.

,
. , .
:
. , .
. , , MSc.
. , .. ..., ..
2003

1.1

.................................................................................................................5

1.2

.........................................................................................................................7

-
2.1

......................................................................................................................................9

2.2

.....................................................................................................11

2.3

- .......................................................................11
2.3.1
...................................................................................12

2.4

...............................................................................................................12

2.5

...........................................................................14
2.5.1
.................................................................................14
2.5.2
...................................................................................14

3.1

16

.............................................................................................16

)
4.1

Atterberg

17

...................................................................................18
4.1.1
....................................................................................................19
4.1.2
...............................................................................................20

21

5.1

...............................21

5.2

Casagrande..............22

5.3

ASTM .........................................................................................23

5.4

ASTM........................................................................................24

5.5

..................................................................................31

5.6

AASTHO..................................................................................................31

33

6.1

...............................................................33

6.2

.....................................................................................34

6.3

- .....................................................................................35

(CBR - California
Bearing Ratio test)

37

40

8.1

...........................................................41
8.1.1
.................................................................................42
8.1.2
....................................................................................43
8.1.3
...........................................44

8.2

..........................................................................................................................45

1

( ,
),
/ ( , ,
) ( ,
).

, .
(
) ,
. ( ) ,
.
, (
).
:

.
.
,
.

. ,
(SPT Standard Penetration Test) .
.

. ,
( ).

,

.
ISO, ASTM, UCS, BST, DIN ..
, ( )

( - ).
,
.

1.1

.
5

1.1:
/

1

.
2
.
3
, . .
4
.
5
, .
6
, . .
7
200.
8
.
9

(Proctor test Standard Modified).
10
. . CBR.
11
.
12
.
13
.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

105-86, . 1
105-36, . 2, ASTM D 2216-90
E105-86, . 3
105-36, . 4, ASTM D. 854
105-36, .5.6, ASTM D 4318-34
E105-36, .7, ASTM C 136-34
E105-36, .8, ASTM C 36-84
E105-36, . 9, ASTM C 36-84
E105-36, . 10.11, ASTM D 1557

E105-36, . 125, ASTM D 1883

E105-36, . 13, ASTM D 2435-30
E105-36, . 14, ASTM D 2166
105-86, .15-6.1, ASTM D
2350-43
CUPP.
105-86, .15-6.2, ASTM D
2850-82
CD.
E105-86, . 15-6.31
(UU).
105-86,.16-5-2.1,ASTM D3080
.
105-86,.16-5-2.2,ASTM D3080
.
105-86,.16-5-2.3,ASTM D3080
.
E105-86, . 17, -13 USBR 560089
.
E105-86, . 18, -13 USBR 560089
E105-86, . 19, -13 USBR 5600 .
89
Vane.
ASTM D 2573-72
HARVARD.
S.P. WILSON
PIN-HOLE.
J.O.G.E.D., p. 11846.01/76
.
AASHTO T194-80
.
ASTM D 4373-84
.
ASTM C-114

1.2:
/

1
. .
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
, Schmidt.
6

E103-84, . 1
E103-84, . 3
E103-84, . 4, ASTM D2938-86
E103-84, . 5
E103-84, . 6, ASTM D2664-36
E103-84, . 7, ISRM Suggested

8
9
10

1.2

Methods p.101-103
, ISRM Suggested Methods p.135-136
.
.
ISRM Suggested Methods p.92-94
.
ASTM D 2936-84

( -
, ,
..) .
, , ,
.

1.1: , () U100 , ()
(SHELBY) (. , 2000)
.
,
.
(
) .
,
.
.

.
.
( ),

7

(SPT CPT ..). ,

(.. , ) (
).

, , .
30-40 . (PVC)
. ,
,
.
, .
,
( ),
(.. , ..).

1.2: . , ,
, , ,
SPT ( N), ( , ), ( kN/m3,
27), ( ),
Atterberg. , .

2 -

.
:

2.1

.
, .
0.01 g.
( )
ASTM Standards 1994

. ,
( , ),
, , ., , ,
.

, ,
(), .

.

.

.
.

2.1: (. )

,
101.6 mm,
0.075 mm ( 200),
- -
.
200 ( 12%
). (
- Stokes).

2.2: ( ) No200, No4, 6.3 mm, 75 mm (. )

,
. .
.
,
,
2.00 mm ( ) 0.075 mm (No200)
.
. ,
.
.
, ,
,

.

. ,
.

.

,
200 .
6-7
(6, 12, 24 mm)
. , .


.
10

2.2

ASTM (. 5),
:
2.1: .
75 mm,.
()
.

75 mm
No4 (4.75 mm).

