Applications of Derivatives

Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives
DSI Iiyambo
Namibia University of Science and Technology
Semester 2, 2021
DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

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4: Applications of Derivatives Semester 2, 2021 1 / 56
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this Chapter, students should be able to:

determine that a given limit has an indeterminate forms and use l’Hôpital’s rule to
evaluate the limit.
determine a number that satisfies the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem or
Rolle’s Theorem in a given interval.
compute absolute maxima and minima values of a continuous function on a closed
interval.
determine local maxima and minima values of a continuous function.
determine the interval on which a function is increasing and the interval on which
it is decreasing.
determine the interval on which the graph of a function is concave upward and the
interval on which it is concave downward.
determine the inflection point(s) if there is any.
Sketch a graph of a function.
solve applied extreme problems.
solve related rate problems [Optional].

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0 ∞
The Forms 0 and ∞
0 ∞
The forms 0 and ∞ are called indeterminate forms.
Limits which give rise to such forms are evaluated using the following
theorem.
Theorem (l’Hôpital’s Rule)
Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions such that g ′ (x) 6= 0 on
an open interval I containing c, except possibly at c itself.
If gf (x) 0 ∞
(x) has the indeterminate form 0 or ∞ at x = c, then
f (x) f ′ (x)
lim = lim ′ ,
x→c g (x) x→c g (x)
f ′ (x) f ′ (x)
provided that either lim exists, or lim = ±∞.
x→c (x) x→c (x)
g ′ g ′

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Examples
Example
Evaluate the following limits
ln x 2x−π
a) lim 2 b) limπ 2
x→1 x −1 x→ 2 cos x
2 sin x−sin 2x 4 tan x

c) lim x 2 d) lim 1+sec x
x→0 2e −2−2x−x x→ π2 −

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l’Hôpital’s rule (Cont.)
Another form of l’Hôpital’s rule exists for x → ∞ or x → −∞.

Suppose that we have an indeterminate form 00 or ∞ ∞
for lim gf (x)
(x) . x→∞
Let u = x1 . Then u → 0+ as x → ∞, so that
f (x) f ( u1 ) d 1
du f ( u )
lim = lim = lim
x→∞ g (x) u→0+ g ( u1 ) u→0+ d 1
du g ( u )
f ′ ( u1 )(− u12 ) f ′ ( u1 )
= lim+ = lim+
u→0 g ′ ( u1 )(− u12 ) u→0 g ′ ( u1 )
f ′ (x)
= lim .
x→∞ g ′ (x)

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Example
Example
Evaluate the following limits.
x2
a) lim x
x→∞ e
3x
b) lim e 2
x→∞ x
x ln x
c) lim
x→∞ x+ln x

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The Form 0 · ∞ (Product Indeterminate Form)
When evaluating lim [f (x) · g (x)], where

x→c
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = ±∞,

x→c x→c
we write f (x) · g (x) as
f (x) g (x)
1 or 1 ,
g (x) f (x)
0 ∞
and then apply l’Hôpital’s rule to the resulting indeterminate form 0 or ∞.

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Example
Example
a) lim+ x 2 ln x
x→0
2
b) lim (x 2 − 1)e −x
x→∞
c) lim tan x ln(sin x)
x→ π2 −

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The Form ∞ − ∞ (Difference Indeterminate Form)
When evaluating lim [f (x) − g (x)], where

x→c
lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = ∞,

x→c x→c
we try to change the form of f (x) − g (x) into a quotient or product and
the apply l’Hôpital’s rule or some other method of evaluation.

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Examples
Example

a) lim e x1−1 − x1
x→0+
b) lim x1 − sin1 x

x→0−
c) lim cot2 x − csc2 x

x→0

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The Forms 00, 1∞ and ∞0 (Power Indeterminate Forms)
When evaluating lim f (x)g (x) , where

x→c
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0, OR

x→c x→c
lim f (x) = 1 and lim g (x) = ∞, OR
x→c x→c
lim f (x) = ±∞ and lim g (x) = 0,
x→c x→c
we let y = f (x)g (x) , so that

ln y = ln f (x)g (x) = g (x) ln f (x).
We then investigate lim ln y = lim g (x) ln f (x), and conclude as follows:

x→c x→c

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The Forms 00, 1∞ and ∞0 (Power Indeterminate Forms)
1 If lim ln y = L, then lim y = e L .

x→c x→c
2 If lim ln y = ∞, then lim y = ∞.
x→c x→c
3 If lim ln y = −∞, then lim y = 0.
x→c x→c

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Examples
Example
a) lim x x
x→0+
1 5x

b) lim 1 + x
x→∞
1
c) lim x x
x→∞
d) lim (1 − x)ln x
x→1−
2
e) lim+ (csc x)sin x
x→0

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Extreme Values of Functions

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Definition
Let a function f be defined on an interval I , and let x1 , x2 be numbers in
I . Then we say that

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Definition
(i) f is increasing on I if f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 .

