VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Electrical and Computer Engineering Study Program

Electromagnetics

Udo Klein

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.1
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Lecture Topic 13

Self-Inductance and
Mutual Inductance

Electromagnetics
Udo Klein

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.2
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 1

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Course Contents
• Coulomb’s law and electric fields
• Electric field energy and electrical potential
• Potential gradient and electric dipoles
• Electric flux density and Gauss’s law
• Application of Gauss’s law and divergence
• Conductors
• Dielectric materials
• Capacitance and the Laplace’s & Poisson’s equations
• The steady magnetic field
• Magnetic flux density and magnetic potentials
• Magnetic forces
• Magnetic materials and magnetic circuits
• Self-inductance and mutual inductance
• Time-varying fields
Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.3
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Energy and Energy Density

in the Magnetic Field
In a previous lecture it was demonstrated that the energy in the electric field
within volume v is given by:

In like manner, it would seem logical that the magnetic field energy within
volume v is:

Both results are true, but are restricted to linear media (in which permittivity and
permeability are constant with field strength). Deriving the magnetic energy
relation is very complicated, so we will not do it here.
Energy density relations are as previously found, or as expected:
and
valid for isotropic media
Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.4
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 2

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Exercises
1.
a) Find an expression for the (external) magnetic energy stored
per unit length in a coaxial transmission line consisting of
conducting sleeves of negligible thickness, having radii a
and b. A medium of relative permeability μr fills the region
between conductors. Assume current I flows in both
conductors in opposite directions.
b) Obtain the inductance, L, per unit length of line by equating
the energy to (1/2)LI2.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.5
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage

Consider a solenoid of length d, shown here, which carries current I in
each of N windings. The turns have individual areas Si which may be
different from each other. The B field may also evaluate differently in each
turn.
The Flux Linkage is defined as the sum of the magnetic fluxes
through all turns, where the flux evaluated at each surface is
the total flux there, generated by all turns acting together.

Units of flux linkage are Weber-turns [Wb-t]

If all turns (and B through each) are equal, then the above
simplifies to:
where the integral
is evaluated over
any single turn.
Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.6
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 3

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Inductance Definition
Having the flux linkage:

The inductance of the device is defined as the flux

linkage per unit current, or

where the last equality applies if all

turns are identical

The units of inductance are Weber-turns per Ampere,

where 1 Wb-t/A is defined as one Henry [H].

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.7
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Solenoid Inductance
For a long solenoid, having turn density n, and core permeability μr, the
magnetic flux density has magnitude:

Then, assuming equal flux densities through N

identical turns, the flux linkage is

… and the inductance is:

It is interesting to compare this result to the

capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor, having plate
area S, plate spacing d, and dielectric permittivity ε:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.8
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 4

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Departure from the Ideal

In reality, flux density generated by each turn may not link the entire coil.
Such fringing fields, shown here, may link only one or two turns.

The problem is made worse

by increased winding pitch.
The reduction in flux linkage
that results is most easily
accounted for through
standard design formulas.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.9
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Example: External Inductance of a

Coaxial Line
Consider a length d of coax, as shown here. The magnetic field strength
between conductors is:

… and so:

The magnetic flux is now the integral of B over the

flat surface between radii a and b, and of length d
along z. As we have only one turn (N = 1), the result
is also the flux linkage:

Now, with d = 1, the inductance per unit length is:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.10
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 5

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Two Inductors
Suppose we have two solenoids, having different specifications as indicated:
The Flux Linkage is defined as the sum of the magnetic fluxes
through all turns, where the flux evaluated at each surface is
the total flux there, generated by all turns acting together.

… and

… and

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.11
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Interaction Between Inductors

Actually, the magnetic fields generated by each coil will
link the other, as shown here. This flux overlap is the basis
of mutual inductance.
Throughout this discussion, the field in red is that
generated by coil 1, while the blue field is generated by
coil 2.
With both currents on, all the fields indicated here will be
present. The fields and other quantities are kept track of
by the subscripts, the meaning of which is:

arising evaluated
from coil i within coil j
Note that the diagrams shown here are oversimplified, because there
will be significant spreading of the crossover fields, B12 and B21.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.12
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 6

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Mutual Inductance M12

B12 In this case, current in coil 2 is turned off, leaving only the
flux density generated by coil 1, B12, existing within coil 2.

