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Procedia Engineering 202 (2017) 305–311

4th International Colloquium "Transformer Research and Asset Management”

4th International Colloquium "Transformer Research and Asset Management”
Transferred Voltages due to Single Phase Earth Fault on Power
Transferred Voltages due to Single Phase Earth Fault on Power
Transformers
Transformers
Kosjenka Capuder Bikića,a,*, Mislav Gazdovićaa, Franjo Kelemenaa, Aleksandar Lojpuraa
Kosjenka Capuder Bikić *, Mislav Gazdović , Franjo Kelemen , Aleksandar Lojpur
a
Končar Power Transformers, Josipa Mokrovića 12, Zagreb, Croatia
a
Končar Power Transformers, Josipa Mokrovića 12, Zagreb, Croatia

Abstract
Abstract
In the event of an earth fault in one of the two systems of a three-winding transformer, an increase in the star-
In voltage
point the event of aninearth
occurs fault in one
the disturbed of the
system. twovoltage
This systems is of a three-winding
transferred transformer,
to the undisturbed an increase
systems due toincapacitive
the star-
point voltage occurs in the disturbed system. This voltage is transferred to the undisturbed systems
coupling, to affected earth faulty system and to earth. As a result, three phase voltages to earth are different in due to capacitive
coupling, toand
magnitude affected earth faulty
phase position systemto and
compared theirtoundisturbed
earth. As aservice
result,status.
three phase voltages to earth are different in
magnitude
In this and phase
paper the position compared
mesh analysis to theirisundisturbed
method service the
used to calculate status.
neutral point shift of the faulted winding
In thistopaper
necessary obtainthe meshofanalysis
values method
transferred is used
voltages to thetounaffected
calculate winding
the neutral pointwhich
(the one shift isofnot
theearth
faulted winding
faulted). The
necessary
results aretoanalyzed
obtain values of transferred
to investigate the voltages
influencetoofthewinding
unaffectedandwinding
network(the one which
neutral is not earth
grounding faulted).
(insulated, The
solidly
results aregrounded
grounded, analyzedover
to investigate
impedance)the influence
on the results.of winding and network neutral grounding (insulated, solidly
grounded, grounded over impedance) on the results.
©
© 2017
2017 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd.
© 2017 The Authors.
Peer-review
Peer-review under Published by
under responsibility
responsibility of Elsevier
of the Ltd. committee
the organizing
organizing committee of
of ICTRAM
ICTRAM 2017.
2017.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.
Keywords: Power transformer, transient voltages, overvoltages, ground fault, neutral phase shift
Keywords: Power transformer, transient voltages, overvoltages, ground fault, neutral phase shift

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The most frequent causes of temporary over voltages are faults, load rejection, resonance and ferroresonance.
TheThe most frequent
magnitude of over causes
voltagesofdue
temporary over
to ground voltages
faults areon
depends faults, load rejection,
the method of systemresonance
groundingand ferroresonance.
(solidly grounded,
The magnitude
resistance of overhigh
grounded, voltages due togrounded
resistance ground faults depends onsystems),
or ungrounded the methodtheofequivalent
system grounding
sequence(solidly grounded,
impedances seen
resistance grounded, high resistance grounded or ungrounded systems), the equivalent sequence impedances seen

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +38513795427

E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding Tel.: +38513795427
kosjenka.capuder@siemens.com
E-mail address: kosjenka.capuder@siemens.com
This work has been supported in part by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project number IP-2013-1118.
This work has been supported in part by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project number IP-2013-1118.
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review
1877-7058 ©under
2017responsibility
The Authors. of the organizing
Published committee
by Elsevier Ltd. of ICTRAM 2017.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICTRAM 2017.
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.718
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2 Kosjenka Capuder Bikić et al. / Procedia Engineering 00 (2017) 000–000

from the fault location and the fault impedance. Their duration depends on the fault clearance time and therefore on
the design of the protection system. An estimation of the duration and magnitude of these over voltages is crucial for
selection of surge arresters in most power systems. [1]
The grounding system determines the over voltages that can occur during a fault to ground. A single phase to
ground fault shifts the ground potential at the fault location, depending on the severity of this shift on the grounding
configuration. On a solidly grounded system with a good return path to the grounding source, the shift is usually
negligible. On an ungrounded system, a full offset may occur and the phase-to-ground voltage on the unfaulted
phases approaches the phase-to-phase voltage value. [2]

