DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF AC SYSTEMS

AND ITS SOLUTIONS

Thaianbban T A*, 2 R. Raja,3 S. Saravanan,
1

1
P. G. Scholar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Muthayammal Engineering College (Autonomous),
Rasipuram 637408, Tamilnadu, India.
thaianbbanta@gmail.com*

ABSTRACT: A two-area four machine (local oscillations, 1 – 2 Hz), or they may

system and IEEE 39 bus system are
modelled in MATLAB Simulink. The
transient response of the systems under
various disturbance such as tripping of
transmission line, faults and change in
reference values are analyzed. Two stable
local modes and one unstable inter area
mode are detected in two area system for a
step-in voltage reference from 1.0 pu to 1.05
pu. The unstable inter area mode is
destabilized using PSS. IEEE 39 bus system
is analyzed under various scenarios and it is
evident that the system is prone to electro
mechanical oscillations when it is subjected
to disturbance. But the oscillations are
naturally damped out and the system again
enters into steady state following the
disturbance.
Keywords: MATLAB
I INTRODUCTION
Electro mechanical oscillations have been
observed in many power systems
worldwide. With increased loading
conditions and interconnections, the
transmission system becomes weak and
inadequate, also load characteristics add to
the problem causing spontaneous
oscillations. These oscillations may be local
to a single generator or a generator plant
involve different groups of generators
widely separated geographically (interarea
oscillations, 0.2 – 0.8 Hz). These
uncontrolled electro mechanical oscillations
may lead to total or partial power
interruption.
In the years prior to 1970, most
power engineering studies related either to
large perturbations or small perturbations.
These were called transient and steady state
stability, respectively. As systems became
more interconnected, a new phenomenon in
the form of spontaneous buildup of low
frequency oscillations began to appear. It is
evident that high value of external reactance
and high generator outputs with high
response exciter can introduce negative
damping even though synchronizing torque
is increased. This negative damping is due to
the delay associated with field winding and
lesser extent to exciter components.
Power System Stabilizers (PSS’s)
are widely used to damp out local and inter-
area modes of oscillations. With increase in
transmission line loading the parameters of
the power system stabilizers have to be
retuned in accordance with the operating
condition. Since power systems are highly
nonlinear, conventional fixed parameter
power system stabilizers cannot cope with
great changes in operating conditions.
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System (FACTS) controllers used in power
systems for power flow and voltage control,
when provided with supplementary damping
controllers, are also found to be effective
candidates for damping power system
oscillations.
II LITERATURE SURVEY
G.J Rogers and P Kundur (1991) presented
a fundamental study on inter area
oscillations in power systems. The effects of
the generator modelling, system structure,
exciter type and system loads are discussed
in detail.
N Bhatia and A A Fouad (1995)
presented a paper that deals with the analysis
of the inter-area mode phenomenon in
stressed power systems following large
disturbances. It is shown that the inter-area
mode phenomenon could occur as a result of
a nonlinear interaction of the natural modes
of oscillation in the system. A technique to
determine the interaction is developed and
the machines participating in the interaction
are identified. A procedure to predict the
onset of the inter-area mode is presented.
G.J Rogers and P Kundur (1991) analyzed
the influence of power system stabilizers
(PSS) on inter-area and local oscillations in
interconnected power systems. It is shown
that the PSS location and the voltage
characteristics of the system loads are
significant factors in the ability of a PSS to
increase the damping of inter-area
oscillations. It is also shown that an
interaction between modes in two distinct
parts of a power system is possible, due to
resonance, and that this might cause
distortions in mode shape and participation
factors.
Bollinger (1996) outlines some of the
underlying causes of inter-area oscillations
between power pools consisting of steam
and hydro units and describes measurement
techniques that facilitate the design of
controllers to ameliorate the problem.
Kamwa et al (1996) proposes an
uncommon structure for the PSS transfer
function to improve the damping of the
system low-frequency (in the range of .02-
.08Hz), as well as the usual local and inter-
area frequencies (in the range of 0.2-
2.5Hz).These somewhat conflicting goals
are achieved by adding the speed-based
stabilizing signals of two compensation
filters, which independently provide the
phase adjustment necessary for adequate
damping torques at two widely separated
center frequencies of 0.05 and l Hz.
Wang Qing and Ma Shiying (2013)
presented the influence of network operating
conditions on inter-area oscillation damping.
Using theoretical deduction, the relationship
between electromechanical oscillation
damping and rotor angle difference under
general cases in two-generator
interconnected power system is analysed.
Accordingly, the complex inter-area
oscillation damping characteristics in real
complex power system is theoretically
explained.
Wenfeng Li et al (2013) presented a study
that evident the influence of tie-line
reactance on damping of inter-area
oscillation mode. The phenomenon of the
inter-area mode damping ratio decreasing
when inter-connection is strengthened is
proposed. Main interconnected grids in
China are tested by calculating sensitivity of
eigenvalue to tie-line reactance, including
Chuanyu-MidChina Grids, Northeast-North
Grids, North-Mid Grids and Fujian-East
Grids. A two- area system is constructed for
further investigation. The study shows there
is no strict linear relationship between tie-
line reactance and damping of inter-area
oscillation mode.
III PROPOSED WORK
In proposed system, the mathematical
model representing the dynamics of the
synchronous machine in the multimachine
power system combining the effects of
exciter and PSS. Two-axis model of
synchronous generators is used for the small
signal stability analysis of multi machine
power systems.
A two area four machine power system is
taken up for basic study of inter area
oscillations and the transient response of the
system is analyzed with and without the
modelling of Power System Stabilizer in
MATLAB platform. Then, IEEE 39 bus
system commonly known as New England
system is taken up for analysis and the
system was modified. Modified system is
investigated whether it is prone to inter area
oscillations for various disturbances in
MATLAB platform.
Fig 1. Single Line Diagram of IEEE39
Bus System
The modified system is analysed for various
disturbances such as line tripping and faults
in transmission lines. The response of the
system was plotted as graphs.
(i) Tripping of Line 21
At time 0.5 second transmission line 21 of
Figure 2 is tripped out by operation of its
breakers at both sides. Prior to the tripping,
it transfers 230 MW from bus 16 to bus 17.
Figures 4 shows the transient response of
system to the line tripping. The tripping
event results in the formation of a weak
connection between area including G3-G7
and rest of the AC systems.
ii) Three phase faults
At time 0.32 second, a temporary three-
phase to ground fault is applied to line 5 at
the distance of 10% of the line length from
Bus 4. The fault resistance is 0.1 Ώ. The fault
is cleared by tripping the circuit breakers at
both sides of the line at 0.38 seconds. The
breakers are automatically reclosed at 0.58
seconds. Figures 5 shows the transient
response of system for the three-phase fault.
(iii) Single line to Ground fault on bus 14
At 0.018 second, a single phase to ground
fault is applied to the system side of Bus 14.
The fault is cleared at 0.08 sec. The fault
resistance is 5 ohms. Figures 6 shows the
transient response of system for the single
line to ground on bus 31.
 IV SIMULATION RESULTS A. Analysis of Electro Mechanical
Oscillation without Power System
The following modifications are made in Stabilizer
the shaded area of Figure 2 to make the
system congested. The system is manually
split into two areas for analysis purpose. The
shaded area is based on the following
modifications:
• The power ratings of the generators (and
transformers) are kept as those of normal
system except for G2 and G3 (and their
transformers) which are doubled. The set
points for G2 and G3 are increased to 1000
MW and 1150 MW, respectively.
• The active power loads on busses 4 and Fig 3.1 Transient Response of Machine
8 are increased from 500 MW and 522 MW Without PSS (Real Power and Machine
to 1000 MW and 1000 MW, respectively; Terminal Voltage)
• AC transmission line 35 is added to
transfer power from bus 11 to bus 4;
• To prevent circulating current between
the two transformers connected to bus 12,
busses 11 and 13 are tied together through a
switch. This also enforces even loading of
lines 16 and 17.