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Definition
(ii) f is decreasing on I if f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 .

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Definition
(ii) f is decreasing on I if f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) whenever x1 < x2 .

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Test for Increasing/Decreasing Functions

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Theorem
Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then

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Theorem
(i) if f ′ (c) > 0 for all c ∈ (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].

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Theorem
(ii) if f ′ (c) < 0 for all c ∈ (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].

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Theorem
(ii) if f ′ (c) < 0 for all c ∈ (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
(iii) if f ′ (c) = 0 for all c ∈ (a, b), then f is constant on [a, b].

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Definition
Let a function f be defined on a set S of real numbers, and let c be a
number in S. Then we say that

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Definition
(i) f (c) is a maximum value of f on S if f (x) ≤ f (c) for every
x ∈ S.

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Definition
x ∈ S.
(ii) f (c) is a minimum value of f on S if f (x) ≥ f (c) for every
x ∈ S.

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Definition
x ∈ S.
x ∈ S.
Minimum and maximum values of f are sometimes collectively referred to
as extreme values of f .

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Definition
x ∈ S.
x ∈ S.
Minimum and maximum values of f are sometimes collectively referred to
as extreme values of f .
If D is the domain of f , then the maximum and minimum values of f on
D, if they exist, are called the global (absolute) maximum and global
(absolute) minimum values of f .

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Example
Example
Let f (x) = 4 − x 2 . Find the extreme values of f on the following intervals.
a) [−2, 1] b) (−2, 1)
c) (1, 2] d) [−1, 2)

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Example
Example
Let f (x) = 4 − x 2 . Find the extreme values of f on the following intervals.
a) [−2, 1] b) (−2, 1)
c) (1, 2] d) [−1, 2)
Example
1
Let f (x) = . Find the extreme values of f on the following intervals.
x2
a) [−1, 2] b) [−1, 2)

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Theorem
If a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f has a
minimum and maximum value in [a, b]

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Theorem
This theorem guarantees the existence of extrema if f is continuous on a

closed interval.

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Theorem
This theorem guarantees the existence of extrema if f is continuous on a

closed interval.
Note however that extrema may exist on intervals that are not closed and
for functions that are not continuous.

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Critical Numbers
Definition
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such
that f ′ (c) = 0 or f ′ (c) does not exist.
Example
Find the critical numbers of each of the following function.
4
a) f (x) = x 5 (x − 4)2 b) g (x) = 6x − 4 cos(3x)

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The Closed Interval Method

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To find the absolute minimum and maximum values of a continuous

function f on a closed interval [a, b], we follow the following guidelines:

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1 Find all the critical values of f in (a, b).

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2 Calculate the values of f at the critical numbers that you found in 1.

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3 Calculate the values of f at the end-points of the interval: i.e. f (a)
and f (b).

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3 Calculate the values of f at the end-points of the interval: i.e. f (a)
and f (b).
4 The largest values from 2, and 3. is the absolute maximum value, and
the smallest is the absolute minimum value.

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Examples
Example
Find the absolute maximum and minimum value of the following function
on the specified intervals
a) f (x) = x 3 − 12x on [−3, 5]
b) f (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 1 on − 12 , 4


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Local Minimum and Local Maximum

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Definition
Let c be a number in the domain of a function f . Then we say that

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Definition
(i) f (c) is a local (relative) maximum of f if there exists an
open interval (a, b) containing c such that f (x) ≤ f (c) for
every x ∈ (a, b) that is in the domain of f .

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Definition
(i) f (c) is a local (relative) maximum of f if there exists an
open interval (a, b) containing c such that f (x) ≤ f (c) for
(ii) f (c) is a local (relative) minimum of f if there exists an
open interval (a, b) containing c such that f (x) ≥ f (c) for

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R
y
y = f (x)
Q

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R
y
y = f (x)
Q
Point P is higher than all the points on the graph of f close to P.

