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SECTION I
Answer BOTH questions.
ALL working must be clearly shown.
1. (a) The domain for the function f ( x ) = 2 x - 5 is {-2, - 1, 0, 1}.
SOLUTION:
Data: The domain of the function f ( x ) = 2 x - 5 is {-2, - 1, 0, 1}.
Required To Determine: The range for the function.
Solution:
f ( x) = 2x - 5
The domain is {-2, - 1, 0, 1}.
x f ( x)
-2 -9
-1 -7
0 -5
1 -3
(ii) Find f -1 ( x ) .
SOLUTION:
Required To Find: f -1 ( x )
Solution:
f ( x) = 2x - 5
Let y = 2 x - 5
2x - 5 = y
2x = y + 5
y +5
x=
2
Replace y by x:
x+5 1
f -1 ( x ) = or ( x + 5) for 𝑥 = {-2, - 1, 0, 1}
2 2
1
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(iii) Sketch the graphs of f ( x ) and f -1 ( x ) on the same axes.
SOLUTION:
Required To Sketch: The graphs of f ( x ) and f -1 ( x ) on the same axes.
Solution:
SOLUTION:
Required To Comment: On the relationship between the graph of f ( x )
and the graph of f -1 ( x ) .
Solution:
Reflection
f ( x ) ¾¾¾¾¾
in the line y = x
® f -1 ( x )
2
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(b) ( )
Solve the equation 22 x + 1 + 5 2 x - 3 = 0.
SOLUTION:
( )
Data: 22 x + 1 + 5 2 x - 3 = 0
Required To Solve: For x.
Solution:
22 x + 1 + 5 ( 2 x ) - 3 = 0
22 x ´ 2 + 5 ( 2 x ) - 3 = 0
2 (2x ) + 5(2x ) - 3 = 0
2
Let t = 2 x
\ 2t 2 + 5t - 3 = 0
( 2t - 1)( t + 3) = 0
1
\t = or - 3
2
Hence,
1 2 x = -3
2x =
2 Taking lg:
2 = 2 -1
x lg 2 x = lg ( -3) which has no real
Equating indices: values.
x = -1 \ 2 ¹ -3
x
\ x = -1 only.
æhö
ç ÷
(c) (i) Given that T = kp ècø , make c the subject of the formula.
SOLUTION:
æhö
ç ÷
Data: T = kp ècø
æhö
ç ÷
T = kp è c ø
Taking lg:
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æ hc ö
lg T = lg ç kp ÷
è ø
h
lg T = lg k + lg p c
æhö
lg T = lg k + ç ÷ lg p
ècø
æhö
ç ÷ lg p = lg T - lg k
ècø
h lg T - lg k
=
c lg p
c lg p
=
h lg T - lg k
h lg p
c=
lg T - lg k
lg p h
c=
æT ö
lg ç ÷
èkø
SOLUTION:
Data: log ( x + 1) + log ( x - 1) = 2log ( x + 2 )
Required To Find: x
Solution:
log ( x + 1) + log ( x - 1) = 2 log ( x + 2 )
log {( x + 1)( x - 1)} = log ( x + 2 )
2
Remove log:
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 + 2)1
𝑥 1 − 1 = (𝑥 + 2)1
𝑥 1 − 1 = 𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 + 4
−1 = 4𝑥 + 4
−5 = 4𝑥
−5
𝑥=
4
NOTE: However, if x = - then log ( x - 1) = log æç - - 1ö÷, which is the log of a negative
5 5
4 è 4 ø
number, which does not exist. Realistically, the question has no real solutions.
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2. (a) (i) Determine the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation
2 x 2 + 3x - 9 = 0.
SOLUTION:
Data: 2 x 2 + 3x - 9 = 0
Required To Determine: The nature of the roots of the quadratic
equation.
Solution:
2 x 2 + 3x - 9 = 0 is of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a = 2 , b = 3 and
c = -9 .
b2 = ( 3)
2
=9
4ac = 4 ( 2 )( -9 )
= -72
b2 > 4ac and so, the roots are real and distinct (different).
SOLUTION:
Data: f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3x - 9
Required To Sketch: The graph of f ( x ).
Solution:
Calculating the x – intercepts of f ( x ):
f ( x) = 0
\ 2 x 2 + 3x - 9 = 0
( 2 x - 3)( x + 3) = 0
1
x =1 or - 3
2
æ 1 ö
\ f ( x ) cuts the x – axis at ç 1 , 0 ÷ and ( -3, 0).
