cldof:OSef

wSrf;

ykdef:
(qef.OD,)

cover: www.shanyoma.org
 pibn];

sn] . SI ,

ekLtqm]:pp].hQn];
cw]:cun];fic]:Ec:lik]:la};pa};pic],vL,t};
January 2005.
piun];sn].SI, KiwB ;] Sqn]

ds]hC .B pin
b ;] D

siBk]:lQk];lBc]
etKat],ca}:
Sc]st C] qk,] ya}: AWnh] kb .] "
SQn:] m}la}:
etnQwk] mbi ;]
Sc]shC] .B pin
b ;] AWnP] n]:"
dlbc;] SqcK] m];SL,D

SPONSORED BY THE FOUNDATION FOR THE PEOPLE OF BURMA.

Ait,] pWk:] km];nicb :] 2,000pp]."

KiwB ;] Sqn] piun];sn].SI,

deKL:kaw],Ticu D]

dpin u ;] sn].SI,Dn}. pQnd] pin u ;] Sun,] tUwD] Kbnk] kb i ;] pin b ;] t};yw]." pin u ;] wan]:micU ;] ekL: kiku ;] hgm;]
sWm;] w}.El: siwB ;] p},yam]:lQp:] hQn;] pin b ;] mL;nn]. etsac]:Sbk.] ybc:] kCcs ] wC ] .} yB," w}.s]y C ,C ] yaw];lBAan],
lW;} lW;} " lBAan],Kp]. h]:C tam];kn]" lBAan],kikb ;] hac]:Pqn,] tI: n}Et. etpWc,] s]cC a}:yB,nc],kw],"
pp].hQn;] n}. pQnt ] L,ets].C n];C hBc;] hQn;] An]hn Q ;] tc];pInn].El: lBAan],PimB .] tLnWn;]
kBv;] Et. etsac]:Kac];yap],yB," SWnh] n Q ;] mWk:] nicb :] lin
B S ] cW l ] n
B i k] v B ;] ekL: etEn;kBn;] tqm:] mn];
Tqc:] kBv;] " micB ;] KBc;] kac]lcB n ] .} dkbm,] TBn:] Kqm.] lqp:] mBt;] yw].Dn}nn]. p},hn]eSAn]eStI:El:
Am],kBwE] n; K]:C h]:C Em;pn]nn].yw]."
dtI:>pI>siwu :] SQc> ] lWc:] tac];Dlm],lWc:] tL,pbn i ;] eStL. Sc]AL,yB.luk:] hQn;] tikb .] lQk.] "
hqc;] AWk;] p},kbm,] TBn:] " p},hp].l}:n}scu i ] KU;SWnm] n B .] Em;likB :] TWn] SWnh] :C ] kicb ,] cam],eSkm];" lbk:] AWn,]
SBcd] Apbm,] DEl: Aw]ht Q ;] nc],dApum,] DeS SWne] kL:l}:yB," lm],lWc:] Sbt;] Et.dAm],hB.tI:
pWc,] eS>lWt:] sp];SBp;] >pBn.] pak],pqt:] la}la}DEt. Am],kicb ,] lIpn Q "]
dpp].hQn;] sn].SI,kBv;] >sicb E] p.yap],Dn}scb i ] luk:] hQn;] sn].SI, An]hn Q ;] yB,n];C sWk.] sQc,]
micB ;] t};kB:tI:yam];lQwn ] .} AL,yU.yC,] liwU l ] ku :] hQn;] pin
B :] Et.Et." ybm,] ym]wL:dmI;AWk;] hp].l}:yB,DEl:
h]:C cam],kn]tc]; fwsat]:pan]t;} n}.yw]." miwB ;] nL:mL; Tbk,] lIht Q ;] hiwb e] kL: PB:kt];Kqn,] Kw]ettqp;]
tt];Tqc:] kBv;] " dmiwB :] wL;Am],hQt;] w}.>miwB :] n}.sc],pQnn ] > } miwB :] lQwA ] m],hQt;] pL;>miwB ;] nL:mL;Kqn;] nL,D
n}El: SWn,] wL:dmI;p},lITn B :] nn].>lIeSp},tn];mI;D}ne} S kn].kBk.] w}.TL:kBv;] nc],kw],"
miwB :] pBn.] mL;30-40pI KB;wL;lBch] w];dJSL,sa};DPbk,] wan],siwB .] fn];eS yicB ;] Aan];siwB .] sat]:
t};kB:tI: demLlB'emLtqm:] 'emLnp].'emLwBn.] 'emLpWcD] El: PB:mI;hk].fic:] Tbc;] lik:] la};Aik,] PB:K]:C h]:C
siwB .] sat]:t};Kin b :] y],C lk];lqm] Kw]sw]:kB:ekL.kB:tI: Kam],yap],'Kam],Pit b ,] 'Kam],lip;] 'Kam],ta} hBm:] hWm;] Kt];
s]mC L;lBv:] kn]El: demLlB'emLtqm:] DEt. l}:wL:Kin b :] Sc].mL;Et.Et." demLnp].'emLwBn.] 'emLpWcD]
tikb .] kitb ;] w}.yB,El: dmhL:tBwD] n}nn]. yc];p},tQmT ] n B :] "
demLlB'emLtqm:] Dyw]. Sc]Am],mI;pp].lB Sc]Am],mI;pp].Pin b ] Pikb ;] PimB .] pn] h]:C demLnp].'
emLwBn.] 'emLpWcD] n}Et. min B t ] c];dkan]:EK:Sbt;] >lqc;] wWt:] kBv;] D" tL,etmI;pp].pn]pa};hB.hn]
sbcs ] n]swB i .] sat]: Kit b ;] kap]:Kin b :] y],C mL;nn].ekL: Am],siwb :] pbn:] PWn;] dekL.lQw] ekLlQw] sbm;] lQwD] "
pQnp] n b :] PWn;] PB:kt].Kqn,] dkB:ekL. kB:tI: kB:ekL kB:sbm;] Dnn].yw]."
piun];sn].SI, KiwB ;] Sqn]

mI;pp].mL;yw].ekL: Am],Aw]dSipb ,] SWn] mWk,] lat]: Sp];lqc;] lBAan],

wBn.] SWn,] DeS kbm,] micb .] dSI:Ek. ES.SWm;] kit,] KWc.] kn]DyB,kBv;] Et. min B t] c];
kBn;] PLPiwB ;] kn] miwB :] tac];kqp:] kBv;] " Sac],Am],etL, etsac]:tBk;] hBv:] pqt:]
nc],kn]El: Am],kicb ,] lImcb :] mWc;] Sc]yw]."
PWc;] pan]tkb i ;] Pit b .] n];C mit
b .] lp];Sic,] eS l}:SWp.] Sqp.] hWc.] kCam]; lk].SWnp] n]kn]mL;nn].
Am],mbc:] mWc;] wL: lik:] t};ethiwB :] hicB ;] mL;l}:" dPWm.] kn]El:DSa}lcq ;] lik:] t}; picB ;] TWc,] mL;l}:nn].yw]."
PWc;] miwB :] Sa}lcq p] cB i ;] yB,yw].n}. tL,etekL,Sac]:Kin b :] y],C kCL,Tqc:] nn]. ybm,] ym]wL: etAm],yap],pQc;]
miwB :] mBk;] eSL.etL.hBwk] n] hQt;] Sac]:yB,nn].El: Sc]etdPWm.] hBm:] kn]DhQt;] Sac]: nc],dyam]:DmL;
nn].n}scb i ] Am],mWc;] ekL:tk];Ticb y ] w]."
kaw],Ticb k] cb ,] mbn] epL:Em:kB:Sipb ,] sat]: JSL,KB;wL;kB:sat]:pan] PB:hk].siwB .] sat]:wan]:micB ;] kB:
Sipb ,] Sipb ,] PB:AWnh] wB k] :B pan]pan]eSEl: nL:kan]An]l:} Kam],yap], l}:Kam],En;eS hQt;] Sac]:n}.
Sc]swB i .] pQnP ] n W ;] lIpn b :] pac]: siwB .] sat]:t};Et.yB,n}scb i ] Kqn;] etL:sWm;] sW:} sWm;] kbm.] sWm;] Tqmp] n]
dAn]Am],hB.yL,h]:C l}:mI;>An]Am],mI;yL,h]:C l}:hB.>K]:C kB:An]k:B siwB ;] tc];SQc:] DtQmT ] n B :] Kn]w;}
eSkm];"
nc],hiwb e] tl}:pQnm] L;pp].pin b ;] Pin
b n
] .} tac]swB i .] sat]:t};eS cin;] sBm;] yWn;] KWp:] s]T C cb i s
] ;B
PB:mWc;] lBAan]," PB:mWc;] Aw]Sn W "] PB:mWc;] Aw]hn Q ;] El: PB:mI;yicB ;] Aan];Sbc] tL,siwB .] sat]:eS
pn]hcq ;] s]y C ,B tL,eS,dlbc;] sa};ekYL,Abc;] DAik,] Kw]sw]:nc],kikb ;] hWm;] w}.yB,n}.yw]."
FPB , NCA, NHEC,
KB;lBc] Pippa Curwen,,
Sao Han Yawnghwe,
ekL,mtI,pp].hQn];"
Km];sc]:" KU;sin
b :] m],C " sa};yI:tip.] " sa};lBc"]
sa};Sa}lqt,] " sa};Km];pac]," sa};Km];nWc.] El:
siBw].sat]:t};tc];SQc]:"

KiwB ;] Sqn]
ekLtqm:] pp].hQn;]
cw]:cbn;] fic:] Ec:lik:] la};pa};pic,] vL,t};"
29thJanuary 2005
KiwB ;] Sqn] piun];sn].SI,

lm];nC;]

tWn:] lWc]:tac]; nL:lik]:

1 sw]:mWn];lL 1

2 Kbn]yI:kCa};Km]; 9

3 nac];AI,Km];lq]c] 22

4 SiwB K] an],fL. 29

5 SiwB c] am],fL.El:SiwB K] ,I fL. 43

6 SiwB h] an]fL. 49

7 SiwB e] kL,fL. 63

8 Km];ka},nW}. 67

9 sw]:fL.niwB h] wB ] 75

- tWn]:Pibk]; 84
piun];sn].SI, KiwB ;] Sqn]
sn].SI, piun];

tWn]:(1)

dsw]:mWn;] lLD
AD.(1029-1065)

miwU :] pUn.] mL;mWk:] hQcp] n

I n]. dsw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] D PWc;] cm];dmicU ;] maw];lUcD] yw]." luk:] yic;] TmUc]
Es:lan].dnac];ey:KWc,] D pQnn ] ac];tiwu ;] sum:] yw]." pI1029 wn];nicb :] KicU :] Siku ;] nC;] hac]:ehLtc];la}
map]:hiwB :] 'tcU .] KWn;] kCL,SQc:] yw]." wn];lak],la};lBcl ] ac]nn]. dnac];ey:KWc,] Dkit U ,] luk:] PLEPyic;]
El:sa};mL;yw]." yic;] pQnp] :I " kit B ,] wn];lak],la};nn].El: tc]:siwu :] dsw]:micU ;] lak],Dn}eS
wa};lin
b ;] mL; pQnd] sw]:mWn;] lL'sw]:mWn;] lL.Dn}kLC ,yw]." sa};pQnn ] cW .] " S],C siwb :] dKune] kL,lac];DeS
pQne] nL,Sqct ] n ui ;] Km];wan]:micU ;] El: dsw]:enL,micU ;] Dn}ekL:hgc.] yw]."
pI1057nn]. dAenL,rTL,DKune] hLKm];dmicU ;] pU;km],D Aan];miwU ;] w}:cL;SqcK] m];JPL;
tI:wQc;] dtL,lID(Tali) An]pn Q c] w]:cbn;] micB ;] dlan].sw]:D(kn],TL,rrit.] )El: AWnl ] mu ;] lac];
eS miwB ;] Ticu m] cU i ;] maw];lBcy
] ,U yw]." micU ;] pU;km],nn]. man]:wL:dpkan],pY,I D(yk*)H n}eS mI;w}.nL:
Pak],t]:C micU ;] maw];yw]." tL,lISm].mI; Pak],niwB m] cU i ;] maw];El: micB ;] maw];mI;w}.Ek:kac]ScW m] cB i ;] nn].yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

hac]:Pqn,] tI: An]kwQ ,] lBv:] pin

b ;] sw]:mWn;] lL
2
sn].SI, piun];

AenL,rTL, El: cL;SqcJ] PL;"

AenL,rTL,kit u ;] liwu :] dwQc;] mUn;] D n];C Tbc.] micB ;] maw];yw]. hqn;] Aw]KwU ;] KWck] :B yicB :] ha};sB;
sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] eS yWn;] hG:] pW,} kBn;] sW:} SUc,] tac];Ticu d] tL,lIDn}yw]." tI:AenL,rTL,kit u ;] liwu :] nn].
hWc.] dwan]:pU;km],D}eS mI;w}.yB,Ticb y ] am];lQwy ] w]."
sw]:lBch] mB ,] micB ;] h]:C kBn;] (10)ekL. nam];tac];SUc,] Ticb w] cQ ;] tL,lI" Kune] hLKm];tL,lI
Am],hp].tWn:] kBn;] pB;km]," Am],pn]Kw]Kw]:wQc;] " AenL,rTL,pW,} PWc;] KQw] Kw]:kp];Sipu ,] tan],hiwb e] kL:
Am],pn]Kw]:micB ;] lL;lL;" AenL,rTL,pW,} PU:lIkn U ;] man], pL;Aw]KwU ;] KWc'] Pan],tL,'hc} n u i ;] 'hK} m];'
emL:cinu ;] 'emL:Km];Kw]:ha};ekL: tL,etpn]h:C ] Kw]:w}:cL;SqcJ]PL;Et. Kunt ] L,lIAm],PWm.] " Aw]JPL;mYKwQ ]
AWn,] SU,nicu :] Pak],tWn:] Kin b ;] kBv;] yw]." AenL,rTL,ekL: kL:l}:han].sCe] S lBc;] miwB ;] Kin u ;] yB,yw]."