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R
y
y = f (x)
Q

Similarly, point R is higher than all the point on the graph of f close to R.

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R
y
y = f (x)
Q

Therefore, we call points such as P and R the local maximum points on
the graph of f .

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R
y
y = f (x)
Q

the graph of f .
Point Q is lower than all the points on the graph of f close to Q.

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R
y
y = f (x)
Q

the graph of f .
Point Q is lower than all the points on the graph of f close to Q.
We call points such as Q the local minimum points on the graph of f .

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Fermat’s Theorem

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Fermat’s Theorem
Theorem (Fermat’s Theorem)

If a function f has a local extremum at a number c in an open interval,
then either f ′ (c) = 0 or f ′ (c) does not exist.

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Fermat’s Theorem
Theorem (Fermat’s Theorem)

If a function f has a local extremum at a number c in an open interval,
then either f ′ (c) = 0 or f ′ (c) does not exist.
So, Fermat’s Theorem says that local extremes of a function occur at their
critical numbers.
However, not at all critical numbers does a function have local extreme
values.

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Points of Inflection

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Let’s consider the following diagram:

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y
y = f (x)
P(c, f (c))
c x

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y
y = f (x)
P(c, f (c))
c x
In the figure above, the tangent line to the graph of f at point P(c, f (c))
d(f (c))
is horizontal, and hence = 0,
dx

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y
y = f (x)
P(c, f (c))
c x
d(f (c))
is horizontal, and hence = 0, but the function f has neither a
dx
local minimum nor a local maximum at the point where x = c.

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y
y = f (x)
P(c, f (c))
c x
d(f (c))
is horizontal, and hence = 0, but the function f has neither a
dx
local minimum nor a local maximum at the point where x = c.
Points like point P in the figure above are called the points of inflection.

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The First Derivative Test

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Theorem
Let c be a critical number for a function f , and suppose that f is
continuous at c and differentiable on an open interval I containing c,
except possibly at c itself.

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Theorem
(i) If f ′ changes from positive to negative at c, then f (c) is a
local maximum of f .

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Theorem
(ii) If f ′ changes from negative to positive at c, then f (c) is a
local minimum of f .

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Theorem
(ii) If f ′ changes from negative to positive at c, then f (c) is a
local minimum of f .
(iii) If f ′ (x) > 0 or f ′ (x) < 0 for every x ∈ I , except possibly at
x = c, then f (c) is not a local extremum of f .

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Example
Example
Find the local extrema for the following functions.
a) f (x) = x 3 + x 2 − 5x − 5
b) g (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x + 2

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Rolle’s Theorem

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Rolle’s Theorem
Theorem
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b], differentiable on
the open interval (a, b), and if f (a) = f (b), then there exists at least one
number c ∈ (a, b) such that f ′ (c) = 0.

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Rolle’s Theorem
Theorem
This theorem asserts that if its hypotheses are satisfied, then there exists
at least one critical number on the open interval (a, b).

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Rolle’s Theorem
Theorem
This theorem asserts that if its hypotheses are satisfied, then there exists
at least one critical number on the open interval (a, b).

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Example
Example
Show that the following functions f satisfy the hypothesis of Rolle’s
theorem on [a, b], and find all numbers c ∈ (a, b) such that f ′ (c) = 0.
a) f (x) = 5 − 12x − 2x 2 on [−7, 1]
b) cos 2x + 2 cos x on [0, 2π]

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The Mean Value Theorem

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The Mean Value Theorem
Theorem
If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on
the open interval (a, b), then there exists a number c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f ′ (c) = ,
b−a
or equivalently,
f (b) − f (a) = f ′ (c)(b − a).

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MVT

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Example
Example
Let f (x) = 5x 2 − 3x + 1. Show that f satisfies the hypotheses of the
Mean Value Theorem on the interval [1, 3], and find all number c ∈ [1, 3]
such that
f (3) − f (1)
f ′ (c) = .
3−1

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More Examples
Example
Find the intervals on which each of the following functions is increasing
and on which it is decreasing.
a) f (x) = x 3 + x 2 − 5x − 5
b) g (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x + 2

