Volume 3

Part 18
Street Lighting
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Disclaimer

The State of Qatar Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC) provides access to the Qatar
Highway Design Manual (QHDM) and Qatar Traffic Control Manual (QTCM) on the web and as hard copies
as Version (2.0) of these manuals, without any minimum liability to MOTC.

Under no circumstances does MOTC warrant or certify the information to be free of errors or deficiencies
of any kind.

The use of these manuals for any work does not relieve the user from exercising due diligence and sound
engineering practice, nor does it entitle the user to claim or receive any kind of compensation for damages
or loss that might be attributed to such use.

Any future changes and amendments will be made available on the MOTC web site. Users of these manuals
should check that they have the most current version.

Note: New findings, technologies, and topics related to transportation planning, design, operation, and
maintenance will be used by MOTC to update the manuals. Users are encouraged to provide feedback
through the MOTC website within a year of publishing the manuals, which will be reviewed, assessed, and
possibly included in the next version.

Copyright © 2020. All rights reserved.

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Contents Page

Acronyms and Abbreviations...................................................................................................v

1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Hierarchy of Standards.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sustainability................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Reference Standards and Documents................................................................................................. 3

2 Environmental................................................................................................................. 5

3 Software Requirements................................................................................................ 7
3.1 General............................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 Lighting Photometric Performance Software.................................................................................. 7
3.3 Lighting Cabling Network Software..................................................................................................... 8

4 Classifications and Design Factors.............................................................................. 9

4.1 Road Classification..................................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Road Surface Classification..................................................................................................................... 9
4.3 Maintenance Factor................................................................................................................................. 10
4.4 Luminaire Inclination.............................................................................................................................. 10

5 Lighting Design.............................................................................................................11
5.1 General......................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.2 Lighting Level for Various Road Classifications........................................................................... 11
5.3 Roundabouts and Intersections......................................................................................................... 12
5.3.1.Roundabouts.......................................................................................................................... 12
5.3.2.Intersections.......................................................................................................................... 12
5.3.3.Underbridges.......................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.4.Underpasses........................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.5. Pedestrian Crossings........................................................................................................... 13
5.3.6.Tunnels..................................................................................................................................... 14
5.3.7. Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways.......................................................................... 14
5.4 Special Lighting Requirements........................................................................................................... 15
5.4.1. Lighting near Overhead Lines......................................................................................... 15
5.4.2. Lighting of Bends in Road................................................................................................. 16
5.4.3. Column Setback..................................................................................................................... 17

6 Typical Road Lighting Furniture Configurations......................................................19

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7 Standard Lighting Equipment.....................................................................................21

7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.2 Luminaires/Lamps.................................................................................................................................... 21
7.2.1.Luminaires............................................................................................................................... 21
7.2.2. High Pressure Sodium........................................................................................................ 21
7.2.3.LED............................................................................................................................................. 22
7.3 Conventional, Non-High Mast Columns........................................................................................... 22
7.4 High Masts.................................................................................................................................................. 22
7.5 Cables............................................................................................................................................................ 23
7.6 Earthing........................................................................................................................................................ 23
7.7 Feeder Pillars............................................................................................................................................. 24
7.8 Ducts............................................................................................................................................................. 24

8 Sign Gantry Lighting....................................................................................................27

9 Typical Lighting Layouts.............................................................................................29

9.1 Design Drawings Symbols.................................................................................................................... 29
9.2 Typical Roundabout Layout................................................................................................................. 30
9.3 Typical Intersection Layout.................................................................................................................. 31

References ............................................................................................................................33

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Tables

Table 3.1. Allowable Voltage Drops............................................................................................................................... 8

Table 4.1. Road Lighting Classifications...................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4.2. Road Surface Classifications....................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4.3. Maintenance Factors for Lighting Types..............................................................................................10
Table 5.1. Lighting Levels for Road Classification Types....................................................................................11
Table 5.2. Roundabout Lighting Design Criteria.....................................................................................................12
Table 5.3. Intersection Performance Requirements for Road Classifications.............................................13
Table 5.4. Minimum Performance Requirements for Underbridge Lighting................................................13
Table 5.5. Minimum Illumination Level for Pedestrian Crossings.....................................................................14
Table 5.6. Recommended Illumination Levels for Cycle/ Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways.........15
Table 5.7. Minimum Clearance from Front of Roadside Curb to Lighting Column Face...........................17
Table 6.1. Typical Column, Luminaire, Lamp, and Tilt for Various Road Types...........................................19
Table 8.1. Required Illumination Level for Traffic Signboards...........................................................................27
Table 9.1. Drawing Symbols on Design Layout Drawings...................................................................................29

Figures

Figure 5.1. Positioning of Lighting Columns near Pedestrian Crossings........................................................14

Figure 5.2. Spacing Reduction at Bends and Curves..............................................................................................16
Figure 9.1. Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Roundabout............................................................................30
Figure 9.2. Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at T-intersection........................................................................31
Figure 9.3. Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Staggered Intersection......................................................31
Figure 9.4. Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Signalized Intersection......................................................32

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

Ashghal State of Qatar Public Works Authority

BS EN British Standard that is the implementation of the European Norm

candelas/m2 candelas per square meter

CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

cm centimeter(s)

Cu copper

Eav maintained average illuminance

FHWA Federal Highway Administration (United States)