sw]:mWn;] lL Et,nL:hin
B ;] "
AenL,rTL,lUc;] Ticu d] wQc;] mUn;] DKin b ;] yw]. Kw]:sU;sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] " yWn;] hQt;] pW;} JPL;"
sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] PWm.] sWm;] eS mWk,] pac];KL:wan]:kUn;] micU ;] hBm:] hgm;] lU,tan];sWm;] El: hQt;] p};W JPL;
hicb s
] t Q ;] wn];sQt;] Kin u ;] " tI:pW;} JPL;nn]. dAenL,rTL,Dhn]sw]:mWn;] lLeS KC:] kUp.] kU:kiku ;] yU,yw]."
pan]nn].pU;km],p},emLhQt;] nL;" miwB :] Kin u :] miwB ;] sWm;] tac]; n];C micB ;] t};nn]. AenL,rTL,hn]
tqn:] 'Pa}'nL; mI;kB:tI:El: mn];sw]:KWt } ;} Et.Et." K]:C l}:kBn;] miwB ;] ekL,Sac]: SWnp] n]mcB i ;] mn];"
picB n] cb i :] ekL: l}:hn]hcq ;] t};KicU ,] Km].El: KC:] pQnA ] v U ;] lIt;} eS sc],KC:] kUp.] kU:kiku ;] sw]:mWn;] lLyw]."
wa};pW;} JPL;yw]. AenL,rTL,hqn;] Aw]KwU ;] KWcP ] an],tL, mWk,] yL:cun i ;] 'mkW ,] yL:Km];'hm];pU;'
hm];EP; Kw]:sU;sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] eS tac],yWn;] kBp.] kB:kikb ;] sw]:mWn;] lLyB,yw]." sw]:mWn;] lLpQn]
nac];yic;] yum,] ym]JPL;'JtL;" AL,yB.Ticb (] 28)pIyw].eStL. Am],tWn.] wUn.] lWc:] etEt,nL:hin B ;]
eSpWk:] " sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] yam]:hG:] kUp.] kU:kiku ;] dsw]:picU ,] fL.DekL: mn];nac];Am],PWm.] mL;" etl}:kUp.] kU:
kikb ;] AenL,rTL,eS miwB ;] sWm;] tac],wan]:tac],micU ;] n}nn]. mn];nac];Kqn;] Am],PWm.] hp].l}:yw]."
sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] wUn.] SWn,] pun:] pac]:kan]wan]:micU ;] " Aan];hG:] AUmn u m] cU i ;] maw];hBm,] cm];Ticb m] cU i ;]
Pak],tC:] El: K]:C hG:] sw]:mWn;] lL kUp.] kU:kiku ;] AenL,rTL," miwB :] An]yn W ;] nac]; Ticu S ] am]pkW :] yw].nn].
sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] tBk;] lBc;] PWm.] sWm;] El: sw]:mWn;] lLekL: kL:l}:kUp.] kU:eS miwU ;] sWm;] pU;km],yB,yw]."
sw]:lUch] mB ,] micU ;] EPwak]:pn] KicU :] sC.] kU:picU '] sac]:kU:siwU ;] 'emLkU:yicU :] 'kn U ;] kU:Tan]:'scU i .] El:
KL:wan]:kUn;] micU ;] miwU ;] sWm;] sw]:mWn;] lL" Kw]swB i ;] nn]. miwU ;] tc]:wQc;] mC,] SC,] siwu :] wL:dmicU ;] maw];DeS
yB,Sw];w}." AWnk] n]ekL,Pa}ht Q ;] nL;" tI:An]l:} Aw]hn i A
] w]Sa}; ekL,hQt;] Pa}nn]. SC,] siwu :] wL:
dPa}hn i D] El: man]:hgc.] dkzk.] ES,DeS mI;yB,Ticb y ] am];lQwy ] w]."

3
piun]; sn].SI,

em;nac];Aeno,rTo,"
Aeno,rTo,mI;em;nac]; An]kkb i ;] pin b ;] SI,ekL." SIrmi o,lo,'pn Yi ,] sklYL,nI,'mnisn],to,'
sw]:mgn;] lo.n}yw]." SI,rimo,lo,Am],sG:] KUwi ;] Kun"] AenL,rTL,Aw]w.} sQmm] wB i :] p},Kun i :] pQnK] n
u e] S
hBm:] kn]m;I w}.luk:] sa}; dsw]:lU;D(apmvl;)n}nn].ekL.nicb :] "
dpYn i ,] sklYL,nI,D pQnl ] ku :] yic;] Kunm] cB i ;] dew,So,lI,D" Aeno,rTo,pQnK] n u m] L;yw].
tL,AWk,] nL:AWk,] tLn];C Ek:Kbnm] cB i ;] nc],kn]nn]. K]:C l}:em;nac];KiwB ;] KbnE] l: hG:] Pgc;] mUci ;] mn];kGo,ho"
PWc;] micB ;] Ticb k] LC , micB ;] ew,SL,lI," Kw]:hQt;] ABv;] lIyw]. lat]:EnlWc:] tac];El: Kbnm] cB i ;] ew,SL,lI,
Aw]lkb :] yic;] mn];dpYn i ,] sklYL,nI,DAap]:pn]" pn]smW ;] sUci .] nac];pqt,] Sip;] sWm;] hQt;] lbm;] lac];"
n];C Kaw];tac];miwB ;] Kin b ;] pB;km],nn]. Pgc;] mUci ;] El:pYn i ,] sklYL,nI, hk].pqc;] 'kw];lQn:] kn]"
PWc;] micB ;] wBn.] kBwK] aw],KLnn]. EP:Ticb A ] enL,rTL,El: Am],K]:C h]:C sUci .] nac];pQt,] Sip;] nn].
miwB ;] sWm;] yw].eS miwB :] sm]etPqwm] cBi ;] pB;km],nn]. s].C Agk,] kGo,pqt:] tac],tac];yB,yw]."
Tuci p] ;U km],yw]. Aw]pn Yi ,] sklYL,nI,Aap]:pn] Aeno,rTo,eStL. Am],limb ;] nac];l}:El:
PWc;] micB ;] nn]. pW,} Kaw],wo:dpYn i ,] sklYL,nI,>Am],sG:] lbk:] Kbne] w,So,lI,>Aw]sci U .] nac];mn];pn]
mo;kUv;] >Sc]wo:pQnl ] ku :] sw]:Kuns ] cb i >] Am],pW,} tUwl ] wQ K] ci ;] kW;} mL;nc],n}>etpo;sUci .] nac];>lum;]
lac];mo;sgm;] yU,>Dn}El: Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; Kaw],nn].Ticb A ] enL,rTL,kCL,yB,yw]."
Aeno,rTo,sGl ] m]nn q ,] eS lm];lBv;] pYn i ,] sklYL,nI, AWk,] hac]:ehLkm];lQw"] mn];nac];
pa}:kGo,yU,w}.tI:AicB ,] dprim,] mD him;] nm].Em:dKYn i ;] tun;] D(Kqw;] tWc;] )nn].eS kUt i ,] lQc.] luk:] sa};
An]pn Q m] L;dkYan],sit.] do;DeS etpQnP ] :B kt].Kqn,] lBc] micB ;] pB;km],nn].yw]."
dmnisn],to,D pQnl ] ku :] yic;] Kune] hoKm];mUci ;] mgn;] " miwB :] mUci ;] mgn;] mI;eP;nn]. mUci ;] pU;km],tikb ;]
sW:} El: Kbnm] cBi ;] mWn;] sBm;] SiwB ;] KWp:] s]eC S Aw]dmnisn],to,DSBc,] kBp.] kB:kikb ;] w}.n}yw]."

lgc]:kUiw];ym]tI:pU;km],"
mUwi :] sw]:mWn;] lLTicb k] LC ,pU;km],nn]. kBn;] tc];mUci ;] kUwi ;] ym]SL,SnL, kUci ;] dArI;kY;I Dw}.yw]."
dArI;kY;I Dn}nn]. nuc:] Sac],kan];SISmg ,] mut i u ;] " w}.KUnh] wU y
] aw];SI,niw.] " Agm,] f};" kzk;] Kam]:tum"]
h]:C mI;mac],klL,lI h]mC ak]:mI;lIpn Q ] h]:C mI;lbk:] lan]lk];lqmE] l: tuwi ;] km]Tcu ;] dSUc,] mgk,] SUv,] PI,D"
P]A C m],hQt;] sWm;] Tbc;] nn].ekL: TBp;] tam],Kbnn ] k];nk];nLnLn}yw]."
Tuc;] dSUc,] mgk,] SUv,] PI,Dnn]. Sc]wL:kBp.] kB:Et,nL:hin B ;] n}scbi ] tc]:Aw]Km]:kBp.] kB:
Ticb s ] t
Q ;] wn];sQt;] Kin b ;] etl}:Aw]nac];yic;] kBp.] kB:m],C nn]. SBc,] pn]ArI;kY;I yB,kinn ] n W ;] sgm;]
yw].sc], sw]:PBwe] tl}:kCL,hp].mL;Kin b ;] n}yw]."

4
sn].SI, piun];

lipb :] ehL: sw]:mgn;] lo"

sw]:mgn;] lonp].ym]So,Sno,put.] TEl: Pqwm] wi U ;] pB;km],yw]. hUm:] Aeno,rTo,lU,
tan];" pac];Sc],Ko, Kw]:eho;Jto;nG;] hac]:eho" pI1059nn]. hBm:] kn]Et,kgc;] mU;dSUv,] sI;KUc,] D
An]t;} hgc.] wo:dkgc;] mU;Sa};Km];Dnn].yw]." Aeno,rTo, hk].pqc;] sw]:mgn;] loEt.Et." kiwB ;] ym]
Am],min
B k] n]" AenL,rTL,sWm;] s]n C e} S kUn;] tc];ehoAm],PWm.] hp].hn]ls I w]:mgn;] lo"
Et,kgc;] mU;yc];p},tn];yw]. kBn;] tc];ehL
AWnk] n]En;sw]:mgn;] lodpQnn ] ac];yic;] >mI;mQw;] Am],
lI>AWk,] El,hLkink] :B Kin b ;] >mI;PUwi .] mI;fIAm],lI
El:>mUc:] >mqc;] >eto,>tqn> ] AI,kuk:] >sk];
sL:>Am],kit b ;] >kink] :B mQw;] >kinm] wQ ;] lIkwU l
] PI an]:
lWn.] lWn.] >hQt;] kqc:] np].Tiwb J] Po;Jto;eS>Aan];
mo;yo.mUv.] tc];ehoyw].>DeSL,SBn;] AenL,rTL,
sc];mn];nac];yB,yw]."
mUwi :] Et,Et. AenL,rTL,Am],yum,] " Am],
hicb A
] m],nan]; l}:Kaw],wL:dKaw];Km]:mut i ;] >tUwl ] cq ;]
map]:>Agk,] tI:ehosw]:mgn;] loeS>El,hokiny ] ,U
kU:Kuni ;] Dn}Tcq :] "
Kin b ;] nicb :] Aeno,rTo,l}:hn]Sa}lcq ;] Agk,]
mL;tI:sgm,] ehosw]:mgn;] loeS hUwi :] pUci ;] tUw:] kGo,tc];
ehoEl: mn];sw]:yum,] ym]wL: kGam];pUn i :] yam]:lat]:
mo;tc];SQc:] nn]. Tbk,] mqn:] Et.yw].n}eS lm];
lUv;] sw]:mgn;] loAgk,] hac]:eho mUwi :] pI1063nn].yw]."

kgc];mU;dSUv],so,yan],D"
sw]:mgn;] loekL: sBw;] AWns ] cB i .] nac];mn];
dnac];Km];So,DeS lUc;] hac]:ehokCL,yB,yw]." lum;]
AenL,rTL, lac];mn];nac]; An]y,B micB ;] maw];'Pa}hn i ] n];C micB ;] pU;km],
nn].ekL: lk].pg,} kUn;] mUwi ;] tac],Ticb ] sw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;]
Kn]Kn]w;} w};yB,yw]."

5
piun]; sn].SI,

sw]:mgn;] loEl:nac];Km];So,ekL: Pqww] an]:l]l C wi u :] Sw];ygn;] kinw] an]:nn].eS Sipb ,] Kaw];

tac];miwB ;] Kin b ;] wan]:kw],micB ;] lc]y,B lW;} lW;} yw]." lbk.] ehLpB;km],lt];pUn.] Sip;] wan]:yw].eS
Tuci n
] m].hgc:] tI:nuci :] El: kut i ;] luwi :] ngn;] " tun
i ,] mo;yw]. sw]:mgn;] lolBc;] Suk:] no: tI:nm].hWc:] El:
hn]Sa}lcq ;] map],hUwi :] Agk,] mo;n];C nm].El: kBm:] tBv;] " l}:hn]p,I hUmn];nac];KWnn ] cb i :] tBk;] w}.yB,
n];C nm].eS Sa}lcq ;] hiwB :] map]:AWk,] mL; tI:pI,hB,nn].yB,El: sc],hU.wo:Tat]:etL,JPo;pQns ] w]:
mI;w}.nG;] kUcp] ,I hUmn];nac];yB,yw]."
tI:nn]: sw]:mgn;] loekL,Sac]: kWc;] mB;sQt;] SWk,] SB,nicb :] " Aw]p,I hBmn];nac];KWnn ] cb i :]
hQt;] s]kC cW ;] mB;w}.yw]." huci 4] 5wn]; kWc;] mB;yw].tBw:] yw].ekL: Sipb ,] Kaw];tac];miwB ;] Tqc:] " nm].hgc:] pI,
hUmn];nac];tBk;] nn]. man]:hWc.] wL:dntgc;] kYO.Kzc;] D" kWc;] mB;mn];nac];Et,w}.nn]. man]:S],C siwb :] wL:
dSUv,] so,yan],Dn}eS mI;sQc,] san];wn];Agk,] man];tel; tI:k}yan]13lk];nn]. yU,han].n}."

sw]:mgn];longn];EP;"
Et,kgc;] mU;dSUv,] sL,yan],Dyw]. sw]:mWn;] lLSupi ,] Kaw];tac];lt];wan]: pac],So,'kcg ;]
lin;] 'no;kU;'no;lin;] 'no;K}.'no;eSo.'eS;tU;eS Kin b :] miwB ;] " Et,kgc;] mU;Sucs ] tQ ;] Sgk,] w}.kU:wan]:"
Tuci w] an]:demo,kUwi D] him;] SI,epo.nn].ekL: Et,kgc;] mU;Sbcs ] tQ ;] SWk,] eS Aw]p,I hU,mn];nac];
An]kt b i ;] yB,Kgnn ] ci u :] nn]. hQt;] s]l C ,B tan];sWm;] Tqc:] " pQnD] kWc;] mB;emL,kiwB D] An]man]:hWc.] wL:
depL,kYOw],PyL;Dnn].yw]." kWc;] mB;emL,kiwB n ] n]. cw]:Et,mn];Sbcs ] t Q ;] SWk,] kBv;] " sw]:tL,nwa};
lin b ;] Kin b ;] ekL,ABmS ] n W .] S],C Tqc:] El: yam];lQwe] tl}:hn]Scb y ] ,C] liwB w] .} yB,"
tc]:Aw]lcU ;] ehopU;km],nn]. l}:lt];hBv:] lt];lWp} t } ac];" Et,kgc;] mU;yw].kw]:SU,"hiwB .] mW:}
ABnt ] wB A ] n B :] s]n
C nq ,] El: wa};Et,kgc;] mU;emo,kUwi y ] w]. sw]:mWn;] lLsp];K}:sp];naw]" yBt;] yLAm],
l}:yw].eS ngn;] EP;kCL,tI:emL,kUwi n ] n]. mUwi :] pI1065yB,yw]."
sw]:lUch] mU ,] mUci ;] hU.Kaw], luk:] yic;] l}:Kam],lupi :] lUc;] hac]:ehon}yw].ekL: s].C kCL,lw]:sw]:lUc]
SqnE] s:km];lQw"] sw]:lUcS ] n
q E] s: pn]pn b :] PWn;] dKune] ko,lac];DAgn] KunK] m];Agt,] 'Kn u K] m];
ygt:] 'Kn u K] m];Kgt,] 'Kn u m] ci U ;] lIKw] kWn;] Aw]TmUc'] hcQ '] pak], wan]:Kgn:] 413mUci ;] maw];lUc] suci :] t}:99wQc;]
Kgt,] Pgt:] tp].sac].'tp].mo. lUc;] sU;pU;km],km];lQwy ] w]."
mUci ;] pU;km],nn]. no:hgc,] no:san]; mI;mgk:] 200lk];" no:tUk;] no:Agk,] mI;mgk:] 80lk];kBv;] "
Am],yG,] kGac]:ko:huwi "] eto,Tuci K] n u e] hoKm];man]: pan]ln iu ;] Sut;] ekL: tc];kGac]:nc]ln i m] cBi ;]
An]man]:Pgc;] cm];l}:nn]. mI;mgk:] nn].kUv;] nc],kw]," mUci ;] kqp:] El:hqc;] Suki ;] pU;km], eA,liwB h] cq ;]
mUci ;] t};Et.Et."

