PROBLEM 8.

22
KNOWN: Flow rate of engine oil through a long tube.
FIND: (a) Heat transfer coefficient, h , (b) Outlet temperature of oil, Tm,o.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Combined entry
conditions exist.
-2 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Engine Oil (Ts = 100C = 373K): s = 1.73  10 Ns/m ; Table

 
A-5, Engine Oil Tm  77o C  350K : cp = 2118 J/kgK,  = 3.56  10
-2 2
Ns/m , k = 0.138
W/mK, Pr = 546.
ANALYSIS: (a) The overall energy balance and rate equations have the form

qm
& cp Tm,o  Tm,i  q  hAs T1m (1,2)

Using Eq. 8.42b, with P = D, and Eq. 8.6

To Ts  Tm,o  PL 
  exp   h . (3)
Ti Ts  Tm,i  m 
 & cp 
4m& 4  0.02 kg/s
Re D    238.
π Dμ π  3 10 3m  3.56 102 N  s/m 2

For laminar and combined entry conditions, use Eq. 8.57

1/3  0.14 1/3 0.14
 Re Pr  μ   238  546   3.56 
NuD  1.86  D       1.73   4.83
 L/D   μs   30m/3 103m   

h  Nu D k/D  4.83  0.138 W/m  K/3 103 m  222 W/m 2  K. <

(b) Using Eq. (3) with the foregoing value of h,

100  Tm,o o C  exp   π  3  10 3m  30m 

 0.02 kg/s  2118 J/kg  K
2
 222W/m  K 

Tm,o  90.9 C.
o
<
100  60 o
C  
COMMENTS: (1) Note that requirements for the correlation, Eq. 8.57, are satisfied.
(2) The assumption of Tm = 77C for selecting property values was satisfactory.

(3) For thermal entry effect only, Eq. 8.56, h  201 W/m 2  K and Tm,o = 89.5C.
 PROBLEM 8.23
KNOWN: Inlet temperature and flowrate of oil flowing through a tube of prescribed surface
temperature and geometry.
FIND: (a) Oil outlet temperature and total heat transfer rate, and (b) Effect of flowrate.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature drop across tube wall, (2) Negligible kinetic energy,
potential energy and flow work effects.

PROPERTIES: Table A.5, Engine oil (assume Tm,o = 140°C, hence Tm = 80°C = 353 K): ρ = 852
kg/m3, ν = 37.5 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 138 × 10-3 W/m⋅K, Pr = 490, μ = ρ⋅ν = 0.032 kg/m⋅s, cp = 2131 J/kg⋅K.
ANALYSIS: (a) For constant surface temperature the oil outlet temperature may be obtained from Eq.
8.42b. Hence
⎛ π DL ⎞
( )
Tm,o = Ts − Ts − Tm,i exp ⎜ −
⎜ mc
h⎟
 p ⎟
⎝ ⎠
To determine h , first calculate ReD from Eq. 8.6,

4m 4 ( 0.5 kg s )
ReD = = = 398
π Dμ π (0.05m )(0.032 kg m ⋅ s )
Hence the flow is laminar. Moreover, from Eq. 8.23 the thermal entry length is

x fd,t ≈ 0.05D ReD Pr = 0.05 (0.05 m )(398)( 490 ) = 486 m .

Since L = 25 m the flow is far from being thermally fully developed. However, from Eq. 8.3, xfd,h ≈
0.05DReD = 0.05(0.05 m)(398) = 1 m and it is reasonable to assume fully developed hydrodynamic
conditions throughout the tube. Hence h may be determined from Eq. 8.56
0.0668 ( D L ) ReD Pr
Nu D = 3.66 + .
2/3
1 + 0.04 ⎡⎣( D L ) ReD Pr ⎤⎦

With (D/L)ReDPr = (0.05/25)398 × 490 = 390, it follows that

26
Nu D = 3.66 + = 11.95.
1 + 2.14
k 0.138 W m ⋅ K
Hence, h = Nu D = 11.95 = 33 W m 2 ⋅ K and it follows that
D 0.05 m
Continued...
 PROBLEM 8.23 (Cont.)