HPS high-pressure sodium

IP Ingress Protection

Kahramaa Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation

km kilometer(s)

kph kilometers per hour

Lave maintained average luminance

LED light emitting diode

lux SI unit of illuminance equal to one lumen per square meter

m meter(s)

m² square meter(s)

mm millimeter(s)

mm2 square millimeter(s)

MoE Ministry of Environment

NFPA National Fire Protection Association (United States)

PVC polyvinyl chloride

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QCS Qatar Construction Specification

QHDM Qatar Highway Design Manual

SI International System of Units

SL1 plot accesses/driveways

SL2 road crossings

SL4 road crossings at feeder pillar locations

SR surround ratio

SWA galvanized steel wire armor

TI threshold increment

UL longitudinal uniformity ratio

Uo overall uniformity ratio

W watt(s)

XLPE cross-linked polyethylene

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1 Introduction

1.1 General
This lighting design part of the Qatar Highway Design Manual (QHDM) has been prepared as
the primary exterior lighting (excluding landscape) design standard for the State of Qatar.

All roads within Qatar shall be lit, unless specifically instructed by the Head of Street Lighting
within the Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance Department.

The goal of lighting design is to provide a solution that achieves the basic lighting parameters.
There is a fundamental requirement that all design solutions be constructible, maintainable,
and sustainable.

All proposed street lighting and final designs shall be reviewed for compliance with the
QHDM. Design approval shall be obtained from the Ashghal Design Department, Head of
Street Lighting within Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance Department, prior to
ordering materials or equipment or the commencement of on-site works.

Accordingly, this section is intended to provide designers with a clear understanding of the
requirements of the design process, including the identification of the stakeholders whose
specific requirements and inputs are to be considered throughout the life cycle of each
project.

This part provides guidance on good design practice, but designers must ensure that all
materials proposed are in accordance with the latest version of the Qatar Construction
Specification 2014 (QCS 2014) ( Ashghal).

The State of Qatar Public Works Authority (Ashghal) shall have the sole authority to instruct
if any contradiction or clash arises between standards or codes of practice.

1.2 Hierarchy of Standards

It is recognized that specific design standards can be developed for specific projects. However,
for roads that are to be maintained by Ashghal, the hierarchy of standards identified below
must be adhered to.

Accordingly, any design to be undertaken adopting the Qatar Highway Design Manual as the
primary design basis should adopt the following hierarchy of standards:

1. Qatar Highway Design Manual

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2. Corresponding British and European standards

3. Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage (CIE) standards

Should there be any discrepancy with any project design standards or design manuals, the
QHDM shall take precedence over the primary standard that overarches all other standards,
unless prior written approval from Ashghal is received for the project exception.

1.3 Sustainability
The key sustainability principles for highway design in Qatar are summarized in Volume 1,
Part 1, Introduction to QHDM and Guidance, and Volume 3, Part 21, Environmental, of this
Manual. Early consideration of potential impacts and how the design can ensure these
impacts are avoided or minimized is a key principle to be followed. Sustainable design should
minimize the need for design rework and achieve optimal economic feasibility considering
costs over the whole asset life, including future costs that may be incurred from changes to
traffic volumes, urbanization, user types, and environmental conditions. The design should,
from the earliest stages, consider opportunities to design out negative environmental and
social impacts and how enhancements can be incorporated. Specifically relating to the design
of street lighting, designers should consider the following issues (refer to Volume 3, Part 21,
Environmental, of this Manual):

• Social and economic: Effective lighting benefits the community by reducing nighttime
personal injury accidents, street crime, and fear. Moreover, research suggests effective
lighting facilitates social inclusion and economic development by supporting a 24-hour
leisure economy.

• Safety: Lighting design should incorporate roads, underbridges, underpasses, tunnels,

pedestrian walkways, community gathering spaces, and cycle routes.

• Operational energy consumption: The maintenance and upgrading of lighting systems

with efficient light sources, fixtures, and controls can provide several benefits, such as
enhanced aesthetics, reduced lighting energy use, and improved visual environment.
Equipment should be specified to maximize energy efficiency in use, and designers
should incorporate opportunities to co-locate micro-renewable energy generation with
equipment requiring an energy demand.

• Resource efficiency through sustainable procurement: Design should promote the

procurement of equipment that minimizes the quantity of raw, specifically scarce,
materials required. The design should be optimized to minimize waste during construction,
maintenance, and decommission of lighting options. Operational temperature resistance
of equipment should be considered at an early stage.

• Reduction of environmentally hazardous waste by-product: Designer shall consider

the material composition of lighting equipment and avoid or eliminate the use of products
that include hazardous materials.

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• Visual impact and landscape design: Lighting design should minimize the visual impact
of the road and seek to enhance the visual amenity value of the area where possible.

• Light pollution and disturbance: Lighting schemes should minimize unnecessary light
pollution and intrusion of local community sensitive receptors. Schemes should also
review the ecological and biodiversity impacts surrounding the roadway corridor.

• Cultural heritage: Roadway design should optimize the protection, preservation, and
enhancement of sites of archaeological or cultural value through lighting solutions to
avoid or minimize visual intrusion.

• Promoting sustainable transport: Designers should consider lighting requirements of

all road users making suitable provisions for public transport users in terms of provision
of lighting to access and cross the road network. Where roadways are unsuitable for
nonmotorized users, the design should consider incorporating lit segregated pathways
for cycle users.