6
sn].SI, piun];

to,ethac]:Suki ;] tuki ;] kn]nn]. lqp:] Am],Ep.l}:El: Aeno,rTo,pac];dsw]:Arhm],D

Agk,] tgc;] pan],Suki ;] mUci ;] t};" Kune] ko,lac];Am],Pgm.] " Am],l}:tgp,] tqn;] Am],sU;" taw].Suci ,] Pgc;] mUci ;]
AL;nL,rhan];dsw]:Arhm],Dnqn,] eS AWnk] n]lat]:lWc:] lIpn]tki ;] tik;] El: Kune] ko,lac];sc],
Pgm.] yw]." PWm.] kit b ;] Sikb ;] yw].ekL: hUm:] kn]Et,kgc;] mU;cm];yQnd] JPo;ey,wun,] tgc,] D him;] pac]Al U cU ]
(aròrd@)nn].eS mI;yB,eto,Tuci y ] am];lQwy ] w]."
tBk;] lBc;] kut i ;] Suki ;] yw]. Kune] ko,lac];hUnl ] c]mwB i ;] Kun
i ;] km];lQw"] Tuci e] mo,kUwi ] l}:hUp.] pac]sL.
pI:nac];p].C w}.yB,El: Ticb s ] EC ] t.Et." hUwi .] Kaw];tac];kBv;] mw],kL; Pit;] sGn ] nq ,] AL;lL;El:
Kbne] kL,lac];kinA ] m],l}: ngn;] Am],lp];" sWm;] nc],picB P ] LEPkn]nn].eS ngn;] EP;sWm;]
pI:nac];mn];sw]:kCL, tI:wan]:emo,kUwi n ] n].yB,yw]."
kgc;] mU;El:KumK] oSgcp] :I ngc.] nn]. Kunp] cg w] an]:mUci ;] SI,epo.kU:pan]pan] Supi ,] lum;] lo;kum;] Tic;]
mo;pan]Spb i ,] pan]El: mI;w}.yB,tI:emo,kUwi h] an].etL,yam];lQw"] kgc;] mU;emo,kUwi n ] n]. man]:wL:pQnk] cW ;] mB;
Et,w}.tI:AB:mn];nac];mL;hp].El: pQnd] epo,kYOw],Pyo;D An]pcW ,] wL:dJPL;tI:epL:mL;hp].Dn}yw]."
nG;] pun
i ;] Sm]. Am],l}:hn] epo:mn];nac];mo;hp].El: depo,kYOw],DAn]pcg ,] wo:depo:hp].D
nn]. Am],sac]:mk];mn]:l}:" wan]:emL,kiwB n ] n} n].Sm]. mI;w}.Et.yB,"Am],hB.pin b ;] El: km]:PWc:] ekL:
mk];mn]:hWc.] sWm;] man]:w}.yB,El: Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; pin b ;] hw];etsac]:ha}la}y,B yw]."

Aeno,rTo,ngn];EP;"
wa};eSSuki ;] mUci ;] maw];mUwi ;] yw]. Aeno,rTo,kUwt ] ;} lBc;] tgp,] tqn;] Kinb ;] El: KGak]:hqc;] Suki ;]
pG.] sQc,] san];wn];Agk,] Kgp,] mUci ;] pB;km],eS mI;mL; yam];mUk;] (43)tp].Kgn:] (kin;] To;)yw]."(43)
yam];mUk;] nn]. yam];lQwp] n Q w] .} wan]:(33)wan]:n}yw]."
pI1077nn]. AenL,rTL,Agk,] sgp,] Sgk:] n];C micB ;] pB;km]," miwB :] luwi u :] Sw]; nG;] TUn i ,] tI:nuci :]
nn]. puc,] no;'h;U ro;Sgn,] kL,lL;wo:dsw]:muny ] ,] G Kune] hLKm];hw];>Am],tn];Tuci w] cQ ;] eS>etsac]:
ngn;] EP;>Dn}El: AenL,rTL,sGl ] m]" s].C Aw]tmu K] t];Kat]:kikb ;] tin] pbc,] nL;siwB ;] nn].yw].
pqt:] Kw]w.} n];C Tin B ,] eS mn];sw]:mUwi ;] Kun i ;] km];lQwy ] w]."
tn];Tuci P ] k];tUwcQ ;] kUv;] l}:Kaw],kGa;} Ehha}.lUct ] wU n
] ci u :] lm];eto;yo.kw];mUci ;] yU,n}El:
cqk;] pin,] hBws] ac].mn]; Agk,] lm];hLkGa;} km];lQwy ] w]." mUwi :] kCL,hUp.] kCa;} ha}.lBcn
] n]. luk:] ngc.] 'lmu ;] lac];
mn]; Agnk] n]Akg ,] pa}:pqt:] mUt;] " kCa;} ha}.pt].TWc;] pqt:] El: Aeno,rTo,wBcP ] at],sac].eS
ha}la}kLC ," Am],TBp;] hn]Kn i u ;] tBwt ] a}mn];eSpWk:] yw]." kgc;] mU;Sa};Km];eko: Am],tn];yw].tBw:] kCL,"
KbnA ] n]man]:wL: Pbc;] mbny ] ,C] nqn,] n}nn]. kCa;} TWc;] pt].ha}la}kLC ,yB,yw]."

7
piun]; sn].SI,

kWc;] mB;emL,kiwB ] tI:him;] SI,epL.

hW;} kw],pB;km],
8
sn].SI, piun];

tW n ] : (2)

!dKbny
] :I kCa;} Km];D@
AD.(1275-1306)

Kbn]miBc];mit]:"
sw]:fL.micB ;] mit:] miwB :] pI1068 dKunK] m];KQn,] fL.DpQnl ] kb :] pI:lbk:] nWc.] kn]tc]; dKic;] Dsw]:
mWn;] lLKw]dtaw].cL;lBm;] Dnn].yw]." KunK] m];KQn,] fL.nWn;] EP;yw]. luk:] sa};mn];dKunt ] L,kL,D
Kin
u :] put:] pQns ] w]:fL.micB ;] mit:] yw]."(Kic;] = AB:Pa},AB: )
dKunt ] L,kL,DnWn;] EP;yw]. lbk:] mn];dKunk] mu ;] DKin u :] put:] " Kunk] mu ;] mI;em;(100)ekL."
Am],mI;luk:] eSekL." kBwS ] a}Spbi ,] KiwB ;] Kbnm] cBi ;] mit:] Kat],El: K]:C mI;lbk:] sa};nqn,] n}yw]."
Ticb m] L;Kin
u ;] nicu :] dKunk] mu ;] Dfn]hn] kBn;] Tw]:nbc:] KBw;] PikB ,] KBw;] Kaw]ekL.nicb :] lat]:hG:]
AWnK] L:wan]:kBn;] micB ;] kCL,hQt;] pW;} tI:Pc],nm].kQw"] etmI;dmak],Km];DhBv,] nicu :] lWc:] mL;sWm;] nm]."
n];C kL:em;nac];tc];la}nn]. PCl ] :} kinm] ak],nn].ekL: etl}:luk:] sa};n}yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

wa};fn]yw].Kbnk] mb ;] sBw;] AWn] em;nac];'lmb ;] lac];'m;B mat]:PWc;] micB ;] 'scB i .] 'kcW h] am](AmB.Tam];)
KL:wan]:kBn;] micB ;] kCL,hQt;] pW;} him;] Pc],nm].kQwE] t.yw]." tc]:Aw]Et,hQt;] pW;} nn]. PUnl ] cU l ] mU ;]
lUcA ] m],Tat],Am],wa}; tUk;] yB,kB:wn];kB:Kin b ;] yw]."
SWn;] PBnS ] nW ;] lBm;] hQt;] pW;} sQt;] wn];sQt;] Kin u ;] yw].ekL: Am],l]:hn]mak],Sc]lcW :] mL;"
nm].nWc;] Kinb :] yB,kB:Kaw];" Am],Ep.p].C l}:yw].El: dKunk] mu ;] DAWne] m;nac];'lmb ;] lac]; miwU ;] Kin u ;] yw]."
nC;] em;nac];pak],nicb :] nn]. dnac];yum.] SW:} DAm],miwB ;] " AWns ] cB i .] mn];nac];Sipb ,] pC.] w}.yB,"
Tqc:] wn];nicu :] PWc;] tWc.] m}:yB,nn]. mak],liwU ,] lbk:] nicb :] lWc:] nm].mL;El: h]:G sicB .] mn];nac];kQp;] pn]"
wa};eSkinm] ak],liwB ,] yw]. p].C Tqc:] Sip;] wn];ekL: Am],mI;mak],Sc]lcW :] mL;Tqc:] " Am],Sipb ,] p].C
yw].eS AWnk] n]mwU i ;] Kin u ;] " Am],hicb A ] m],nan];dnac];yum.] SW:} D sp];Sn],eT,mL;Et.yw]."
dKbnk] mb ;] DsBm;] nqn,] " ybk.] Kin b :] pQnn
] ac];tiwb ;] sbm:] lBcm] cBi ;] mit:] km];lQwy ] w]."

kCa};Km];"
nac];ybm.] SW:} Kin b :] pQnn ] ac];tiwb ;] sbm:] El: sp];Sn],eT,nn]. pQnm] L;lWc:] tac];em;nac];
Kbnk] mb ;] km]:PWc:] SI:Ek.ES.SWm;] yw]." hBm:] kn]Aan];pWck] t B .] S],C El: hQt;] kqc:] hk].SLlbm;] lL;
sW:} Tqme] S hLtac];Kw]:AimB :] sm]mn];nac];yB,yw]."
pI1247Sn],eT,Ek,yw].El: miwB :] nac];ybm.] SW:} sm]ethn]nL:lbk:] nn]. min B h] ac]:m}:s]C
nqn,] eS nac];kBt.] Kw]yn W ;] hp].lbm;] lL;hc];kBv;] " kBwm] ;I lWc:] Sbk.] ybc:] ABnk] w];n}eS nac];kBt.]
siwB ;] nn]. Am],pn]PKC] w]:sm] hWc:] ehLnac];ybm.] SW:} "
nac];ybm.] SW:} tWc.] sQp;] la}wn];yw].eS PWc;] tQc:] Kin b ;] Kin b ;] nicb :] kit B ,] lQc.] mL;lbk:] sa};yw]."
tWc.] sQp;] mL;hicb n ] n
q ,] El: kit B ,] yw].ekL: sWp:] lit B :] limu ;] tUwk] LC ," nac];kBt.] Kw] nqt:] Aw]lkb :] AWn,]
pn]scBi .] Kw]eS Sc],Aw]kLC ,yQp,] nit b :] Kit
b :] ta}pt q :] km];lQwy ] w]."
miwB :] hB.tBwP] n b i .] Kic;] mL;El: Tam]hLlbk:] nn]. nac];kBt.] Kw]wL: Am],kit B ,] lQc.] pQnk] nB ;] mL;"
kWn:] lit B :] AWk,] mL;kBv;] n}eS Aw]PL:AWm:] pBk.] kWn:] lit B :] En" tBk;] s]l C tB i :] tin b ,] eS nac];yum.] SW:}
nWn;] EP;kCL,km];lQwy ] w]."
sicB .] ekL.An]Aw]lkb :] AWn,] kCL,pqt:] nn]. l}:Aw]kLC ,mqn:] PWc;] likb ;] mit b ;] eS hip:] nqt:] kBwE] h
nqn,] El: Aw]yt Q :] yWt:] pqt:] w}.n];C ybm;] yw].miwB ;] Kin b ;] " fL.pac],micB ;] lqc;] mL;yw].ekL: nac];kBt.] Kw]
pW,} kBn;] sWm;] Aw]Kaw]," hB.wL:lbk:] AWn,] Am],ta}El: sicB ;] nn].l}:Kam],tqp;] pqt:] km];lQwy ] w]."
nac];kBt.] Kw]Aw]lkb :] AWn,] pn]Aa}:lQc.] wBw;] eS s].C h]:C pW,} wBw;] yQp,] ta}Tcq :] " Aa}:lQc.] wBw;]
Aw]kLC ,w}.niwB t ] ac];wBw;] AWk,] KWk:] nn].yw]." wa};eSwBw;] AWk,] kCL,mBt;] yw]. wBw;] Em:tBn:] KWk:] tBwn ] cb i :]

2
sn].SI, piun];

nWn;] kWt,] lbk:] AWn,] nn].eS pn]lt b ,] nBm;] mn];w}.yB,El: Aa}:lQc.] wBw;] SWn,] wL:dlbk:] AWn,] n}.>
mI;Pbc;] mbnE] l:>wBw;] lbm;] lL;w}.yw].>kw]mkB i :] niwB m] n];ekL:>kw]etkqk;] liwB S ] t];yw].>Dn}eS
lk].lQc.] lbk:] AWn,] w}.yB,yw]."
hicb K] pB ,] pa} nac];kBt.] siwB ;] nn]. hB.Kaw],lbk:] AWn,] eS pW,} kBn;] sWm;] kYam],kUt.] Tqc:] "Aa}:
lQc.] wBw;] kBwn ] n q ,] eS nqt:] Aw]lkb :] AWn,] lqn:] pa}:El: Pqwk] LC ,tI:Pbck] aC;} sw]:fL.dwQc;] SiwB D] yw]."
Aa}:lQc.] wBw;] lat]:lWc:] Entac];sB;yw]. yWn;] picb :] hBm:] Aa}:lQc.] kCa;} w}.yB,yw]."
Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; Aa}:lQc.] wBw;] sp];K}:naw]eS ta}kLC ,yB,yw]." nac];kBt.] siwB ;] nn].
Am],sac]:sWm;] Kaw],yw].El: SWn,] wL:lbk:] AWn,] ta}yw].n}eS sBm;] SiwB ;] w}.yB,hc];Kw]yw]."
lbk:] AWn,] nn]. kit b ;] w}.sWm;] Aa}:lQc.] kCa;} eS hLlbt,] kinn ] mB ;] kCa;} yB,"
kCL,lbt,] mqn:] nBm;] kCa;} Em:Kw]mcW .] An]lkb :] sc],hLta}kv B ;] eS nm].nBm;] tikb .] kin b ;] yB,nn].
El: kCa;} Em:nn].Tac],pQnl ] kb :] mn]; min
B n ] c],kCa;} Km];Tac],pQnE] m:nn].eS Am],Pat],Am],yan]
kn]eSpWk:] yw]." lbk:] AWn,] nn]. min B n ] c],lbk:] kCa;} El: Aa}:lQc.] kCa;} S],C siwb :] wL:dkCa;} Km];Dn}yw]."
hQt;] nn]eS kCa;} Km];y],C mL;n];C Pbck] aC ;} sw]:fL.dkLliwb ;] wQc;] SiwB D] nn].yw]."