è 2 ø
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- ( 3) 3
\The axis of symmetry is x = =-
2 (2) 4
OR
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 3x - 9
f ¢( x) = 2 (2x) + 3
= 4x + 3
A stationary point occurs when f ¢ ( x ) = 0.
Let 4 x + 3 = 0
3
x=-
4
4 4 1 4
𝑓 3− 56 = 2 3− 56 + 3 3− 56 − 9
8
= −10 9
4 8
\The stationary point is 3− 5 , − 10 96.
f ¢¢ ( x ) = 4 > 0
4 8
Hence, 3− 5 , − 10 96 is a minimum point.
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25
(b) Evaluate å3
1
-n
.
SOLUTION:
25
Required To Evaluate: å3
1
-n
Solution:
1
When n = 1 Þ 3- n = 3-1 =
3
1
When n = 2 Þ 3- n = 3-2 = 2
3
1
When n = 3 Þ 3- n = 3-3 = 3 and so on.
3
25
1 1 1 1
\ å 3- n = + 2 + 3 + ... + 25
1 3 3 3 3
2 24
1 1æ1ö 1æ1ö 1æ1ö
= + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ... + ç ÷
3 3è 3ø 3è 3ø 3è 3ø
1 1
This is a geometric progression with first term, a = , common ratio, and
3 3
number of terms n = 25 - 1 + 1 = 25 .
a (1 - r n )
Sn = for r < 1
1- r
1æ æ1ö ö
25
ç1 - ç ÷ ÷
3 çè è 3 ø ÷ø
\ S25 =
1
1-
3
1æ æ1ö ö
25
= ç1 - ç ÷ ÷
2 çè è 3 ø ÷ø
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(c) A man invested $x in a company in January 2010, on which he earns quarterly
dividends. At the end of the second, third and fourth quarter in 2011, he earned
$100, $115 and $130 respectively. Calculate the total dividends on his investment
by the end of 2016.
SOLUTION:
Data: A man invested $x in a company in January 2010 and earns quarterly
dividends. At the end of the second, third and fourth quarter in 2011, he earned
$100, $115 and $130 respectively.
Tn = a + (n-1)d
100= a + (6-1) × 15
a = 25
19
𝑆19 = [2 × 25 + (28 − 1)15]
1
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SECTION II
Answer BOTH questions.
ALL working must be clearly shown.
3. (a) (i) The points M ( 3, 2) and N ( -1, 4 ) are the ends of a diameter of circle C.
Determine the equation of circle C.
SOLUTION:
Data: The points M ( 3, 2) and N ( -1, 4 ) are the ends of a diameter of
circle C.
( 3 - ( -1) ) + ( 2 - 4)
2 2
The length of the diameter =
( 4) + ( -2 )
2 2
=
= 20
= 2 5 units
2 5
\The length of the radius is = 5 units.
2
( 5)
2
The equation of the circle is ( x - 1) + ( y - 3) =
2 2
or
x 2 - 2 x + 1 + y 2 - 6 y + 9 - 5 = 0 which reduces to
x2 + y 2 - 2 x - 6 y + 5 = 0.
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(ii) Find the equation of the tangent to the circle C at the point P ( -1, 6) .
SOLUTION:
Required To Find: The equation of the tangent to C at the point
P ( -1, 6) .
Solution:
Let the centre of the circle be X.
3- 4 1
\The gradient of the radius XN = =-
1 - ( -1) 2
-1
\The gradient of the tangent at N = =2
1
-
2
NOTE: The point ( -1, 4) lies on the circle. Hence, it is impossible that
( -1, 6) lies on the circle and a tangent could never be drawn at the point
( -1, 6).
Alternative Method:
Centre of circle is ( - g , - f ) = (1, 3) Þ g = -1 and f = -3
The point at which the tangent is drawn is ( x, y ) = ( -1, 4 ).
-(x + g)
\The gradient of the tangent =
y+ f
- ( -1 + ( -1) )
=
4 + ( - 3)
2
=
1
=2
Using P as ( -1, 4)
y-4
=2
x - ( -1)
Equation of the tangent at ( -1, 4) is y - 4 = 2 ( x + 1)
y - 4 = 2x + 2
y = 2x + 6
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(b) The position vector of two points A and B, relative to a fixed origin, O, are a and
æ1ö æ -3 ö !!!"
b respectively, where a = ç ÷ and b = ç ÷. P lies on AB such that
è2ø è 5ø
!!!" 1 !!!" !!!"