1.4 Reference Standards and Documents

This lighting design part has been prepared based on the standards listed below. These
national and international standards are appropriate and directly relevant for providing the
highest level of lighting design practice for the Qatar highways network:

• British Standard BS 5489-1: Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting—Part 1:
Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas (BS 5489-1)

• British Standard BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations (BS 7671)

• British Standard BS EN 12899-1: Fixed, Vertical Road Traffic Signs—Part 1: Fixed Signs
(BS EN 12899-1)

• British Standard BS EN 13201-2: Road Lighting—Part 2: Performance Requirements

(BS EN 13201-2)

• CIE Standard 88: Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses (CIE 88: latest
edition)

• CIE Standard 115: Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic (CIE 115:2010)

• CIE Standard 121: The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires (CIE 121-1996)

• CIE Standard 129: Guide for Lighting Exterior Work Areas (CIE 129-1998)

• CIE Standard 136: Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas (CIE 136-1995)

• CIE Standard 140: Road Lighting Calculations (CIE 140-2000)

• CIE Standard 189: Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Quality Criteria (CIE 189:2010)

• Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products (Illuminating

Engineering Society, 2008)

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• Qatar Construction Specification (Ashghal, 2014)

• Well-lit Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Lighting Management (UK Lighting

Board, 2004)

• ASHGHAL Street Lighting Luminaire Specification – LED

• QCS: Section 06: Roadworks, Part 15: Road Lighting

It is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that the most current edition of each
standard is used or referenced.

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2 Environmental
Ashghal places great emphasis on the environmental aspect of any design. This is especially
true of lighting designs, where technological advances are constantly being made in terms
of efficiency and the reduction of the carbon footprint.

The lighting designer must refer to the steps that have been taken in terms of addressing
the issue of environmental sustainability. All lighting design reports must include, at each
design stage, a section relating to environmental considerations, specifically with reference
to Volume 3, Part 21, Environmental, of this Manual.

The areas that designers must demonstrate that they have considered must include, but not
be limited to, the following:

• Efficient light sources

• Minimizing light pollution
• Energy efficiency in terms of choice and location of equipment
• Environmental impact ease of maintenance
• Choosing light sources that do not contain hazardous materials
• Achieving sustainable design criteria

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3 Software Requirements

3.1 General
Any calculations relating to lighting design downstream of the feeder pillar must be carried
out using an independent software package. This includes the lighting performance
calculations and all supporting electrical calculations relating to the cabling network.

For low-voltage power supplies, the designer must liaise with the approving body within
Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation (Kahramaa) to ensure that their specific
requirements are met. Specific reference is made to the Kahramaa Workshop for Consultants—
Roads Design & Procedures. However, it is the designer’s responsibility to strictly adhere to
the latest Kahramaa requirements and standards.

3.2 Lighting Photometric Performance Software

Verification calculations of lighting performance must be done using a software package from
an independent, non luminaire manufacturer. It is recommended that one of the following
packages be used:

• Lighting Reality
• AGI
• Litestar

Designers are permitted to use other independent software packages. However, they
must obtain written acceptance from Ashghal for any alternative software prior to the
commencement of design works. Ashghal reserves the right to ask the designer for a practical
demonstration, prior to approving any alternative.

No manufacturer-related software will be approved by Ashghal.

The designer shall, upon request by Ashghal, provide a copy of the “read only” software for
the lighting software selected.

All lighting design calculations must clearly identify the road lighting classification being
designed to (see Table 4.1), together with the corresponding design values applicable to
the road lighting type (see Table 5.1). Performance calculations must adhere to the design
values for the applicable road classification.

Performance calculations shall provide results that can be achieved by at least three separate
luminaire manufacturers.

Refer to Chapter 5 in this Part for the lighting performance requirements for the various
lighting parameters.

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3.3 Lighting Cabling Network Software

All lighting cable sizing and earthing calculations must be carried out using a software
package from an independent, non-cable manufacturer. It is recommended that one of the
following be used:

• Amtech
• Hevacomp
• ETAP

Designers are permitted to use other independent software packages. However, they
must obtain written acceptance from Ashghal for any alternative software prior to the
commencement of design works. Ashghal reserves the right to ask the designer for a practical
demonstration, prior to approving any alternative.

The designer shall, upon request by Ashghal, provide a copy of the “read only” software for
the electrical cable design software selected.

No manufacturer-related software will be approved by Ashghal.

Voltage drop calculations shall be strictly limited to 5 percent from substation to the last
column within each lighting circuit, as shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Allowable Voltage Drops

Element of Circuit Considered Maximum Voltage Drop

Substation to Feeder Pillar 2.5%

Feeder Pillar to End of Circuit 2.5%

The breakdown of the permissible volt drops should be the targeted maximum for each
element of the circuit.

There is a degree of tolerance allowed. However, neither of the two elements shall individually
exceed 3 percent, and the maximum of the sum of the two circuit elements shall not exceed
5 percent.

No voltage drop from substation to end of street lighting circuit shall exceed 5 percent,
in accordance with Kahramaa requirements. Any deviation from this requirement must be
supported by written agreement and approval from Kahramaa. Compliance with voltage
drop requirement does not negate the requirement for cables to be fully compliant with the
requirements of the QCS 2014 (Ashghal).

