FORCE

Types of Force
-normal force
-electromagnetic force
-tension force
-friction
-gravitational force

3 laws of motion
1st law of motion: Intertia
-an object at rest will remain at rest or move at constant
velocity unless acted upon by an external net force.
2nd law of motion: Acceleration
-the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the net force acting on it and is
inversely proportional to its mass.
3rd law of motion: Interaction
-For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
WORK – Mechanical Energy
Kinetic Energy – energy in motion
Potential Energy – no motion
When we do work, some loses and some gains energy

W= work (J) Jeouls

F= Force (N) Newtons
d= displacement (m) meters

EXAMPLE:
A girl pushing a chair
WORK IS DONE BY GIRL
WORK IS DONE ON CHAIR

Formula for solving work

Work = Force x Displacement

Formula for solving Kinetic Energy

KE = (½ m) (v squared) or KE = ½ mv squared

Formula for solving Potential Energy

PE = mgh ( mass, gravity and height) gravity = 9.8m/s

FOR ANGLES – you will need a scientific calculator for this

W= Fnet x cos0 x d (on degree)
Speed of Sound

V = Speed of sound (m/s)

T = Temperature ( degree celcius)
331m/s = constant factor
0.6m/s = constant factor

V = 331 + 0.6 (T)

Example: 331 + 0.6 (25 degree celcius)
25 x 0.6 = 15
331 + 15 = 346 m/s MULTIPLY THEN ADD

Effects of Temperature on the speed of sound in Air

-A higher temperature means a higher kinetic energy,

which means faster motion. At higher temperature,
sound travel faster.
-on the other hand, on a lower temperature, the speed
of the particles is slow that will result into the slow speed
of sound travel.
Colors
ROYGBIV = Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,violet
Nm = nanometer (wavelength)
THz = TeraHertz (Frequency)
eV = electron Volt (Energy)

Frequency . Energy = Directly Proportional

Frequency/Energy . wavelength = inversely proportional
Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the
shortest.
Red has the lowest frequency while violet has the most.
Red has the lowest energy while violet has the most.

Light Properties

Refraction – is the bending of light

Prism – a material used to split white light to form a
spectrum.
Dispersion – the seperation of white light into different
colors as it passes through prism.
Refraction forms the rainbow.
Red bends more because it has more wavelength, the
opposite goes to violet.
Temperature conversion formulas

Celcius to Kelvin = C + 273.15

Kelvin to Celcius = K – 273.15

Fahrenheit to Celcius = (F – 32) x 5/9

Celcius to Fahrenheit = C (9/5) + 32

Fahrenheit to Kelvin = (F – 32) x 5/9 + 273.15

Kelvin to Fahrenheit = (K – 273.15) x 9/5 + 32

Temperature – is the measure of hotness or coldness of

an object. Measures the average kinetic energy of
molecules.
The faster the molecules, the more kinetic energy they
have. More KE means higher temperature of an object.
- DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

Heat – is produced from molecules of matter that

continuously vibrate heat is an energy form that transfer,
FROM a body of HIGHER temperature TO another body
of LOWER temperature.
Internal Energy – is the total energy in a body.
Formula for solving Heat Capacity