LOAD/POWER

FLOW
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STUDIES
By:- Prof. V.K.Thombare
WHY?
 Load-flow studies are performed to determine the steady-
state operation of an electric power system. It calculates
the voltage drop on each feeder, the voltage at each bus, and
the power flow in all branch and feeder circuits.
 Determine if system voltages remain within specified limits
under various contingency conditions, and whether
equipment such as transformers and conductors are
overloaded.
 Load-flow studies are often used to identify the need for
additional generation, capacitive, or inductive VAR support,
or the placement of capacitors and/or reactors to maintain
system voltages within specified limits.
 Losses in each branch and total system power losses are also
calculated.
 Necessary for planning, economic scheduling, and
control of an existing system as well as planning its
future expansion
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 PULSE OF THE SYSTEM
 i.e.
 Load Flow Studies=>voltage magnitudes
and angles at each bus in the steady state
->voltage magnitudes and angles at each
bus in the steady state real and reactive
power flow through each line

 =>nonlinear algebraic equations-

>iterative methods for solving these
equations

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BUS ADMITANCE

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REAL AND REACTIVE POWER
INJECTED IN A BUS

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CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES

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PREPARATION OF DATA FOR
LOAD FLOW

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LOAD FLOW BY ITERATIVE
METHOD
 beginning of an iterative method => chose a set
of values for the unknown quantities => updated
at each iteration  process continues till errors
between all the known and actual quantities
reduce below a pre-specified value.

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LOAD FLOW BY GAUSS-SEIDEL
METHOD

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EXAMPLE

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 NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
 Power flow equations formulated in polar form. For the
system in Fig.1, Eqn.2 can be written in terms of bus
admittance matrix as

Note: j also includes i

Expressing in polar form;

Substituting for Ii from Eqn.21 in Eqn. 4

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 Separating the real and imaginary parts,

Expanding Eqns. 23 & 24 in Taylor's series about the initial estimate

neglecting h.o.t. we get

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The Jacobian matrix gives the linearized relationship between small changes in
Δδi(k) and voltage magnitude Δ[Vik] with the small changes in real and reactive
power ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k)

The diagonal and the off-diagonal elements of J1 are:

Similarly we can find the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of J2,J3 and

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The terms ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k) are the difference between the scheduled
and calculated values

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Procedures:
1. For Load buses (P,Q specified), flat voltage start. For voltage
controlled buses (P,V specified),δ set equal to 0.
2. For Load buses, Pi(k) and Qi(k) are calculated from Eqns.23 & 24 and
ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k) are calculated from Eqns. 29 & 30.
3. For voltage controlled buses, and Pi(k) and ΔPi(k) are calculated
4. The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated.
5. The linear simultaneous equation 26 is solved directly by optimally
ordered triangle factorization and Gaussian elimination.
6. The new voltage magnitudes and phase angles are
7. The process is continued until the residuals ΔPi(k) and ΔQi(k) are
less than the specified accuracy i.e.

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NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

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 3. Fast Decoupled Method
• practical power transmission lines have high X/R ratio.
•Real power changes are less sensitive to voltage magnitude changes
and are most sensitive to changes in phase angle Δδ.
•Similarly, reactive power changes are less sensitive to changes in
angle and are mainly dependent on changes in voltage magnitude.
•Therefore the Jacobian matrix in Eqn.26 can be written as

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