$[Um _| kmZM{VZm àYmZ AmË_VÎd H$s
C[cpãY AWm©V² ewÕmË_mZw^yoV dh gå`½kmZ h¡ AWdm "amJmoX-
odH$ë[-C[moY-aohV' oMV²M_ËH$ma H$s ^mdZm g{ CË[ÝZ _Ywa ag
H{$ AmñdmXê$[ gwI H$m{ g_ñV od^mdm| g{ ñdg§d{XZkmZ Ûmam [¥WH²$
OmZZm gå`½kmZ h¡$&'' – ]¥hX² Ðì`g§J«h Q>rH$m, JmWm-40
""k{`VÎd Am¡a kmV¥VÎd H$s VWmàH$ma (O¡gr h¡ d¡gr) AZw^yoV
g½`½kmZ [`m©` H$m cjU h¡$&'' – àdMZgma Q>rH$m, JmWm-242
BgàH$ma gå`½kmZ godH$ë[ ^r hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a oZod©H$ë[ ^r$&
oZíM`Z` H$s X¥oï> _| oZod©H$ë[ ñdg§d{XZê$[ gå`½kmZ h¡$& Bg{
^mdlwVkmZ ^r H$hm J`m h¡$&
ì`dhmaZ` H$s X¥oï> _| [a-[XmWm~ H{$ OmZZ{ê$[ kmZ, Om{
godH$ë[ hr hm{Vm h¡ gå`½kmZ h¡$&
godH$ë[ kmZ H$m ñdê$[
`X{d kmZ_W}Z g§g¥ï§> àoV[ÚV{$&
dmMH$Ëd{Z eãX• ñ`mÎmX{d godH$ë[H$_²$&&69&&
k{`m| H{$ gpå_lU g{ Om{ eãXJå` hm{Vm dh kmZ$&
dmMH$ hm{V{ eãX AV: godH$ë[ ê$[ hm{Vm dh kmZ$&&69&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`X{d kmZ_² AW}Z] Om{ kmZ [XmW© H{$ gmW
[g§g¥ï§> àoV[ÚV{] goå_olV ê$[ g{ àmá hm{Vm h¡ [dmMH$Ëd{Z
eãX• ñ`mÎmX{d godH$ë[H$_² ] CgH$m dmMH$ eãX hm{Z{ g{ dhr
kmZ godH$ë[ R>haVm h¡ &
234 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

ì`m»`m •- ""ì`dhmaZ` g{ [a-[XmWm~ H{$ J«hUê$[ godH$ë[

kmZ H$m{ gå`½kmZ H$hm J`m h¡$& [a-[XmWm~ H{$ J«hUê$[ godH$ë[ kmZ
gå`½kmZ V] h¡ O] ewÕ ñdmË_m H{$ kmZ H{$ gmW goå_olVê$[ g{
hm{ AWm©V² gå`½X¥oï> Ord H$m godH$ë[ kmZ hr ì`dhma Z` g{ gå`½kmZ
h¡$& VÎdmW© lÕmZ H{$ A^md _| A§J[yd©JV [XmWm~ H$m Ad]m{YZ
(OmZZm) gå`½kmZ Zht h¡$& eãX godH$ë[kmZ H$m dmMH$ h¡, gå`½kmZ
eãX-g_yh H{$ dmÀ`ê$[ _| AdpñWV ahVm h¡$& BgocE eãXê$[ kmZ
H$m{ Ðì`lwV Am¡a CgH{$ dmÀ` oZod©H$ë[ Ad^mgZê$[ kmZ H$m{ ^md
lwVkmZ H$hm OmVm h¡$& dhr kmZ godH$ë[ h¡ oOgH$m dmMH$ eãX
h¡ AWm©V² oZod©H$ë[kmZ eãX Ûmam ì`”V Zht hm{Vm$&''
gå`H²$ MmnaÌ H$m ñdê$[
gX² d ¥ Î m§ gd© g mdÚ-`m{ J -ì`md¥ o ÎmamË_Z•$&
Jm¡U§ ñ`mX²d¥oÎmamZÝX-gmÝÐm H$_©pÀN>Xm§Ogm$&& 70&&
gmdÚ `m{J g{ oZd¥oÎm ì`dhma H$h{ gå`H²$ MmnaÌ$&
oZíM` g{ H$_m}ÀN>{XH$ AmZÝXKZ d¥oÎm hr MmnaÌ$&&70&&
AÝd`mW© :- [AmË_Z•] AmË_m H$r [gd©-gmdÚ-`m{J
ì`md¥oÎm•] gd© gmdÚ ([m[-`wº$) `m{J g{ oZd¥oÎm [Jm¡U§ gX²d¥Îm§]
Jm¡U `m ì`dhma Z` g{ gå`H²$MmnaÌ h¡, VWm [A§Ogm] ñ[îQ> ê$[ g{
(oZü`Z` g{) [H$_©pÀN>Xm AmZ§X-gm§Ðm d¥oÎm• ñ`mV²] H$_m~ H$m{
N{>XZ{ dmcr Am¡a AmZ§X g{ KZr^yV (c]mc]) d¥oÎm gå`·MmnaÌ h¡$&
ì`m»`m •- gå`½Xe©Z Am¡a gå`½kmZ H{$ gX²^md H{$ H$maU
g_ñV A_mJm~ g{ Ny>Q>H$a Om{ ñdVÎd _| ode{fê$[ g{ ê$¶T> ([naM`
g{ X¥¶T> hþAm) _mJ©dmc{ hþE h¢, CÝh| BpÝÐ` Am¡a _Z H{$ odf`^yV
[XmWm~ H{$ àoV amJ-Û{f [yd©H$ odH$ma H{$ A^md H{$ H$maU Om{
oZod©H$ma kmZñd^md dmcm g_^md hm{Vm h¡ dh MmnaÌ h¡, Om{ oH$
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 235

Cg H$mc _| Am¡a AmJm_r H$mc _| a_Ur` h¡ Am¡a A[wZ^©d (_m{j)

