UNIT 2 - MENTAL AND PHYSICAL

DEVELOPMENT
Topic: The body, the mind

I. VOCABULARY IN FOCUS

1.Topic-related

Phrases/clauses (Vie) Words/phrases Phrases/clauses (Eng) Pronunciation

(Eng) - in bold

1 Một số bố mẹ có thể Overindulgent Some parents can be UK /ˌəʊ.vər.ɪnˈdʌl.dʒənt/

quá nuông chiều con (adj) overindulgent with US /ˌoʊ.vɚ.ɪnˈdʌl.dʒənt/
cái overindulge (v) their children

Parents indulge their children too much/overindulge their children

2 Trẻ đạt được nhiều cột important/ Many UK /ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/

mốc quan trọng trong crucial important/crucial US /ˈmaɪl.stoʊn/
những năm đầu đời milestones milestones are reached
during the first years
of a child’s life

3 trải nghiệm đó thực sự Broaden one’s that experience really UK /ˈbrɔː.dən/

mở mang đầu óc tôi mind broadens my mind US /ˈbrɑː.dən/

Experience có 2 nghĩa (1) kinh nghiệm; không đếm được (2) trải nghiệm - đếm được.
→ Ở đây mang nghĩa (2)

4 Xét về/về mặt giao tiếp, to imitate In terms of/when it UK /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/

em bé sẽ cố bắt chước sb/sth comes to US /ˈɪm.ə.teɪt/
từ vựng communication, the
 baby/he/she will try to
imitate words.

Cấu trúc “về/xét về” thì ngoài “when it comes to”, ta có thể dùng “in terms of”

5 Trẻ em ở giai đoạn master (v) children at this stage UK /ˈmɑː.stər/

/mức tuổi này có thể skills can master the US /ˈmæs.tɚ/
nắm được các kỹ năng essential skills
thiết yếu

essential = thiết yếu

6 Trẻ em nên học các kỹ To acquire children should UK /əˈkwaɪər/

năng nghe đọc hiệu quả skills acquire effective US /əˈkwaɪɚ/
reading and writing
skills.

Trong trường hợp này “should” mang nghĩa đưa ra lời khuyên.

Còn trong bài đọc gốc, “by the end of this period, children should have acquired effective
reading and writing skills”
thì “should” mang nghĩa phỏng đoán (có cơ sở). Should đi kèm với thì Hoàn Thành do có “By +
mốc t.g.” ở trước. (Dấu hiệu báo hiệu thì HTHT)

2. General Vocabulary

Phrases/clauses (Vie) Words/phrases Phrases/clauses (Eng) Pronunciation

(Eng) - in bold

1 Nhiều trẻ em lớn lên có Irresponsible Many children can UK /ˌɪr.ɪˈspɒn.sə.bəl/

thể thành những người grow up to be US /ˌɪr.əˈspɑːn.sə.bəl/
lớn vô trách nhiệm irresponsible adults
2 rất khó để ghi nhớ Memorize I used to be able to UK /ˈmem.ə.raɪz/
lượng thông tin dù là memorize a long list US /ˈmem.ə.raɪz/
nhỏ of dates

Cấu trúc "used to do" sth nghĩa là "từng làm gì, bây giờ không làm nữa". Trong trường hợp
này "Used to be able to do sth" là "đã từng có khả năng ..."

3 Họ có thể quá nhạy Sensitive to They may be overly UK /ˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/

cảm với ngoại hình của sensitive/oversensitiv US /ˈsen.sə.t̬ɪv/
họ e about their
appearance.

Ở đây ta có thể dùng “overly” với vai trò 1 adverb để bổ nghĩa cho “sensitive”; Hoặc dùng
prefix “over” đi trước “sensitive” (oversensitive).

Nghĩa trong 2 trường hợp là tương đương nhau

4 Nghĩ đến một chiến to visualize Think of a strategy UK /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl.aɪz/

thuật chẳng hạn như something like visualizing the US /ˈvɪʒ.u.əl.aɪz/
hình dung/mường word.
tượng đến từ vựng

Like ở đây đóng vai trò Preposition, nên động từ sau “like” cần được chia ở dạng V-ing

5 một thứ gì đó Đi kèm associated with something associated UK /əˈsəʊ.si.eɪtɪd/

với/gắn liền với từ with the word. US /əˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪtɪd/
vựng đó

Ngữ pháp của “something associated with…”

6 Suy nghĩ/việc trở thành Something/it (the thought of) UK /krɒs/

bố mẹ chưa bao giờ cross one’s mind becoming a parent has US /krɑːs/
xuất hiện trong đầu never crossed my
tôi mind.
 “Việc trở thành bố mẹ” - Gerund -> Become được chia dưới dạng (V-ing - Becoming).
TH 2 - The thought of - “of” - preposition - theo sau là V-ing. (becoming)

7 Về mặt cột mốc về thể As far as As far as physical UK /kənˈsɜːnd/

chất thì something is milestones are US /kənˈsɝːnd/
concerned concerned,

Với những cấu trúc như “As far as something is concerned”, coi nó như cấu trúc fix - không
sáng tạo.

II. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1. Topic-related Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) bold

1 Nổi loạn/chống lại (cha mẹ) Teens may rebel against UK /rɪˈbel/
their parents but are also US /rɪˈbel/
more able to accept the
consequences
Lưu ý danh từ rebel có trọng
âm khác
UK /ˈreb.əl/
US /ˈreb.əl/

2 Sự phát triển về mặt nhận When it comes to cognitive UK /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv/

thức development, it is important US /ˈkɑːɡ.nə.t̬ɪv/
for children to learn to be
 creative

3 Tự dưng chẳng nhớ gì cả I was talking about my UK /blæŋk/

(đầu óc trở nên trống rỗng) childhood when my mind US /blæŋk/
went blank

4 Khiến ai nhớ đến cái gì You remind me of my UK /rɪˈmaɪnd/

sister. US /rɪˈmaɪnd/

5 Lắc đầu & gật đầu the baby learnt how to to UK /nɒd/
shake/nod one’s head US /nɑːd/

2. General Vocabulary

Words/ Words/phrases (Eng) - in Pronunciation

phrases (Vie) bold

1 Giữ cho đầu óc cởi mở / Growing up I have learnt to UK /ˈəʊ.pən/

Thoáng lên/đừng vội phán keep an open mind US /ˈoʊ.pən/
xét

2 Nhớ vào đầu I try to bear in mind all that UK /beər/

(một điều quan trọng) I was taught US /ber/

3 Khiến ai yên tâm/thư thái Knowing the baby is safe UK /iːz/

put her mind at ease US /iːz/

4 Ở các mức độ khác nhau Children develop at various UK /ˈveə.ri.əs/

 rates
US /ˈver.i.əs/

5 Chơi/làm gì đó theo lượt Children can take turns in UK /tɜːn/

games US /tɝːn/

6 Các khái niệm trừu tượng At that stage they are able to UK /ˈæb.strækt/
discuss more abstract US /ˈæb.strækt/
concepts

7 Có điều bận tâm She had something on her UK /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/

mind when she was at the US /ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/
party.
 IV. Questions

1. Task 1,3:
1. Do you have any memories of your childhood ?
2. What were you like when you were a teenager?
3. Do you think you have a good memory or a poor memory?
4. Are you still in touch with your childhood friends?
5. What skills did you acquire as a child
6. Is it important for children to have fun?
7. What physical and mental development do children go through in their middle
childhood?

Questions Idea

1. Do you have ● Yes

any memories of ● A lot of great memories associated with childhood
your childhood ? ● When little, I ….
● I think I; good kid overall,
○ but sometimes rebel against parents …
● A good imagination; often visualize things ….

2. What changes ● Teenage years, a period of transition (giai đoạn biến đổi) that….
did you go through ● many physical and mental changes….
as a teenager? ○ Physically, going through puberty (dậy thì)….
○ Mentally, overly sensitive about my appearance….
● Try, keep an open mind, things happen around me

3. Do you think ● Good memory

you have a good ○ Able to memorize a lot of information without any trouble
memory or a poor ■ Even abstract concepts that I not fully understand
memory? ■ except for abstract concepts that I not fully understand - my mind
go blank
● Bad memory
 ○ → Find … hard to remember information
○ Example, an important point teacher tell; bear in mind; forget the
next day
○ Thinking of a strategy to improve memory (write notes/ use the
calendar/…)

4. Are you still in #1 Gợi kỷ niệm cũ

touch with your ● When go past my old neighborhood/school,
childhood friends? ○ it remind me of….
● a lot in common
● used to play many turn-taking games (trò chơi theo lượt) together
● Some of them =still my good friends….
#2 Họp lớp cũ (Class reunion)
● Yes, I am
● Meet up with classmates from secondary/high school (Trường cấp 2/cấp
3)
● Gather with friends on class reunion
● Talk about fond memories, like how irresponsible and mischievous (tinh
nghịch) we - as kids
● Remain good friends;
● Have something on my mind, talk to them, put my mind at ease

5. What do you ● There are many crucial milestones….

think makes a ● When - come to, physical development:
good language ○ move around faster, run, climb stairs….
teacher? ● In terms of, cognitive development
○ Acquire language skills - Understand most sentences; produce four-
five word sentences
○ Learn language by, imitate adults
● Older children - More independent & begin to master social skills

6. Is it important ● vital for mental development (because…)

for children to ● Thay bằng “Life without fun - highly stressful (gây stress)
have fun? ● But parents should not, overindulgent because….
 ● Overindulged children - throw a tantrum (nổi giận & ăn vạ)

7. What mental ● Well, that has never crossed my mind…”

and physical ● Children develop various rates
development did ○ some very mature in terms of social skills
children go ○ others very immature
through in their ● As far as physical milestones are concerned,
middle childhood? ○ there are major changes….

2. Task 2
Describe a memorable period or event from your childhood
You should say
- When the event or period was
- What happened during this event or time
- Why it was memorable and what you learned from this experience
You will have to talk about the topic for 1 -2 minutes. You should have one minute to think
about what you’re going to say. You can make notes if you wish.

Idea Answe

● Back - in primary/secondary high school…/Looking back,it was

when….
● Try - keep open mind - when listen story - because ….
● On holiday playing some turn-taking games when….
● As far as … is concerned, ....
● many great memories of my childhood; but that - special
because…..
● Quite a milestone ….
● Reminisce about that moment…..
● experience broaden my mind …..
● remind me of ….