ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MARITIME STUDIES

Pasay City, Philippines

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

SCHOOL OF MARITIME AFFAIRS

Department of MARINE ENGINEERING

CO4 – LO4.2 LABORATORY ACTIVITY

GENERATOR CONTROL SYSTEM

Course Code: AUTO 2

Course Title: MARINE AUTOMATION

Submitted by:

ALDOUS N. BERCASIO

Course, Year, Section

BSMARE 33 A2
 I. OBJECTIVES:
To familiarize with the process control system of Generators.

II. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Internet
Pen/Pencil
Bond paper

III. Answer the questions below:

A. Explain how the PID control system loop works on the Generator by sensing
the voltage on the generator output power/voltage?

Generators use the PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control system loop to manage the output voltage.
The PID controller modifies the control action in response to comparing the voltage on the generator's output
power/voltage to a setpoint. The derivative term forecasts error trends, the integral term integrates the error
across time, and the proportional term responds to the current error. The interaction between these three
concepts results in a control output that maintains the generator voltage at the desired setpoint. The
dependability of the generator is enhanced by closed-loop technology, which guarantees reliable and accurate
voltage management.

The PID control system loop on the generator side enables exact voltage regulation by measuring the voltage
on the generator's output power/voltage. It works by comparing the actual voltage to the setpoint and making
modifications using the PID controller's proportional, integral, and derivative terms. This closed-loop
technology ensures that the generator produces a consistent and exact voltage output, improving its reliability
and performance.

1. Voltage sensors, also known as transducers, are used to measure the voltage on the generator's output
power/voltage. These sensors produce a feedback signal that corresponds to the actual voltage.

2. The setpoint is a desired voltage level. It represents the voltage at which the generator should operate.

3. Error Calculation: The error is calculated by the PID controller by determining the difference between the
setpoint voltage and the actual voltage measured by the sensors. The error signal represents the actual
voltage's divergence from the anticipated setpoint.

4. Proportional Control: The PID controller's proportional term (P) increases the error signal by a
proportional gain (Kp). The proportional term's output is proportionate to the mistake. It responds
immediately to any variation from the setpoint.

5. Integral Control: The PID controller's integral term (I) integrates the error across time. It adds up the
errors over time and multiplies them by the integral gain (Ki). The integral term aids in the elimination of
steady-state mistakes by constantly adjusting the control action to reduce error.

6. Derivative Control: The derivative term (D) of the PID controller estimates the error rate of change. It
calculates the rate of change of the mistake and multiplies it by the derivative gain (Kd). The derivative
term aids in anticipating the error's future trend and dampens the control action, decreasing overshoot and
oscillations.

7. The proportional, integral, and derivative terms' outputs are combined to form the control output. The
control output represents the necessary corrective action for regulating the generator voltage. It is supplied
to the generator control system, which adjusts the generator's excitation or other settings to keep the
voltage at the setpoint.

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8. The feedback loop continually checks the generator voltage by sensing it and comparing it to the setpoint.
Any variation from the setpoint is recognized by the feedback loop, and the PID controller modifies the
control output accordingly. This results in a closed-loop system that regulates the generator voltage
continually.

B. Explain how the PID control system loop works on the Engine side by sensing
the frequency/speed on the shaft/rotor ?

The PID control system loop on the engine side allows for accurate regulation and control by monitoring the
frequency/speed on the shaft/rotor. The PID controller dynamically changes the engine's operation by
comparing the actual frequency/speed to the setpoint, resulting in dependable and efficient performance.

1. Voltage sensors, also known as transducers, are used to measure the voltage on the output power/voltage
of the generator. These sensors generate a feedback signal that is proportional to the real voltage.

2. A desired voltage level is the setpoint. It denotes the voltage at which the generator should run.

3. The PID controller calculates the error by determining the difference between the setpoint voltage and the
actual voltage measured by the sensors. The error signal represents the deviation of the actual voltage
from the expected setpoint.

4. Proportional Control: The proportional term (P) of the PID controller raises the error signal by a
proportional gain (Kp). The output of the proportional term is proportional to the error. Any deviation
from the setpoint is quickly responded to.

5. Integral Control: The integral term (I) of the PID controller integrates the error across time. It accumulates
the errors and multiplies them by the integral gain (Ki). By constantly changing the control action to
minimise error, the integral term aids in the removal of steady-state faults.

6. Derivative Control: The PID controller's derivative term (D) measures the error rate of change. It
computes the error's rate of change and multiplies it by the derivative gain (Kd). The derivative term helps
predict the future trend of the mistake and dampens the control action, reducing overshoot and
oscillations.

7. The control output is formed by combining the outputs of the proportional, integral, and derivative terms.
The control output represents the corrective action required to regulate the generator voltage. It is fed into
the generator control system, which adjusts the generator's excitation or other settings to maintain the
setpoint voltage.

8. The feedback loop monitors the generator voltage continuously by sensing it and comparing it to the
setpoint. The feedback loop detects any deviation from the setpoint, and the PID controller alters the
control output accordingly. As a result, the generator voltage is constantly regulated via a closed-loop
system.

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 ASSIGNMENT RUBRICS

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
(To be completed by the Instructor)

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