π (0.05 m )( 25 m )
( ⎡
Tm,o = 150 C − 150 C − 20 C exp ⎢ − )
⎣ 0.5 kg s × 2131J kg ⋅ K
⎤
× 33 W m 2 ⋅ K ⎥
⎦
Tm,o = 35°C. <
From the overall energy balance, Eq. 8.37, it follows that

( )
 p Tm,o − Tm,i = 0.5 kg s × 2131J kg ⋅ K × (35 − 20 ) C
q = mc


q = 15,980 W. <
The value of Tm,o has been grossly overestimated in evaluating the properties. The properties should be
re-evaluated at T = (20 + 35)/2 = 27°C and the calculations repeated. Iteration should continue until
satisfactory convergence is achieved between the calculated and assumed values of Tm,o. Following such
a procedure, one would obtain Tm,o = 36.4°C, ReD = 27.8, h = 32.8 W/m2⋅K, and q = 15,660 W. The
small effect of reevaluating the properties is attributed to the compensating effects on ReD (a large
decrease) and Pr (a large increase).

(b) The effect of flowrate on Tm,o and q was determined by using the appropriate IHT Correlations and
Properties Toolpads.

40 30000
Outlet temperature, Tmo(C)

36
Heat rate, q(W)

25000
32

28
20000

24

20 15000
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s) Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

 due to the corresponding increase in ReD and hence h .

The heat rate increases with increasing m
 , causing T
However, the increase is not proportional to m m,o − Tm,i = q mc p , and hence Tm,o, to ( )
decrease with increasing m  = 0.20
 . The maximum heat rate corresponds to the maximum flowrate ( m
kg/s).

COMMENTS: Note that significant error would be introduced by assuming fully developed thermal
conditions and Nu D = 3.66. The flow remains well within the laminar region over the entire range of
m.
 PROBLEM 8.30
KNOWN: Diameter and length of copper tubing. Temperature of collector plate to which tubing is
soldered. Water inlet temperature and flow rate.
FIND: (a) Water outlet temperature and heat rate, (b) Variation of outlet temperature and heat rate with
flow rate. Variation of water temperature along tube for the smallest and largest flowrates.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Straight tube with smooth surface, (2) Negligible kinetic/potential energy and
flow work changes, (3) Negligible thermal resistance between plate and tube inner surface, (4) ReD,c =
2300.

PROPERTIES: Table A.6, water (assume Tm = (Tm,i + Ts)/2 = 47.5°C = 320.5 K): ρ = 986 kg/m3, cp =
4180 J/kg⋅K, μ = 577 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.640 W/m⋅K, Pr = 3.77. Table A.6, water (Ts = 343 K): μs =
400 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2.
 π Dμ = 4(0.01 kg/s)/π(0.01 m)577 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2 =
 = 0.01 kg/s, ReD = 4 m
ANALYSIS: (a) For m
2200, in which case the flow may be assumed to be laminar. With x fd,t D ≈ 0.05ReDPr =
0.05(2200)(3.77) = 415 and L/D = 800, the flow is fully developed over approximately 50% of the tube
1/ 3
length. With ⎡⎣ Re D Pr ( L D )⎤⎦ ( μ μs )0.14 = 2.30, Eq. 8.57 may therefore be used to compute the
average convection coefficient
1/ 3 0.14
⎛ Re Pr ⎞ ⎛ μ ⎞
Nu D = 1.86 ⎜ D ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 4.27
⎝ LD ⎠ ⎝ μs ⎠

h = ( k D ) Nu D = 4.27 (0.640 W m ⋅ K ) 0.01m = 273 W m 2 ⋅ K

From Eq. 8.42b,

Ts − Tm,o ⎛ π DL ⎞ ⎛ π × 0.01m × 8 m × 273 W m 2 ⋅ K ⎞

= exp ⎜ − h ⎟ = exp ⎜ − ⎟
Ts − Tm,i ⎜ mc p ⎟ ⎜ 0.01kg s × 4180 J kg ⋅ K ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

( )
Tm,o = Ts − 0.194 Ts − Tm,i = 70 C − 8.7 C = 61.3 C <
( )
 p Tm,o − Tm,i = 0.01kg s ( 4186 J kg ⋅ K )(36.3K ) = 1519 W
Hence, q = mc <
(b) The IHT Correlations, Rate Equations and Properties Tool Pads were used to determine the
parametric variations. The effect of m was considered in two steps, the first corresponding to m
 <
0.011 kg/s (ReD < 2300) and the second for m > 0.011 kg/s (ReD > 2300). In the first case, Eq. 8.57 was
used to determine h , while in the second Eq. 8.60 was used. The effects of m  are as follows.