H{$ _hmgm¡»` H$m ]rO h¡$&
– A_¥VMÝÐmMm`©, [§MmpñVH$m` JmWm-107 H$s Q>rH$m
g_mohV A§Va§J dmc{ Ord H$m{ (AWm©V² oOgH$m A§Va§J
EH$mJ«-g_moY àmá h¡ E{g{ Ord H$m{) [X-[X [a [a_aå` E{gr D$[a
H$s ewÕ ^yo_H$mAm| _| Ao^ÝZ odlmpÝV (A^{Xê$[ pñWaVm) CË[ÝZ
H$aVm hþAm, AmMmamoX gyÌm| Ûmam H$h{ J`{ AZ{H$odY _woZ-AmMmam|
H{$ g_wXm`ê$[ V[ _| M{ï>m (àdV©Z) MmnaÌ h¡$& MmnaÌ H$s `h
àê$[Um ñd[a-h{VwH$ [`m©` H{$ AmolV (oOZ [`m©`m| _| ñd VWm
[a H$maU hm{V{ h¢ AWm©V² ñd [`m©` C[mXmZ H$maU Am¡a [a [`m©`
oZo_Îm H$maU hm{V{ h¢) o^ÝZ gmÜ`-gmYZ ^md dmc{ ì`dhmaZ` H{$
Aml` g{ h¡$& dh ì`dhma-_m{j_mJ© oZíM`-_m{j_mJ© H{$ gmYZ[Z{
H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡ – `h C[MnaV H$WZ h¡$& C[MnaV ì`dhmaZ` g{
_hmd«VmoX H{$ ew^ odH$ë[ oZod©H$ë[ ewÕ[naUoV H{$ gmYZ H$h{
OmV{ h¢$& dmñVd _| Vm{ _hmd«VmoX H{$ ew^ odH$ë[ H{$ gmW N>R>d|
JwUñWmZ `m{½` ewoÕ (o_Ï`mËd d VrZ Mm¡H$¶S>r H$fm` H{$ A^md
ê$[ ewÕ [naUoV) gmVd| JwUñWmZ `m{½` oZod©H$ë[ ewÕ [naUoV
H$m gmYZ h¡$&
BgàH$ma oOg Ord H$m{ A§Va§J g{ ewoÕ H$m A§e [naUo_V
hþAm h¡ Cg Ord H$m{ VÎdmW© lÕmZ, A§J[yd©JV kmZ Am¡a _woZ
AmMmam| _| àdV©Zê$[ ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© ode{f-ode{f ewoÕ H$m
ì`dhmagmYZ ]ZVm hþAm, ì`dhmaZ` g{ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© H{$
gmYZ[Z{ H$m{ àmá hm{Vm h¡$&
AmË_m H$s gd©-gmdÚ-`m{J g{ oZd¥oÎm AWm©V² _Z-dMZ-
H$m` H{$ Ûmam oH$`{ OmZ{ dmc{ qhgmoXH$ g^r [m[H$_m~ g{ AmË_m
236 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

H$s oZd¥oÎm Am¡a AmMmamoX gyÌm| Ûmam H$h{ J`{ AZ{H$odY _woZ-
AmMmam| ([m§M _hmd«V, [m§M go_oV, VrZ Jwoá ê$[) H{$ g_ñV
g_wXm`ê$[ V[ H$s M{ï>m gm{ ì`dhma MmnaÌ h¡$&
AmË_m H$s o_Ï`mËd-H$fm`moX (ew^-Aew^) AewÕ ^mdm|
g{ oZd¥oÎm[yd©H$ oZod©H$ë[ ewÕ^mdê$[ [naUoV oZíM`Z` H$s
àê$[Um _| gå`H²$ MmnaÌ h¡ AWm©V² AÝVa§J EH$mJ«g_moY H$s àmoá
gå`H²$ MmnaÌ h¡$&
AWdm X¥ï>-lwV-AZw^yV ^m{Jm| H$s AmH$m§jm AmoX g_ñV
XwÜ`m©Zê$[ _Zm{aW g{ CË[ÝZ g§H$ë[-odH$ë[ H{$ Omc H{$ Ë`mJ Ûmam
amJmoX-odH$ë[-C[moY aohV oMV²M_ËH$ma H$s ^mdZm g{ CË[ÝZ
_Ywaag H{$ AmñdmXê$[ gwI _|; crZ-g§Vwï>-V¥á Am¡a EH$mH$ma [a_-
g_agr ^md g{ ^rJ{ hþE oMÎm H$m{ [wZ• [wZ• pñWa H$aZm dh gå`H²$-
MmnaÌ h¡$& – ]¥hX² Ðì`g§J«h, JmWm-40 H$s Q>rH$m
oZíM`-ì`dhma aËZÌ` H$ë`mUê$[
VÎdmWm©o^oZd{e - oZU©` - V[íM{ï>m_`r_mË_Z•
ewqÕ cpãYdemX² ^OpÝV odH$cm§ `Úƒ [yUm©_o[$&
ñdmË_-àË``-odoµÎm-V„`_`t VX² ^ì`qgh-oà`m§
^y`mÛm{ ì`dhma-oZíM`_`§ aËZÌ`§ l{`g{$&&71&&
VÎdmWm~ H$m Ao^oZd{e-oZU©`-V[ ê$[ AmË_ [naUm_$&
AmË_m H$m gå`H²$ Xe©Z Aé kmZ-brZVm_` [naUm_$&
bpãYdemV² odH$b `m [yU© ewoÕê$[ _| hm{Vm àmá$&
^ì`m| H$m{ oà` C^` aËZÌ` H$a{ g^r OZ H$m H$ë`mU$&&71&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`V² VÎdmWm© o ^oZd{ e -oZU© ` V[üï> > m
_`r_²] Om{ VÎdmW© H{$ Ao^oZd{e ê$[ gå`H²$-lÕmZ, oZU©` ê$[
gå`H²$-kmZ Am¡a V[üaU_`r gå`H²$-MmnaÌ (BZ VrZm| ê$[ ì`dhma
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 237