75 mm
19 mm.

19 mm
4 (4.75 mm).

No4 (4.75 mm)
No10 (2 mm).

No4 (4.75 mm)
No200 (0.075 mm).

No10 (2 mm)
No40 (0.425 mm).

No40
(0.425 mm) No200
(0.075 mm).

2.3

No200 (0.075 mm)

(0.075 -0.005 mm)

( 0.005 mm)

.
(D10)
10% .
D ,
10 .

11

,
60%
(Hazen):
Cu = D60/D10

2.1

Cu D10 D60 .

.

.
1
300
25.4 mm. Cu 4 5
Cu 10 .
.
,
, ( )
.
ASTM (. 5),
No200 12%, D10, Cu
Cc. , .
200 10 12 %
. ( 200 5%), D10
200 (0.075 mm).

2.3.1

(Cc)
D10, D30 D60 :
Cc = D302/(D10D60)

2.2

Cc 1,
. D15 D85
.

2.4

1. 500 g .
. - .
.

.
2. .
.
,
, .
12

3. .

. :
2.2: .

(mm)

(mm)
75

75

6.3

6.3

4.75

4.75

10

10

2.0

20

0.85

30

0.84

40

0.425

50

100

0.150

100

0.150

200

0.075

200

0.075

. 1500 g
19 mm 5000 g .
4. (
) 5 10
.
5. ,
.
. .
2% .
6.
,
.
7. 100%
.
: 500 g 4 (
) 9.700 g.
(500-9.7=) 490.3 g. (9.7/500)*100=1.9%
(100-1.9)=98.1%.
.
8. ()

. 200
12% .
, (
13

Microsoft Excel).
(GrainSizeGraph.xls), .

2.5

1.
.
2.
.
3. ,
.

2.5.1

, , ,

.
.

, .
.

2.3: (Cu = 21.4, Cc = 1.1)

2.5.2

.
,
,
.
( 2.4).
.
,
,
14

.
( 2.5).

2.4: (Cu=1.8, Cc=0.9). 0.85 mm

( 20).

2.5: , (Cu=57.3, Cc=0.3).

4.75 mm 0.85 mm. ( 10 20).

15

( )
() (). ,

.
,
( ), :
w (%) = Ww/Ws * 100

3.1

.
,
, .

3.1

: ( )
. , (0.1 g 0.01 g).
1. .
2. .
.
3. ( ) .
+ + ..
4. 105 C, (
).
5. + . (3) (5)
(Ww) g. H (5) (1)
(Ws) g. (3.1)
.

16

4 Atterberg
( )
: ( Casagrande), .
() (. 3).
.
- ( - ).
, .
o40 (. 2)

A. Atterberg

, .

(
.).
:
1) (LL wL): (%)
.
().
, .
Casagrande
,
25 .
2) (PL wP): (%)
. ,
,
. ,
.

, 3 mm .
3) (SL):
.
, .

17

PI

LL

PL

SL

W(%)

4.1: Atterberg

Casagrande
ASTM.

.
Atterberg
No40.
No40.
,
24 48 .

4.2: Casagrande (. )
Atterberg ():
1) (PI):
. ,
.
, . :
PI = LL - PL

4.1

2) (LI):
. LI=100% ,
LI=0% . :
LI = (wL - PL)/PI

4.1

4.2

No40 (0.425 mm).

, .
Atterberg.
18

4.3: Casagrande.

4.4: .

4.1.1

, Casagrande
1 cm. ,
. 2 (120 rpm)
. 25 ,
.
,
25 .

4.5: , () , ()
(Bowles).
:
(3-5) ,
.
19

N w (%)
. (N, w)
,
w (LL) N=25.
.

:
LL(%) = w*(N/25)0.121

4.3

N w
3.

4.1.2

. 1
(25 mm), = 3 mm,
(PL). ,
. ,
3.

4.6: (Bowles).
(
3 mm , ,
). (
) Non Plastic (NP).
PI=0%, ML MH (. 5).

20

5 -

.
.
.
- ,
,
( )
..

(.. , ).
,
. ,
( )
(
).

.
(.. )
.
( , ) .
(..
, )

.
: ,
(..
).
.
2 4
(
) .

5.1

No200
( - ) ( - ).
50% No200 ( 50%)
( - ). 50%
No200
. No200
12% 5%,
.
21

3
, - :
No4 (47.5 mm) .
No4 (47.5 mm) No200 .
No200 -.
No200 50%
, .
( > ) .
..
(. - ASTM).
Cu Cc,
. ( No200)
5%
Casagrande (.
).

5.2

Casagrande

Casagrande
(
No200 50%)
No200 5%.