SBv],pI:mQw];nWc]."
sw]:fL.wQc;] SiwB d] Kbnt ] ci ,] D sw]:fL.micB ;] yac];dKbnS ] :} W D sw]:fL.micB ;] mit:] dKbnk] mb ;] Dnn].
dKic;] DKw]pn Q p] :I nWc.] AWk,] kn]El: Kw]pn Q l
] kb :] pI:lbk:] nWc.] kn]yw]." Kbnt ] ci ,] mI;luk:] yic;] ekL.lQw"]
pQnd] nac];AI,pbm:] Dyw]." yam]:mI;lbk:] sa};lQc.] Am],sp];" K]:C l}:lbk:] sa};Sipb ,] pbt:] hac]:ehLw}.yB,"
wn];nicb :] nac];AI,pbm:] sWm;] sicB .] nac];mn];PqwK] kW :] kCa;} " miwB ;] hBp.] hn] mit b :] dkCa;} Km];Dyw].
k}.k}.miwB ;] lQn:] ekL.kCa;} Km];" Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; Kaw],kCa;} Km];Ticb h] dB Kbnt ] ci ,] D" K]:C mI;lbk:] sa};yB,El:
Kbnt ] ci ,] miwB ;] tBv;] kCa;} Km];km];lQwy ] w]." Aa}:lQc.] kCa;} lat]:EnEl: Kbnt ] ci ,] hB.lWc:] kCa;} Km];yw].
hBms ] mB ;] hp].hWc;] Aw]Kw]:n];C ehL" tc]:siwb :] pQnd] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Dyw]. ybk.] pQnk] mq m] cB i ;] wQc;] SiwB y ] w]."
yWn.] lWc:] kCa;} Km];l}:pQnm] L;nn].eS Kbnt ] ci ,] Pit;] s]n b k] mb ;] Et.Et." liwB e] Snn].
C wB i K] n
kBwK] n b k] mb ;] hB.Kaw],eS yWn;] Kin b ;] lbk:] mn];El: Kbnt ] ci ,] Am],kp];Sipb ,] micB ;] mit:] yw]." micB m] t i :] 'wcQ ;] SiwB ']
micB ;] yac]; pQnm] cB i ;] pI:micB ;] nWc.] kn]El: sw]:fL.micB ;] yac];miwB ;] SB,s];C wQc;] SiwB "] hB.lWc:] kCa;} Km];yw].ekL:
sw]:fL.micB ;] yac];Pit;] s]n C n q ,] n}eS Am],kp];Sipb ,] micB ;] mit:] Tqc:] nc],kw],"
sw]:fL.wQc;] SiwB '] sw]:fL.micB ;] yac];tc];SWc] mbc:] mWc;] h]:C kCa;} Km];pQnc] w]:ABPcb ;] micB ;] miwB ;] nL:El:
AWnk] n]Sn W p] n] pikb .] Pikb ;] pn] kan]Apb .] picB ,] PWc;] cm];'kan]kt q ,] EKEh.kc]:wan]:micB ;] tc];SQc:] yw]."
Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];emLhWc.] kCam]; SQcl ] S I cQ w] an]Tcq :] "

3
piun]; sn].SI,

hac]:Pqn,] tI: An]kwQ ,] lBv:] pin

b ;] Kbny
] :I kCa;} Km];
4
sn].SI, piun];

Kibn]:pQn]Kbn]"
dKbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Dkt].Kqn,] kan]tkb i ;] 'kan]Skb i ;] eS emLhWc.] kCam];lQt;] tic,] hBv;] s]pC n B i :] Tqc:] "
Sc]wL:l}:cin;] SQck] aC m];mn];sw]:sicb ] sQmk] n B ;] elL;St]; ABn:] AWn,] kCL,km];lQwn ] y } w]." Kin b :] Sikb ;] mBwi :]
l]eC kL: hWc.] kCam];kaw],pac];kbc,] mbnJ]SL,KB;wL;Aik,] Em:kCa;} Kw]mcW .] eS sc],tikb ;] El: Ep.tL,eS,"P]eC kL:
yWc:] Aam]; lbk:] sa};Kbnt ] ci ,] kt].nqn,] " kqmm] cB i ;] wQc;] SiwB ] Kqn,] nqn,] "SQcw] an]nn q ,] n}eS liwb ;] lc]
Et.Et.yw]."
siwb :] SQcK] n b y ] :I kCa;} Km];liwb ;] lc]Tcb i m] cB i ;] mit:] El: dKbnk] mb ;] DwBn.] wL:dAm],tWn.] yam]:cin;] >
Kbnt ] ci ,] mI;lbk:] sa};eSpWk:] >miwB :] lQwS ] m].wL:>mI;lbk:] sa};nn].Am], pQnl ] :} Dn}eS miwB ;] tBv;] "Am],
kp];Sipb ,] kn]mL;hicb n ] an];yw].El: dKbnt ] ci ,] DAm],PWm.] hBp.] Kbnk] mb ;] " Kbnk] mb ;] Sm].wL: Am],l}:hBp.]
Am],miwB ;] Kin b ;] n}El: Tw]:micB ;] tc];la}An W k] n]Sc],SWnK] n b t ] ci ,] wL:dpI:nWc.] kn]>pqt:] kn]>yan]
kn]>Am],l}:>Pit;] Pqk,] tqk,] ya}:kn]ekL:>pQnl ] cW :] tBk;] Sbm;] kBv;] >Am],mI;tI:pWc,] Sc]>Kbnm] cB i ;]
tqk,] kn]ekL:>kBn;] micB ;] etSbk.] ybc:] >tbk.] Kyap],Pit b ,] sWm;] kBv;] >Dn}El: Kbnt ] ci ,] sc],
yWm;] hBp.] Kbnk] mb ;] yB,yw]."
miwB :] hn]Kn b y ] :I kCa;} Km];nn]. l}:hn]Kn b k] mb ;] micb c] w]kLC ,km];lQwE] l: Kbnt ] ci ,] AQt;] lBncq s ] C]
Kin b ;] eS K}:EnKin b ;] pin b ;] lc]Kn b y] :I kCa;} Km];tc];SQc:] " pQnl ] kb :] tBwk] w],El: Kunk] mu ;] yWn;] Aw]mwB i ;]
micB ;] mit:] eStL. Kbnt ] ci ,] Am],PWm.] " wa};lin b ;] mL; h]:C Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];El:nac];AI,pbm:] kBp.] kB:kn]"
SWcm] cB i ;] nc],micB ;] nicb :] sW:} Tqmk] n]k:B yicB :] n}sc],Kbnt ] ci ,] PWm.] h]:C Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];miwB ;] Kin
b ;] micB ;] mit:] yw]."
miwB :] pI1265nn]. Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];El:nac];AI,pbm:] kUp.] kU:kn]yw]. hQt;] pW;} ybk.] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Kin b :] pQn]
kqmm] cBi ;] micB ;] mit:] hicb s ] t Q ;] wn];sQt;] Kin b ;] n}yw]."

TBp];Kbn]mbn],kBw];"
dmbn,] kBw;] Dtikb ;] Sim;] l}:micB ;] EK,yw].eS pI1253 tikb ;] Sim;] Aw]l:} dmUci ;] lan].sw]:Dyw].
pBn.] lBc;] micB ;] maw];El: sw]:lBch] mB ,] micB ;] (micB ;] maw];)SWn,] wL:dAm],liwB e] S>micB ;] EK,>micB ;] lan].sw]:>
yc];Am],Ep.l}:mbn,] kBw;] >micB ;] t};hw];n}.>tikb ;] Kin b ;] ekL:>kBn;] micB ;] ettbk.] yak]:ta}ha}kv B ;] >D
n}eS Aw]la};kt];yQnE] k:lit:] etL,kn]El: pQnA ] v B ;] Sikb ;] mbn,] kBw;] kCL,yB,yw]."
Kaw],caw];Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];liwb ;] lc]El: pI1271 Kbnm] n b ,] kBw;] hWc.] miwB ;] TBp;] tI:dtL,lID"lat]:
kCam];lIs;B yw]. yin b :] pn]KwU ;] Pak],tWn:] El:sum:] Km];lUcl ] kb :] nuci :] " tUk;] lUc;] pQnA ] v
B ;] sW:} Tqmk] n]"
h]:C Kbny] :I kCa;} Km];pWcw] an]:micB ;] sW:} Kbnk] mb ;] yB,yw]." n];C pan]mn b ,] kBw;] nn]. Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];pQne] kL.An]
tikb ;] Ep.dpB;km],DEl: etl}:lQp:] hQn;] pin b ;] pB;km],Tqc:] yB,yw]."

5
piun]; sn].SI,

dnrSI,hpet.Dl}:pQnK] n
b p] ;B km],"
micB ;] dpB;km],D} tn];mI;Kbnm] cB i ;] (55)Sipb ,] " AenL,rTL,pQne] kL. Ti(42)Sipb ,] " sBw:] n];C pI
(1255-1287)nn]. Kbne] kL.Ti(52)dnrSI,hpet.DPWc;] cm];yw]."miwB :] nrSI,hpet.Kin b :] pQn]
Kbnn ] n]. Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];tikb .] l}:(8)KBp,] kBv;] "
Kbnp] ;B km],ekL.Ti(51) pQnd] AbsnL,D" mI;lbk:] sa};wL: Sic,] kSB,El:nrSI,hpet.n}nn].
SWce] kL." Sic,] kSB, pQnl ] kb :] sa};lBc] An]l:} kikb ;] nac];tiwb ;] sbm:] " nrSI,hpet.pQnl ] kb :] sa};AWn,]
An]l:} kikb ;] nac];ehLAWn,] " Em:nrSI,hpet.nn]. pQnl ] kb :] yic;] demLpWt:] D An]mL;pQns ] cB i .] nac];
yw]. pQnm] L;nac];l}:ehLAWn,] kBv;] " Am],s]:C KiwB ;] KbnE] l: pQnK] wB i ;] sn].tqm,] n}yw]." kBn;] An]emL
Aw]m.} sicK] kq ;] pQnK] cBi :] s].C eS pWt:] SIh:C] pWt,] lInn]. hWc.] wL:demLpWt:] Dyw]."
Aw]pcB i K] n b p] an]nn].wL:Et. dSic,] kSB,Dkicu ,] TikU :] l}:hac]:ehLeStL. drL,sSac];kYan],D
Am],kYOi k]:mn];El: nrSI,hpet.l}:pQnK] n b m] L;yw]." rL,sSac];kYan],pQnP ] cW ;] micB ;] lBc] An]m;I
pic,] vL,y],C mI;pa};wBn.] lI kt].Kqn,] kan]Skb i ;] kan]mcB i ;] eSpin B :] nn].eS pQnt ] :I dAbsnL,DEl:
mB;mat]:PWc;] micB ;] tc];la} s]y C ,C] picb :] Aicw] .} Et.Et.nn].yw]."
miwB :] AbsnL,tikb .] mI;yB,nn]. pWk:] nicb :] mqn:] miwB :] rL,sSac];kYan],p}tac];eS Sic,] kSB,p}smW ;] "
lWc:] Sic,] kSB,p}mL;sWm;] lc]y,B nn]. rL,sSac];kYan],Am],hB.El: Am],tn];l}:np].ym]ccU i .] tac];"
Sic,] kSB,SWn,] wL: Am],Sac];kinm] n];n}eS TUm,] nm].pU.S],C El: tiwU .] mqn:] KqnS ] wUi :] eStL.
Am],tk];SQcS ] c]eS rL,sSac];kYan],kQp;] Sim;] SiwB :] Pin b n ] n].w}.lIly I w]."
dAbsnL,DnWn;] EP;yw].El: miwB :] lBw,] l}:likU :] Kunm] ,C ] Tqc:] nn]. rL,sSac];kYan],hgc.]
Ek,'kac].'hcQ '] PcW ;] micU ;] tc];la} hQt;] pac]kmb "] n];C pac]kmb n ] n]. rL,sSac];kYan],yuk.] SiwU :] nuk;] nm].pU.
EnkUn;] tc];la}eS lat]:wL:dSic,] kSB,n}.>PWc;] tikb .] pQn> ] lbk:] sw]:lbk:] Kbny ] ,B kBv;] >yc];
Am],Sac];kin> ] kBn;] Tw]:kBn;] kw],Ek,yB,yw].n}scb i > ] Sc]pn Q K] nu m] cU i ;] mL;>Kqn;] etpQnh] wb i n ] }
nn].>SBsw]:kicb ,] lIwn B .] l}:yB,>Dn}El: AWnk] n]san]:Sic,] kSB,eS yuk.] yWc:] nrSI,hpet.
An]AL,yB.tikb .] l}: (16)KBp,] kBv;] nn]. Kin b :] pQnK] nu p] ;U km],yB,yw]."

kbc],mbn]"
dnrSI,hpet.DpQn] lbk:] Em:KiwB ;] tqm,] " AL,yB.yc];lQk.] " Am],Tac],eS l}:pQnK] n b "]
lWc:] siwB ;] nn]. pQnl] cW :] h]:C hBws
] kC ] :I eS Am],yWm;] kbmP
] "C ] Am],yWm;] hp].Aw] pa};wBn.] PWc;] micB ;] ekL.
l]y
C w]." Aw]kac]sm] C n];ekL.lQw] tqp;] tt];'Apu .] picU ,] yB,kBv;] El: mI;lWc:] yBp:] yWm;] mL;tc];nm]El:
PWc;] micB ;] tc];la}nk];s]wC .} yB,Et.Et."