aËZÌ` h¡), [`V² M ñdmË_-àË``–odoÎm-V„`_`r_²] VWm Om{

ñdmË_m H{$ àË`` ê$[ gå`H²$-Xe©Z, ñdmË_m H$r g§odoÎm ê$[ gå`H²$-
kmZ, ñdmË_m _| V„rZVm ê$[ gå`H²$-MmnaÌ (BZ VrZm| ê$[ oZü`
aËZÌ` h¡), [cpãY-demV² (`V²) odH$cm§ [yUm©_² Ao[ ewoÕ_²
^OpÝV] cpãY H{$ de Om{ ^r odH$c (A[yU©) `m [yU© ewoÕ ê$[ _|
àmá hm{Vm h¡, [VV² ^ì`og§h oà`m§ ì`dhma-oZü`_`§ aËZÌ`_²
d• l{`g{ ^y`mV² ] dh ^ì`og§h – ^ì`m{Îm_m|$ H$m{ oà` – E{gm
ì`dhma d oZü` aËZÌ` h_ g]H{$ ocE H$ë`mU^yV hm{d{$&
ì`m»`m •- Om{ H$m{B© Ord H$mc AmoX cpãY ([§McpãY-
j`m{[e_, odewoÕ, X{eZm, àm`m{½` d H$aU) H$m{ [mH$a (1) VÎdmW©
H{$ Ao^oZd{eê$[ lÕmË_H$ ewoÕ (2) VÎdmW© H{$ oZU©`ê$[ gå`H²$
kmZmË_H$ ewoÕ Am¡a (3) V[íMaU_`r gå`H²$MmnaÌ H$s ewoÕ H$m{
YmaU H$aV{ h¢ – BgàH$ma ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© H$m{ YmaU H$aV{ hþE
d{ Ord oZO-AmË_m H$s àVroVê$[ gå`½Xe©Z, ñdmË_-g§odoÎmê$[
gå`½kmZ Am¡a Cg_| brZVmê$[ – oZOmË_-_½ZVmê$[ gå`H²$ MmnaÌ
H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢$& d{ H«$_ g{ [yU© AmË_ewoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aV{ h¢$&
ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© H{$ gmÜ`ê$[ g{ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© H$m ñdê$[
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX Z{ [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h _| BgràH$ma H$hm h¡ •-
""Yå_mXrgÔhU§ gå_Îm§ UmU_§J[wìdJX§$&
M{Æ>m Vd§oh Mna`m ddhmam{ _m{”I_½Jm{ oÎm$&&160&&
oUÀN>`U`{U ^oUXm{ oVoh V{qh g_mohXm{ hþ Om{ Aß[m$&
U Hw$UoX qH$oMod AÊU§ U _w`oX gm{ _m{”I_½Jm{ oÎm$&&161&&
AW© •- Y_m©pñVH$m`moX H$m lÕmZ gm{ gå`”Ëd, A§J[yd©
gå]ÝYr kmZ gm{ kmZ Am¡a V[ _| M{ï>m (àd¥oÎm) gm{ MmnaÌ – BgàH$ma
ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡$& Om{ AmË_m BZ VrZ Ûmam dmñVd _| g_mohV
238 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

hm{Vm hþAm (AWm©V² gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ Ûmam dmñVd _| EH$mJ«-

A^{X hm{Vm hþAm) AÝ` Hw$N> ^r H$aVm Zht h¡ `m N>m{¶S>Vm Zht h¡,
dh oZíM`Z` g{ _m{j_mJ© H$hm J`m h¡$&
`h AmË_m dmñVd _| H$W§oMV² (oH$gr àH$ma, oZO CÚ_ g{)
AZmoX AodÚm H{$ Zme Ûmam ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© H$m{ àmá H$aVm hþAm
VWm Y_m©oX gå]ÝYr VÎdmW© lÕmZ H{$, A§J[yd©JV [XmWm~ gå]ÝYr
kmZ H{$ Am¡a V[ _| M{ï>mê$[ MmnaÌ H{$ J«hU h{Vw g{ (VrZm| H{$ Ë`mJ
d VrZm| H{$ J«hU h{Vw g{) ododº$ (odd{H$ g{ ñd^md g{ [¥WH²$ oH$`{
J`{) ^mdê$[ ì`m[ma H$aVm hþAm Am¡a oH$gr H$maU g{ J«mø H$m
Ë`mJ hm{ OmZ{ [a VWm Ë`mÁ` H$m J«hU hm{ OmZ{ [a CgH{$ àoVodYmZ
(àm`píMÎmmoX) H$m Ao^àm` H$aVm hþAm, oOg H$mc Am¡a oOVZ{
H$mc VH$ odoeï> ^mdZm gm¡ð>d (odoeï> ewÕ ^mdZm) H{$ H$maU
ñd^md^yV gå`½Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ H{$ gmW A§J-A§Jr^md g{ [naUoV
Ûmam CZg{ g_mohV hm{H$a; Ë`mJ-J«hU H{$ odH$ë[ g{ eyÝ`[Z{ H{$
H$maU (^{XmË_H$) ^mdê$[ ì`m[ma odam_ H$m{ àmá hm{Z{ g{ (éH$ OmZ{
g{) gwoZîH§$[ê$[ g{ ahVm h¡, Cg H$mc Am¡a CVZ{ H$mc VH$ `hr
AmË_m Ordñd^md _| oZ`V MmnaÌê$[ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU oZíM` g{
"_m{j_mJ©' H$hcmVm h¡$& BgocE oZíM` _m{j_mJ© Am¡a ì`dhma
_m{j_mJ© H$m{ gmÜ`-gmYZ[Zm AË`ÝV KoQ>V hm{Vm h¡$&''
– [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h, g_`ì`m»`m Q>rH$m, JmWm-161
""Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ _m{j_mJ© h¢, BgocE d{ g{dZ `m{½` h¢,
[aÝVw CZg{ ]§Y ^r hm{Vm h¡ Am¡a _m{j ^r hm{Vm h¡$& _m{j_mJ© _| oOVZr
[ag_` àd¥oÎm h¡ dh ]§Y H$maU h¡$& O] Ord g_ñV [ag_` àd¥oÎm
g{ oZd¥oÎmê$[ E{gr ñdg_`-àd¥oÎm H{$ gmW g§`wº$ hm{Vm h¡ V] odéÕ
H$m`© H$m H$maU^md oZd¥Îm hm{ J`m hm{Z{ g{ gmjmV² _m{j H$m H$maU
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 239