Continued...
 PROBLEM 8.34
KNOWN: Flow rate and inlet temperature of water passing through a tube of prescribed length,
diameter and surface temperature.
FIND: (a) Outlet water temperature and rate of heat transfer to water for prescribed conditions, and (b)
Compute and plot the required tube length L to achieve Tm,o found in part (a) as a function of the surface
temperature for the range 85 ≤ Ts ≤ 95°C.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible kinetic energy,
potential energy and flow work effects, (4) Fully developed flow conditions.

PROPERTIES: Table A.6, Water ( Tm ≈ 325 K): cp = 4182 J/kg⋅K, μ = 528 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.645
W/m⋅K, Pr = 3.42.
ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 8.6, the Reynolds number is
4m 4 × 2 kg s
ReD = = = 1.21× 105 .
π Dμ π (0.04 m ) 528 ×10−6 N ⋅ s m 2

Hence the flow is turbulent, and assuming fully developed conditions throughout the tube, it follows
from the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60,

( )
k 0.645 W m ⋅ K 4/5
h= 0.023 Re 4D/ 5 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 1.21 × 105 (3.42 )0.4 = 7064 W m2 ⋅ K .
D 0.04 m
From the energy balance relation, Eq. 8.42b,

⎛ π DL ⎞
(
Tm,o = Ts − Ts − Tm,i exp ⎜ −)
⎜ mc
h⎟
 p ⎟
⎝ ⎠

(
Tm,o = 90 C − 90 C − 25 C exp ⎜ −) ⎛ π × 0.04 m × 4 m
⎝ 2 kg s × 4182 J kg ⋅ K
⎞
7064 W m 2 ⋅ K ⎟ = 47.5 C
⎠
<
From the overall energy balance, Eq. 8.37,

( )
 p Tm,o − Tm,i = 2 kg s × 4182 J kg ⋅ K ( 47.5 − 25) C = 188 kW .
q = mc

<
(b) Using the IHT Correlations Tool, Internal Flow, for fully developed Turbulent Flow, along with the
energy balance and rate equations used above, the required length, L, to achieve Tm,o = 44.9°C (see
comment 1 below) as a function of tube surface temperature is computed and plotted below.
Continued...
 PROBLEM 8.42
KNOWN: Flow rate, inlet temperature and desired outlet temperature of liquid mercury flowing
through a tube of prescribed diameter and surface temperature.
FIND: Required tube length and error associated with use of a correlation for moderate to large Pr
fluids.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible kinetic energy,
potential energy and flow work effects, (4) Fully developed flow.

c h
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Mercury Tm  350K : cp = 137.7 J/kgK,  = 0.1309  10
-2 2
Ns/m ,
k = 9.18 W/mK, Pr = 0.0196.
ANALYSIS: The Reynolds and Peclet numbers are
4m
& 4  0.5 kg/s
Re D    9727
π Dμ π  0.05m  0.1309 10 2 N  s/m 2

Pe D  Re D Pr  9727  0.0196   191.

Hence, assuming fully developed turbulent flow throughout the tube, it follows from Eq. 8.66 that

h
k
D 
5.0  0.025 Pe0.8
D  
9.18 W/m  K
0.05 m  
5.0  0.025 1910.8  1224 W/m 2  K.

From Eq. 8.42a, it follows that

m
& cp To  0.5 kg/s 137.7 J/kg  K 450  400
L  ln  ln  0.39 m. <
π Dh Ti π  0.05 m 1224 W/m 2  K 450  300
If the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, is used in place of Eq. 8.66,

k 9.18 W/m 2  K
4/5 0.4
h  0.023 ReD Pr  0.023  9727  4 / 5  0.0196 0.4  1358 W/m 2  K
D 0.05 m
and the required tube length is
m
& cp To  0.5 kg/s 137.7 J/kg  K l 450  400 
L  ln  n 0.35 m. <
π Dh Ti π  0.05 m 1358 W/m 2  K 450  300
COMMENTS: Such good agreement between results does not occur in general. For example, if
4
ReD = 2  10 , h = 1463 from Eq. 8.66 and 2417 from Eq. 8.60. Large errors are usually associated
with using conventional (moderate to large Pr) correlations with liquid metals.
 PROBLEM 8.48
KNOWN: Diameter, length and surface temperature of tubes used to heat ambient air. Flowrate and
inlet temperature of air.
FIND: (a) Air outlet temperature and heat rate per tube, (b) Effect of flowrate on outlet temperature.
Design and operating conditions suitable for providing 1 kg/s of air at 75°C.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Negligible kinetic/potential energy and flow work changes, (3)
Negligible tube wall thermal resistance.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, air (assume Tm = 330 K): cp = 1008 J/kg⋅K, μ = 198.8 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2, k =
0.0285 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.703.
ANALYSIS: (a) For m  = 0.01 kg/s, ReD = 4m  π Dμ = 0.04 kg/s/π(0.05 m)198.8 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2 =
12,810. Hence, the flow is turbulent. If fully developed flow is assumed throughout the tube, the Dittus-
Boelter correlation may be used to obtain the average Nusselt number.
4 / 5 Pr 0.4 0.023 12,810 0.8 0.703 0.4 38.6
Nu D ≈ Nu D = 0.023 ReD = ( ) ( ) =
Hence, h = Nu D ( k D ) = 38.6 ( 0.0285 W m ⋅ K 0.05 m ) = 22.0 W m 2 ⋅ K