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4 Classifications and Design

Factors

4.1 Road Classification

The road classification is determined by the road/highway designers, based on factors such
as the design speed, traffic flow, location, and capacity. For the purposes of lighting design,
the road classifications are as shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Road Lighting Classifications

Highway Class per Volume 1,

Road Part 2, Sections 3.3 and 3.4,
Classification Description of this Manual
Freeways
A Motorways and expressways
Expressways
B Ring roads and major urban arterial roads Major Arterials
Boulevards
Distributor roads (urban), minor urban arterials,
C Minor Arterials
major urban collectors, and commercial streets
Major Collectors
Collector Distributors
Distributor roads (rural), service roads, and minor
D Minor Collectors
urban collector roads
Service Roads
E Local urban access and residential roads Local Roads
F Nonvehicular Not applicable

4.2 Road Surface Classification

In addition to the type of road, the reflectivity of the road shall be taken into account in the
lighting design. Table 4.2 defines the various road surface classifications.

Table 4.2 Road Surface Classifications

Surface
Class Q₀ Description Reflectance Mode
Concrete road surface or asphalt road surface with a minimum
R1 0.1 Mostly diffuse
of 12% of aggregates composed of artificial brightener.

Asphalt road surface with an aggregate composed of a

Mixed (diffuse and
R2 0.07 minimum 60% gravel with a size greater than 1 cm and with
specular)
10 to 15% artificial brightener in asphalt mix.

Asphalt road surface with dark aggregates or with a rough

R3 0.07 Slightly specular
texture after some months of use (typical highways).

R4 0.08 Asphalt road surface with very smooth texture. Mostly specular

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It is the designers’ responsibility to liaise with their own highway design teams, and Ashghal
as required, to ensure that the correct road surface classification is adopted for each element
of the lighting design works.

4.3 Maintenance Factor

The maintenance factor is a key element of any lighting design. It is primarily based on
following factors:

• IP rating of the luminaire

• Depreciation of the light output over a given period of time
• Pollution category
• Cleaning and lamp replacement intervals

Irrespective of road type, the maintenance regime and IP rating of the equipment will be the
same. The only change to this would be for the lighting within structures where luminaires
are more prone to dust ingress. Table 4.3 lists the maintenance factors to adopt. The
maintenance factors denoted below shall be adopted unless advised otherwise by Ashghal
Roads Operation & Maintenance Department.

Table 4.3 Maintenance Factors for Lighting Types

Luminaire Location Maintenance Factor

Conventional column lighting 0.70

Underbridge/underpass & tunnel lighting 0.70

High-mast lighting 0.80

4.4 Luminaire Inclination

Luminaire inclination, or tilt, should be no greater than 5 degrees. Lighting designs requiring
limited use of a bracket resulting in luminaire inclinations greater than 5 degrees may be
accepted, subject to written approval from the Head of Street Lighting within Asset Affairs,
Roads Operation & Maintenance Department.

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5 Lighting Design

5.1 General
This section deals specifically with the lighting levels to be adopted for the lighting of roads,
under bridges, underpasses, tunnels, pedestrian walkways/ underpasses (subway), cycle
path/ bike path and road parking.

There are also design levels to be adopted for conflict areas where an increased lighting level
is required for the safety of motorists and to enhance the contrast between pedestrians and
the background.

Conflict areas are defined in BS 5489 as “typically junctions, intersections, roundabouts

and pedestrian crossings, where significant streams of motorized traffic intersect with each
other, or, with other road users such as pedestrians and cyclists” (BS 5489-1).

5.2 Lighting Level for Various Road Classifications

Table 5.1 identifies the minimum performance requirements for the various road
classifications (see Table 4.1).

Table 5.1 Lighting Levels for Road Classification Types

Maintained Maximum
Average Overall Longitudinal Threshold
Road Luminance, Lave Uniformity Uniformity Increment, TI Surround
Classification (candelas/m²) Ratio, Uo Ratio, Ul (%) Ratio, SR

A 2 0.4 0.7 10 0.5

B 1.5 0.4 0.7 10 0.5

C 1.5 0.4 0.7 10 0.5

D 1 0.4 0.5 15 0.5

E 0.75 0.4 0.5 15 0.5

F Measured in Illuminance. Refer to Section 5.3.7, in this part.

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5.3 Roundabouts and Intersections

5.3.1 Roundabouts
The lighting provided at a roundabout should enable the driver to see clearly any traffic
to the left, at the preceding entry or entries, and traffic already on the gyratory system of
the roundabout. The lighting should also enable the driver to have adequate forward vision
when on the roundabout to see traffic entering from the right and to decide whether it is
safe to proceed.

Roundabouts fall within three categories:

• Motorway or freeway intersection with distributor roads

• Distributor roads with local and residential roads

• Internal local and residential roads

Table 5.2 lists the minimum performance requirements for the various road classifications
(see Table 4.1).

Table 5.2 Roundabout Lighting Design Criteria

Maintained Average Illuminance, Eav Overall Uniformity Ratio,

Road Classification (lux) Uo

A 50 0.4
B 30 0.4
C 30 0.4
D 20 0.4
E 15 0.4
F Not applicable Not applicable

Lighting levels for conflict areas are directly linked to the lighting of the approach road. Where
the approach roads to the conflict area (see Section 5.1, in this part) differ in classification,
the highest road classification level is applicable.