hr h¡$& BgocE ñdg_`-àd¥oÎmê$[ Ordñd^md _| oZ`V MmnaÌ _|

hr gmjmV² _m{j_mJ©[Zm KoQ>V hm{Vm h¡$&''
– [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h, g_`ì`m»`m Q>rH$m, JmWm-164
AhªVmoX H{$ àoV ^p”Vgå[ÝZ Ord H$W§oMV² "ewÕgåà`m{J
dmcm' hm{Z{ [a ^r, qH$oMV² amJ OrodV hm{Z{ g{ ew^m{[`m{Jr[Z{ H$m{
Z N>m{¶S>Vm hþAm, ]hþV [wÊ` ]m§YVm h¡, [aÝVw dmñVd _| gH$c H$_©
H$m j` Zht H$aVm$& BgocE _m{j_mJ© _| àeñVamJê$[ ew^^md
hm{Vm h¡, [aÝVw gd©Ì amJ H$s H$oUH$m ^r [nahaZ{-`m{½` (Ë`mJZ{
`m{½`) h¡, ”`m|oH$ dh [ag_` àd¥oÎm H$m H$maU h¡$& BgocE _m{jmWu
Ord oZ•g§J Am¡a oZ_©_ hm{H$a ewÕmË_ Ðì` _| pñWaVmê$[ [ma_moW©H$
ogÕ^p”V H$aVm h¡, BgocE dh oZdm©U H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$& _m{jmWu
H$m{ H$_©]ÝY H$m _yc E{gm Om{ oMÎm H$m ^«_U CgH{$ _yc^yV amJmoX
[naUoV H$m EH$mÝV g{ oZ•e{f Zme H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡$& CgH$m oZ•e{f
Zme hm{Z{ g{ hr Cg{ oZ•g§JVm Am¡a oZ_©_Vm àogÕ hm{Vr h¡$& dh
Ord ewÕmË_Ðì` _| odlm§oVê$[ [ma_moW©H$ ogÕ^p”V YmaU H$aVm
hþAm ñdg_`àd¥oÎm H$s àogoÕ dmcm hm{Vm h¡$& Cg H$maU g{ dh
Ord H$_© ]§Y H$m oZ•e{f Zme H$aH{$ ogoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX [§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h, JmWm-170 _| H$hV{
h¢ oH$ oOgH{$ [ag_` àd¥oÎm OrodV h¡ CgH{$ oZdm©U Xya h¡$&
""g[`ËW§ oVËW`a§ Ao^JX ]woÕñg gwÎmam{Bñg$&
XyaVa§ oUìdmU§ g§O_Vdg§[Am{Îmñg$&&
AW© •- g§`_-V[g§`wº$ hm{Z{ [a ^r Zd[XmWm~ VWm VrWªH$am|
H{$ àoV oOgH$r ]woÕ H$m PwH$md dV©Vm h¡ Am¡a gyÌm| H{$ àoV oOg{
éoM (àroV) dV©Vr h¡, Cg Ord H$m{ oZdm©U XyaVa (ode{f Xya) h¡$&''
""Om{ Ord "YwZH$r H$m{ oM[H$s hþB© éB©' H{$ Ý`m` g{ Zd
240 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

[XmWm~ VWm AhªVmoX H$s éoMê$[ (àroVê$[) [ag_` àd¥oÎm H$m

[naË`mJ Zht H$a gH$Vm, dh Ord dmñVd _| gmjmV² _m{j H$m{
àmá Zht H$aVm, oH$ÝVw X{dcm{H$moX H{$ ”b{e H$s àmoáê$[ [aå[am
Ûmam Cg{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&
BgocE _m{jo^cmfr Ord gd©Ì qH$oMV² ^r amJ Z H$am{, E{gm
H$aZ{ g{ dh ^ì`Ord drVamJ hm{H$a ^dgmJa H$m{ oVaVm h¡, ^d
gmJa H{$ [ma CVaH$a, ewÕ ñdê$[ [a_m_¥V g_yh H$m{ AdJmh H$a,
erK« oZdm©U (CÎm_ gm¡»`) H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$& _m{j_mJ© H$m
ì`dhma-oZíM` H{$ Aodam{Y Ûmam hr AZwgaU oH$`m Om` Vm{ Bï>
ogoÕ hm{Vr h¡ AÝ`Wm Zht$&
gå`H²$ Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ ì`dhma Z` g{ _m{j H{$ H$maU
OmZm{$& oZíM` Z` g{ gå`½Xe©Z, gå`½kmZ, gå`H²$MmnaÌ – BZ
VrZm| _` oZOmË_m hr _m{j H$m H$maU h¡$& drVamJ gd©k àUrV N>h
Ðì`, [§MmpñVH$m`, gmV VÎd Am¡a Zm{ [XmWm~ H{$ gå`H²$ lÕmZ-
kmZ-d«VmoX H{$ AmMaUê$[ ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡; oZO oZa§OZ
ewÕmË_VÎd H{$ gå`H²$ lÕmZ-kmZ-AmMaU H$s EH$mJ«[naUoVê$[
oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡ AWdm ewÕmË_ ^mdZm H$m gmYH$ (C[Mma-
ì`dhma Z` g{), ]mø-[XmW©-AmolV ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© h¡, _mÌ
ñd-g§d{XZ g{ CË[ÝZ amJmoX odH$ë[ H$s C[moY g{ aohV – E{g{
gwI H$s AZw^yoVê$[ oZíM` _m{j_mJ© h¡$& oZO ewÕmË_m H$m{ N>m{¶S>H$a
AÝ` AM{VZ Ðì` _| aËZÌ` Zht dV©V{ h¢, AV• dh aËZÌ`_`
AmË_m hr oZíM` g{ _m{j H$m H$maU hm{Vm h¡$&''
– ]¥hXÐì`g§J«h, JmWm-39-40 H$s Q>rH$m
Bg H$maU A^{XZ` g{ AZ{H$ Ðì`_` EH$ [mZ H{$ g_mZ dhr
gå`½Xe©Z h¡, dhr gå`½kmZ h¡, dhr gå`H²$MmnaÌ h¡, dhr ñdmË_VÎd
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 241