From Eq. 8.42b,

Ts − Tm,o ⎛ π DLh ⎞ ⎛ π × 0.05 m × 5 m × 22 W m 2 ⋅ K ⎞
= exp ⎜ − ⎟ = exp ⎜ − ⎟ = 0.180
Ts − Tm,i ⎜ mc p ⎟ ⎜ 0.01kg s × 1008J kg ⋅ K ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

( )
Tm,o = Ts − 0.180 Ts − Tm,i = 100 C − 0.180 80 C = 85.6 C ( ) <
( )
 p Tm,o − Tm,i = 0.01kg s (1008 J kg ⋅ K ) 65.6 K = 661W
Hence, q = mc <
(b) The effect of flowrate on the outlet temperature was determined by using the IHT Correlations and
Properties Toolpads.
90
Outlet temperature, Tmo(C)

85

80

75
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

Continued...
 PROBLEM 8.67
KNOWN: Water flowing through a thin-walled tube is heated by hot gases moving in cross flow over
the tube.
FIND: Outlet temperature of the water, Tm,o.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Tube wall thermal resistance negligible, (3)
Exhaust gas properties those of atmospheric air, (4) KE, PE, flow work changes negligible, (5) Fully
developed internal flow, (6) Constant properties.


PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water assume Tm,o  50 o C, Tm   50  30 o C/2  315 K):  = 1/vf =
3 -6 2
991.1 kg/m , cp = 4179 J/kgK,  = 631  10 Ns/m , k = 0.634 W/mK, Pr = 4.16; Table A-4, Air
-6 2 -3
(T = 225C  500 K, 1 atm):  = 38.79  10 m /s, k = 40.7  10 W/mK, Pr = 0.684.

ANALYSIS: This situation may be analyzed using Eq. 8.46 with U  1/ 1/hi  1 / ho  , where
hi and ho correspond to coefficients for internal and external flows, respectively. Internal flow:
& /D = 4  0.25 kg/s /   0.040
With properties evaluated at Tm , assuming Tm,o = 50C, ReD = 4m
-6 2
m  631  10 Ns/m = 12,611. The internal flow is turbulent and fully developed (L/D = 100), and
the Dittus-Boelter correlation for heating conditions (Ts > Tm) is appropriate,
k 0.4 0.634 W/m  K
h i  0.023Re4/5D Pr  0.023 12,611 4 / 5  4.16 0.4  1230 W/m 2 K.
D 0.040 m
For the external flow,
ReD  VD/ν  100 m/s  0.040 m/38.79  10 -6 m 2 / s  1.031 105
and from Table 7.4, C = 0.26 and m = 0.6; Pr  10, n = 0.37, and Pr Prs ,
1/4
h o   k/D  CRem
D Pr  Pr/Prs 
n

40.7  103 W/m  K

 
0.6
ho   0.26 1.031  105  0.684 0.37  11 / 4  234 W/m2  K.
0.040 m
2
Substituting numerical values into Eq. 8.46 with P = D and U = 197 W/m K,
T  Tm,o
T  Tm,i

 exp  PLU/mc & p  (1)

 π  0.040 m  4 m 
Tm,o  225o C   225  30  Cexp  
o
197 W/m 2  K   47.6o C <
 0.25 kg/s  4179 J/kg  K 
COMMENTS: Note the assumed value of Tm,o to evaluate water properties was reasonable.
Using Eq. (1), replacing T and U with Ts and hi, respectively, find Ts = 63.2C; hence, Prs (Ts ) 
0.687. The assumption that Pr  Prs in the Zhukauskas relation is reasonable.