For typical roundabout layouts, refer to Section 9.2, in this part.

5.3.2 Intersections
The lighting at intersections should reveal the positions of curbs and road markings, the
direction of roads, the presence of pedestrians or obstructions, and the movement of vehicles
near the intersection. The lighting at the intersection shall be related to the need of drivers
approaching to see vehicles approaching from other directions.

Depending on the importance of the intersection with respect to traffic flow, lighting
arrangements shall be worked out considering the lighting levels of the roads leading to and
from it. Table 5.3 presents intersection performance requirements.

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Table 5.3 Intersection Performance Requirements for Road Classifications

Maintained Average Illuminance, Eav

Road Classification (lux) Overall Uniformity Ratio, Uo

A 50 0.4
B 30 0.4
C 30 0.4
D 20 0.4
E 15 0.4
F Not applicable Not applicable

For typical intersection layout, refer to Section 9.3 in this part.

5.3.3 Underbridges
An underbridge, in lighting terms, is road covered by a bridge structure that has to be lit at
night to maintain a seamless transition between the entry and exit from the bridge structure.

To achieve desired driving conditions, nighttime lighting must be equal or greater than that
on the approach road. Table 5.4 lists minimum performance requirements for underbridge
lighting.

Table 5.4 Minimum Performance Requirements for Underbridge Lighting

Maintained Average Illuminance (lux) Overall Uniformity Ratio, Uo

50 0.4

5.3.4 Underpasses
Lighting requirements shall be assessed depending on the length of the structure.

If light penetration into the underpass is sufficient (according to CIE 88:latest edition,

Section 4) and the length is less than or equal to 75 m, then only uniform night time lighting
is warranted to complement the surrounding roads/area. Refer to Section 5.2 in this part.

Should there not be sufficient light, or the length of the structure is greater than 75 m, then
specific tunnel lighting shall be provided. Refer to Section 5.3.6 in this part.

5.3.5 Pedestrian Crossings

Lighting is important to include at all pedestrian crossing locations for the comfort and
safety of the road users. Lighting should be present at all marked crossing locations. Lighting
provides early warning to drivers to expect pedestrians crossing. Source: Informational
Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks (FHWA, 2008)

Figure 5.1 shows the correct column placement near pedestrian crossings.

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Source: Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks (FHWA, 2008)

Figure 5.1 Positioning of Lighting Columns near Pedestrian Crossings

Table 5.5 identifies the minimum performance requirements for pedestrian crossings within
the various road classifications.

Table 5.5 Minimum Illumination Level for Pedestrian Crossings

Maintained Average Illuminance, Eav Overall Uniformity Ratio,

Road Classification (lux) Uo
A 50 0.4
B 30 0.4
C 30 0.4
D 20 0.4
E 15 0.4
F Not applicable Not applicable

5.3.6 Tunnels
Tunnel lighting does not fall under the remit of the Qatar Highway Design Manual.

Designers shall consult the latest edition of CIE Standard 88 (CIE 88: latest edition) for
guidance on the lighting of tunnels.

Designers shall ensure that any tunnel design complies with the requirements of Qatar
Civil Defence and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), with particular reference to
emergency lighting and illuminated signage requirements. Tunnel lighting shall be provided
with linear lighting control and monitoring system.

5.3.7 Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways

The purpose of lighting for pedestrian walkways and cycle paths is to enable pedestrians and
cyclists to orient themselves, to detect vehicular and other hazards, and to discourage crime
against people and property. Table 5.6 identifies the minimum performance requirements
for area classifications.

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Table 5.6 Recommended Illumination Levels for Cycle/ Bike Paths and Pedestrian
Walkways

Area Classification Maintained Average Illuminance (lux) Minimum Illuminance (lux)

Urban/Residential Area 10 2

Rural Area 5 1

Bike paths within the Right of Way situated in rural environments shall be lit in the following
areas:

• Bike paths located in population centers or villages that contain more than 500 residents
as per MME policy plan
• Bike paths within 2 km distance of the population centers
• The entire extent of cycle paths connecting two population centers that are within 8 km
distance of each other
• The approaches, up to 100 m, either side of rest areas

The 2 km and 8 km distances discussed above are to be measured from the point where the
posted speed of the roadway entering the village is reduced.

No additional lighting provisions are to be provided for remaining sections of the rural cycle
paths, with the exception of providing cross ducting of the carriageway for future lighting
installations. An additional two-way duct (150 mm diameter) is to be installed under the
carriageway at all electrical pillar locations to provide future service to cycle paths located
on the opposite side.

5.4 Special Lighting Requirements

This section relates to the lighting requirements and principles to adopt for specific elements
of road lighting design not covered by Sections 5.1 and 5.2 in this part. These relate to the
following:

• Lighting near overhead lines

• Lighting of bends in road

5.4.1 Lighting near Overhead Lines

Restrictions referred to in this section include the vertical and horizontal right-of-way area
on either side of overhead lines.

The designer shall identify whether there is a requirement for lighting near overhead lines.
When required, the designer shall, wherever possible, maintain the lighting levels of the
main line that the overhead lines are crossing. Any noncompliance must be agreed in writing
by Ashghal. It is the responsibility of the designer to show that all means of maintaining
lighting levels has been undertaken.