h¡$& BgàH$ma C”V cjU dmc{ oZO ewÕmË_m H$m{ hr _woº$ H$m H$maU
OmZm{$&
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-194 _| H$hV{ h¢ oH$ Ü`mZ
g{ hr _m{h H$m j` hm{Vm h¡ •-
""Om{ Ed§ OmoUÎmm PmoX [a§ Aß[J§ odewÕß[m$&
gmJmam{@UmJmam{ Id{oX gm{ _m{hXw½J§qR$&&
AW© •- (eara, YZ, gwI-Xw•I AWdm eÌw-o_ÌOZ Y«wd Zht
h¢, Y«wd Vm{ C[`m{JmË_H$ AmË_m h¡$& – JmWm 193) Om{ E{gm OmZH$a
odewÕmË_m hm{Vm hþAm, [a_ AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$aVm h¡, dh gmH$ma
hm{ `m AZmH$ma _m{h-XwJ©«pÝW H$m j` H$aVm h¡$&
"gmJmam{@UmJmam{' H$m AW© AmMm`© O`g{Z Z{ VmË[`©d¥oÎm
Q>rH$m _| Xm{ àH$ma g{ oH$`m h¡ – gmH$ma• godH$ë[ kmZm{[`m{J,
AZmH$ma• oZod©H$ë[ Xe©Zm{[`m{J AWdm gmH$ma• – godH$ë[ J¥hñW,
AZmH$ma• – oZod©H$ë[ V[m{YZ² `oV$&''
AmMm`© AH$c§H$X{d "[a_mZÝX ñVm{Ì' íbm{H$-1 _| H$hV{ h¢ :-
""[a_mZÝX g§`w”V§ oZod©H$ma§ oZam_`_²$&
Ü`mZhrZm Z [í`pÝV oZOX{h{ ì`dpñWV_²$&&
AW© •- [a_mZÝX`w”V, odH$ma aohV, am{Jm| g{ _w”V Am¡a A[Z{
eara _| hr odamO_mZ [a_mË_m H$m{ Ü`mZhrZ [wéf Zht X{IV{ h¢$&''
gå`”Ëd H$s C[cpãY Ü`mZ H$s AdñWm _| hr hm{Vr h¡$&
oZíM` Am¡a ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© Ü`mZ H$aZ{ g{ àmá hm{Vm h¡,
BgocE _m{j_mJ© H$s àmoá H{$ ocE Ü`mZ H$m gå`H²$ àH$ma g{ Aä`mg
H$aZ{ H$s à{aUm X{V{ hþE lr_X² Z{o_MÝX ogÕmÝVX{d ]¥hX Ðì`g§J«h
íbm{H$-47 _| H$hV{ h¢ •-
242 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""Xwodh§ o[ _m{”Ih{C§ PmU{ [mCUoX O§ _wUr oU`_m$&

Våhm [`ÎmoMÎmm Oy`§ PmU§ g_ã^gh$&&
AW© •- Ü`mZ H$aZ{ g{ _woZ oZ`_ g{ oZíM` Am¡a ì`dhma
ê$[ _m{j_mJ© H$m{ àmá H$aV{ h¢$& AV• Vw_ oMÎm H$m{ EH$mJ« H$aH{$
Ü`mZ H$m gå`H²$ àH$ma g{ Aä`mg H$am{$&''
[§MmpñVH$m` g§J«h JmWm-172 H$s g_`ì`m»`m Q>rH$m _|
g_mJV A§e H$m gma Ñï>ì` h¡ –
""Xm{Zm| àH$ma H{$ _m{j_mJm~ H$m{ oZod©H$ma ñdg§d{XZê$[ [a_Ü`mZ
Ûmam _woZ àmá H$aV{ h¢$& BgocE h{ ^ì`OZm{ ! EH$mJ«oMÎm hm{H$a
Vw_ Ü`mZ H$m gå`H²$ àH$ma g{ Aä`mg H$am{; AWdm Bgr H$maU
g{ X{I{ hþE, gwZ{ hþE Am¡a [yd© _| AZw^d oH$`{ hþE AZ{H$ _Zm{aW
ê$[ g_ñV ew^mew^ amJmoX odH$ë[-Omc H$m Ë`mJ H$aH{$, [a_
ñdmÜ`m` g{ CË[ÝZ ghOmZÝX oOgH$m EH$ cjU h¡, E{g{ gwIm_¥V
H{$ agmñdmX H{$ AZw^d _| pñWa hm{H$a, Vw_ Ü`mZ H$m Aä`mg H$am{$&
_m{j_mJ© H$m ì`dhma-oZíM` H{$ Aodam{Y Ûmam hr AZwgaU
oH$`m Om` Vm{ Bï>ogoÕ hm{Vr h¡$& ì`dhma Am¡a oZíM` H$s gwg§JVVm
ah{ – BgàH$ma drVamJ[Z{ H$m AZwgaU H$aZ{ g{ ^ì`Ord drVamJ
hm{H$a ^dgmJa H$m{ VaVm h¡ – _m{j àmá H$aVm h¡$&
_woZ AdñWm _| _woZ`m{½` (o_Ï`mËd, AZÝVmZw]ÝYr, AàË`m»`mZ
d àË`m»`mZ H$fm`OoZV AewÕ [naUoV H{$ oZam{Y [yd©H$) ewÕ [naUoV
oZaÝVa hm{Zm VWm _hmd«VmoX gå]ÝYr ew^^md `Wm`m{½` ê$[ g{ hm{Zm
oZíM`-ì`dhma H$s gwg§JVVm h¡$& Bgr àH$ma d«Vr lmdH$ H$s
[naUoV _| [m§Md| JwUñWmZ H{$ `m{½` ewÕ [naUoV oZaÝVa hm{Zm VWm
X{ed«VmoX gå]ÝYr ew^^md `Wm`m{½`ê$[ g{ hm{Zm oZíM`-ì`dhma
H$m Aodam{Yê$[ g{ hm{Zm h¡$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 243