d2 N2 The mutual linkage between coils 1 and 2 is found

through:
S2 I2 = 0

… and the mutual inductance between coils 1 and 2 is

B11 defined as:

d1
N1

S1 I1 Again, we oversimplify here, in that the non-uniformity of B12 may

likely require a turn-by-turn evaluation of the flux in coil 2, in order to
obtain the mutual linkage (in the worst case).
Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.13
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Mutual Inductance M21

B22 In this case, current in coil 1 is turned off, leaving only the
flux density generated by coil 2, B21, existing within coil 1.

d2 N2 The mutual linkage between coils 2 and 1 is found

through:
S2 I2

… and the mutual inductance between coils 2 and 1 is

B21 defined as:

d1
N1

S1 I1 = 0 As before, the likely non-uniformity of B21 may likely require a turn-by-

turn evaluation of the flux in coil 1, in order to obtain the mutual
linkage.
Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.14
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 7

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Example: Concentric Solenoids

In this configuration, two concentric solenoids have

N1 different numbers of turns, N1 and N2 (even though in the
d drawing the turn count would appear to be the same).
N2 Both coils have the same length, d. The area of each
identical turn in the two coils is S1 for the outer coil, and S2
for the interior coil. The core permeability is µ.
S1 S2

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.15
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Mutual Inductance M12

B12 With the outer coil current I1 turned on, the interior flux
exists throughout the outer coil volume, and consequently
throughout the volume of the inner coil as well.
Flux density B12 resides inside coil 2 (and in coil 1 as well).

Assuming a long coil,

N1 I1
the flux density is:
d
N2 The mutual linkage between coils 1 and 2 is then:

S1 S2

… and the mutual inductance is:

B11

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.16
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 8

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Mutual Inductance M21

B21 With the inner coil current I2 turned on, the interior flux
exists throughout the inner coil volume, which overlaps
with the outer coil volume.
Flux density B21 resides inside coil 2 (and in coil 1 as well),
but the flux in the coil 1 volume is confined within the
volume of coil 2.
N1
d The coil 2 flux density
N2
(that resides in both coils) is:
The mutual linkage between coils 2 and 1 is then:
S1 S2

… and the mutual inductance is:

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.17
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

A Property of the Mutual Inductances

The foregoing example illustrates an important property of the

mutual inductances between any pair of inductors:

They’re equal!

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.18
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

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VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

Exercises
1. Determine the energy stored per unit length in the internal magnetic field of
an infinitely-long straight wire of radius a, carrying uniform current I.
2. The dimensions of the outer conductor of a coaxial cable are b and c, where
c > b. Assuming μ = μ0, find the magnetic energy stored per unit length in the
region b < ρ < c for a uniformly-distributed total current I flowing in opposite
directions in the inner and outer conductors.
3. A toroidal core has a rectangular cross section defined by the surfaces ρ = 2
cm, ρ = 3 cm, z = 4 cm, and z = 4.5 cm. The core material has a relative
permeability of 80. If the core is wound with a coil containing 8000 turns of
wire, find its inductance.

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.19
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

Exercises
4. A rectangular coil is composed of 150 turns of a filamentary conductor. Find
the mutual inductance in free space between this coil and an infinite straight
filament on the z axis if the four corners of the coil are located at
a) (0,1,0), (0,3,0), (0,3,1), and (0,1,1);
b) (1,1,0), (1,3,0), (1,3,1), and (1,1,1).
5. Use energy relationships to show that the internal inductance of a
nonmagnetic cylindrical wire of radius a carrying a uniformly-distributed
current I is μ0/(8π) H/m.
6. Show that the external inductance per unit length of a two-wire transmission
line carrying equal and opposite currents is approximately (μ/π) ln(d/a) H/m,
where a is the radius of each wire and d is the centre-to-centre wire spacing.
On what basis is the approximation valid?

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.20
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 10

VGU 61ECE208 - Electromagnetics 4 Juy 2022

End of Lecture 13

Udo Klein Adapted from W. Hayt’s & J. Buck’s Engineering Electromagnetics, 8th Ed. ©2012, McGraw-Hill 61ECE208 – 13.21
Spring 2022
04/07/2022

For personal use only! 11