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The lighting designer must immediately inform Ashghal when lighting designs are to include
lighting within the Kahramaa overhead lines right-of-way areas.

As a guide, the nominal height of road lighting columns shall not exceed 5.5 m. The luminaire
type shall be a cut-off type. However, it is the responsibility of the designer to discuss and
negotiate with Kahramaa to finalize the allowable height and location of columns.

Kahramaa reference document ENA-M1, Section 1.1 clearly sets out the right-of-way area
parameters for each overhead line voltage level (Kahramaa, 2007). It is the responsibility
of the lighting designer to confirm (with Kahramaa) that the transmission voltage and
corresponding right-of-way area have been correctly identified.

5.4.2 Lighting of Bends in Road

The lighting of bends is a key part of any design. The designer shall ensure that lighting
levels are not reduced. This shall be achieved by reducing the spacing between lighting
columns to ensure the design lighting levels, as a minimum, are maintained. All columns shall
be oriented perpendicular to the curbline at each location.

This shall include all design criteria requirements (LAVE, Ul, Uo, and TI) shall be achieved.

The reduction in spacing is applicable to verge-mountings and to columns in the center

median.

Figure 5.2 identifies typical and anticipated reduction in column spacing relative to the
optimum spacing (S). This diagram is provided for guidance only and does not absolve the
designer from meeting all lighting design criteria.

Figure 5.2 Spacing Reduction at Bends and Curves

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5.4.3 Column Setback

Many accidents involve a motor vehicle leaving the roadway. If the vehicle collides with a
lighting column, the severity of injury to the occupants is likely to be increased.

The number of such collisions is likely to decrease with increased clearance of the lighting
columns from the edge of the front edge of the curb.

Wherever possible, the designer shall locate the column at the rear of the footpath. The
criteria below should be regarded as the absolute minimum requirements should it not be
possible to site the columns at the rear of the footpath. The minimum desirable clearances
according to the design speed of the road given in Table 5.7 shall be achieved wherever
possible. Any deviation from the minimum distances identified must be made through prior
written agreement with Ashghal. In addition, these requirements shall be read in conjunction
with Volume 3, Part 23 Design Operation of Road Safety, of this Manual, which refers to
clear zones and safety barriers.

Table 5.7 Minimum Clearance from Front of Roadside Curb to Lighting Column Face

Design Speed (kph) Horizontal Clearance (m)

50 0.8

80 1.0

100 1.5

120 1.5

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6 Typical Road Lighting

Furniture Configurations
This section provides guidance to the lighting designer as to the typical furniture
configurations acceptable to Ashghal.

Table 6.1 lists typical column, luminaire, lamp, and tilt for various road types. It should not be
regarded as definitive. Any lighting arrangement that differs from those listed in Table 6.1
should be discussed with Ashghal before adopting any lighting design.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) should be adopted wherever they can be used, subject to the
availability of an approved luminaire to achieve the required lighting levels.

Table 6.1 Typical Column, Luminaire, Lamp, and Tilt for Various Road Types

Street Luminaire
Lighting Lamp Type Tilt Lighting
Column Height and Rating Minimum Lamp Lumens (degrees) Classifications

70 W HPS 6,500
5 m or 6 m 0 or 5 E&F
LED Equivalent of 70 W HPS

100 W HPS 10,000

8m 150 W HPS 17,200 0 or 5 D&E

LED Equivalent of 100 W/150 W HPS

150 W HPS 17,200

10 m 250 W HPS 33,000 0 or 5 C, D, E

LED Equivalent 150 W/250 W HPS

250 W HPS 33,000

12 m or 14 m 400 W HPS 56,500 0 or 5 B&C

LED Equivalent 250 W/400 W HPS

400 W HPS 56,500

16 m 0 or 5 A
600 W HPS 90,000

Notes:
HPS = high-pressure sodium
m = meters
W = watts

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7 Standard Lighting Equipment

7.1 General
This section deals with the choice of equipment when undertaking lighting designs. Full
details of material requirements.

Lighting designs should consider the future maintenance of the installation, particularly
concerning proposed equipment.

The designer should take into consideration the fact that Ashghal is required to stock
replacement equipment for all types of equipment that falls within its Operation and
Maintenance purview. Wherever possible, the designer shall, standardize materials and
equipment from the Ashghal Approved Materials list. Approval must be sought from the
Head of Street Lighting within Asset Affairs, Roads Operation & Maintenance Department,
for all proposed materials, apparatus, and equipment.

Note that compliance with the standardization of equipment does not necessarily imply
full compliance with Ashghal requirements. For full compliance, the equipment should be
in accordance with the latest edition of Qatar National Construction Standards (MoE, 2011)
and approved by the Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance Traffic Section.

7.2 Luminaires/Lamps
7.2.1 Luminaires
Proposed equipment, including choice of luminaire used for lighting performance calculations,
must be acceptable to and approved by Ashghal.

7.2.2 High Pressure Sodium

With the exception of LED lighting, as identified in Section 7.2.3 in this part, designers shall
adopt high-pressure sodium (HPS) as the light source for road lighting designs to be adopted
by the Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance Department. Alternates shall be accepted
only by prior written approval by Ashghal.

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7.2.3 LED
The use of LEDs in road lighting is becoming more prevalent and shall become the preferred
light source for all road classifications as the technology advances.