"oOg `m{Jr H$m{ lwoV, _oV, Ü`moV Am¡a X¥oï> oZO ewÕ ñdmË_m
_| ogÕ hm{ OmVr h¡ – E{gm àmWo_H$ ^yo_H$m dmcm Ord gwI g{
AWm©V² gwJ_Vm-ghOVm g{ VrW© (_m{j_mJ©) H$m àmaå^ H$aVm h¡$&
[na[yU© ewÕVmê$[ g{ [naUV AmË_m gmÜ` h¡ Am¡a ì`dhma aËZÌ`
ê$[ [amdcå]r odH$ë[ gmYZ H$h{ OmV{ h¢$& oZíM`-ì`dhma H$s
gwg§JVVm gmYV{ hþE dh ewÕmË_mo^_wI [naUoV H{$ ]c g{ amJmoX
H$m{ CIm¶S>Vm OmVm h¡$& amJmoX H$s CË[oÎm éH$Vr OmVr h¡$& H$XmoMV²
H$fm` Am¡a à_mX H{$ de AmË_-AoYH$ma _| oeoWc hm{ Omd{ Vm{
A[Z{ H$m{ Ý`m`_mJ© _| àdoV©V H$aZ{ H{$ ocE àMÊS> XÊS>ZroV
(àm`píMÎm AmoX) H$m à`m{J H$aVm h¡$& Xm{fmZwgma A[Z{ H$m{
àm`píMÎm X{V{ hþE oZíM` aËZÌ` [naUoV H{$ CÎmam{Îma odH$mg H{$
ocE gVV CÚ_d§V dV©Vm h¡$& gH$c oH«$`mH$mÊS> H{$ AmS>å]a g{
oZd¥Îm hm{Vm hþAm ^JdmZ AmË_m _| odlmpÝV H$s aMZm H$aVm h¡$&
Xe©Z-kmZ-MmnaÌ H{$ E”`ê$[ oZod©H$ë[ [a_ M¡VÝ`emcr VWm
^a[ya AmZÝX`w”V E{g{ ^JdmZ AmË_m _| A[Z{ H$m{ pñWa H$aV{ hþE,
^JdmZ AmË_m _| odlmpÝV aMV{ hþE H«$_e• g_agr^md g_wË[ÝZ
hm{Vm OmVm h¡$& Bg odoY g{ [a_drVamJ^md H$m{ àmá H$aH{$ gmjmV²
_m{j H$m AZw^d H$aVm h¡$& ñdVÎd _| odlmpÝV H{$ AZwgma H«$_e:
H$_© H$m g§Ý`mg H$aV{ hþE, AË`ÝV oZîà_mX dV©V{ hþE AË`§V oZîH§$[
_yoV© hm{Z{ g{ oOÝhm|Z{ H$_©\$cmZw^yoV AË`ÝV oZañV H$s h¡ E{g{,
H$_m©Zw^yoV H{$ àoV oZéËgwH$ dV©V{ hþE, H{$dc (_mÌ) kmZmZw^yoV
g{ CË[ÝZ hþE VmpÎdH$ AmZÝX g{ AË`ÝV ^a[ya dV©V{ hþE, erK« g§gma
g_wÐ g{ [ma CVaH$a, eãX]«÷ H{$ emídV \$c H{$ (oZdm©U gwI
H{$) ^m{º$m hm{{V{ h¢$&''
AmMm`© A_¥VMÝÐ àdMZgma H$s JmWm-242 H$s VÎdàXro[H$m
Q>rH$m _| AmË_oZð> g§`VËd H$m{ hr _m{j_mJ© àogÕ H$aV{ h¢ •-
244 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

""k{`VÎd Am¡a kmV¥VÎd H$s VWmàH$ma (`WmW©) àVroV oOgH$m

cjU h¡, dh gå`½Xe©Z [`m©` h¡; k{`VÎd Am¡a kmV¥VÎd H$s VWmàH$ma
AZw^yoV oOgH$m cjU h¡, dh gå`½kmZ [`m©` h¡; k{` Am¡a kmVm H$s
oH«$`mÝVa (AÝ` oH«$`m) g{ oZd¥oÎm Ûmam aoMV X¥oï>-kmV¥Ëd (M{VZËd)
_| [naUoV oOgH$m cjU h¡, dh MmnaÌ [`m©` h¡$& BZ [`m©`m| Am¡a
AmË_m H{$ ^mì`-^mdH$Vm (AmË_m ^mdH$ h¡ Am¡a aËZÌ` [naUoV
^mì` h¡) H{$ Ûmam CË[ÝZ AoVJm¶T> BVa{Va o_cZ H{$ ]c H{$ H$maU BZ
VrZ [`m©`m| ê$[ A§J-A§Jr^md g{ [naUV AmË_m H{$, AmË_oZð>Vm
hm{Z{ [a Om{ g§`VËd hm{Vm h¡, dh g§`V[Zm EH$mJ«Vm cjUdmcm lm_Ê`
h¡, oOgH$m Xygam Zm_ _m{j_mJ© hr h¡$&''
AZJma Y_m©_¥V (AÜ`m`-1, íbm{H$-113) _| ñd`§ [pÊS>V
AmemYaOr A^{X g_moY H$s àe§gm H$aV{ hwE H$hV{ h¢ –
""A`_mË_mË_ZmË_mZ_mË_Ý`mË_Z AmË_Z{$&
g_mXYmZm{ oh [am§ odewoÕ§ àoV[ÚV{$&&
íbm{H$mW© : ñdg§d{XZ H{$ Ûmam A[Zm gmjmËH$ma H$aZ{ dmbm
`h AmË_m ewÕ oMXmZÝX ñdê$[ AmË_m H{$ obE, BpÝÐ` _Z g{
CË[Þ hm{Z{ dmb{ jm`m{[eo_H$ kmZê$[ AmË_ñdê$[ g{ hQ>H$a,
oZod©H$ë[ ñdmË_m _|, ñdg§d{XZê$[ ñdmË_m H{$ Ûmam, ewÕ oMXmZÝX_`
AmË_m H$m Ü`mZ H$aV{ hþE KmoVH$_m~ H{$ j`ñdê$[ `m g_ñV H$_m~
H{$ j`ñdê$[ CËH¥$ï> odewoÕ H$m{ àmá H$aVm h¡$&''
Ü`mZ _| oZíM` _m{j_mJ© Am¡a ì`dhma _m{j_mJ© Xm{Zm| hr àmá
hm{V{ h¢ BgobE Ü`mZmä`mg H$aZm MmohE$& oMÎm pñWa hþE o]Zm Ü`mZ
hm{Zm g§^d Zht h¡ AV: Ü`mZ H{$ obE oMÎm H$m oñWa hm{Zm Oê$ar h¡$&
Bï> Am¡a AoZï> [XmWm~ _| _m{h-amJ-Û{f H$m{ Zï> H$aZ{ g{ oMÎm
pñWa hm{Vm h¡, oMÎm pñWa hm{Z{ g{ Ü`mZ hm{Vm h¡$& Ü`mZ g{ aËZÌ`
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 245