PB = AB . Find the coordinates of OP .
4
SOLUTION:
æ1ö æ -3 ö
Data: The position vectors of two points A and B are a = ç ÷ and b = ç ÷
è2ø è 5ø
!!!" !!!" 1 !!!"
respectively. P lies on AB such that PB = AB .
4
!!!"
Required To Find: The coordinates of OP .
Solution:
!!!" !!!" !!!"
AB = AO + OB
æ 1 ö æ -3 ö
= -ç ÷ + ç ÷
è 2 ø è 5ø
æ -4 ö
=ç ÷
è 3ø
!!!" 1 æ -4 ö
PB = ç ÷
4 è 3ø
æ -1 ö
= ç 3÷
ç ÷
è 4ø
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!!!" !!!" !!!"
OP = OB + BP
æ -1 ö
æ -3 ö
= ç ÷ + -ç 3÷
è 5ø ç ÷
è 4ø
æ -3 + 1ö
=ç ÷
ç 5- 3 ÷
è 4ø
æ -2 ö
=ç 1÷
ç 4 ÷
è 4ø
æ 1ö
\The coordinates of P = ç -2, 4 ÷.
è 4ø
4. (a) The following diagram (not drawn to scale) shows two sectors, AOB and DOC.
OB and OC are x cm and ( x + 2) cm respectively and angle AOB = q .
2p
If q = radians, calculate the area of the shaded region in terms of x.
9
SOLUTION:
Data:
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Diagram showing two sectors AOB and DOC with OB and OC are x cm a ( x + 2)
2p
cm respectively and AOB = q = radians.
9
Required To Calculate: The area of the shaded region, in terms of x.
Calculation:
2 2p ö
The area of the sector AOB = ( x ) æç
1 2
÷ cm
2 è 9 ø
2p x 2
= cm 2
2 (9)
p x2
= cm 2
9
2 2p
( x + 2 ) æç ö
1
The area of the sector DOC = ÷ cm
2
2 è 9 ø
p ( x + 2)
2
= cm2
9
p ( x + 2)
2
p
= ( 4 x + 4 ) cm2
9
3 2
(b) Given that cos 30° = and sin 45° = , without the use of a calculator,
2 2
evaluate cos105° , in surd form, giving your answer in the simplest terms.
SOLUTION:
3 2
Data: cos 30° = and sin 45° = .
2 2
Required To Calculate: cos105° , in surd form, without the use of a calculator.
Calculation:
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3
cos 30° =
2
\ cos 60° = cos éë 2 ( 30° ) ùû
= 2 cos 2 30° - 1
2
æ 3ö
= 2 çç ÷÷ - 1
è 2 ø
3
= -1
2
1
=
2
=
(
2 1- 3 ) surd to obtain:
4 1 − √3 1 − √3 √2
=
(
2 1- 3 ) 2√2
=
2√2
×
√2
2 2 2
√2 − √6
1- 3 =
= 4
2 2
sin (q + a )
(c) Prove that the identity º tan q + tan a .
cos q cos a
SOLUTION:
sin (q + a )
Required To Prove: º tan q + tan a
cos q cos a
Proof:
Consider the left hand side:
sin (q + a ) sin q cos a + cos q sin a
=
cos q cos a cos q cos a
sin q cos a cos q sin a
= +
cos q cos a cos q cos a
sin q sin a
= +
cos q cos a
= tan q + tan a
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SECTION III
Answer BOTH questions.
ALL working must be clearly shown.
dy
5. (a) Find given that y = 5 x 2 - 4 , simplifying your answer.
dx
SOLUTION:
Data: y = 5 x 2 - 4
dy
Required To Find:
dx
Solution:
y = 5x 2 - 4
dt
Let t = 5x 2 - 4 Þ = 2 ( 5x ) = 10 x
dx
1
dy 1 12 - 1 1 - 12 1
So y = t = t 2 Þ = t = t =
dt 2 2 2 t
dy dy dt
= ´
dx dt dx
1
= ´ 10 x
2 t
5x
=
t
Recall: t = 5 x 2 - 4
dy 5x
=
dx 5x 2 - 4
Alternative Method:
𝑦 = H5𝑥 1 − 4
𝑦 = 5𝑥 1 − 4
dy
2y = 10 x
dx [Differentiating implicitly wrt x]
dy 10 x
=
dx 2 y
dy 5 x
=
dx y
dy 5x
=
dx 5x 2 - 4
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(b) The point P (1, 8) lies on the curve with equation y = 2 x ( x + 1)2. Determine the
equation of the normal to the curve at the point P.