6
sn].SI, piun];

wn];nicu :] h]:C pQne] KL:fac].Kbnl ] mb i ;] tBwn ] E} l: drL,sSac];kYan],DAw]Apq ,] pB.San]mwB i ;]

Kw]:fw]:" pan]nn]. mI;picB s ] .C ] KBw;] KWc] sn].P],C KicB :] mn];yw]." Kbnh] ap],kan]hac]:ehL s].C tiwb ;] KicB :] pWt:] "
kBn;] micB ;] yBw;] yBw;] s].C tiwb ;] KicB :] San]El: rL,sSac];kYan],s].C Aqp,] pB.San]nn]. pQnl ] cW :] lak],la};
lBcA ] n]ncb i :] yw]."
nrSI,hpet.hn]El: Tam]wL:dsw]:pB,hw];>hQt;] Sc]>Aw]Apq ,] pB.San]mL;>yWn.] Sc]
Am],Aw]Apq ,] pB.pWt:] mL;>Dn}El: rL,sSac];kYan],tWp,] wL:dlbk:] lan]emLpWt:] Kw]>pQns ] w]:Kbnk] LC ,
yw].El:>Am],mI;P]hC t Q ;] Ka}>Aqp,] pB.pWt:] yw].ekL:>kL:l}:s].C Aqp,] pB.San]kv B ;] KL:>Dn}ekL:
nrSI,hpet.hB.wL:PWc;] micB ;] lBc] lat]:Kit:] ES.SWm;] Em:mn];n}km];lQwe] S Tam]PcW ;] micB ;]
tc];la}wL:dsw]:pU,hw];Kw]tc];la}AwB i .] >miwU :] tac],TI;kWc;] mU;nn].>etl}:hQt;] hiwb t ] ac],>Dn}El:
tWp,] wL:dhQt;] yam];eStac],eAL:>D nrSI,hpet.Tam]Tcq :] dwa};tac],TI;yw].>etl}:hQt;] hiwb D]
n}ekL: PWm.] kn]tpW ,] wL:detl}:yL.pqt:] yam];nn].eAL:>Dn}yw]."
nrSI,hpet.ekL:dmin U n ] c],nn]yw].>PWc;] micU ;] tc];la}AwU i .] >kw]n.} min U n] c],TI;>SU
min
U n] c],yam];yw].>miwU :] kw]Pwq t ] :I sik;] sWmy ] w].n}.>w}.yam];Tqc:] ekL:>Am],hac]:lIyw].El:>
liwU e] SyL.pqt:] >sac]:hQt;] hiwb y ] w].lL,>DwL:nc],nn]yw]."
wa};nn].yw]. rL,sSac];kYan],l}Kam], nrSI,hpet.hbp:] Sim;] sn].kan]'es;sim,] 'KwU ;] KWc']
lum;] lac];yw]. lipb :] AWk,] pB;km],yB,yw]." rL,sSac];kYan],etmiwB ;] yB,dDlDEl: lBc;] miwB ;] sWm;] tac];
Pc],nm]." mqn:] miwB :] wa};PUnl ] cU l ] mU ;] lUc] tikb .] hLtQt,] kCL,kBv;] El: l}:hn]tn U :] m}.yC,] lUck] n U ,] kan].
hk];w}.tc];nm]" tUn:] AWn,] mQw;] PB;w}.niwB n ] m].nn].Et. Am],kan].Am],hk];" kicU ;] sa}.sWm;] lUm;] eS
Sipb ,] PU;w}.eyL.eyL.Ey.Ey.yB,min B k] w],"
rL,sSac];kYan],wUn.] wL:dkw]n.} >yc];Am],lk];lqmt ] an],>tUn:] PB;sUwi ;] n}.lB;>Kbn]
mac]ekL.nn].>Kw]Am],K]:C l}:>m}.y],C m}.lBcE] h.kc]:pn]>K]:C l}:tBn:] PB:eyL.Ey.AWn,] >An]kcB i ;]
sa}.sWm;] lBm;] Kw]kv B ;] n}nn].>kw]lmb i ;] wBn.] >limb ;] tiwu ;] km]ht Q ;] Sac]:mL;eS>kbm,] micb .] wBn.] hQt;] yB,
nc],>tUn:] m}.lUcE] l:>kw]sc],pQnn ] y } w].>Dn}y,B hc];kBv;] yw]."
wa};eSrL,sSac];kYan], AWk,] miwB ;] dDlDyw]. micB ;] pB;km],mI;lWc:] Sbk.] ybc:] mL;El: Kin b ;] hWc.]
rL,sSac];kYan],tikb ;] sW:} eS sc],Ep.l}:Kin b ;] yw]." Ep.Sikb ;] yw]. rL,sSac];kYan],miwB ;] yB,Kin b ;]
dDlD" Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; AL,yU.Ek,Ticu (] 62)yw]. tikb .] l}:kWn;] Sikb ;] tikb ;] yB,El: hiwB .] mW:} nqn,]
eS rL,sSac];kYan],lU.ha}ta}kLC ,yU,yw]."
miwB :] l}:hB.Kaw],nn]. nrSI,hpet.Kin b ;] hB.kbc,] mbn] rL,sSac];kYan],eS nqcs ] KC ] n
b i ;] ekL:yL,
lWc:] l}:Pit;] mL;nn].Et. Kin b K] n b i ;] Am],l}:yw]." pQnp] n b i ;] kikb ;] mn];w}.yB, Ticb y ] am];lQwy ] w]."

7
piun]; sn].SI,

hqc;] kt].Kbn] El: hqc;] micB ;] "

Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] KbnK] wB i ;] nicb :] Abp.] picB ,] wan]:micB ;] hicb n
] an];yw].El: hqc;] kt].Kbny ] pB :] lBc;] n}nn].
pQnT ] cb ;] micB ;] An]ncb i :] yw]." micB ;] pB;km],ekL: Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] lQwk] n] Kp].tam];Abp.] picB ,] hicb n ] an];mL;sm]
250pIyw].eS Ticb m] L;pan]nrSI,hpet.El: hqc;] kt].KunK] wB i ;] Kw]ekL: sc],l}:yUp:] lUc;] mL;yw]."
nrSI,hpet. Am],mI;kCam];hB." Am],mI;nm].kt]." Am],Aw]pa};wBn.] P]"C kbm,] micb .] hQt;] hac]:"
nbc:] lI" kine] kYL," Kam],es;sim,] yB, n];C hac]:n];C ehLkBv;] " nicb :] tL,kinP ] k]; 360mI," Sc]wL:mI,
mn];Am],tQm] hBwm] wb i .] El:kBn;] hLPk]; vL;tam],nk];nLkm];lQwn ] y
} w]."
nrSI,hpet.mI;em; Kw]:Sa}ma}(6)ekL." PCL;esL;'sw]:lBc'] sw]:nac];'Sn Zi ,] PL;'Sn Zi ,] mWk.] '
SZni ,] SBv,] n}yw]." mn];sw]:mI;lbk:] sa}; An]kkbi ;] w}.n];C pbn i ;] (3)ekL. nc],t]:C n}.yw]."
1. dAbsnL,D pQnw] .} kinm] cBi ;] dptQc,] D(ykord )f "
2. dekYL,sCL,D pQnw] .} kinm] cBi ;] dDlD('v)"
3. dSI,hSB,D pQnw] .} kinm] cBi ;] dpBc:] D(pY,I )yB,yw]."
dSI,hSB,DpQnl ] kb :] sa}; An]l:} hBm:] dSZn i ,] mWk.] Dyw]."hn]wL:Am],hk].mn];n}eS mI;lWc:]
sQp;] s]pC cq ;] sc];w}. niwB A ] :B mn];nrSI,hpet.w}.yB,"

Kbny
] :I kCa;} Km]; El: micB ;] pB;km],"
pI1273nn]. Kbnm] n u ,] kUw;] SUc,] Suki ;] (100)ekL. miwB ;] sU;Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km]; tI:micB ;] mit:] "hG:] AWn]
lUc;] pU;km],(puk)M n}El: Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];s].C p].C w}.tI:micB ;] mit:] (50)ekL." sBw;] lUc;] pU;km],(50)ekL."
Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];AWnt ] p].micB ;] mit:] yB,p].C nWk:] wQc;] pB;km]," pW,} (50)ekL.nn]. Kw]:sB;nrSI,hpet."
tqm:] lik:] SBc,] sWm;] wL:
dyam];lQwn ] .} >mbn,] kBw;] tikb ;] l}:micB ;] EK,yw].>micB ;] lan].sw]:ekL:>tBk;] t]:C mbn,] kBw;]
yw].>micB ;] maw];ekL:>l}:hQt;] pQn> ] micB ;] km].sW:} Kw]eS>yB,Sw];w}.yw].>An]hw];mL;n}.>Am],s]:C
tL,mL;tikb ;] Sim;] pB;km],>mL;hQt;] h]:C pQnA ] v B ;] lIkn]kv B ;] >
tL,h]:C pB;km],tikb ;] Ep.>mbn,] kBw;] l}:nn].>etyap],yB,>Sc]wL:tikb ;] Kin b ;] >KL:wan]:kBn;]
micB ;] etlB.Sbm;] kBv;] >Tbk,] Aw]la};lIeS>kp];Sipb ,] hQt;] ekL.kCL,kBv;] El:>sWm;] nc],pB;km],yam]:
Sak]:Ticb l ] an].sw]:mL;miwB :] kWn,] nn].>Aw]mwB i ;] kp];Sipb ,] mbn,] kBw;] Et.>etlIy,B >Dn}yw]."
l}:hn]lki :] yw].ekL: nrSI,hpet.Am],SWn,] nL:SWn,] lc]Sc]eS sCl ] m]S:} km],tivpg ;]
tqp;] t}apqt:] Sikb ;] mbn,] kBw;] (40)ekL." pW,} (10)ekL. Sc],miwB ;] pWc,] Kaw],wL:dmiwB ;] lat]:sw]:SB>mL;tikb ;]
kw]w;} w};>epL;Am],mL;tuki ;] kw]>Tuci p] ;U km],n}.sicb > ] mUci ;] kw]tk];et>tUc.] Sn],KWn;] w}>kUn;]

8
sn].SI, piun];

mUci ;] kw]>tk];Aupi ;] yap]:lU.Sum;] nm]>sC.] hG:] mL;tuki ;] Et.Et.lL:>D}"

kUn;] (10)ekL. AWk,] sU;Kuny] :I kCa} ;Km];yw]. sBw;] kn]mwB i ;] Kin b ;] km];lQw"] Tuci m] ci U ;] mit:] yw].
Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];yB,w}.eS hG:] Kw](60)ekL. Kuni :] mUwi ;] tac],EnKunK] w]Kn b i ;] " pik.] Sm].wL:pB;km],Am],yWm;]
sB;eS pan];Pit;] ekL:yL, pWk:] n}.Et. mbn,] kBw;] yc];p},lBc;] tikb ;] pB;km],nc],kw],"

Kbn]yI:kCa};Km];tibk];pB;km],"
pI1275Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];Kun i :] pQn] sw]:fL.mUci ;] mit:] " pI1277 Sikb ;] pB;km],Kin b :] yL.kw];micB ;] t};
Ticb d] wan]:emL:D" sw]:lUch] mB ,] mUci ;] pn]pn b :] PWn;] El: Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];tbki ;] pB;km], tI:dkan],Ec,D
(cSWc,] KYan];)" Sikb ;] t};KI,mL. Sikb ;] pB;km],Sm].KI,sac].eS tikb ;] kn]" mL.Am],yam]:tikb ;] sac].El:
miwB :] kicb .] kac].hn]sac].nn]. mL.tBk;] s]KC n b ,] pbc:] lqn:] pa}:" tp].Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Kw] SBn:] SQn;] San]
Kw]:Tin B ,] kCL," Pqwk] LC ,n];C Tin B ,] yw]. Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km]; s].C Aw]mL.mt].kikb ;] tBn:] m}.w}." h]:C Sikb ;] km]:PWc:] Kw]:
pqp.] n];C Tin B ,] " km]:PWc:] Kin b :] mqp;] niwB t ] n B :] m}." km]:PWc:] mBk;] ybm;] w}.eS hac]:Sikb ;] p].C pB;km],yB,yw]."
l}:hn]mL.Sikb ;] t}; tBk;] s]KC n b ,] pbc:] lqn:] pa}:Kw]:Tin B ,] kCL,El: pB;km],SWn,] wL: tp].t};Sbm;]
kan].lqn:] pa}:kCL,n}eS AWnk] n]hn b i ,] lBv;] sWm;] km];lQw"] miwB :] tp].pB;km],Kw]:Pqw] n];C tBc,] yw].nn].
Sikb ;] t};AWnk] n]pt b i ;] S],C miwB :] lQwk] n]km];lQwE] l: pin b k] ac],PBc.] tBk;] S],C tp].sac].nn]. min B m] tQ .] PBn]
hL,y],C hL,lBc] lbk.] kac]haw]tkB ;] miwB :] lQwk] n]nn].n}yw]."
tp].sac].pB;km],Am],Kam],l}:" liwb ,] pbc:] lqn:] pa}: PBc.] ya}:Kw]:Tin B ,] kCL, ekL.hB;ekL.tac];yw]."
pWcE] l:Sikb ;] niwB s ] ac]. kWc.] mqn:] kic,] m}.eS pk];Kit;] tBk;] kCL,tc];nm]" siwB ;] tiwB .] pin b k] ac],yat],tBk;]
ekL:mI;" siwB ;] tBk;] s]C AWk,] pa}:ekL:mI;" miwB :] tikb .] tBc.] tin b ,] Sbk.] ybc:] yB,nc],nn] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Kw]
AWnk] n]kzk;] KI,mL.lBv;] tikb ;] Tqc:] " Am],Kam],l}:yw].El: Sikb ;] pB;km],Sbm;] kan].kCL,"
Sbm;] kan].hac]:sL.hac]:la}nc],nn]yw].ekL: yc];p},Sac];kin"] pI1283 Sikb ;] pB;km],Kin b :]
tikb ;] Ticb d] mUci ;] lL:DTqc:] " Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];AWns ] w]:t}a,lUc] tuki ;] tp].pU;km], tI:wan]:emL:dkWc;] sac].D
Tqc:] km];nicb :] yw]." Sikb ;] pWk:] n}.ekL: Sikb ;] pB;km],Sbm;] kan].eS PBc.] ya}:lqn:] pa}:miwB ;] Kin b ;] pB;km],
km];lQwy ] w]."
Sbm;] y],C lBcl ] a}pkW :] nqn,] El: kBwE] hnqn,] eS kBn;] micB ;] pB;km],lat]:wL:dfn]hn]pn b i k] ac],
sp];tiwB .] >fIp.C ] Pk];tBmcB i ;] Kw]>lit B :] yW.} epL;lqck] LC ,SQc:] Dn}yw]." nrSI,hpet.kBwn ] n q ,] El:
h]:C ekL,tm],ticB ;] lWm.] micB ;] " s].C kBn,] yL.Aw]At b ,] kWc;] mB;" kWc;] mB;pB;km],l}:lB.lqwk] LC ,yWn.] n}.tc];nm]
n}yw]." miwB :] tikb .] yL.kWc;] mB;yB,nn]. kBwS ] kb i ;] micB ;] t};lBv;] sWm;] Tqc:] El: Am],tn];p].C TWm,] Kaw],Sc]
eS dnrSI,hpet.DAWk,] p}a:pqt:] micB ;] mn];kCL,yU,yw]."