H$s àmoá hm{Vr h¡$& aËZÌ` g{ _m{j hm{Vm h¡$& _m{j g{ gwI hm{Vm h¡$&
ewÕmË_m H$s _oh_m d ewÕmË_m{[bpãY H$s H$m_Zm
eídƒ{V`V{ `XwËgd_`§ Ü`m`pÝV `Úm{oJZm{,
`{Z àmoUoV odído_ÝÐoZH$am `ñ_¡ Z_• Hw$d©V{$&
d¡oMÌr OJVm{ `Vm{pñV [Xdr `ñ`mÝVa-àË``m{,
_woº$`©Ì c`ñVXñVw _Zog ñ\y$O©Ë[a§]«÷ _{$&&72&&
Om{ emídV AmZÝX_`r, `m{Jrída H$aV{ oOZH$m Ü`mZ$&
oOgg{ à{naV gH$b odíd gwa[oVJU H$aV{ oOÝh| Z_Z$&&
oOgg{ kmV odoMÌ OJV `h oOgH$s lÕm oed[W ê$[$&
[a_ ]«÷ __ ôX` ]g{ oOg_| b` hm{Zm _woº$ ñdê$[$&&72&&
AÝd`mW© :- [`V² CËgd_`§ eœV² M{V`V{] Om{ oZaÝVa
AmZÝX_`r-M¡VÝ` ê$[ g{ àH$moeV h¡, [`V² `m{oJZ• Ü`m`pÝV]
oOgH$m{ `m{JrOZ Ü`mV{ h¢, [`{Z odíd§ àmoUoV] oOgg{ `h odíd
AZwàmoUV/à{naV h¡, [BÝÐ-oZH$am `ñ_¡ Z_• Hw$d©V{] BÝÐm| H$m
g_yh oOg{ Z_ñH$ma H$aVm h¡, [`V• OJV• d¡oMÌr ApñV] oOgg{
OJV² H$r odoMÌVm odohV hm{Vr h¡, [`ñ` AmÝVa-àË``• [Xdr
ApñV] oOgH$m AmÝVa-àË`` (hmoX©H$ lÕmZ) [Xdr (_mJ©) h¡,
[`Ì c`• _woº$•] oOg_| c` hm{Zm _woº$ h¡, [VV² [a§]«÷ _{ _Zog
ñ\y$O©V² AñVw] dh [a§]«÷ _{a{ _Z _| (gXm) ñ\w$am`_mZ hm{d{$&
ì`m»`m •- J«ÝW H{$ A§V _| [§. AmemYaOr M¡VÝ` H$s _oh_m
JmH$a, dhr EH$ gXm AZw^d H$aZ{ `m{½` h¡ E{gr ^mdZm H$aV{ h¢ •-
gH$c oZamdaU AIÊS> EH$ àË`j àoV^mg_` AodZída ewÕ
[mnaUmo_H$^md bjUdmbm oZO-[a_mË_Ðì` oZO-H$maU[a_mË_m
h¡$& CgH$s ^mdZm g{ CË[ÝZ H$m`©[a_mË_m dhr ^JdmZ AhªV [a_{ída
246 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

[a_]«÷ h¢$& d{ H{$dckmZ, H{$dcXe©Z, [a_drVamJmË_H$ AmZÝX

BË`moX AZ{H$ d¡^d g{ g_¥Õ h¢$& CZH{$ kmZ H$m `h AX²^wV _mhmËå`
h¡ oH$ dh EH$ hr gmW (`wJ[V) VrZm| H$mb d VrZm| bm{H$m| H{$ [XmWm~
H$m{ gd©V: (gd© AmË_àX{em| g{) VmËH$mobH$ `m AVmËH$mobH$
odoMÌ (AZ{H$ àH$ma H{$) Am¡a odf_ (_yÎm©, A_yÎm© AmoX Ag_mZ
OmoV H{$) gd© AWm~ H$m{ OmZVm h¡$&
oOg àH$ma H$_c H{$ ^rVa ^«_a g_m OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
oOZH{$ kmZ H$_c _| `h OJV Am¡a AOJV (cm{H$ VWm Acm{H$)
gXm ñ[ï>ê$[ g{ g_m OmV{ h¢ – kmV hm{V{ h¢$& oOZH$m kmZ Ý`yZVm
o]Zm, AoYH$Vm o]Zm, od[arVVm o]Zm `WmW©, gH$c dñVw ñdê$[
H$m{ OmZVm h¡, oOgg{ AZ{H$Vm VWm ododYê$[Vm g{ OJV H$s
odoMÌVm gwKoQ>V hm{Vr h¡$& CZH$m kmZ g]H$m{ OmZVm h¡ Am¡a o\$a
H$^r ^r g]H{$ OmZZ{ g{ À`wV Zht hm{Vm$& BgobE kmZ gd©JV² h¡,
gd© ì`m[H$ h¡$& oZíM` g{ d{ ^JdmZ `wJ[V [naU_Z H$aV{ hþE
g_ñV M¡VÝ` ode{f `wº$ H{$dbkmZ H{$ Ûmam AZmoXoZYZ oZîH$maU,
AgmYmaU ñdg§d{Ú_mZ M¡VÝ`gm_mÝ` oOgH$s _oh_m h¡ VWm Om{
Xe©H$ km`H$ ñd^md g{ EH$Ëd hm{Z{ g{ H{$db (AH{$bm, ewÕ,
AIÊS>) h¡ – E{g{ AmË_m H$m{ AmË_m g{ AmË_m _| AZw^d H$aZ{
H{$ H$maU H{$dbr h¢$& 100 BÝÐm| H$m g_yh CÝh| Z_ñH$ma H$aVm h¡$&
E{gm [a_ ]«÷ê$[ gd©k gy`© _{a{ öX` _| gXm ñ\w$naV ah{, CgH$m
àH$me _wP{ oZaÝVa o_cVm ah{$&
gXmH$mb H$_©_b aohV, oZOñdê$[ _| pñWV, KmVaohV
AË`§V oZ_©b – E{g{ [a_mË_m ngÕ [a_{ð>r h¢$& ogÕ ^JdmZ
H¥$VH¥$Ë` h¢, gd© [XmWm~ H{$ kmVm h¢, odf`mZ§X g{ aohV kmZmZ§X
_| AoVe` _½Z h¢, kmZ_` Á`m{oVê$[ [a_[X (_m{j) _| oZaÝVa
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 247