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More Examples
Example
1
Find the local extrema of f (x) = x 3 (8 − x), and sketch its graph.
Example
Sketch the graph of a differentiable function f which satisfies the following
conditions.
f (0) = 3; f (−2) = f (2) = −4
f ′ (0) is undefined, f ′ (−2) = f ′ (2) = 0
f ′ (x) > 0 if −2 < x < 0 or x > 2;
f ′ (x) < 0 if x < −2 or 0 < x < 2

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Concavity
Definition
Let f be a differentiable function on an open interval I . Then the graph of
f is
(i) concave upwards on I if the graph of f is above its tangent
lines on I .
(ii) concave downwards on I if the graph of f is below its
tangent lines of I

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Test for Concavity
Theorem
If the second derivative f ′′ of f exists on an open interval I , then the
graph of f is
a) concave downwards on I if f ′′ (x) < 0 on I .
b) concave upwards on I if f ′′ (x) > 0 on I .

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Example
Example
Determine the intervals on which the graph of f is concave upwards and
on which it is concave downwards for each of the following.
a) f (x) = x 3 − 2x 2 + x + 1
2
b) f (x) = x 3 (1 − x)

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Point of Inflection
Definition
A point (c, f (c)) on the graph of f is a point of inflection if the following
two conditions are satisfied:
(i) f is continuous at c
(ii) The graph of f changes concavity at P(c, f (c)).
If f ′′ exists at c, then f ′′ (c) = 0. However, it is also possible for f ′′ (c) not

to exist.

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Point of Inflection
Consider the following diagram:

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The Second Derivative Test
Theorem
Suppose that f is differentiable on an open interval containing c, and that
f ′ (c) = 0. Then
a) If f ′′ (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.
b) If f ′′ (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.
Note that, in the above theorem, if f ′′ (c) = 0, or f ′′ (c) DNE, then the
second derivative test is not applicable, and the first derivative test should
be used.

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Guidelines for Sketching Graphs
1 Domain
2 Intercepts and Sign Changes
3 Asymptotes (if any)
4 Critical numbers and Intervals of Increase and Decrease
5 Local extreme values
6 Concavity and Points of Inflection
7 Sketch the graph

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Example
Example
With the help of derivatives, sketch the graphs of the following functions:
2
a) f (x) = x 3 (5 + x)
2x 2
b) f (x) =
9 − x2

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Optimisation Problems
In this section we are going to look at optimization problems.

In optimization problems we are looking for the largest or smallest value of
a function subject to some kind of constraint.
The constraint will be some condition (that can usually be described by
some equation) that must absolutely, positively be true no matter what
our solution is.
Let’s consider the following example.

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Example
A farmer has 2400 m of fencing and wants to fence off a rectangular field
that borders a straight river. He needs no fence along the river. What are
the dimensions of the field that would give the largest area?
Solution: For this problem, we have the following picture.
RIVER
w Field w

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Solution
In all of these problems we will have two functions. The first is the
function that we are actually trying to optimize and the second will be the
constraint.
In this problem we want to maximize the area of a field and we know that
will use 2400 m of fencing material, which should only cover the three
sides of field, the two width sides, and the one length side. The side along
the river needs no fencing.
So, the area will be the function we are trying to optimize and the amount
of fencing is the constraint. Thus, we have
Maximise : A= lw (1)
Constraint : 2400 = l + 2w . (2)

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Solution (Cont.)
Now, in formula (1), we have two variable. But up until now, we only
know how to deal with functions of a single variable.
So, we need to find a way of eliminating one of the two variables from
formula (1). The good news is that, we can make one of the variables the
subject of the formula in equation (2).
So, making l the subject of the formula in equation (2), we obtain,
l = 2400 − 2w . (3)

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Solution (Cont.)
We then substitute equation (3) into formula (1) for l , and we get the
following function of w only, the area function.
A(w ) = (2400 − 2w )w = 2400w − 2w 2 . (4)
To get the dimensions of the field that would give the maximum area, we
differentiate the function (4), and equate the derivative to zero, and then
solve the resulting equation for w . So, we get that
A′ (w ) = 0 ⇒ 2400 − 4w = 0
⇒ 4w = 2400
⇒ w = 600.

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Solution (Cont.)
Now, since A′′ (w ) = −4 < 0 for all w , we have in particular that

A′′ (600) = −4 < 0, and thus, w = 600m is the width that would give the
maximum area of the field.
From equation (3), we see that, when w = 600 m, l = 1200 m. Therefore,
the dimensions that would give the maximum area of the field are:
l = 1200 m, and w = 600 m.