LED Luminaires shall be as per ASHGHAL Street Lighting Luminaire Specification – LED and
shall be from the ASHGHAL LED prequalification list.

The designer shall consult with Ashghal prior to adopting non-LED solutions for any other
lighting application.

The photometric file used for street lighting calculation shall be designed for Qatar
environmental conditions.

Lighting Control Systems / Lighting Management Systems (LMS), using both analogue (1-
10V) and Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) protocols including WiMAC or similar
Ashghal-approved driver system shall be provided. The driver system shall also be capable
of being configured for single, and multi-stage, stand-alone dimming configurations when
not connected to a CMS.

7.3 Conventional, Non-High Mast Columns

Conventional, non-high-mast lighting columns shall be adopted wherever possible. Columns
must be capable of carrying the required luminaire weight and windage of 160 kilometers
per hour (kph).

7.4 High Masts

The use of high-mast lighting shall be limited to the following:

• Grade-separated interchanges.

• Road Classification A, B, and C intersections where lighting levels cannot be achieved by

conventional lighting.

• Classification A & B main lines where lighting levels cannot be achieved by conventional
lighting.

All high masts shall be either 25 m or 30 m in height. The designer must demonstrate that
conventional lighting solutions are not viable prior to adopting a high-mast solution.

The designer must consider High Mast installations such that rail tracks remains outside high
mast falling distance for safety reasons.

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7.5 Cables
Road lighting cable selection shall be derived from electrical calculations with the following
principles in mind:

• Enable safe operation of the circuit allowing disconnection of the electrical supply, thus
eliminating damage to components or injury to persons if an electrical fault is present.
• Enable the electrical equipment to function and operate correctly.
• Ensure compliance with regulations governing electrical cabling systems.

All cables shall be XLPE/SWA/PVC/Cu, meaning:

• All cables insulation shall be cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE).

• Galvanized steel wire armor (SWA) shall be utilized as earthing.
• Sheathing shall be polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
• Conductors shall be insulated copper (Cu).

In addition to all underground street lighting cables shall be - 600/1000V, 4 Core / Cu /XLPE
/ SWA / PVC of sizes 10,16, 25 or 35 sq.mm

Power cable armor can be used as path for ground fault current if armor is capable to carry
the actual ground fault current. If not capable then earth separate cable shall be provided.
Designer is required provide the supporting design calculation. Earthing cable specification
shall be Cu/PVC. Copper conductor and PVC insulation. Insulation color shall be green and
yellow.

Note: Separate earthing cable that is, as a minimum, 50 percent of the size of the lighting
cable conductor.

7.6 Earthing
Full earthing requirements are identified within the relevant section of the QCS 2014
(Ashghal). Guidelines for the earthing of installations are as follows:

• Earthpit/earthrod at the end of each lighting circuit

• Earthpit/earthrod within 2 m of each road lighting feeder pillar

• Separate individual earthpit/earthrod at each high mast

• Separate earthing cable for each lighting cable that is, as a minimum, 50 percent of the
size of the lighting cable conductor or 5 core cable to be used in design

• The resistance of the earth electrodes shall not be more than 10 ohms when measured

The designer must perform calculations to confirm that the lighting circuit is adequately
earthed.

Designer must consider all the inputs like soil resistivity and summer water table as per
project site geotechnical report only.

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7.7 Feeder Pillars

Feeder pillars shall be located, wherever possible, at the rear limits of the right–of-way in
order to minimize the potential for impact by vehicles.

At a minimum, all feeder pillars must be located at the rear of footways and paths, and must
be installed above the expected water table. For the safety of maintenance personnel and to
avoid single or multiple lane closure on divided highways, feeder pillars shall not be installed
in the medians.

All feeder pillars shall comply with the Kahramaa requirement for metering, whether within
the road lighting feeder pillar or in a separate housing pillar.

It is the designer’s responsibility to liaise with Kahramaa Customer Services Department to

ensure that the latest Kahramaa metering requirements are met.

Refer to the relevant section within the latest Qatar National Construction Standards (MoE,
2011), for full construction details, referencing, and labeling of feeder pillars.

7.8 Ducts
Road lighting cables shall be routed through ducts at the following locations:

• Plot accesses/driveways (SL1)

• Cable passing under ramp, under decorated/granite tiles, under narrow central verge and
areas inaccessible for easy excavation (SL1)
• Under landscape areas and garden areas(SL1)
• Street Lighting cables installed in corridors not belonging to street lights and crossing
other utilities (SL1)
• Road crossings with one circuit (SL2)
• Road crossings at feeder pillar locations (SL4)
• Additional ducts on main line to ensure there is no distance greater than 500 m between
ducts
• Street lighting power cable under parking area shall be provided with UPVC Sleeve
provision.

The SL references above indicate that the ducts are for the purposes of street (road) lighting
with the following numeral identifying the number of ducts.

Ducts shall be made of PVC, 150-mm internal diameter. Where ducts cross roads, driveways,
or access points, they must be encased in concrete. Ducts crossing roads must be routed into
an inspection chamber at both ends.

For construction requirements, refer to the relevant section of QCS 2014 (Ashghal).

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8 Sign Gantry Lighting

All sign gantries shall be illuminated, irrespective of road classification, unless otherwise
advised by Ashghal Roads Operation & Maintenance Traffic Section.