Nomenclature

HV high voltage winding of a transformer

MV middle voltage winding of a transformer
LV low voltage winding
EFF Earth fault factor

2. Calculation

Model for single-phase to earth short circuit on MV side is presented in Pogreška! Izvor reference nije
pronađen., where UrHV_U, UrHV_V and UrHV_W are rated voltages for each phase on HV side of the transformers with
corresponding network inductance ZNHV. UrMV_U, UrMV_V and UrMV_W are rated voltages for each phase on MV side
of the transformers with corresponding network inductance ZNMV.
The calculation of the parameters from Fig. 1 is presented in [3]. Two different cases were considered:
• MV network solidly grounded (ZNgr = 0 in Fig. 1)
• MV network ungrounded (ZNgr = ∞ in Fig. 1)
Each of those two cases will be analyzed for a range of transformer ground impedances 0 ≤ Zgr ≤ ∞.

Fig. 1 Model for single phase to earth fault on MV side

For short-circuit on MV side, new position of neutral point is calculated according to Fig. 1:

U NMV = I 7 ⋅ Z gr [ kV ] (1)
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The neutral point shift of MV system is capacitevely transffered to LV system (Fig. 2) as described in (2), where
CMV/LV is a capacitance between MV and LV winding and CLV0 and CMV0 are capacitances betwen LV (MV)
winding and earth.

Fig. 2 Capacitance system between MV and LV winding

CMV / LV
U NLV = U NMV ⋅ [ kV ] (2)
CMV / LV + CLV 0

For a transformer with vector group Yyd, the voltage system of MV and LV winding is as presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Voltage system for MV and LV winding

Maximum voltage on LV winding ULVmax is calculated according to:

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Kosjenka Capuder
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al. / et al. / Procedia
Procedia Engineering
Engineering 202 000–000
00 (2017) (2017) 305–311

2
U  U
U LV max = U NLV 2
+  LV  − 2 ⋅U NLV ⋅ LV ⋅ cos α [ kV ] (3)
 3  3

3. Case study

Calculation of transient over voltages will be performed on a real case transformer. Input data for the
transformer is presented in Table 1, where Sr is rated power of the transformer; UrHV, UrMV and UrLV are rated
voltages; uscHV/MV, uscHV/LV and uscMV/LV are rated short-circuit voltages between windings referred to rated power Sr.

Table 1 Input data of the transformer

Sr Vector UrHV UrMV UrLV uscHV/MV uscHV/LV uscMV/LV SscHV SscMV

[MVA] group [kV] [kV] [kV] [%] [%] [%] [MVA] [MVA]
370 Yyd 220 123 24 16.1 44.77 25.16 26700 8700

3.1. Results

As mentioned, two different cases were considered:

• CASE 1: MV network solidly grounded (ZNgr = 0 in Fig. 1)
• CASE 2: MV network ungrounded (ZNgr = ∞ in Fig. 1)
Each of them was analyzed for a range of transformer ground impedances 0 ≤ Zgr ≤ ∞. The faulted phase is phase
C, while the other two phases A and B are 'healthy' phases.

Results obtained for CASE 1 are presented in Table 2, where UNMV is neutral shift of the MV system; UA and UB
are voltages on unfaulted phases of the MV system; UNLV is neutral shift of the LV system and ULVmax is the
maximum voltage of the LV system.

Table 2 Results for CASE 1

RuzMVtr [Ω] UNMV [kV] UA [kV] UB [kV] UNLV [kV] ULVmax [kV]
0 0 69.31∟-357.5° 69.31∟-122.5° 0 0
1 14.12∟-118.7° 67.04∟-0.8° 73.9∟-122.3° 5.19 18.53
2 21.02∟-99.5° 68.22∟-3.1° 75.65∟-120.5° 7.73 20.91
3 23.859∟-88.8° 69.57∟-3.9° 75.89∟-119.3° 8.77 21.90
5 25.855∟-78.2° 71.15∟-4.2° 75.56∟-118.1° 9.51 22.59
7 26.495∟-73.2° 71.92∟-4.1° 75.22∟-117.5° 9.74 22.82
10 26.86∟-69.4° 72.5∟-4.1° 74.9∟-117.2° 9.88 22.95
25 27.15∟-63.8° 73.31∟-3.8° 74.28∟-116.7° 9.98 23.05
50 27.2∟-61.9° 73.57∟-3.7° 74.05∟-116.5° 10.00 23.07
100 27.2∟-60.9° 73.69∟-3.6° 73.94∟-116.5° 10.00 23.07
500 27.22∟-60.2° 73.79∟-3.6° 73.84∟-116.4° 10.01 23.07
∞ - 73.82∟-3.6° 73.82∟-116.4° - -