9
piun]; sn].SI,

Kbn]pa}:t};hBk];"
nrSI,hpet.pa}:picb :] lbk:] sa};mn]; kinm] cB i ;] Dl('v)dekYL,sCL,DekL: tikb .] kBwT ] cq :] yB,El:
Sipb ,] pa}:kCL,sB;lbk:] sa};lBcm] n]; kinm] cB i ;] ptQc,] (ykord )f dAbsnL,Dyw]." kBwd] t};hBk;] Dnqn,] eS
Ticb t ] :I epL;l}:Aw]wan]:micB ;] w}.pqt:] eS AWk,] pa}:El: n];C pin b ;] pB;km],nn]. nrSI,hpet.l}:suwi :]
dKunp] a} :t};hBk;] D(w&kwaf jy;rif;)n}yw]."
miwB :] pan]nn]. micB ;] An]AmB i :] sm]p;B km],eS k}.kp];Sipb ,] kn]y,B nn]. Am],siwb :] micB ;] EK,"pQn]
micB ;] t}; An]m;I w}.yB,n];C Ek: micB ;] EK,El:micB ;] pB;km],nn].yw]." miwB :] pI 649nn]. Kbnt ] ;} hBk;] micB ;]
hBm:] kn]Et,tc]:dmicB ;] lan].sw]:DmL;yw]." kBn;] micB ;] lan].sw]:nn]. hWc.] wL:dt};hBk;] sw]:DeS
lin b m] L;Sm]. yQn;] hWc.] dt};hBk;] Dn}kLC ," man]:hWc.] Am],PQn:] El: Sm].hWc.] wL:dtyBk.] Dn}yw]."
wa};eSnrSI,hpet.pa}:kCL,yw]. PWc;] micB ;] siwB ;] kit b ;] w}.nn]. kBwl ] :} hBp.] eP;KQny ] ,C ] lBcE] l:
h]:C JSL,sw]:ddit.] SQc.] kY;I d(opfqrd =hf u;D rax&)f miwB ;] mWk,] lat]:yWm;] Sikb ;] El: Sikb ;] yw].kCL,yB,yw]."
miwB :] l}:Kaw],Sikb ;] yw].yw].n}nn]. nrSI,hpet.hac]:hqn;] miwB ;] Kin b ;] pB;km],km];lQwy ] w]." nac];tiwb ;]
sbm:] mn];dPCL;esL;Dham]:ekL:Am],l}:" AWnl ] mb ;] lac];KI,hiwB ;] Kin
b :] sWm;] nm].kQwe] S miwB ;] Kin b ;] yw]."
miwB :] Kin
b :] Ticb d] pY,I D SI,hSB,An]pcq ;] sc];sQp;] s]C niwB A ] :B mn];nrSI,hpet.nn]. pW,} Sikb ;]
lWm.] wqt.] hiwB ;] w}.km];lQw"] SBc,] tac];kinS ] ,C ] cBn.] yw]. siSc],sWm;] wL:detl}:kink] m];lQw> ] Sc]Am],
kine] ttqp;] ta}>Dn}yw]." nrSI,hpet.Am],yWm;] kinE] l: PCL;esL;lat]:wL:dsw]:AiwB ;] >miwB :]
lQwn ] .} >kBn;] Sikb ;] SI,hSB,>lWm.] hiwB ;] n}.w}.mBt;] yw].AiwB :] >Sc]wL:sw]:Am],kin> ] Kw]ettqp;] pqt:]
sw]:yw].>Kbne] hLKm];nc],sw]:n}.>kicb ,] ta}n;C ] AicB ,] lit B :] yB,KL:hL.>Dn}El:
nrSI,hpet.TWt,] Aw]kaC c];Sqc] tI:miwb ;] mn];yw].ybk.] eS kin,] kaw],wL:dsBw:] kL:kw]p,} l}:
nik.] pan],eS>tikb .] etl}:pn],yB,>n];C micB ;] KBc;] kac]lcB n ] .} nn].>Pqwh] t W :] fwsat]:pan]leC ] kL:>
yL,h]:C l}:mI;lbk:] sa};Tqc:] >eSsat]:eSpan]>Dn}eS yat],nm].sWm;] yw].ekL: kint ] ac];cBn.]
nn].yw]. nWn;] EP;kCL,niwB h] wBi ;] mn]; tI:dpY,I Dnn].yB,yw]."

Kbny
] :I kCa;} Km]; El: t};Sam]p:I nWc.] "
dt};DsiwU ;] kCL,sWm;] sw]:mWn;] lLeS Et,tc]:miwB ;] maw];w}.n];C micB ;] pB;km],nn]. pQns ] w]:nL;'emL
tine] mLmiwb ;] 'emLSac]:kB:yicB :] yicB :] eS mak]:mI;lIpn Q w] .} yw].El: pQnt] :I kBn;] micB ;] s]y
C ,C ] Kic;] picb :] w}.yw]."
dP]mC ;I cin
b ;] pQns
] w]:>P]mC ;I Kw]:pQnK] n b D] n}El: pan]nrSI,hpet.nn]. t};hBm,] cm];pB;km],w}.yw]."
PWc;] micB ;] lBcd] SqcK] m];pn];D(ocFAv dk )f pQnt] ;} " lbk:] mn];Sam]ekL. pQnk] n i m] cB i ;] w}."Sam]ekL.
pI:nWc.] nn]. kikb ;] pin b ;] man]:wL:dt};Sam]p:I nWc.] D(o#r;f nDaemifo;Hk OD;)n}eSpQn]

10
sn].SI, piun];

(1) A}a:SqcK] ,} (tocF,m) kinm] ciU ;] dmYn i ,] s}a;D"

(2) yI:Sqck] m],(&mZo}uFef) kinm] ciU ;] dmqk.] KrL,D"
(3) Sam]Scq S ] (]C oD[ol) kinm] ciU ;] dpac]k,} PU:D"
w}a;eS nrSI,hpet.Am],mI;yw]. lbk:] sa};mn];dekYL,sCL,DtBk;] lBc;] etkUm:] wac];sU;
nuci :] pInci u :] pWk:] n}El: Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];ybk.] dekYL,sCL,DKun i :] nc]:micB ;] pU;km],yw]. AWnS ] kb i ;] mn];mUwi ;] Kun i ;]
micB ;] mit:] miwB :] pI1287yB,yw]."
Ticb m] L;pI1294 dekYL,sCL,DAm],hQt;] sWm;] nc],tBk;] lBc;] w}.eSkBv;] mw],kL; pW,} Suki ;] Kun i :] tuki ;]
mUci ;] t};Tqc:] " Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];KI,Suki ;] mUci ;] maw];'mci U ;] mit:] 'Sn q w] 'I mci U ;] kWc'] mci U ;] yac]; lUc;] tuki ;] pU;km],Tqc:] "
pI1295nn]. Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];tikb ;] Sim;] l}:dtL:kWcD] "
pI1298nn]. yWn.] dekYL,sCL,DEl: micB ;] Sbk.] ybc:] n}eS t};Sam]p:I nWc.] Sim;] Aw]p;B km],"
tivpW ;] ekYL,sCL,El: lbk:] lac];'nac];em;mn]; kCL,Kc]w.} tI:dmYn i ,] sa};D(jrifpidk ;f )" ekYL,sCL,El:
lbk:] sa};mn];SWce] kL. AWnk] n]pa}:kCL,nbc:] Sac],kan];yw]."
pI1301nn]. ekYL,sCL,Tak]:El: Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];lm];Ticb m] n Yi ,] sa};Tqc:] " t};Sam]p:I nWc.]
wBn.] wL:dyWn.] ekYL,sCL,ekL.lQwe] S>KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] >etl}:lUt i ,] lWn.] nn].>Am],pn]pn Q l ] :} D
n}eS AWk,] hBp.] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];" Aw]lcW :] lIkp];Sipb ,] kn]kLC ,nL:n}El: Sikb ;] l}:kit b ;] kCL," wa};nn].
dekYL,sCL,DKin b :] hQt;] KbnT ] cq :] "
h]:C l}:pQnS ] ak]:eS,kit b ;] w}. lWc:] dt};hBk;] Dyam]:lUc;] tuki ;] Ep.eS pB;km],yam]:yWm;] sB;yB,
n}El: Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];hG:] Kut;] hgc:] lWm.] dpU;km],Dw}.yw]." pQnd] hgc:] Sac];TW;} D(oif;wGw J ;l ajrmif;)
mI;w}.him;] pB;km],yw]." dmUci ;] lan].sw]:Dl}:pQnt ] :C] dmun,] kUw;] DkCL,El: miwB :] An]Kn b y ] :I kCa;} Km];
lBc;] tikb ;] pB;km],nn]. pQnn ] ;C ] pan]mn b ,] kBw;] yw]." pI1368 mun,] kUw;] Sbm;] wan]:micB ;] pn] EK,KiwB ;] mic;]
(Ming)Kin b ;] El: pin b ;] t};'pin b ;] micB ;] lan].sw]: siwB ;] nn].tc];SQc:] ekL: l}:kikb ;] pin b ;] EK,kCL,"
dhgc:] Sac];TW;} D(oif;wGw J ;l ajrmif;)nn].ekL: l}:kik b ;] pinb ;] wL: EK,Kbt;] EK,yam]:Aup.] Tuci h] cg :] nn].
n}w.} yw]."
pI1304 ekYL,sCL,yL.lB.ktiSt i .] sL,eS lat]:kCam];lBla}El: Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];KI,Sikb ;]
lBc;] pB;km],Tqc:] " t};Sam]p:I nWc.] AWk,] TBp;] El: Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];lat]:wL:dSc]swB i .] ekYL,sCL,>Am],
Pun i .] >Am],lUc;] mL;>km];n}.Et.>kL:Am],l}:ekYL,sCL,Am],sB;>Dn}El: A}a:SqcK] ,} (tocF,m)
sWm;] tivpg ;] tqp;] Aw]kkW ;] hBwd] ekYL,sCL,DAap]:pn]" KBw;] KWch] ac]:ehL'Pan],tL,cin b ;] Km];ekYL,sCL,
tc];mBt;] ekL: Aw]Aap]:pn]Kn u y ] :I kCa} ;Km];eS Sikb ;] sc],yw].tBw:] kCL,yB,yw]."
Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];tuki ;] El: micB ;] pU;km],l}:lB.pc];" AL,nL,Kbnp] ;B km],ekL: wWt:] wW;} kCL,lW;} lW;} eS

11
piun]; sn].SI,

pI1369nn]. Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] Kbnp] ;B km], Sbt;] Kat],kCL,lbm;] lbm;] yw]." wa};eSpB;km],lB.yw].dpan]AL,wD
An]pn Q s] wB i .] KiwB ;] t};Sam]p:I nWc.] tc]:Kin b :] mL;nn]. hiwB :] hicb ;] picB ;] S]mC L;" kikb ;] pin
b ;] man]:w}.wL:dpan]t;} D
(SZan];Kit.] )n}yw]." yWn.] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];El: pan]p;B km],l}:wWt:] wa};kCL,eS dpan]AL,wDAn]wL:
dpan]t;} Dnn]. sc],l}:kikb ;] pin b ;] mL;yw]."

eKL:kin,] kaw], Kbny

] :I kCa;} Km];"
wa};eSpB;km],lB.yw]. Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];luwi ;] lc]mL;Et.Et." mUci ;] t]:C micB ;] niwB n ] p].ym]'wac];sB;"
mUci ;] AL,wekL: SUc,] KUw;] KWcP ] an],tL,sU;kU:pIpy I w]." Kbnm] n b ,] kBw;] ekL: s]y C ,C] picb :] Aic'] ycW :] eyL;
Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Et.Et.yw]." KunE] K,dwac].Kqn,] SiD An]hap],pbn:] PWn;] kWn;] w}. tL,lIEl:
t]:C KBc;] nn]. Am],pQc;] epL;niwB K] n b y ] :I kCa;} Km];" map],mCS ] S]C nW ;] En;wL:dKbny ] :I kCa;} Km];>lk].lWmh] mg ]
kUn;] >ettuki ;] Pin b .] Kun i ;] mun,] kUw;] Dn}El: Kbnm] n b ,] kBw;] h]:C sWp,] Tam] lWc:] tac];h]:C Tbk,] mqn:] n}yw]."
dwac].Kqn,] SiDhLla};pWck] t B .] eS hWc.] pac]kmb "] tivpW ;] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];n];C pac]kmb "] Am],sqt:]
Am],Tam] Am],lQc.] Am],lB mt].kikb ;] m}.tWc;] tUn:] nuci :] eS tak],lqt,] tak],na};w}." h]:C pQnt ] :I tWc;] ma}
eKL:Sc],SWn] tam],kBn;] Am],mI;Sit.] sL,n}eS eSL,kBn;] tc];micB ;] kCL,tBv;] " P]A C m],kCL,vL;tam],"
kCL,kB:ekL.kB:hin B ;] El: sQmw] n];elL;Kin b ;] kBn;] Pit b .] kn]tv B ;] kinb ;] w}.tL,eS,n}yw]."
Am],l}:hB.tac];Pit;] sw]:kw],eS l}:TBp;] vL;tam],yB,nn]. Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Pit;] sCn ] nq ,]
El: hWc.] paw],kin,] kaw],EnkBn;] micB ;] yB,kB:Kaw];wL:dEt,sQmf ] EI l:kBn;] tc];la}Av B i ;] >sW:} pQn]
Sak]:eS,kw]eSkm];> Sc]wL:>kw]l:} t}akuki ;] >m}.tWc;] tBn:] n}.kCL,ekL:>fIp.] C m}.tWc;] AiwB ;] >tWc;]
m}aw}.tL.>tBwk] w]ta} ekL:>sCk] w]Am],Kat],>Sc]wL:s]kC w]l:} Kat],ekL:>tBwk] w]Am],ta}>kw]Am],
ta}eSpWk:] n}nn].>pQnS ] ak]:eS,w}.tL.>
m}.tWc;] AiwB .] >m];C etAm],l}:t}a>m];C etAm],l}:hqc:] >m];C etAm],l}:ha}la}>m];C Am],t}a
Am],hqc:] eS>Sipb ,] mI;w}.yB,El:>miwB :] m];C kicb ,] hQt;] kWcl ] :} nn].>hG:] t};mL;Aw]ht Q ;] kWc> ] h},lc]kcW :] fL.
eSkm];>miwB :] kw]l:} cin;] SQck] cW > ] m}.tWc;] tUn:] n}.nn].>kw]etmL;kit B ,] pQnk] n B ;] >kw]etmL;AWn]
hBwt ] ;} AWnh] wB t ] ;} kB:tI:>kB:micB ;] >KWn:] tbmk] n]Kn b i ;] >kw]etmL;hQt;] h]:C Puc;] AUt;} >hiwB :] hBci ;] Kin b ;] >D
kin,] kaw],Am],Tat],Am],wa};yB,nc],nn] hicb s ] t Q ;] wn];sQt;] Kin b ;] yw].ekL: dwac].Kqn,] SiDtqp;] eKL;
Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];pqt:] tI:m}.tWc;] lBcn ] n]. miwB :] pI1306yB,yw]."
lWc:] Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];nn]. kBn;] Tw]:miwB :] kWn,] Kw] Sipb ,] tam];K}:EnmL;wL: wa};eStqp;] hBwm] n];
sw]:yw]. Aw]h:} g EnkBn;] micB ;] w}. tI:m}.tWc;] nn].Tqc:] El: kWk;] hBwn ] n]. tikb .] Sipb ,] hgc.] kin,] kaw],yB,
nc],nn]Tcq :] n}yw]." Kap]:tBwm] n];sw]:nn]. Aw]tm];wac];niwB l ] n i e] kL: f};lbk.] km];lQwE] l:

12
sn].SI, piun];

l}:Pqnw] .} " lin b ;] mL;Aw]kLC ,tac],w}. niwB m] ak],hinl ] cB ] n];C Tm]:tI:nicb :] " Am],pn]twB i .] l}:n}yw]."
tiwB .] linm] wB i :] l]eC kL: etkit B ,] pQnk] n B ;] eS AWnh] wB t ] ;} Kin
b ;] km];lQwn ] E} l: pBk,] lap]:pQnK] v B ]
lam];Kin b :] sB;Kap]:tBw] mn];sw]:kBv;] ekL: l}:Kam],PQw:] pqt:] tL,eS,n}yw]." nc],hiwb m] .} tWc;] nn].
etAm],y],C epL;hQt;] kWcl ] :} nn].ekL: l}:Kam],tqp;] pqt:] tL,eS,n}yw]."
An]Spb i ,] K}:Enkn]mL;nn]. w}.pQnA ] pbm,] ekL:l}:eStL. Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];Sm]. yam]:AWn]
hBwt] ;} mL;Et.yB,n}nn]. pin b ;] pQnS] ak]:eS,kit b ;] w}.yB," An]lak],la}; lBcT ] cq :] Sm].m}.tWc;] nn].
yc];tikb .] Sipb ,] mI;Sa}swC ] .} yB, tI:him;] micB ;] KCan]etL,Ticb h] an].n}.yw]." hbci n ] an];Aan],hBwp] ak],pIyw].El:
Kap]:yC,] Ek,lBc] lUm.] lqwk] LC ,yw].eStL. lbk.] tI:Kap]:hQw,] nn].eS tBn:] AWn,] mun;] m],C AWk,] w}.Tqc:]
yB, nc],hac]:kikb ;] sWm;] n}.yw]."
kCam];kin,] kaw],mn];sw]: mI;Et.Am],mI;Et. s]:C Et.Am],s]:C Et. n}nn].w}.eSkWn,] "
Sc]swB i .] dt};DAm],hQt;] kan]Sc]eS kbm,] micb .] mWc;] p].C mn];sw]:yB,kBv;] Et. pik.] Sm].wL:mn];sw]:
kin,] kaw],w}.yB,Et.ekL:yL, mn];sw]:etkBwd] t};DeS yc];etsac]:pa}:pqt:] t};yB," mn];sw]:
hk].t};tan],hiwb e] kL:lI Sc]wL:dt};D Am],hk].kn]" Am],hk].mn];sw]:" Am],hB.pin b ;] mn];sw]:"
Am],tWn.] ticB ,] kaw],hLmn];sw]:eSpWk:] n}ekL: etsac]:Aw]mn];sw]:k}yan]dt};DyB,nc],kw],"

m}.tWc];Kbn]yI:kCa};Km];
13
sn].SI, piun];

tWn]:(3)

dnac];AI,Km];lqcD] @
AD.(1295-1311)

miBc];maw];lBc]"
miwB :] pI1177nn]. AU:sw]:mWn;] lL dsw]:lUch] mB ,] mUci ;] DnWn;] EP;" Am],mI;P]pC t u :] hac]:ehL
mUci ;] maw];lUcy ] w].El: PWc;] micB ;] kCL,yWn;] tI:sw]:lBcS ] n q E] s:dKbnt ] a},pbc,] DyB,yw]."
Kbnt ] a},pbc,] mI;lbk;] sa}; dPiwB s ] c],Kc],'Kbnt ] a},lBc'] KbnP ] ac],Km];Dn}Sam]ekL.El:
h]:C dKbnP ] ac],Km];DmiwB ;] PWc;] cm];micB ;] maw];lBce] S miwB ;] pbt:] nc]:ehL tI:dwQc;] mBn;] Dyw]." pI1178Ka}.
pBk;] tc]:hac]:ehL dwQc;] wa}D" tI:him;] KBwl ] cB d] KCac]PwBi D] yB,yw]."
pI1189mL; SiwB l ] cB A
] n]yaw];Sip;] SWcS ] kW ,] tBwn ] cb i :] KBp;] lbk:] yic;] Kbnm] cB i ;] lan].sw]:yw].
pa}:lBc;] n];C micB ;] SqnE] s:n}El: Kbnm] cB i ;] lan].sw]:h]:C sW:} tivpW ;] SBc,] pn]" kBn;] micB ;] tivpW ;] l}:yw].
sw]:lBcS ] n q E] s:pn]Kn b P] ac],Km];miwB ;] SBc,] Ticb l ] an].sw]:yw]."
sw]:ehLSqcl ] an].sw]: cin;] hBms ] mB ;] nqn,] El: Pak],tWn:] KBw;] KWcE] l:sbm:] Km]; An]nk];
nicb :] pn];(80kYap]:)lbk:] nicb :] eS la}:siwb :] m],C S],C siwb :] lIpn] KbnP ] ac],Km];wL:dsw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] Dn}yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

pI1189nn]. dsw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] Dlbk.] wQc;] wa}Ka}.tc]:wQc;] m],C tI:Tbc.] maw];him;] dnm].epL:D
Pa},san];dpac]Kam];Dnn].yw]." micB ;] maw];'mcB i ;] wn];'mcB i ;] nL:'sn];tL'mcB i ;] tI;'mcB i ;] himb ;] 'mcB i ;] KCan]'mcB i ;] KiwB ;] '
micB ;] yac];'micB ;] KL'tLyL. siwB ;] nn].tc];SQc:] pQnm] cBi ;] t]:C sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] PWc;] cm];yw]."

sw]:lBcm] qw.] pbc,] El: lbk:] lac];nac];em;"

dsw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] DmI;luk:] yic;] SI,nac];" etL,Ticb A ] L,yB.y],C Ek,yw].ekL: Am],mI;lbk:] sa};
An]etpbt:] hac]:ehLEl: PWc;] micB ;] tc];la}An W k] n]nk];s]wC .} yB," lbk:] yic;] nn].sicb ]
1. nac];ey:Km];lUc,] (kUt i ,] 1266 miwB ;] Kin b :] p].C mUci ;] nWcE] S)"
2. nac];AI,Km];lqc] (kUt i ,] 1270 Am],Et,nL:hBn i ;] " yU,sW:} kan]A:U )"
3. nac];Aam]eAL; (kUt i ,] 1273 miwB ;] Kin b :] p].C mUci ;] kWc)] "
4. nac];SqcA ] ,} (kUt i ,] 1276 miwB ;] Kin b :] p].C kQc;] hbc.] )"
mUci ;] maw];lUcy
] am]:Kat],Kunm] L;El: Am],mI;luk:] s}a;nn]. pQnl ] cW :] nk];s]wC .} Et.Et."
dnac];AI,Km];lqcD] An]p.C ] sW:} kan]A:B yU,nn].ekL: kBwS ] a}Spb i ,] Kbnm] cB i ;] maw];Kat],Tqc:] " kBwl ] :} Kam],tac],
wan]:tac],micB ;] Kw]:simy ] L.kw];El: nk];s]wC .} yB,Et.Et."
nac];AI,Km];lqcn ] n]. dnc];AI,Dn}ekL:hWc.] yw]." mbc:] mWc;] mI;nWc.] sa};pbt:] tqn;] sw]:AB:
Abp.] picB ,] micB ;] maw];El: pI1287 nac];AI,h]:C sw]:AB:kUp.] kU:kikb ;] AUv;] ekL.mn];dnac];AWn,] DTqc:] "
nac];AWn,] nn]. dnac];wac]:Es:Dn}ekL:hWc.] yw]."
pI1288 Kunp] ;U km],dekYL,sCL,D Aw]ncW .] yic;] mn];dnac];sic,] D Sak]:sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] Tqc:] "
nac];fL.sic,] hWt:] micB ;] maw];l}:hBk;] lUn i ] kUt i ,] lQc.] luk:] s}a;" S],C siwb :] wL:dsw]:pU;Km];D" nac];fL.sic,]
yicB ;] Aan];Aw]lkb :] mn];pQn] kqmm] ciU ;] mUci ;] maw];lUcy ] ,B yw]."
pI1289 dnac];AWn,] Dsp];Sn],eT,mL;El: nac];fL.sic,] Pit;] s]l C cB l
] ac]eS Kicb h] Lla};
yL.kw];hQt;] h]:C sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] hn]Pt i ;] nac];AWn,] yB,yw]." nac];fL.sic,] s].C lbm;] lac];mn];
An]lkb .] pB;km],mL;sWm;] nn]. Pqnh] t Q ;] h]:C pin
B :] hn]Pt i ;] nac];AWn,] yB,yw]."
miwB :] P]A
C m],hn] pW,} h]:C kBn;] sa};miwB ;] pqp.] SWn:] w}.n];C mit
b ;] " miwB :] eSekL.ekL.lqp:] ethn]Sm].
tc]:s]hC t Q ;] nc],lbk.] n];C lbk;] nac];AWn,] AWk,] mL;eS lqn:] lBc;] ehLha}la}kLC ," k}.k}.hQt;] nn]y,B El:
Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; Kaw],wWc;] wqc;] AWk,] mL;wL:dnac];AWn,] lk].lQn:] sB.kqmP ] wB D] n}yw]."
nc],hiwb e] tliwb ;] Tqc:] nac];fL.sic,] pW,} Kaw],wL:DkBn;] sa};ekL.nicb :] >lbk.] n];C lbk;] nac];AWn,] >
lqn:] Kin b :] sWme] hLeS>AWk,] pa}:kCL,kB:Kin b ;] >Dn}Tcq :] yw]." Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] l}:
Kaw],nn].eS pW,} kBn;] lWmc] ;}W ekL: l}:Kaw],nc],yam]:cin;] nn].Tqc:] kBv;] "

2
sn].SI, piun];

lin b ;] nn]. tBwm] n];sw]:AWk,] tBv;] hc];kBv;] " nac];fL.sic,] Pqnw] .} yw].El: hn]kn B ;] sa};
ekL.nicb :] AWk,] mL;n];C mit
b ;] yw]. kzk;] Kin
b :] sWme] hLnac];AWn,] eS pa}:kCL,yB,yw]." sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] s]C
lm]nn q ,] El: lm];lUv;] nac];AWn,] AWk,] hac]:ehLkCL,km];lQw"]
Sac].eKL:pBcn ] k];pL;wL:dPCe] kL.lCe] Smw],wL:>etAm],l}:sW:} nac];AWn,] >Et,sQmK] w]:
nm].tac];kin> ] tI:yB,tn];Sw];>tI:nc]:tI:nWn;] nn].>tk];etAm],l}:yin b :] pn]lL;lL;>P]C
liwB e] KL:pBcn ] .} ekL:>lap],yU,nUwi e] KL:yU,tC:] >Dn}yw]."
nac];AI,SWn,] pQnA ] vB ;] ekL." pQnn ] ac];lBcm] cB i ;] maw];" pQnE] m:nWc.] " pQnn] ac];yic;] min
B k] n]"
sp];Sn],eT,eS lBc;] hac]:ehLkCL," cin;] AQt;] lBnn q ,] El: yWn;] mit.] tL,AQt;] lBpn]ekL:
sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] Am],PWm.] lL;lL;" mn];nac];sc],wBn.] hLlWk;] la}; tL,etsW:} Tqmy ] ,B yw]."

enL,Sqc]miBc];maw];lBc]"
nac];AWn,] ekL: Am],liwB l ] :} eKL:pBcn
] k];El: pL;Sn],eT,eS lUc;] hac]:ehLkCL," kCam];pBc]
nk];Kbnn ] n
} n]. kBn;] tc];micB ;] Am],ht];pBn.] pqnl ] L;lL;" dkBn;] Am],hn]ekL:>fIhn]>lk].pBn.]
pqne] KL:Sac].Kbn> ] sac]:tbk.] KDn}El: P]eC kL:Am],ht];tk].ht];lat]:etL,"picB n ] cb i :] ekL: kBwl] :}
vL;tam],nk];El: AQt;] lBy,B ekL: Am],ht];sW:} Tqmn ] ac];AWn,] "
nac];AWn,] yWn;] puci :] hBm:] l]C PCA ] m],hp]." yWn;] kint ] :I l]C P]A C m],lQc.] " yWn;] nc]:liwb :] kBv;]
P]AC m],PWm.] " Am],sac]:picb :] P]EC l: pa}:AWk,] wQc;] kCL," mac]wn];l}:kin"] mac]wn];Aipb ;] " mac]Kn b i ;]
nWn;] n];C ybm;] " mac]Kn bi ;] nWn;] niwB l ] n i "] mac]Kn bi ;] Am],l}:nWn;] " Km]:tI:l]n C nW ;] tI:nn]:"
vL;tam],Kbne] S Sipb ,] Sa}st C ] wB k] w],El: lbk:] n];C tWc.] yB,nn]. nac];AWn,] tbk.] KKan]sEC ] t.Et."
nac];AI,likB :] Aw]kn B ;] mn];nac]; An]m;I lWc:] Am]lp].l}:El: l}:tm];s]n C n]. sWm;] K}:sWm;]
SWk:] hLnac];AWn,] " hLpn]t:I mBk;] eSL.yB,Sw];" SBc,] lQc.] Kw]:nm].tac];kin"] nac];AWn,] sc],
Am],Aipb ;] Am],yak]:eS l}:mUk;] eSL.w}.yB,tI: wan]:dnm].k},emL,Dhim;] tinl ] l } W aw];" yam];lQwm] ;I sQc,]
san];wn];tBk;] mB,Es:" Pa},AWk,] kbc;] SL,'Es:h};nn].yw]."
nac];AWn,] mqp;] mBk;] yB,Sw];w}.hQt;] nn]eS pI1290nn]. kit B ,] lQc.] lbk:] PLEPSam]ekL."
pQnk] n
B ;] sa};tc];mBt;] El: nac];AI,tc]:siwb :] nWc.] wL:dKunA ] a} :cm];mUci ;] 'Kn
u y] :I Kac]Km];'Kn u S
] am]lcB D]
n}yw]." lin b ;] mL; KbnS ] am]lcB n ] n]. KunS ] am]kn W ;] cin
b ;] (AA)Sam]lcB f ] L.n}ekL: hWc.] yw]."
nac];fL.sic,] lWmA ] w]Kaw],nac];AWn,] yB,tL,eS,El: hB.wL:mI;kBn;] lk].sW:} tBv;] Ticb ]
lQc.] lBw.} eS kit B ,] lbk:] sa};mL;Sam]ekL.n}eS Pit;] s]l C cB l] ac]yw]. pW,} kUn;] sWm;] pWck] t B .] nac];AWn,]
Kw]Em:lbk:] Tqc:] yB,yw]."

