LACTONE GLYCOSIDES
 JALAP - Exogonium purga (Convulvulaceae),
 HORSE CHESTNUT TREE Aesculus
hippocastemin (Hippocastanaceae), skimmin,
desculin.
 JAPANESE STAR ANISE (Umbelliferae)
Pimpinella anisum
 CANTHARIDES Spanish flies Russian flies or
blistering flies, - Cantharis vesicatoria
(Meloidae), cantharidin, used as irritant,
vesicant, rubefacient, aphrodisiac when taken
internally.
 TONKA BEANS - Dipteryx odorata (Fabaceae),
coumarin, anticoagulant
 PSORALENS photosensitizing furocoumarin.
Ammimajus (Umbelliferae) methoxsalen,
trioxsalen (repigmentation, vitiligo )
 RESINS amorphous products contained in
schizogenous and schizolysigenous passages
-product of oxidation of volatile oils
-crystalline or amorphous
 BALSAMS - cinnamic acid + benzoic acid
 RESINOLS - resin + alcohol
 RESINOTANNOLS - resin + alcohol + tannins
 RESENES - complex neutral substances devoid
of characteristic chemical properties.
 RESIN ACIDS
 ROSIN - Pinus palustris (Pinaceae), resene
 PODOPHYLLUM or mayapple or mandrake -
Podophyllum peltatum (Berberidaceae),
podophyllotoxin, drastic purgative, antimitotic,
caustic.
 ERIODICTYON or yerba santa- Eriodictyon
californicum (Hydrophyllaceae), flavor
jalapin, purganol, cathartic
 MASTIC- pistacia lenticus (Anacardiaceae),
dental varnish to scal cavities
 KAVA-KAVA - Piper methysticum (Piperaceae),
antipyretic, local anesthetic effect
 CANNABIS - Cannabis sativa (Moraceae),
hashish, antinauseant in cancer therapy.
Oleoresins
TURPENTINE-
 GINGER - Zingiber officinale (Zingeberaceae),
flavor, condiment, carminative
 WHITE PINE - Pinus strobus (Pinaceae),
expectorant
 COPAIBA - Copaifera spp., GU disinfectant,
diuretic, expectorant, laxative.
Oleogumresins
 MYRRH - Commiphora molmol (Burseraceae),
protective, stimulant, stomachic, astringent
 ASAFOETIDA - Ferrula asafoetida
Balsams
 STORAX - Liquidamdar orientalis and
styraciflua (Hammamelidaceae), stimulant,
expectorant, antiseptic
 PERUVIAN BALSAM Myroxylon pereirae
(Fabaceae), astringent
 TOLU BALSAM Myroxylon halsamum
(Fabaceae), preparation of benzoin tincture,
expectorant, flavorant
 BENZOIN - Styrax benzoin (Styraceae),
antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic
LIPIDS  Virgin - cold press with absence of heat
 TechnicaL- hot press
 esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols  Sulfur - uses carbon disulfide
 Tournant - fallen, decomposed or refuse
FATTY ACIDS
Saturated  CORN OIL- Zea mays (Graminae)

 1 Formic  SESAME OIL or benne or teel oil- Sesamum

 2 Acetic indicum (Pedaliaceae)
 3 Propionic
 4 Butyric  PEANUT OIL or arachis oil-Arachis hypogea
 5 Valeri (Fabaceae)
 6 Caproic
 8 Caprylic  COTTONSEED OIL- Gossypium hirsutum
 10 Capric (Malvaceae)
 12 Lauric Use: solvent for IM injection
 14 Myristic
 16 Palmitic  SOYBEAN OIL- Glycine soja (Fabaceae), source
 18 Stearic of lecithin for parenteral nutrition, stigmasterol
 20 Arachidic
 22 Behenic  ETHIODIZED OIL- Iodine addition product of
 24 Lignocerie poppy seed, Papaver somniferum

UNSATURATED  COD LIVER OIL- Cod fish Gadus morrhua

(Gadidae), source of vit A & D

 PEACH KERNEL OIL or apricot kernel or persic

oil - Prunus persica or armeniaca (Rosaceae)

 SUNFLOWER OIL – Helianthus annuus

(Compositae/Asteraceae)

 SAFFLOWER OIL- Carthamus tinctorius

(Asteraceae)

 ALMOND OIL- Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae)

 COCONUT OIL- Cocos nucifera (Palmae)

 FIXED OILS - liquid at RT, vegetable oils
except cocoa butter  RAPESEED OIL- Brassica campestris, canola oil

 Oxygen absorption - drying, semidrying, TESTS

nondrying
 ACID VALUE - # of mg of KOH required
 CASTOR OIL- Ricinus communis to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of
(Euphorbiaceae), ricin- toxic, ricinine, the sample.
cathartic
 ESTER VALUE- # of KOH required to
 OLIVE OIL or sweet oil, oil of Europe - Olea saponify the esters of I g of the sample.
europea (Oleaceae)
  SAPONIFICATION VALUE (Koettsdorfer
number)- # of mg of KOH required to
neutralize free fatty acids and sapoinly
the esters in 1 g of sample.
 IODINE VALUE - # of grams of iodine
absorbed by 100 g of sample
FATS
 LANOLIN or hydrous wool fat- Ovis aries
(Ovidae), water- absorbable ointment base
 ANHYDROUS LANOLIN or wool fat- water
absorbable ointment base
 THEOBROMA OIL- Theobroma cacao
(Sterculiaceae), suppository base
STEROIDS
 STEROLS - solid steroids, 1" to be
discovered
 Cholesterol - animals
 Beta-sitosterol - plants (phytosterol)
 Ergosterol - fungi (provitamin D2)
 Stigmasterol - soybean (Glycine soja)
BILE ACIDS
 Primary - cholic acid and
chenodesoxycholic acid
 Secondary - desoxycholic acid and
lithocholic acid
Use: aid in intestinal absorption of fat
emulsifying agents
Bile acid + glycine + taurin = bile salts
 STEROID HORMONES - secreted by the
adrenal glands
 Adrenocortical hormones - produced
from outer cortical portion of the
adrenal glands
 Mineralocorticoids - affect the
excretion of fluid and electrolytes,
aldosterone
 Glucocorticoids - affect intermediate
metabolism, CHON and CHO
metabolism, increased in Cushing's
syndrome, hydrocortisone, cortisone,
prednisone, prednisolone
 Sex hormones - produced from the
gonads
 Estrogens - estradiol, estriol, estrone
 Progestins - progesterone
 Androgens - testosterone
Waxes
esters of fatty acid with long chain alcohols;
OF PLANT ORIGIN
 CARNAUBA WAX - Copernicia prunifera
(Arecaceae), myricyl cerotate, candle
making, wax varnishes, furniture and
shoe polishes
 JOJOBA OIL - liquid wax expressed from
the seeds of Simmondsia chinensis
(Buxaceae)
OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
 SPERMACETI - head of Physeter
macrocephalus (Physeteridae), candle
making, polisher
 BEESWAX or yellow wax- honeycomb of
Apis milliferae (Apidae), White Wax-
bleached-ointment base