The power supply for gantry sign lighting shall be taken from the nearest road lighting feeder
pillar via a dedicated outgoing circuit.

It is acceptable for multiple gantry signs to be serviced from a single feeder pillar circuit.
However, there shall be no road lighting connected to sign gantry lighting circuits or sign
gantry connected to road lighting circuits.

No power supply shall be taken directly from road lighting column cut out.

The illumination levels required are dependent on the lighting levels adopted for the
particular road where the gantry is located. Table 8.1 identifies the requirements for gantry
sign lighting.

Table 8.1 Required Illumination Level for Traffic Signboards

Maintained Average Uniformity

Location Illuminance (lux) Ratio (Uo)

Area with low or medium background luminance 100 ≤ E < 400 ≥0.33

Area with high background luminance 400 ≤ E < 1,500

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9 Typical Lighting Layouts

9.1 Design Drawings Symbols

The symbols in Table 9.1 shall be adopted for lighting design layout drawings that are to be
issued to Ashghal for approval. Any deviation from the symbols identified in Table 9.1 must
first be agreed to by Ashghal.

Table 9.1 Drawing Symbols on Design Layout Drawings

Symbol Description Symbol Description

30-m high mast 8x600W SON/T 16-m column 3x600W SON/T
luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 6x600W SON/T 16-m column 2x600W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 8x400W SON/T 16-m column 1x600W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 6x400W SON/T 16-m column 2x400W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

30-m high mast 8x600W SON/T 16-m column 1x400W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 6x600W SON/T 14-m column 3x600W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 8x400W SON/T 14-m column 2x400W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 6x400W SON/T 14-m column 1x400W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 3x600W SON/T 12-m column 2x400W SON/T

luminaire single sided arrangement luminaire

30-m high mast 3x400W SON/T 12-m column 1x400W SON/T

luminaire single sided arrangement luminaire

25-m high mast 8x600W SON/T 10-m column 2x250W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

25-m high mast 6x600W SON/T 10 m column 1x250W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

25-m high mast 8x400W SON/T 8-m column 2x150W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

25-m high mast 6x400W SON/T 8-m column 1x150W SON/T

luminaire equally distributed luminaire

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Symbol Description Symbol Description

25-m high mast 8x600W SON/T 6-m column 1x70W SON/T
luminaire back to back arrangement luminaire

25-m high mast 6x600W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement Feeder pillar

25-m high mast 8x400W SON/T Earth pit/earth rod

luminaire back to back arrangement

25-m high mast 6x400W SON/T

luminaire back to back arrangement

25-m high mast 3x600W SON/T

luminaire single sided arrangement

25-m high mast 3x400W SON/T

luminaire single sided arrangement

Note: For LED luminaires the same symbols shall be used after replacing circles with squares

9.2 Typical Roundabout Layout

Figure 9.1 provides guidance for the siting of columns near roundabouts. It is the
responsibility of the designer to ensure that the column layout complies with the relevant
lighting requirements.

Figure 9.1 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Roundabout

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9.3 Typical Intersection Layout

Figure 9.2 through Figure 9.4 provide guidance for the siting of columns near intersections.
It is the responsibility of the designer to ensure that the column layout complies with the
relevant lighting requirements.

Figure 9.2 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at T-intersection

Figure 9.3 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Staggered Intersection

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Figure 9.4 Typical Column/Luminaire Layout at Signalized Intersection

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References

BS 5489-1. Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting—Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity
Areas. British Standards Institution: London, England. 2003.

BS 7671. Requirements for Electrical Installations. British Standards Institution: London, England. 2013.

BS EN 12899-1. Fixed, Vertical Road Traffic Signs—Part 1: Fixed Signs. British Standards Institution:
London, England. 2008.

BS EN 13201-2. Road Lighting—Part 2: Performance Requirements. British Standards Institution: London,

England. 2003.

CIE 88: latest edition. Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses. Commission Internationale
de l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria. latest edition.

CIE 115:2010. Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
(CIE): Vienna, Austria. 2010.

CIE 121-1996. The Photometry and Goniophotometry of Luminaires. Commission Internationale de

l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria. 1996.

CIE 129-1998. Guide for Lighting Exterior Work Areas. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE):
Vienna, Austria. 1998.

CIE 136-1995. Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE):
Vienna, Austria. 1995.

CIE 140-2000. Road Lighting Calculations. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE): Vienna, Austria.
2000.

CIE 189:2010. Calculation of Tunnel Lighting Quality Criteria. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

(CIE): Vienna, Austria. 2010.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Informational Report on Lighting Design for Midblock Crosswalks.
Publication No. FHWA-HRT-08-053. U.S. Department of Transportation; Turner-Fairbank Highway
Research Center: McLean, Virginia, United States. April 2008.

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES). Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting
Products. IES LM-79-08. New York, New York, United States. 2008.

Kahramaa. Regulations for Clearances and Works in the Vicinity of Extra-High Voltage Installations. EN-
M1. Qatar General Electricity & Water Corporation: Doha, Qatar. 2007.

Ashghal. Qatar Construction Specification. State of Qatar: Doha, Qatar. 2014.

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UK Lighting Board. Well-lit Highways: Code of Practice for Highway Lighting Management. Road Liaison
Group: London, England. 2004. Last updated 13 August 2013.

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