SOLUTION:
Data: P (1, 8) lies on the curve y = 2 x ( x + 1)2.
Required To Find: The equation of the normal to the curve at P.
Solution:
y = 2 x ( x + 1)
2
y = 2 x ( x 2 + 2 x + 1)
y = 2 x3 + 4 x2 + 2 x
dy
Gradient function, = 2 ( 3x 2 ) + 4 ( 2 x ) + 2
dx
= 6 x2 + 8x + 2
= 6+8+2
= 16
1
\The gradient of the normal at P = -
16
(The product of the gradients of perpendicular lines = -1)
(c) Obtain the equation for EACH of the two tangents drawn to the curve y = x 2 at
the points where y = 16.
SOLUTION:
Data: Equation of a curve is y = x 2 .
Required To Find: The equation of the two tangents at y = 16.
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Solution:
When y = 16
16 = x 2
x = ± 16
x = ±4
\The two points where the tangent exist at y = 16 are ( 4, 16) and ( -4, 16).
dy
Gradient function, = 2x
dx
dy dy
Gradient at x = 4 is = 2 ( 4) Gradient at x = -4 is = 2 ( -4 )
dx dx
=8 = -8
\The equation of the tangent at x = 4 \The equation of the tangent at
is x = -4 is
y - 16 y - 16
=8 =8
x-4 x - ( -4 )
y - 16 = x - 32 y - 16 = -8 ( x + 4 )
y = 8 x - 16
y - 16 = -8 x - 32
y = -8 x - 16
3 æ 2 ö
(ii) Evaluate ò 1 ç
èx
2
- 3 + 2x 3 ÷ dx.
ø
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SOLUTION:
3 æ 2 3ö
Required To Evaluate: ò 1 ç 2 - 3 + 2x ÷ dx
èx ø
Solution:
3æ 2
3ö
( 2 x -2 - 3 + 2 x 3 ) dx
3
ò 1 çè x 2 - 3 + 2 x ÷
ø
dx = ò 1
3
é 2 x -2 + 1 2 x3 + 1 ù
=ê - 3x + + Cú
ë -2 + 1 3+1 û1
(where C is a constant)
3
é 2 x4 ù
= ê - - 3x + + C ú
ë x 2 û1
é 2 ( 3) ù - é - 2 - 3 1 + (1) ù
4 4
= ê - - 3 ( 3) + ú ê () ú
ëê 3 2 ûú ëê 1 2 ûú
é 2 81 ù é 1ù
= ê - - 9 + ú - ê -2 - 3 + ú
ë 3 2û ë 2û
1
= 35
3
(b) The following figure shows the finite region R bounded by the lines x = 1 , x = 2
and the arc of the curve y = ( x - 2) + 5.
2
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SOLUTION:
Data:
(x - 4 x + 9 ) dx
2
=ò 2
1
2
é x3 ù
= ê - 2 x 2 + 9 x + C ú (where C is a constant)
ë3 û1
é ( 2 )3 ù é (1)3 ù
- 2 ( 2 ) + 9 ( 2 )ú - ê - 2 (1) + 9 (1) ú
2 2
=ê
êë 3 úû êë 3 úû
2 1
= 2 - 8 + 18 - + 2 - 9
3 3
1
= 5 square units
3
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(c) The point P (1, 2 ) lies on the curve which has a gradient function given by
dy
= 3x 2 - 6 x . Find the equation of the curve.
dx
SOLUTION:
dy
Data: P (1, 2 ) lies on the curve with gradient function = 3x 2 - 6 x .
dx
Required To Find: The equation of the curve.
Solution:
dy
The equation of a curve is y = ò dx
dx
y = ò ( 3x 2 - 6 x ) dx
3x 3 6 x 2
y= - + C (where C is a constant)
3 2
y = x 3 - 3x 2 + C
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SECTION IV
Answer only ONE question.
ALL working must be clearly shown.
7. (a) Use the data set provided below to answer the questions which follow.
15 16 18 18 20 21 22 22
22 25 28 30 30 32 35 40
41 52 54 59 60 65 68 75
SOLUTION:
Data:
15 16 18 18 20 21 22 22
22 25 28 30 30 32 35 40
41 52 54 59 60 65 68 75
Required To Construct: A stem-and-leaf diagram for the data.