5.1: Casagrande.
,
Atterberg 40,
4. (LL, PI)
,
.
U .
22

:
CL .
ML .
CL-ML .
CH .
MH .
OH OL .

5.3

ASTM

ASTM
.

. :
.
,
(Cc, Cu).
Atterberg ( 40).
.
, LL. /LL .
0.75
.

() . ,
( ).

(Microsoft Excel).
.

23

5.4

ASTM

50% ( 50%
( 50%

50%

4)
4)

5.1: ,

-

GW
-.

.
GP
. .
, ,
GM
.
, ,
GC
.
,
SW
.

,
SP
.
.
SM

SC

ML

, ,
.

,

,
, ,
.

.

,
.
,
.

.
,
.

CL

OL
MH

CH
OH
PT

24

LL<50

PI < 4

4 < PI < 7

PI > 7

ML

CL - ML

CL

30%

< 30%

30%

< 30%

30%

< 30%

200

< 15% . 200

% < %

% > %

15%

15%
< 15%

% < %
< 15%

% > %

15%

15-29% .
200

< 15%

15%

% <
< 15%

% > %

% < %

% > %

15-29% .
200

<15% . 200

15%

< 15%

% <%

15%

% > %

<15%

% < %

% > %

1529% .
200

< 15% . 200

5.2: - 200 ( D = 0,074 mm) < 50% , LL < 50

LL50

30%

< 30%

30%

< 30%

200

26

% < %

% > %

15 29% .
200

< 15% . 200

15%

15%
< 15%

% < %
< 15%

% > %

15%

15 %
< 15%

% < %
< 15%

% > %

% < %

% > %

15 29% .
200

< 15% . 200

5.3: - 200 ( D = 0,074 mm) < 50% , LL 50

% <
%

No 200
>12%

No 200
512%

No 200
<5%

Cu<4 /
Cc<1 Cc>3

Cu4
1Cc3

CL - ML

CL CH

ML MH

CL, CH
(CL ML)

ML MH

CL, CH
(CL ML)

ML MH

GC - GM

GC

GM

GP GC

GP GM

GW GC

27

GW GM

GP

Cu<4 /
Cc<1 Cc>3

GW

Cu4
1Cc3

<15%
15%

15%
15%

<15%
<15%

( )

15%

15%

( )

<15%
<15%

( )

15%
15%

<15%

( )

15%

<15%

15%
<15%

<15%

5.4: (>) - 200 ( D=0,074 mm ) 50%

% >
%

200
>12%

200
512%

200
<5%

Cu<6 /
Cc<1 Cc>3
(1*)

Cu6
1Cc3
(1*)

SC - SM

CL - ML

SM

ML MH
SC

SP SC

CL, CH
(CL ML)

CL CH

SP SM

SW SC

SW SM

ML MH

CL, CH
(CL ML)

ML MH

SP

Cu<6 /
Cc<1 Cc>3

SW

Cu6
1Cc3

28

<15%
15%
<15%
15%

( )

15%
15%

( )

<15%
<15%

15%

( )

<15%

15%

<15%

<15%

( )

15%

15%

15%
<15%

<15%

5.5: ( > ) - 200 ( D=0,074 mm ) 50%

LL<50

PI < 4

PI 4

OL

OL

30%

< 30%

30%

< 30%

200

29

% < %

% > %

15 29% .
200

< 15% . 200

% < %

% > %

15 29% .
200

< 15% . 200

15%

15%

15%
< 15%

% < %
< 15%

% > %

< 15%

< 15%

% < %
15 %

% > %

5.6: () - 200 ( D = 0,074 mm) < 50% , LL < 50 (LL_ / LL_

) < 0,75

LL50

30%

< 30%

30%

< 30%

200

30

% < %

% > %

15 29% .
200

< 15% . 200

% < %

% > %

15 29% .
200

< 15% . 200

15%

15%

15%
< 15%

% < %
< 15%

% > %

< 15%

< 15%

% < %
15 %

% > %

5.7: () - 200 ( D = 0,074 mm) < 50% , LL 50 (LL_ ) / (LL_

) < 0,75

5.5

ClassificationOfSoils.xls (Microsoft Excel)

ASTM.
ASTM VBA (Visual Basic for
Applications). :
, , , Cu Cc.
LL, PI. .
:

5.1: .

5.6

AASTHO

AASTHO ( )
.
ASTM,
. AASTHO :
, 35% No200
( A_1, A_2, A_3)
, No200 (
A_4, A_5, A_6, A_7).
, _1, _2 _7
.

5.8: AASHTO.

32

6

: ( ),
() ( ). .
: (
).
.
. ( )
, (
) .
.
,
.
, , ( ),
, ..

