Breakdown dan Teori PD

Rene Hummel, Stephan Körber, Daniel Gebhardt, Ulrike Broniecki

Teori Breakdown

Agenda dan klasifikasi - rincian dalam:

1. Udara

2. Cairan

3. Material padat
Breakdown di udara

Bedakan antara kerusakan di:

> Bidang homogen (Townsend) atau bidang tidak homogen yang lemah

+ _

> Medan tidak homogen (teori streamer)

+ _
Medan homogen - Townsend
> Longsor mulai di katoda

Katoda
> Mulai elektron
_ > (foto-ionisasi, radiasi)
+ E = ⅟2 m v2
> Energi e- naik dan mempercepat
+
- - - > Memukul molekul lain
+
-
... - > Terbagi menjadi ion dan elektron positif

> Ion positif melayang kembali ke katoda

> Menciptakan elektron

Medan homogen - Townsend

> Reaksi berantai

Katoda
> Membuat saluran konduktif

-+ - -_ > Arus di saluran naik

+ +
- - -
-
> Saluran memanas
- - - >
- - - -
> Saluran terionisasi
>
> Breakdown
Keterkaitan medan dan tegangan

Medan listrik

+ _

Area di bawah kurva

sama dengan
E
tegangan
E0 E∙d = U

U
x Tegangan
d
 Medan tidak homogen - Kontrol medan geometris

> Masih area di bawah kurva sama dengan tegangan E∙d = U

> Bagaimana cara menurunkan medan listrik secara lokal?
> Untuk tegangantrtap, area A dan B di bawah kurva sama

+ _ _
+
E E
E0
PD inception
E0

A B
d x d x
 Efek Polaritas – Ujung Neagtif
Global field > High e-field in front of the pin

+
- + - - +> Convenient ionization condition
Katoda
+ -
Streamer field > Streamer growth in area with lower
Space charge density e-field with respect to E0

+ > Small area in which a start electron

x is required
E -
10-15 kV /cm
> Ignition delay
Without space charge

> Intermitting corona

x
Polarity effect – Positive tip
Global field > Avalanche starts in gas volume

Anode +
+ - > Growth to counter electrode
- + - _
Lower
electric field
+ > Glow discharge after first
avalanche
Space charge density

+ > Electrons move to anode

x
E
> Remaining positive ions in front of
4 - 7 kV /cm anode

> Reduction of e-field next to anode

Without space charge
x
Partial discharge inception voltage – Comparison

Negative tip Positive tip

- + + _
Anode
Cathode

E E
Lower local field !

x x

UPD, inception - tip < UPD, inception + tip

Breakdown voltage – Comparison

Negative tip Positive tip

- + + _
Cathode Anode

E E
High global field !
Low electric field !

x x

UBreakd. - tip > UBreakd. + tip

PD pattern – Pin to plate

> PD on high voltage potential

> Due to the polarity effect PD occurs first when the pin has negative potential
> UPD, inception – pin < UPD, inception + pin

pin

Field for negative pin

plate x
pin plate
PD pattern – Pin to plate

> PD on high voltage potential

> Due to the polarity effect PD occurs first when the pin has negative potential
> UPD, inception – pin < UPD, inception + pin

U UPD, inception + pin

pin

plate
UPD, inception – pin
PD pattern – Pin to plate

> PD on ground potential

> Due to the polarity effect PD occurs first when the pin has negative potential
> UPD, inception – pin < UPD, inception + pin

Plate

Field for negative pin

Pin
x
Pin Plate
PD pattern – Pin to plate

> PD on ground potential

> Due to the polarity effect PD occurs first when the pin has negative potential
> UPD, inception – pin < UPD, inception + pin

U
UPD, inception - pin

plate

pin

UPD, inception + pin

PD sources in air

Thin conductor Cone points / tip Particles / dirt

Breakdown theory in liquid insulations
Main differences in comparison to breakdowns in air

> Breakdown in liquid insulations are dependent of:

> H20-concentration

> Gas concentration

> Pollution (impurities)

> Aging condition

> Space charge

> Surface of the material

> Temperature, pressure, humidity

Breakdown theory in liquid insulations

> Due to a lot of boundary conditions:

> No uniform breakdown theory exists

> Big spreading of breakdown voltages

> Irregular pre-discharges (also in homogenous fields)

> The presence of gas bubbles is assumed

Breakdown theory in liquid insulations

> Mechanism 1: Cloudy gas discharge

> Foreign gas bubbles with discharges between liquid molecules

> Mechanism 2: Fiber bridge discharge

> Flaking of insulation particles absorbing H20

> Polarization and adjustment in electric field leading to a local thermal breakdown
PD sources in liquids

Gas bubbles Gas area (next to barriers) Particle and tip

Tangential stressed insulation barrier

E
Breakdown theory in solid materials
Breakdown theory in solid materials

1. Intrinsic breakdown (pure electrical breakdown)

> Emerges in insulations stressed temporarily with surge voltage

2. Thermal breakdown

> Thermal instability of the insulation caused by high temperature

3. Partial discharge breakdown (erosion breakdown)

> As a result of aging processes in electrical high stressed insulation areas
> Mostly caused by manufacturing
Main differences in comparison to breakdowns in air

> Failure is destroyed by the breakdown channel

> Breakdown in solid insulations is dependent on:

> Purity of different solid materials (e.g. compounding of cables)

> Technological influences during manufacturing and contacting

> Surface and bondary issues

> Temperature, humidity and pressure inside the solid

Thermal breakdown

> Dielectric losses are caused by conductivity and polarization phenomena

> Material heats up (conductivity raises exponential with temperature)

> Higher losses

tan(δ)
Electrical insulations
polarization losses are at the same time
thermal insulations

conductivity losses
ϑ
Thermal breakdown – Schematic process

Dielectric losses cause a warming in the insulation

> Highest temperature occurs in the center plane

> Not enough heat can be conducted

> Heating effects increase

> Thermal hot spot

Hot spot
Thermal breakdown – Schematic process

> Conductivity rises in heated area

> Increasing electric field at the channel ends

> Growth of channel to the electrodes

> Breakdown
Partial discharge breakdown

> PD occurs as a consequence of :

> Local heating (creation of voids)

> Abrasion

> Delamination

> Mechanical stress (vibration)

> Defects in the material

> Water treeing

> High electric field strength

Partial discharge breakdown – Treeing

> The thinner the insulation, the faster a breakdown occurs on a channel

➔ A larger thickness of the insulation

increases the treeing time

> The channel building time is much higher than the channel starting time.
PD sources in solid insulations

Cracks Cleaving Voids Cavity Delamination of fibers

PD treeing

Acrylic glas Epoxy resin

PD treeing stopped
AC frequency influences the electrical treeing

Prof. Dr. Ing. Daniel Pepper, Dissertation, Berlin, 2004

Partial discharge breakdown – Treeing

> PD tree reacts as “pushed forward“ potential

> PD treeing is not a steady process:

1. Treeing in a channel ends because of

high pressure due to products of
decomposition
Eg
2. High conductivity delays the growth of
trees
++
3. Free space charges lower the electric
field locally

Eg: Global electric field