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Example
Example
We want to construct a box whose base length is 3 times the base width.
The material used to build the top and bottom cost N$ 10/m2 and the
material used to build the sides cost N$ 6/m2 . If the box must have a
volume of 50 m3 determine the dimensions that will minimize the cost to
build the box.
Solution: In this case, we have the following rough diagram:

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Solution (Cont.)
We want to minimize the cost of the materials subject to the constraint

that the volume must be 50 m3 . Note as well that the cost for each side is
just the area of that side times the appropriate cost.
Minimise : C = 10(2lw ) + 6(2wh + 2lh) = 60w 2 + 48wh

Constraint : 50 = lwh = 3w 2 h.
As with the first example, we will solve the constraint for one of the
variables and plug this into the cost. It will definitely be easier to solve the
constraint for h so let’s do that:
50
h= .
3w 2

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Solution (Cont.)
Plugging this into the cost gives,

2 50 800
C (w ) = 60w + 48w = 60w 2 + .
3w 2 w
Finding the values of w where the first derivative is zero, we have
120w 3 − 800
C ′ (w ) = 0 ⇒ 120w − 800w −2 = =0
w2
⇒ 120w 3 − 800 = 0
r
3 800
⇒ w= = 1.8821.
120
Note that the other critical number (where the first derivative does not
exist) is w = 0, which is not valid because if we are building a box,
realistically, we can’t have a width of zero meters.

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Solution (Cont.)
Now, using the second derivative test, we have,
C ′′ (w ) = 120 + 1600w −3 , so that C ′′ (1.8821) > 0,
thus, w = 1.8821 will give the absolute minimum cost.

Finding the remaining dimensions, we have
w = 1.8821
l= 3w = 3(1.8821) = 5.6463
50 50
h = = = 4.7050.
3w 2 3(1.8821)2
These give us a minimum cost of C (1.8821) = N$ 637.60.

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Exercise
1 A manufacturer needs to make a cylindrical can that will hold 1.5
litres of liquid. Determine the dimensions of the can that will
minimize the amount of material used in its construction.
2 A window is being built and the bottom is a rectangle and the top is
a semicircle. If there is 12 meters of framing materials what must the
dimensions of the window be to let in the most light?

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Related Rates
There may be situations in which two variables are involved, and these two
variables are both functions of time.
We normally know something about the rate of change of one of the
variables and we want to find the rate of change of the other variables.
Such problems are called related rates problems. Let’s consider the
following examples:
Example
An aircraft is flying horizontally at a speed of 600 km/hr . How fast is the
distance between the aircraft and a radio beacon increasing 1 minute after
the aircraft passes 5 km directly above the beacon

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Examples
Example
A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone of height 12 m and
base radius 6 m. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of
2 m3 /min, approximate the rate at which the water level is rising when the
water is 3 m deep.
Example
It costs a coal mine owner $ C each day to maintain a production of x tons
of coal, where
x2
C = 10111 + 3x + .
8000
At what rate is the production increasing when it is 12000 tons and the
daily cost is increasing at $ 600 per day?

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Homework
Homework
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon at a rate of 5 cm3 /min.
Determine the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing when
the diameter of the balloon is 20 cm.

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Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

Namibia University of Science and Technology

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

By the end of this Chapter, students should be able to:

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

2 sin x−sin 2x 4 tan x

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

Another form of l’Hôpital’s rule exists for x → ∞ or x → −∞.

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

When evaluating lim [f (x) · g (x)], where

lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = ±∞,

we write f (x) · g (x) as

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

When evaluating lim [f (x) − g (x)], where

lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g (x) = ∞,

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

When evaluating lim f (x)g (x) , where

lim f (x) = 0 and lim g (x) = 0, OR

we let y = f (x)g (x) , so that

We then investigate lim ln y = lim g (x) ln f (x), and conclude as follows:

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

1 If lim ln y = L, then lim y = e L .

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

This theorem guarantees the existence of extrema if f is continuous on a

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

This theorem guarantees the existence of extrema if f is continuous on a

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

To find the absolute minimum and maximum values of a continuous

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

To find the absolute minimum and maximum values of a continuous

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

To find the absolute minimum and maximum values of a continuous

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

To find the absolute minimum and maximum values of a continuous

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

To find the absolute minimum and maximum values of a continuous

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter

DSI Iiyambo (Namibia University of Science and Chapter