:
,
(, , ).
,
, ( ).

6.1

(k), (m/s)
1 (.. 1 m
1 m). Darcy,

, Darcy :
v = -k*i

6.1

, v , k i .
. , ,
. , :
Q = k*A*(h/L)

6.2

Darcy,
. ,
, (A),
(h) (L).
33

6.1:
.

k (m/s)

10-2 1

10-5 10-2
,
10-8 10-5
,
10-9 10-6

10-11 10-9

. ,
.
, .
.

:
k (cm/s) = 100*D102

6.3

D10, cm.
.

6.2

, ,
. 4 :

6.1: (), () (.
)

1) . ,
.
5 .
. ,
34

.
.
2) . Plexi-Glass .

( ).
, 40-100
. , ,
.
1,
.
. 2 o-rings
().

6.2: (. )
3) .
( cm).

( ).
.
4) . -
. ,
( + ).

6.3

- ,
. : 1, 2 3.
1-2 2-3 (= La, Lb).
D A = D/4.

35

. ,
( - .
).
, .
. ,

.
.
.
1 2 h12, 2 3 h23. :
i12=h12/La, i23=h23/Lb

6.4

, .
.
,
:
i = (i12 + i23) / 2

6.5

Q, .
(k) .
( ).
m/s:
Q = k*A*i
6.1.

36

6.6

7
(CBR - California Bearing Ratio test)
CBR . ,
1928,
.
CBR ,
, - .
CBR, . .
(
- ).
CBR ()
( ) ,
, ,
.
2.54 mm (1/10) ( )
6.9 MPa. CBR :
CBR=( ) / ( ) * 100 (%)

7.1

7.1: CBR (), ()

.

CBR 100%. CBR.
CBR, , (
CBR, ).
.
37

7.2: CBR.
CBR. (. )

7.3: .
CBR, ,
.

38

7.4: CBR
. CBR
(1.80 7.25 ), 106 .

7.5:
Boeing 747, CBR.
(30-180 cm) (10-70 cm).

39

8

,
.

.
.
, .
.
. .

.
:
(Tresca) ,
( Mohr-Coulomb =0),
Coulomb ( ) Cam-Clay.
Coulomb Mohr-Coulomb,
.

8.1: () ().
~ 45.
Mohr, ()
(). 1,
(n), (n) :
n = f(n)

8.1

(, ) ,
, .
, , (, )
. Mohr
Coulomb, , Mohr-Coulomb:

, , ,
( )
. ,
.

40

n = n tan + c

8.2

, c : ( ) ()
(c) ( kPa = kN/m2
).
( - ) ,
30 ( 40).
15 kPa, 50-100 kPa
200-500 kPa ().
, c, .
, (u)
: =-u, =.
c. , ()
.

8.1

:
,
.
.
, SPT ( ) CPT, vane test,
. , , , CBR, ..

.
. ,
, c.
: ,
( , )
- (
).
()
. ( 35-50 mm)
( 2-5 ,
). c (cu),
() .
~0.
,
. , c , c.
( ),
( ). (3 , .. 2
), Mohr,
. (
), .

41

8.1.1

, .
..
- .
.
1-5 mm/.
( ),
(strain controlled).

8.2: . (. )
Plim.
- , :
max = Plim / A

8.3

, (1).
:
c1 = max / 2

8.4

,
0.
.
45+/2 (1). ,
.

8.3: ,
Mohr .
42

, :

c=

8.1.2

max 1 sin

2 cos

8.5

,
- (2=3=r).
(1,3) ,
Mohr, , c.
- .
.

8.4: , () (Craig, Soil Mechanics),

() (. ).
(
) . :
(4), (5).
. (1).
(1) . (6)
.
(3, 8) ,
.
(7).

43

(2), . (10)
. (9)
. o-rings ( - )
, .
, .
,
. ,
(. ).

8.5: , + . (.:
)

8.1.3

,
:
1) .
35 mm. .
2) , .
o-rings.
3) .
.
4) ,
(
). .
- r=1,2,3.
.
44

5) (P). P
l.
6) ,
.
.

8.6: : , ,
, . (.: )

8.2

r 3 ( 2).
1 .
1 q . :
q = P/A

8.6

1 = r + q

8.7

1 :

(1,3) Mohr . , c
Mohr,
.
(Excel) MCParametres.xls.
:

45

8.7: , c MCParameters.xls.
. (R)
.

8.8: , c .

46

8.1: .
(kN)
()
0
0
5
115.0
10
229.7
15
345.2
20
461.4
25
576.8
30
695.9
35
814.0
40
932.0
45
1051.4
50
1171.2

47