hr AmZ§X ê$[ g{ odamO_mZ h¢$& `h AoZÝÐ` Am¡a BpÝÐ`mVrV hþAm

AmË_m gd© ]mYmaohV Am¡a gå[yU© AmË_m _| g_§V (gd© àH$ma g{
[na[yU©) gm¡»` VWm kmZ g{ g_¥Õ dV©Vm hþAm [a_ gm¡»` H$m Ü`mZ
H$aVm h¡$& E{gm AdñWmZ ghO kmZmZ§X ñd^md AWm©V² [a_ [X
H$s ogoÕ hr h¡$&
`m{JrOZ Cg _mJ© H$m{ Ü`mV{ h¢ oOg _mJ© [a Amê$¶T> hm{H$a
oOZ, oOZ{ÝÐ Am¡a l_U ogÕ hþE h¢$&
ewÕmË_ VÎd _| AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J _m{j_mJ© H$m bjU h¡$& Om{
^ì`OZ [a_[X _| oñWV Aah§V-ogÕ H$s oZíM`-ì`dhma ^oº$
H$aV{ h¢, d{ Adí` hr Aah§V-ogÕ [X H$m{ àmá hm{V{ h¢$&
Bï>\$c H$s ogoÕ H$m C[m` gå`½kmZ h¡$& gå`½kmZ gwemñÌ
g{ hm{Vm h¡, gwemñÌ H$s CË[oÎm Amá (drVamJ gd©k Ed§ ohVm{[X{er
Aah§V [a_mË_m) g{ hm{Vr h¡, BgocE AZ{H$ àgmX H{$ H$maU^yV
Amá-[wéf ]wYOZm| – `m{JrOZm| Ûmam [yOZr` h¢$& oOg H$maU[a_mË_m
H$s ^mdZm g{ H$m`©[a_mË_m CË[ÝZ hþE, Cg oZO H$maU[a_mË_m H$m{
hr `m{JrOZ oZaÝVa Ü`mV{ h¡§, oZaÝVa ewÕmË_^mdZm H$aV{ h¢$& dñVwV:
Cg H$maU[a_mË_m H$s lÕm[yd©H$ AÝVd©Vu C[`m{J hr _m{j H$m _mJ©
h¡$Am¡a Cg ewÕmË_m _| oZíMb brZVm hr _woº$ h¡$&
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX BîQ>m{[X{e íbm{H$-49 _| H$hV{ h¢:-
""AodÚmo^Xwa§ Á`m{oV: [a§ kmZ_`§ _hV²$&
VËàï>ì`§ VX{ï>ì`§ VX²Ðï>ì`§ _w_wjwo^:$&&
íbm{H$mW© : AodÚm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ dmbr _hmZ CËH¥$ï> kmZ_`
Á`m{oV h¡, _w_wjwAm| H$m{ CgH{$ odf`_| [yN>Zm MmohE, CgH$s dm§N>m
H$aZr MmohE Am¡a CgH$m AZw^d H$aZm MmohE$&''
248 AÜ`mË_ ahñ`

dh AmZ§Xñd^mdr, kmZ_`r, ñdmW© H$m{ àH$meZ{ dmbr, _hmZ

CËH¥$ï>, AodÚm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ dmbr, od^«_ H$m Zme H$aZ{ dmbr,
_hmod[wb, BÝÐmoXH$ g{ ^r [yÁ` – E{gr Á`m{oV h¡$& _w_wjwAm| H$m{
Jwê$ AmoX g{ CgH{$ odf` _| [yN>VmN> H$aZr MmohE, Cgr H$s
An^bmfm H$aZr MmohE Am¡a Cgr H$m AZw^d H$aZm MmohE$&
AmMm`© [yÁ`[mX g_moYV§Ì íbm{H$-53 _| H$hV{ h¢:-
""VX² ]«y`mÎmË[amZ²[¥ÀN>{ÎmoXËN>{ÎmË[am{{ ^d{V²$&
`{Zm@odÚm_`§ ê$[§ Ë`·Ëdm odÚm_`§ d«O{V²$&&
íbm{H$mW© : Cg AmË_ñdê$[ H$m H$WZ H$a{ - Cg{ Xygam| H$m{
]Vbmd{, Cg AmË_ñdê$[ H$m{ Xyga{ AmË_mZw^dr [wéfm| g{-ode{f
kmoZ`m| g{ [yN>{, Cg AmË_ñdê$[ H$s BÀN>m H$a{ – CgH$s àmoá H$m{
A[Zm Bï> ]Zm`{ Am¡a Cg AmË_ñdê$[ H$s ^mdZm _| gmdYmZ hþAm
AmXa ]¶T>md{ oOgg{ `h AkmZ_` ]ohamË_ê$[ Ny>Q>H$a kmZ_`
[a_mË_ñdê$[ H$s àmoá hm{d{$&''
AmMm`© Hw$ÝXHw$ÝX àdMZgma JmWm-274 _| _m{j H{$ gmYZVÎd
ewÕm{[`m{J H$m Ao^Z§XZ H$aV{ hþE H$hV{ h¢ :-
""gwÕñg ` gm_ÊU§ ^oU`§ gwÕñg X§gU§ UmU§$&
gwÕñg ` oUìdmU§ gm{ oƒ` ogÕm{ U_m{ Vñg$&&
AW© :- ewÕ (ewÕm{[`m{Jr) H$m{ lm_Ê` H$hm h¡ Am¡a ewÕ
H$m{ Xe©Z VWm kmZ H$hm h¡, ewÕ H{$ oZdm©U hm{Vm h¡, dhr (ewÕ
hr) ogÕ hm{Vm h¡, Cg{ Z_ñH$ma hm{$&''
ewÕm{[`m{J H{$ AmYmaê$[ oZO ewÕmË_m H$s ^mdZm oZaÝVa
_{a{ oMÎm _| dV}, E{gr ^mdZm [yd©H$ ewÕmË_m H$m{ Am¡a oOÝh| ewÕmË_m
ogÕ hþAm h¡, CÝh| ^md Z_ñH$ma H$aVm h±y$&
AÜ`mË_ ahñ` 249

AÜ`mË_ ahñ` H$s íbm{H$mZwH«$_oUH$m

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