COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

March 7th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
2023
Example
Parallel flow of an oil between two large plates is considered.
The upper plate has constant velocity of 12 m/s
Body forces such as gravity are negligible and
P / x = 0 T / x = 0
Find:
a) The velocity and temperature distributions?
b) The maximum temperature?
Assumptions 1) Steady operating conditions exist. 2) Oil is an incompressible substance with
constant properties (k, µ…=constant).
3) The plates are large so that there is no variation in z direction (2D)
A Prediction Test ) Max Temp. is about ; a) 30 b ) 40 c) 60 d) 100 e) 150
Analysis

The properties of oil at the average temperature of (40+25)/2 = 32.5C are (From Table):
k = 0.145 W/m-K and  = 0.580 kg/m-s = 0.580 N-s/m2

This is parallel flow between two plates, and thus v = 0

u v u
Continuity: + =0 =0 ⎯→ u = u(y)
x y x
x-momentum:
 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  + u + v + w  = − + g x +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
0 0 0
Continuity 0
0 - 2D Assumption 0 0- 2D
0 Of the problem Continuity
Parallel flow
u
Continuity: = 0  u = f ( y)
x
 2u d 2u
 2 =0  2 =0
y dy

u ( y ) = C1 y + C2
The boundary conditions are:
1) u(y=0) = 0
2) u(y=L) = V

C2 = ? and C1 = ?

C2 = 0 and C1 = 17142 .85

Energy equation for constant k & Incompressible flow
DT DT T T T T
c =  + k 2T + g = +u +v +w
Dt Dt t x y z

 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + u + v + w  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g
 t x y z   x y z 

 u  2  v  2   v u 
2

 = 2    +    +   + 
 x   y    x y 

 T T T T   u  2  v  2   v u 
2
  2T  2T  2T 
c + u + v + w  = 2   +    +   +  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g

t x

y z 
   x   y    x y  x

y
 
z 


DT   2T
Dt
Energy equation for constant k & Incompressible flow
 T T T T   u  2  v  2   v u 
2
  2T  2T  2T 
c + u +v + w  = 2    +    +   +  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g
 t x y z   x   y    x y   x y z 

0 0 0 0
0 Assumption Parallel 0 V 0
u( y) = y Parallel Assumption
Of the problem L Of the problem 0- 2D
0 - 2D
V
u( y) = y
L 2
 T
2
 u 
0 = k 2 +  
y  y  u / y = V / L

V
2 2
d T
=−  
dy 2
k L

2
 y 
T ( y) = −  V  + C3 y + C 4
2k L 
 2
 y 
T ( y) = −  V  + C3 y + C 4
2k L 

The boundary conditions are:

1) T(y=0) = T1= 25 ºC
2) T(y=L) = T2 = 40 ºC

T2 − T1 V 2  y y2 
T ( y) = y + T1 +  − 
L 2k  L L2 
 

b) The maximum temperature?

dT
=0  y =?
dy
 T2 − T1 V 2  y y2 
T ( y) = y + T1 +  − 
L 2k  L L2 
 
b) The maximum temperature?
dT T2 − T1 V 2  y  T2 − T1 1 
= + 1 − 2  = 0 y = L k + 
 V 2 2 
dy L 2kL  L 

 T −T 1   (40 − 25)C 1
y Tmax = L k 2 2 1 +  = (0.0007 m) (0.145 W/m.C) + 
 V 2   ( 0 . 580 N.s/m 2
)(12 m/s) 2
2 
= 0.0003804 m = 0.3804 mm

T2 − T1 V 2  y y 2 
Tmax = T (0.0003804) = y + T1 +  − 
L 2k  L L2 
(40 − 25)C (0.58 N  s/m 2 )(12 m/s) 2  0.0003804 m (0.0003804 m) 2 
= (0.0003804 m) + 25C +  − 
0.0007 m 2(0.145 W/m  C)  0.0007 m (0.0007 m) 2 

A Prediction Test ) Max Temp. is about ; a) 30 b ) 40 c) 50 d) 60 e) 100

Tmax = 100.042C
What is the Physically meaning?

