FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

Source: https://www.explorermagazin.de/amstar/amaut_e.htm Source: https://metallurgyandmaterials.wordpress.com/2015/12/25/liberty-ship-failures/

Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Philippe Rigo
SN Curves - Wöhler

Fatigue Capacity – Stress Life Approach

Tests If 𝑛 < 𝑁
Constant Survival
amplitude loading 𝑁 If 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁
Δ𝜎, 𝑛 SN Curves Failure
▪ Linear Miner’s rule 𝐷 = 𝑛𝑖
Variable 𝑖
▪ Bi-linear 𝐷 = ෍ 𝐷𝑖 𝑁𝑖
amplitude loading
Δ𝜎𝑖 , 𝑛𝑖 𝑛: cycles experienced
𝑁: cycles to failure If 𝐷 ≥ 1
D: damage Failure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-6V_JoRX1g

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

SN Curves - Wöhler
Early experiments

10,000 cycles per day; 𝑓 = 0.11 𝐻𝑧

Smith, R. A., & Hillmansen, S. (2004). A brief historical overview of the fatigue of railway axles. Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 218(4), 267-277.

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 3 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

SN Curves - Wöhler
Laboratory fatigue testing machines

162,000 cycles per hour; 𝑓 = 20 − 100 𝐻𝑧

http://m.blog.daum.net/kstestmc/22?tp_nil_a=1

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 4 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

SN Curves - Wöhler
Full scale tests / Multi-axial fatigue

https://www.tudelft.nl/en/3me/about/departments/maritime-and-transport-
https://youtu.be/5m-jwwM3qRs technology/research/ship-and-offshore-structures/facilities/hexapod/

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 5 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

SN Curves - Wöhler

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 6 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

SN Curves - Wöhler
Fatigue test – SN Curve Definition
𝐾
𝑁= 𝑚 log 𝑁 = log 𝐾 − 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎
𝑆

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 7 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

SN Curves - Wöhler
Fatigue test – SN Curve Definition
𝐾
𝑁= 𝑚 log 𝑁 = log 𝐾 − 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎
𝑆

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 8 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Linear SN Curves
Fatigue test – SN Curve Definition

Δ𝜎
−𝑚
Δ𝜎1 X XX
𝑁 = 𝐾 Δ𝜎
𝑚1
X X X log 𝑁 = log 𝐾1 − 𝑚1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎
X X X
Δ𝜎2 X X XX
X X X X X
Δ𝜎𝑒
Endurance limit ∞ life

𝑁1 𝑁2 log(𝐾1 ) 𝑁
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 9 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
Bi-linear SN Curves
Fatigue test – SN Curve Definition
−𝑚
Δ𝜎 𝑁 = 𝐾 Δ𝜎
𝑚1
X XX
log 𝑁 = log 𝐾1 − 𝑚1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎
X X X X

X X X log 𝑁 = log 𝐾2 − 𝑚2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎

Δ𝜎𝑞 X X X X
X X X X
𝑚2

𝑁𝑞 log(𝐾1 ) log(𝐾2 ) 𝑁
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 10 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
SN Curves - Wöhler
SN Curve Definition - Scatter

Δ𝜎
−𝑚
𝑁 = 𝐾 Δ𝜎 log 𝑁 = log 𝐾 − 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎
−2𝑆𝐷 X X X X

X X X 𝑁 = 107 ∗ 𝑆𝐷 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

X X X X
𝒎=𝟑 2SD - associated with
X X X X 97.5% probability of survival
X X XX
𝒎=𝟓

𝑁
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 11 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
SN Curves - Wöhler
SN Curve Definition - Scatter

Δ𝜎
−𝑚
𝑁 = 𝐾 Δ𝜎 log 𝑁 = log 𝐾 − 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎
−2𝑆𝐷 X X X X

X X X 𝑁 = 107
X X X X
𝒎=𝟑
X X X X
X X XX
𝒎=𝟓

𝑁
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 12 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
SN Curves - Wöhler
Constant amplitude loading log 𝑁 = log 𝐾 − 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 Δ𝜎

Δ𝜎, 𝑛
𝛥𝜎

𝑁𝑞 If 𝑛 < 𝑁 If 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁
Survival Failure
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 13 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
Variable amplitude loading
Palmgren–Miner’s rule

𝛥𝜎1
𝛥𝜎2
𝛥𝜎3

𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 14 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Variable amplitude loading

Palmgren–Miner’s rule

𝜎1 𝑛1
𝐷1 = Damage
𝑁1
accumulation
𝑘
𝜎2 𝑛2 𝑛𝑖
𝐷2 = 𝐷𝑡 = ෍
𝑁2 𝑁𝑖
𝑖
𝜎1 , 𝜎𝑖 , … , 𝜎𝑘
𝑛3
𝜎3 𝐷3 =
𝑁3

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 15 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1)

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

Δ𝜎 = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

‘F2 Joint’
log(𝐾) = 11.63
𝑚=3
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 16 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
Exercise – Pipe (1)

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

Δ𝜎 = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 (1) Estimate the stress range
(2) Find the ‘N’ (cycles to failure)
corresponding to the stress
range
(3) Evaluate the fatigue damage
by dividing the number of
cycles experienced (n) by the
number of cycles to failure
(N):
𝑛1
𝐷=
𝑁1

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 17 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1) – Solution Graph

