What are the immense impacts of the 2022 floods in Pakistan?

Lessons learned and the way forward.

THE Flood affected all over the country. At the start of 2023 and after
several months of worst flooding millions of the peoples exposed to are
living near to the flood area. The most affected provinces in which the
flood affected more are the BALOCHISTAN and SINDH. The flood
made a big disaster in these two provinces. Millions of the peoples
become homeless and they were seeking for the help from the
government. In Sindh about 89000 peoples become homeless. Not all
floodwaters have receded and combined with the onset of winter and
severe cold this shows the importance of meeting critical immediate
needs while investing in recovery to prevent additional disaster impacts
and help people rebuild their lives. Key priorities include shelter, food
security, health, education and winterization support. According to
Human Rights Watch, the floods demonstrate the urgency of addressing
climate change. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said, "I have
witnessed many humanitarian disasters in the globe, but I have never seen
climate devastation on this scale," during a tour to flood-affected areas in
September 2022. In a statement issued by the UN, Guterres made a
connection between the floods and a rise in greenhouse gas emissions and
called for more funding for adaptation. As Pakistan starts to implement its
flood recovery and reconstruction plans, the suicide bomber attack on a
mosque on January 30 in Peshawar, the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
province, one of the regions devastated by the floods, presents another
hurdle. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is heavily populated by Pakistani Taliban
members, and Peshawar has experienced many insurgent attacks.
Runoff contribution by hydrological zones in catchment of Indus
River basin, Pakistan. Explain with appropriate diagrams.

At high altitude snow and glacier-covered mountainous regions, climate

change has a profound impact on hydrology. These areas have a high
sensitivity to changes in climatic factors including temperature and
precipitation as well as significant runoff production. It is also unknown
how runoff from various height ranges responds to the current and
evolving environment. The Hunza River Catchment (HRC), the largest
tributary of the Indus River Basin and situated in the Hindukush and
Karakoram hills, is where this study was conducted. In order to analyse
the sensitivity of the Snow Cover Area (SCA) at various altitude levels
under the current and developing climate, the Snowmelt-Runoff Model
(SRM) was utilised. The findings indicated that under the current
circumstances (i.e., 2001–2010 except 2006),. The results indicated that
the height ranges of 4500–5500 m a.s.l. contribute to roughly half of the
mean annual stream flows at the HRC's outlet. The climate change effect
assessment employed climatic estimates under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5
scenarios.

According to the RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) estimates, the mean annual temperature

would rise by 0.7 (0.6), 2.4 (1.3), and 4.6 (1.9) °C, respectively, in the
2030s, 2060s, and 2090s, and the mean annual precipitation would rise by
63.3 (33.6) mm in the 2090s. . According to the first SCA scenario's results,
the baseline annual stream flows of 269 m3 s1 will be increased by stream
flows of 43 (34), 153 (83.4), and 304 (115.7) m3 s1 under RCP8.5
(RCP4.5), respectively, in the 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s. In the second
scenario, we discovered that under the RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) scenario, a 10%
and 15% decrease in SCA would result in increases (or decreases) in stream
flows of around 18% and 42% in the 2060s and 2090s, respectively. While
the altitude range 4500-5500 m a.s.l. under the modified SCA scenario for
both RCPs scenarios exhibited an increasing tendency during the pre-
monsoon (April to June) and monsoon (July to August) seasons. Regarding
high water flows, the climate trend for the present and immediate future is
favorable for the Indus River. Unfortunately, the pattern of future water
flow is deteriorating because of disappearance or reduction in the area
where snow and glaciers melt, which logically implies that the amount of
water allocated to the mid- and downstream would be affected or
diminished to some degree. For the impending difficult conditions,
 appropriate adjustments or management methods should be put into
practise.

Q. 03) When a given ordinates of 2-h unit hydrograph as below derive

the ordinates of 8-h unit hydrograph for the same catchment.

Time Ordinate of 4-h

Legged by 2 Legged by Legged by 2
(h) Ordinates of 8-h
UH hr 2hr hr2 DRH UH
0 0 0 0

2 5 0 5 0.625

4 8 5 0 13 1.625

6 10 8 5 0 23 2.875

8 15 10 8 5 4.75

10 180 15 10 8 26.625

12 190 180 15 10 395 49.375

14 12 190 180 15 397 49.625

16 5 12 190 180 387 48.375

5 12 190 207 25.875

5 12 17 2.125

5
5 0.625