Solution:
Stem Leaf
1 5 6 8 8
2 0 1 2 2 2 5 8
3 0 0 2 5
4 0 1
5 2 4 9
6 0 5 8
7 5
Key
6|3 = 63
Leaf unit = 1
Stem unit = 10
SOLUTION:
Required To State: An advantage of using the stem-and-leaf diagram to
represent data.
Solution:
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In the stem-and-leaf diagram the data is arranged compactly and the stem
is not repeated for multiple data values.
SOLUTION:
Required To Determine: The mode of the data set.
Solution:
The mode is 22 since this score occurs more than any other score.
SOLUTION:
Required To Determine: The median of the data set.
Solution:
There are 24 values.
12th value is 30.
13th value is 30.
30 + 30
\The median is = 30.
2
SOLUTION:
Required To Determine: The interquartile range of the data set.
Solution:
The lower Quartile, 𝑄8 is between the 6th and 7th values.
The 6th value is 21.
The 7th value is 22.
18K11
𝑄8 = 1
= 21.5
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(b) Two events, A and B, are such that P ( A) = 0.5, P ( B ) = 0.8 and P ( A È B ) = 0.9.
(i) Determine P ( A Ç B ) .
SOLUTION:
Data: P ( A) = 0.5, P ( B ) = 0.8 and P ( A È B ) = 0.9
Required To Calculate: P ( A Ç B )
Calculation:
(ii) Determine P ( A | B ).
SOLUTION:
Required To Find: P ( A | B )
Solution:
P ( A Ç B)
P ( A | B) =
P ( B)
0.4
=
0.8
= 0.5
(iii) State, giving a reason, whether or not A and B are independent events.
SOLUTION:
Required To State: Whether or not A and B are independent events.
Solution:
Independent events have no effect on subsequent events.
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If A and B are independent events then
P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A) ´ P ( B )
That is, 0.4 = 0.5 ´ 0.8
0.4 = 0.4 which is true.
(c) A bag contains 3 red balls, 4 black balls and 3 yellow balls. Three balls are drawn
at random with replacement from the bag. Find the probability that the balls
drawn are all of the same colour.
SOLUTION:
Data: A bag contains 3 red balls, 4 black balls and 3 yellow balls. Three balls are
drawn at random from the bag, with replacement.
Required To Calculate: The probability that all three balls drawn are of the same
colour.
Calculation:
SOLUTION:
Data: A motorist starts from a point, X, and travels 100 m due North to a
point Y, at a constant speed of 5 ms-1. He stays at Y for 40 seconds and
then travels at a constant speed of 10 ms-1 for 200 m due South to a point
Z.
Required To Draw: A displacement-time graph to display this
information.
Solution:
Total distance
Time taken to travel from X to Y =
Speed
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100 m
=
5 ms-1
= 20 s
(Straight line indicates constant speed)
Total distance
Time taken to travel from Y to Z =
Speed
200 m
=
10 ms-1
= 20 s
(Straight line indicates constant speed)
SOLUTION:
Required To Calculate: The average speed for the whole journey.
Calculation:
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Total distance covered
Average speed =
Total time taken
100 + 200
=
20 + 40 + 20
300 m
=
80 s
3
= 3 ms-1
4
(iii) Calculate the average velocity of the whole journey.
SOLUTION:
Required To Calculate: The average velocity of the whole journey.
Calculation:
Displacement from X to Y = 100 m
Displacement from Y to Z = -200 m
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken
100 + ( -200 )
= ms-1
20 + 40 + 20
-100
= ms-1
80
5
= - ms-1
4
(b) A particle starting from rest, travels in a straight line with an acceleration, a ,
given by a = cos t where t is the time in seconds.
SOLUTION:
Data: The acceleration, a, of a particle is a = cos t ms-2 .
Required To Find: The velocity of the particle in terms of t.
Solution:
Let the velocity at time t be v.
v = ò a dt
v = ò cos t dt
v = sin t + C (where C is a constant)
SOLUTION:
Required To Calculate: The displacement of the particle during t = p to
t = 2p .
Calculation:
Let the displacement at time t be s.
s = ò v dt
s = ò sin t dt
s = - cos t + K (where K is a constant)
s = 0 when t = 0
\ 0 = - cos ( 0 ) + k
0 = -1 + K
K =1
s = 1 - cos t
When 𝑡 = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑠 = 1 − cos(𝜋) = 1 − (−1) = 2
When t = 2p Þ s = 1 - cos ( 2p ) = 1 - 1 = 0
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