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Feb. 28th
Feb. 28th
DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za
Feb. 28th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
2023
Engineering
Problem
Mathematics Review √
Finding; Continuum Mechanics
- Governing (Differential) Equations
Fluid Mechanics
- Initial & Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer
-Analytical Solution
-Numerical Solution (Programing)
- Using a Software
Therefore, we must find the Governing Differential Equations,
After that, Simplifying the Governing Differential Equations
regarding the physics of the problem
and also choosing right Initial & Boundary Conditions
Let’s back
Continuity 0
Equation
(Steady-State)
First we need to
expand
We have two usual conditions (or assumptions)
0 0
Continuity
Equation .v = 0
(Incompressible)
0
.v = 0
Continuity Equation - Incompressible flow (constant ρ)
.v = 0
vx v y vz
+ + =0
x y z
.v = 0
u v w
+ + =0
x y z
2 1 -3
What is the physically meaning?
v x v y v z
+ + =0
x y z
Example
Two velocity component of an incompressible 3 dimensional
flow are available as following:
v x = ax 3 + bxy + cz v z = axyz − byz + c
2
Cartesian coordinate ➔
+ .( v) = 0
t
One-D
• Fluid entering a circular pipe at a uniform velocity.
• Because of the no-slip condition at the wall.
• The flow in a pipe is divided into two regions:
– The boundary layer region, and
– The Fully Developed region.
The mass equation for Fully Developed is look like one D assumption, but vz is function of r
Boundary
layer
Fully Developed
and incompressible
and Steady state
Continuity equation
1 ( r 2ur ) 1 ( u sin ) 1 ( u )
+ 2 + + =0
t r r r sin r sin
Steady state
sin) ) 1 1 ( u()u )
1 1((r2ru2ru)r ) 11 ((uusin
++ ++ = 0= 0
r r rr
2
r sin sin
r sin
incompressible
1 ( r 2 ur ) 1 (u sin ) 1 (u )
+ + =0
r r sin sin
Test yourself-3
Allowance Time 3 minutes
v = vx i + v y j + vz w
() () ()
() = i+ j+ w
x y z
Solution
Simplify the continuity equation for case of:
Steady-state, two dimensional (y, z) and the density
is 1000 kg / m3
v = vx i + v y j + vz w
This means it is
() () ()
.v = 0 Incompressible () =
x
i+
y
j+
z
w
v yvz
vx v y vz
+ + =0 ( y, z ) + =0
x y z
y z
Continuity Equation
(Mass Eq.)
Example for 2D and Incompressible flow (constant ρ)
( vx ) ( v y ) ( vz )
+ + + =0
t x y z
vx v y
+ =0
x y
Different forms of Continuity equation (in general)
( v x ) ( v y ) ( v z )
+ + + =0
t x y z
Continuity + div( v ) = 0
Equation t
1-1 ) v = ( x y − z )i + ( xy + z ) j − k
2 2
and = x+ y
1-2 v
) r = r 2
, v = r 2
, vz = z and = 1000 kg / m 3
Solution
1-1 ) v = ( x y − z )i + ( xy + z ) j − k
2 2
and = x+ y
( u ) ( v) ( w)
Needs to check + + = 0 while nothing is function of time
x y z
u v w
(( x + y )( x 2 y − z )) (( x + y )( xy 2 + z )) (( x + y )(−1))
+ + =
x y z
= (3x 2 y − z + 2 xy 2 ) + (2 x 2 y + 3xy 2 + z ) + 0 =
Incompressible
b)
vr = 2rz ( 2r 2 z ) (r 2 − 2 z 2 )
+r =
v z = r − 2z
2 2
r z
4rz + r (−4 z ) = 0
Incompressible and Two-dimensional
Conservation of mass
One-dimensional
Flow Investigation
dm dV Adx dx
m = = = = A = Av x kg
dt dt dt dt s
m = V V = Ax
Therefore , in the case of Steady State
Questions
If the fluid is water and the level of
water in the tank stay the same all
the time