Fig 3.2 Transient Response of Machine

Without PSS (Machine Speed and
Machine Acceleration Power)
B. Analysis of Electro Mechanical
Oscillation with Power System
Stabilizer

Fig 2. Proposed Simulation Diagram

Fig 3.3. Transient Response of Machine

with PSS (Real Power and Machine
Terminal Voltage)

Fig 3.4 Transient Response of Machine
with PSS (Machine Speed and Machine
Acceleration Power)
C. Modified IEEE 39 Bus System
a. Tripping of Line 21
Fig 4 Machine Speed in pu for
Tripping of line 21
b. Three Phase Fault
Fig 5 Machine Speed in pu for Three
Phase Fault
c. Single line to Ground fault
on bus 14
Fig 6 Machine Speed in pu for Single
Line to Ground Fault
Dynamic interactions of the modified
IEEE 39 bus system are analysed. It is
evident that the system is prone to electro
mechanical oscillations when it was
subjected to disturbance. But the oscillations
are naturally damped out and the system
again enters into steady state following the
disturbance.
V CONCLUSION
Dynamic interactions of two-area four
machine system is analysed. From the
analysis two stable local modes and one
unstable inter area mode are detected. The
unstable inter area mode is destabilized
using PSS. In IEEE 39 bus system the
system is prone to electro mechanical
oscillations when it was subjected to
disturbance. But the oscillations are
naturally damped out and the system again
enters into steady state following the
disturbance.
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