DT
c =  + k 2T + g
Dt
 Checking Our assumption:
We used the properties of oil at the average temperature of (40+25)/2 = 32.5C
(From Table): k = 0.145 W/m-K and  = 0.580 kg/m-s = 0.580 N-s/m²

T2 − T1 V 2  y y2 
T ( y) = y + T1 +  − 
L 2k  L L2 
 
1 L
T =  T ( y )dy
What must do now?

L 0
With new average temperature, we must find new  and k,
and then the average Temp. & maximum temperature

1 L
Assuming T   , k  T ( y ) = ...  T =  T ( y )dy
L 0
1 L
T = ...   , k  T ( y ) = ...  T =  T ( y )dy
L 0
How could be possible to be 25 C and 40 C at boundaries
, but about 100 C between two plates ?
Conservation of Energy
DT    T    T    T 
c =  +  k  +  k  +  k  + egen
Dt  x  x  y  y  z  z 
DT T T T T T
= + v.T = +u +v +w
Dt t t x y z

T    T    T    T 
c( + v.T ) =  +   k  +  k  +  k  + egen
t  x  x  y  y  z  z 

Convection
Diffusion part (conduction)
part

Viscous (heat) dissipation function Heat generation

Therefore, the governing equations for incompressible fluids
(and constant properties)
.v = 0
v
 ( + v.v ) = −p + f +  2 v
t
T
c( + v.T ) =  + k 2T + egen
t
 u  2  v  2  w  2 
 = 2    +   +   +
 x   y   z  
2 2
 v u   w v   u w 
2

 +  +  +  +  + 
 x y   y z   z x 
Therefore, the governing equations for incompressible fluids
u v w
(and constant properties) + + =0
x y z
 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  + u + v + w  = − + f x +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
  + u + v + w  = − + f y +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 

 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 

  +u +v +w  = − + f z +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 
How many unknowns ? u , v, w, p and T
The governing equations for incompressible fluids + Steady
u v w
(and constant properties) + + =0
x y z

 u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  u + v + w  = − + f x +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x y z  x  x y z 

 v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
  u + v + w  = − + f y +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
  u +v +w  = − + f z +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x y z  z  x y z 

 (uT T 
vT +w
T T T =T+ k   2
T+ 2 2T 2  2T  2
 T + T  +T e

c
c +
+ (u +v + w )  =  + k2 2 +2 2 +2  2 gen
) + egen
 t x xy y z z   x  xy y z  z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +    +  +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 
2; Simplification for Pure Conduction in Solids
.v = 0
v
 ( + v.v) = −p + f +  2 v
t
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u  2  w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +     +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 

Inside the Solids there is no velocity

v=0 u =v=w=0
Therefore, the Energy Equation will reduce to;
T
c = k T + egen
2

t
Velocity Boundary Conditions
Velocity Boundary Conditions 0
At the wall, the Velocity of Fluid= Velocity of wall
No-slip condition
Inviscid Flows

Viscous Flows
0

Inviscid Flows
 0

v L
Re =  107

 =0

0
The Mass and Momentum equations for incompressible
fluids (and constant properties)
.v = 0
v
 ( + v.v) = −p + f +  2 v
t
Question; For which regions we usually use them?

3 5
1
2 4

For inside the boundary layer thickness;2 and 4

Inside the Velocity BL the velocity will change.
Velocity Boundary Conditions

1   2
Velocity Boundary Conditions

 water   air  Interface  0

Example- Check if it is fine to assume oil is an ideal Fluid
oil between two large plates is considered.
The upper plate is moving and Ideal fluid assumption
 =0 and T / x = 0
Find:
a) The velocity and temperature distributions?
b) The maximum temperature?
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Assume Oil is ideal Fluid with constant
properties (k, µ…=constant).
3 The plates are large so that there is no variation in z direction

A Prediction Test ) Max Temp. is about ; a) 30 b ) 40 c) 50 d) 60 e) 100

Analysis
The properties of oil at the average temperature of (40+25)/2 = 32.5C
(From Table): k = 0.145 W/m-K and  = 0.580 kg/m-s = 0.580 N-s/m2
Continuity:
 =0 u=v=0
u v
+
x y
=0 
Energy equation
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + u + v + w  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g
 t x y z   x y z 

The problem changed to pure conduction T

2
0=k 2
T ( y ) = C1 y + C2 y
The boundary conditions are:
1) T(y=0) = T1= 25 ºC
2) T(y=L) = T2 = 40 ºC

C2 = 25 C1 = 21428 .71

T ( y ) = 21428 .71 y + 25

The maximum temperature?

Energy equation
T ( y ) = 21428 .71 y + 25
 =0
The maximum temperature in
case of no viscosity? at y = L

The maximum temperature in

case of including viscosity, as
offered in previous session? 0

Therefore, it is completely wrong

if we assume an Engine Oil is an Ideal Fluid