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

Δ𝜎 = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 (1) Estimate the stress range
(2) Find the ‘N’ (cycles to failure)
𝛥𝜎 = 200 𝑀𝑝𝑎 corresponding to the stress
range
(3) Evaluate the fatigue damage
dividing the number of cycles
experienced (n) by the
number of cycles to failure
(N):
𝑛1 30000
𝑁 = 53, 322 cycles 𝐷= = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
𝑁1 53322

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 18 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1) – Analytical solution
Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe
Δ𝜎 = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 (1) Estimate the stress range
(1) log(Δ𝜎) = 2.3 (2) Find the ‘N’ (cycles to failure)
corresponding to the stress
range
(2) log N = log K − m ⋅ log Δ𝜎 (3) Evaluate the fatigue damage
dividing the number of cycles
log N = 11.63 − 3 ⋅ 2.3 = 4.73 experienced (n) by the
𝑁 = 104.73 = 53,322 number of cycles to failure
(N):
𝑛 30000
𝐷= = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
𝑛 30,000 𝑁 53322
(3) 𝐷 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
𝑁 53,322

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 19 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1B)
Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

Δ𝜎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (+𝟏𝟎%) Δ𝜎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
(1) log(Δ𝜎 = 2.34) (1) log(Δ𝜎 = 2.3)

(2) log N = log K − m ⋅ log Δ𝜎 (2) log N = log K − m ⋅ log Δ𝜎

log N = 11.63 − 3 ⋅ 2.34 = 4.6 log N = 11.63 − 3 ⋅ 2.3 = 4.73
𝑁 = 104.6 = 39,810 𝑁 = 104.73 = 53,322

𝑛 30,000 𝑛 30,000
(3) 𝐷 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 (+𝟑𝟓%) (3) 𝐷 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
𝑁 39,810 𝑁 53,322

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 20 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1)

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

‘F2 Joint’
log(𝐾) = 11.63
𝑚=3
Block ni Si Response histogram
1 3 450
2 7 400
3 30 350
4 70 300
5 300 250
6 700 210
7 3000 170
8 7000 130
9 30000 90
10 70000 50
11 300000 20

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 21 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1)

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

‘F2 Joint’
log(𝐾) = 11.63
𝑚=3
Block ni Si Response histogram
1 3 450
2 7 400
3 30 350
4 70 300
5 300 250
6 700 210
7 3000 170
8 7000 130
9 30000 90
10 70000 50
11 300000 20

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 22 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1)

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

‘F2 Joint’
log(𝐾) = 11.63
𝑚=3

𝑛𝑖
𝐷𝑖 =
𝑁𝑖

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 23 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1)
Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe
‘F2 Joint’ 𝑛𝑖
log(𝐾) = 11.63 𝐷𝑖 =
𝑚=3 𝑁𝑖

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 24 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (1)
Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe
‘F2 Joint’
log(𝐾) = 11.63
𝑚=3
𝑘 𝑘
𝑛𝑖
𝐷 = ෍ 𝐷𝑖 = ෍
𝑁𝑖
𝑖 𝑖

𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 25 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (2)

Calculate the fatigue damage of a pipe

Δ𝜎 = 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎 • Corrosion effect

𝑛 = 30,000 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
• Mean stress
• Plate thickness
• Material
• Manufacturing

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 26 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (2)

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 27 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (2)

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 28 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Exercise – Pipe (2)

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 29 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 30 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

• Material
• Mean stress/ Stress ratio
• Residual stress
• Corrosion
• Thickness
• Welding quality

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 31 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

Material (Aluminium)

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27433

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 32 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

Material (Composites) Fatigue master curves

Isostrain situation (Not enough with tests)

Isostress situation

Fatigue master curves of Multiaxial model (Puck’s

unidirectional laminates Criterion)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785419309056

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 33 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

NB. Even for isotropic metals, uncertainty of SN curves and Miner’s Rule is quite high.
𝑔𝑆𝑁 𝑡 = ∆ − 𝐷(𝑡)

Coefficient of variation = 30%

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 34 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

Mean stress loading crack opening

crack tip blunting

a 1 striation
unloading crack closing
crack tip sharpening

𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅=
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 35 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

Mean stress

Goodman Diagram

𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑎 1
+ =
𝜎𝑢 𝜎𝑒 𝑛

𝜎𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜎𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝜎𝑎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝜎𝑒 = 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

** S-N curves of ship and offshore structures are performed in highly tensile regions.

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 36 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength

Mean stress

• Cracks can initiate and/or propagate in compressive stress cycles only?

• Yes, e.g., submersibles and submarines also experience fatigue.
• Stress concentrations at the weld defects are inevitable.
• The residual tensile stress induced by the compressive loads is the
crack driving force.
• Slower crack growth rate.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095183391730134X

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 37 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength
Residual stress Hot

Immediately after welding Cold Cold

Cold

After cooling if contraction of weld Cold Cold

metal is allowed

Cold

After cooling if contraction of weld Cold Cold

metal is resisted

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 38 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength
Residual stress

Tensile
stress
FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 39 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato
Factors affecting fatigue strength
Plate thickness

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 40 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength
Plate thickness (Fracture mechanics)

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 41 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato

Factors affecting fatigue strength
Corrosion
• Rapid crack growth
• Uniform corrosion
• Pitting corrosion

FATIGUE OF SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 42 Nandar Hlaing, Pablo G. Morato