The voltage vector system for the faulted MV winding for ground impedance of 2Ω is presented in Fig. 4.
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Fig. 4 Voltage vector system of MV winding for CASE 1

Vector uT (green in Fig. 4) is the neutral shift of the MV system which is then transferred to the LV system
according to (2) i (3) as shown in Fig. 3.
The neutral point shift of the faulted system for different transformer grounding impedances behaves as shown in
Fig. 5. Maximum neutral point shift occurs for the ungrounded voltage system and in this case it's 0.3 p.u. of the
rated phase-to-phase MV voltage.

Fig. 5 Neutral point shift for 0 ≤ Zgr ≤ ∞, CASE 1

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Results obtained for CASE 2 is presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Results for CASE 2

RuzMVtr [Ω] UNMV [kV] UA [kV] UB [kV] UNLV [kV] ULVmax [kV]
0 0 103.9∟-23.7° 103.9∟-96.3° 0 0
1 15.87∟-137.1° 102∟-26.3° 107.8∟-98.1° 5.83 19.13
2 29.60∟-125.4° 102.4∟-28.9° 112.3∟-98.6° 10.88 23.91
3 40.23∟-115.5° 104.3∟-30.8° 116.2∟-98.4° 14.79 27.67
5 53.50∟-101.1° 108.9∟-32.5° 121∟-96.9 ° 19.67 32.42
7 60.27∟-91.9° 112.5∟-32.9° 123.2∟-95.6° 22.16 34.85
10 65.09∟-83.6° 115.8∟-32.7° 124.3∟-94.2° 23.93 36.59
25 69.95∟-69.9° 120.5∟-31.4° 124.4∟-91.7° 25.72 38.35
50 70.75∟-65° 121.9∟-30.8° 123.8∟-90.8° 26.01 38.64
100 70.90∟-62.5° 122.5∟-30.4° 123.5∟-90.4° 26.07 38.69
500 71.00∟-60.5° 122.9∟-30.1° 123.1∟-90.1° 26.10 38.73
∞ - 123∟-30° 123∟-90° - -

As in CASE 1, the neutral point shift of the faulted system behaves as shown in Fig. 6. Maximum neutral point
shift occurs for the ungrounded voltage system and in this case it's 1 p.u. of the rated phase-to-phase MV voltage.

Fig. 6 Neutral point shift for 0 ≤ Zgr ≤ ∞, CASE 2

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4. Conclusion

In symmetrical three phase systems, in case of ground faults, resulting three phase voltages against earth are
different in magnitude and phase compared to their normal service values. These voltages are then transmitted to
physically adjacent but potentially unconnected systems due to capacitive coupling to affected earth - faulted
system, to earth and to each other. This causes a shift of neutral point in delta connection or of neutral point in star
connection. The resultant voltages against earth on the terminals of the shifted system can be higher than voltages in
the normal service on windings under consideration. Therefore, the calculation and analysis of such faults is
necessary in order to ensure the safety of the transformer.
In this paper, the case of a real transformer in service was analyzed to determine the influence of the grounding
configuration on both the transformer and the network system. The results naturally confirm that for a solidly
grounded transformer, there is no neutral point shift. However, for an ungrounded transformer, the neutral shift can
reach the phase-to-phase voltage in case of an ungrounded network system. For solidly grounded network system,
the neutral point shift is not as severe but it should be taken into account in the transformer design process.

References

[1] IEC 60071-2:1996-12 Standard, Insulation Co-ordination – Part 2: Application Guide

[2] Juan A. Martinez-Velasco, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, Transient Analysis of Power Systems; solution
techniques, tools and applications. IEEE Press
[3] K. Capuder Bikić, G. Plišić, Ž. Štih, Generic Approach to Calculation of Short Circuit Currents in Power Transformers, 3rd International
Colloquium Transformer Research and Asset Management, Split, Croatia, 2014