3
piun]; sn].SI,

nac];AI,tn];l}:Kaw], nac];fL.sic,] sWm;] Pqnk] t B .] nn].eS pW,} kUn;] KI,mL.lt];tac];kCL,sW:}

km];lQw"] kBn;] nac];AI,El:kBn;] nac];fL.sic,] tuki ;] Pn];kn]" kBn;] nac];AI, Aw]Kw]Em:lbk:]
lWt:] eP;l}:eStL. km]:PWc:] l}:wat],sQp;] " km]:PWc:] l}:tBk;] Sbm;] kCL,yB,"
pI1292AL,yB.nWc.] l}:(2)KUp,] eS PWc;] tikb .] naw]w.} yB,nn]. nac];fL.sic,] pW,} kBn;]
sWm;] hQt;] KQnT ] cq :] " nac];AI,pW,} kBn;] sWm;] sW:} Tqc:] " pWk:] n}.ekL: l}:tikb ;] Pn];kn]" kUn;] nac];AI,
km]:PWc:] tUk;] Sum;] Tqc:] " nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] pUn.] lWt:] KQn] nac];fL.sic,] eStL. l}:pa}:nI
PWc;] naw]Kn b i :] 'l:} tUk;] sCk] wU E] hEl: yBt;] yLAm],l}:eS dKunA ] a} :cm];mUci ;] DlU.h}at}akCL,yU,yw]."
wa};eSpBn.] lWt:] KQny ] w]. nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] Kin b ;] miwB ;] tQt,] yB,w}.n];C Tm]:yB,yw]."
miwB :] nn]. mI;SiwB P ] kB i ,] epL:Em:lbk:] miwB ;] mBk;] eSL.yB,sWm;] Tm]:nn].Tqc:] " Am],pn]eP;Kw]
Em:lbk:] kBv;] mw],kL; k}.lQn:] ekL.SWcp] :I nWc.] Tqc:] El: pQnl ] cW :] lak],la};lBcE] t.Et.n}yw]."
miwB :] lQn:] ekL.SiwB n ] n]. yI:Kac]Km];k}.l}:hW;} nQp.] SiwB A ] n W ,] ya};Kan],tiwB .] mqn:] w}.tL,eS,El:
sp];siwb :] wL:dyI:SiwB K] an],Dn}yw]." tc]:Aw]nn].mL; yI:SiwB K] an],k}.ha}la}kLC , lQn:] ekL.SiwB y ] ,B
tL,eS,n}yw]."

4
sn].SI, piun];

pI1294nn]. pI:Aa}:nac];fL.sic,] Kbnp] ;B km],dekYL,sCL,D pW,} Suki ;] Kun i :] tuki ;] micB ;] t};El:
Kuny ] :I kCa} ;Km];KI,Suki ;] mUci ;] maw];'mci U ;] mit:] 'Sn
q w] 'I mci U ;] kWc'] mci U ;] yac]; lUc;] tuki ;] pU;km],yB,yw]." micB ;] Sbk.] El:
nac];fL.sic,] Am],ht];yB,micB ;] maw];eS AWnl ] ku :] s}a;mn];mUwi ;] Kinb ;] pU;km]," Ticb p] ;B km],yw]. Am],hicb ]
Am],nan]; sp];m}:'K:} naw]yt B ;] yLAm],l}:El: sw]:pU;Km];t}akCL,yU,yw]." Am],mI;lbk:] sa};et
Aw]EK.KQc,] pQnK] n b m] cB i ;] maw];l}:yw].eS micB ;] pB;km],ekL: Sbk.] ybc:] nqn,] El: nac];fL.sic,] p},ht];
miwB ;] Kin
b ;] micB ;] maw];"

nac];AI,Kibn]:Abp].miBc];"
pI1295 sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] nWn;] EP;yw]." mUci ;] maw];lUcA ] m],mI; ekL.etput:] hac]:ehLEt.
yw]." enL,Sqct ] n i b ;] Km];SWcp] :I nWc.] ekL: pQnl ] kb :] Em:l}:TBp;] tam],w}." AL,yU.ekL: yc];tikb .] lQk.]
yB,El: Am],sac]:yuk.] yWc:] Aup.] mUci ;] " etpW,} pQnm] cB i ;] lbt:] sw]:ham];Kbne] kL: micB ;] him;] hWm;] etsac]:Kw]:
simE] l: wBn.] yap],w}.yB,Et.Et.yw]."
taw].'Sci u ,] 'PcW ;] mUci ;] tc];l}a kbmk] n]wL:dnac];AI,Km];lqcn ] .} >yam]:yB,him;] sw]:AB:eS>sW:}
kan]mL;El:>mI;tBwT ] pB ;] kan]PcW ;] cm];wan]:micB ;] yB,>Sc]wL:Am],K]:C h]:C wan]:micB ;] >tBk;] t]:C tac],
wan]:tac],micB ;] Et.>Tbk,] ybk.] nac];AI,>Kin b :] Abp.] micB ;] kBv;] yw].>Dn}eS tbk;] yWn;] nac];AI,Kin b :]
pbt:] hac]:ehLEl: miwB :] Et,Et. nac];AI,Am],K]:C PWm.] hp]." PWc;] micB ;] tc];la} tbk;] yWn;] nqn,] El:
mn];nac];wBn.] wL:
dPWc;] miwB :] >micB ;] t};El:>pB;km],tikb ;] kn]eS>wan]:micB ;] Sbk.] ybc:] w}.yB,nc],n}> nac];fL.
sic,] ekL:>miwB ;] mI;w}.tI:pB;km],>Sc]swB i .] t};Am],Ep.pB;km],El:>micB ;] maw];Sm].Kat],Kbnw] .} n}scb i > ]
mUci ;] maw];etsac]:>tUk;] tC:] pU;km],kCL,>miwB :] nWc.] y],C mL;ekL:>etAm],mI;wan]:micB ;] >Aup.] pUci ,] yw].
El:>Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] Kbnm] cB i ;] maw];>etha}la}kLC ,>Dn}eS mbc:] Ticb k] am],kYam],mL,wan]:micB ;] miwB ;] nL:El:
nac];AI,Kun i :] Aup.] pUci ,] mUci ;] maw];lUc] miwB :] pI1295nn].yU,yw]."
nac];AI,Kun i :] pQnK] n ] w].eStL. Am],kicb .] kac].ht];San]Kt];pqt:] eKL:pBcn
u y ] k];sw]:AB:
El: Am],sac]:hgc.] Aw]nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] Kw]:hac]:ehLKun i ;] km];lQw"] Sipb ,] lk].lWml ] cQ .] lU
w}.yU,tI:kw],nn].kUv;] yw]." pI1304nn]. A}a:SqcK] ,} (tocF,m) tqp;] Aw]hwB d] ekYL,sCL,DSak]:
Ticb K] n b y] :I kCa;} Km];El: nac];fL.sic,] Am],ht];yB,pB;km],yw].eS miwB ;] picb :] nac];AI,Kin b ;] "
pI1305miwB :] AL,yU.nWc.] l}:(15)KUp,] nac];AI,wL:dKbnP ] cW ;] cm];wan]:micB ;] >mn]:kimb ;] Kin
b :] y],C
nn].>etl}:mI;kCam];hB.lI>ABv;] ekL.lIEl:>kicb ,] lIpkB ;] pWcp] n]ncW .] yw].>Dn}eS SBc,] Kuny ] :I
miwB ;] sU;nac];ey:Km];lUc,] mUci ;] nWcE] S" pW,} KunS ] am]lcU m] wB i ;] sU; nac];Aam]eAL; tI:kQc;] hbc.] yB,yw]."

5
piun]; sn].SI,

micB ;] maw];lBc] El: micB ;] mit:] "

pI1306 Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];nWn;] EP;El: Am],mI;Kbnp] t b :] PWc;] cm];micB ;] mit:] yw]." PWc;] micB ;]
miwB ;] yWn;] tI:dKbnt ] a},pbc:] Dsw]:lBcS ] n q E] s:El: h]:C lbk:] sa};lBcm] n];dPiwB s ] c],Kc],D miwB ;] PWc;] cm];
micB ;] mit:] yw]."
dPiwB s ] c],Kc],Dtn];hQt;] Kbnl ] :} SWcp] kI v B ;] eS nWn;] EP;kCL,El: pI1308 lbk:] sa};mn];
dKunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] dKinb :] pbt:] " lbk:] yic;] sw]:fL.micB ;] lqm;] dnac];Aam]KcW ,] DmiwB ;] pQnn ] ac];fL.dKunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] d
w}.El: nWc.] yic;] mn];nac];dnac];kan]:Km];SCD] ekL: miwB ;] yB,sWm;] tI:micB ;] mit:] w}.yw]."
dPiwB s ] c],Kc],DpQnp] :I Aa}:AWk,] AWk,] KbnP ] ac],Km];(sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] )El: Kunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] KL
nac];AI,ekL: pQnl ] ku :] pI:luk:] nWc.] kn]yw]." micB ;] mit:] El:micB ;] maw];lBc] pQnm] cB i ;] pI:micB ;] nWc.] kn]eS
micB ;] maw];Am],mI;kqmm] cB i ;] w}.El: Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] mbc:] mWc;] l}:Abp.] pL;micB ;] maw];eS k}.miwB ;] SB,s];C micB ;] maw];
tL,eS,yw]."
pI1309nn]. nac];AI,sp];tac];pQn"] Kunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] miwB ;] p].C yB,tI:micB ;] maw];" miwB :] hB.wL:nac];AI,
etAm],Kqn;] Kin b ;] yw].n}nn]. Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] yWn;] h]:C Aw]mcB i ;] maw];Aap]:pn]mn];eStL. nac];AI,
Am],tWp,] Sc]" lk].nk];s]C tL,wan]:micB ;] mn];nac];yB,Et.Et." tac];pQne] kL: kin;] mL;lW;} lW;} "
nWc.] sa};Sm]. Am],mI;tI:wan]:micB ;] El: nac];AI,sc],lk].pW,} kBn;] sWm;] K}: h]:C mL;Kin b ;] w};w};yB,yw]."

nac];AI,nWn];EP;"
pI1310 nac];AI,Am],lam];hB.l}: Sa}st C ] wB k] w],El: lk].kbmd] PWc;] Kac];Dmn];nac];yw].
h]:C Aw]smu :] mUci ;] maw];lUc] An]pn Q K] m];nk];nicb :] pn];(80kYap]:)nn]. kCL,pn]nac];AWn,] Sim;] w}."
Sc],lat]:pL;wL:
dAm],hicb A ] m],nan];>micB ;] maw];lBch] w];n}.>etsac]:mI;lWc:] Sbk.] ybc:] >himw] an]:micB ;] kn]
yB,>nWc.] SWcs ] w]:ekL:>p},Pqwh] t W :] mL;El:>mI;lWc:] nk];s]eC S>Aw]smb :] micB ;] SBc,] mL;yw].>Am],
K]:C h]:C TBp;] eP;yWn.] El:>sBw:] kL:Kaw];mn];p},Ticb n ] n].>Am]lp].w}.lWc:] n}.lIl> I
miwB :] nWc.] hWt:] mL;El:>mI;lWc:] himm] cBi ;] kn]scbi > ] h]:C nWc.] Aw]smb :] micB ;] n}.>pQnS ] ak]:eS,
eS>Kin b :] pbt:] Sa}Spb i ,] Kbn> ] micB ;] maw];lBch] w];kCL,>Dn}yw]." nac];AWn,] Aw]smb :] micB ;] kCL,Pc]w.}
t]:C mak],hinl ] cB h] mi ;] Tm]: mn];nac];nn].yw]."
pI1311 l}:Aw]smb :] micB ;] pn] nac];AWn,] w}.yw].El: nac];AI,pBcs ] kC ] LC ,yw].eS PWc;] miwB :]
nWc.] tikb .] mI;yB,sWm;] tac];nn]. nac];AI,nWn;] EP;kCL,yB,yw]." wa};lin b ;] mL; sbm:] micB ;] nn].
pQnS ] ak]:eS,lBc] pn]h:C] nWc.] Kin b :] PWc;] cm];micB ;] maw];l}:Et.yw]."

6
sn].SI, piun];

nac];AI,Km];lqc] pQnl ] ku :] yic;] lItL,

dAB:D"pQnp] :I nac];lItL,dnWc.] D" pQnK] n u l] t I L,
dwan]:mUci ;] D" pQnn ] ac];yic;] lItL,dsiwB .] sat]:D
El: mUci ;] maw];lUcA ] m],ha}la}kLC ,eS wa};lin b ;] mL;
l}:mI;pin b ;] liwb ;] lc]mL;Tqc:] yB,yw]."
Sc]swi U .] Am],mI;pI:nac]; nc],nac];AI,
n}scbi ] SUwi K] an],fL.El:Sam]lcU f ] L.ekL:
etAm],sac]:mI;mL;l}:" sw]:ehLSqcl ] cB d] sw]:
SiwB K] an],fL.Dn}nn].ekL: etAm],sac]:kikb ;]
pin
b ;] liwb ;] lc]w.} mL;pn]l:} nc],kw],"
nac];yic;] hQt;] Kbn"] nac];yic;] kqt,]
EKmicB ;] " nac];yic;] hk].siwB .] sat]:" nac];yic;]
hk].wan]:micB ;] " nac];yic;] kt].Kqn,] n}nn].
kBn;] tac],KiwB ;] kBv;] mI;mL;Am],siwb :] " dt};DekL:
mI;yB,n}nn]. dnac];AI,DpQnS ] ak]:eS,Enw}.
yB,ekL.nicb :] "
hk].siwB .] sat]:" hk].wan]:micB ;] " nm].
kt].tac];Kqn,] n}nn]. Am],wL:yic;] Am],
wL:sa};" mI;min B k] n]y,B n}nn].ekL: dnac];AI,D
pQnS ] ak]:eS,Enw}. yB,ekL.nicb :] "
Sc]wL:mI;kicb ,] TikB :] yB,sicb ] dt};DAm],
sqk,] Tan]:yic;] sa};" dt};Dpn]Sn b ,] nac];yic;]
pQc;] PB:sa};yB, n}nn].ekL: dnac];AI,DpQn]
Sak]:eS,Enw}. yB,ekL.nicb :] "
nac];yic;] kt].tac];Kqn,] " nac];yic;]
hk].siwB .] sat]:" nac];yic;] hQt;] KbnA ] pb .] picB ,]
wan]:micB ;] mL;nn]. Am],siwb :] wL: mI;nac];AI,
ekL.lQwk] v B ;] " yam]:mI;mL;tc];nm]y,B "

mak],hinm] n
W S
] w]ehLnac];AI,
7
sn].SI, piun];

tW n ] : (4)

dSiwU K] an],fL.D
AD.(1290-1365)

sbm:] micB ;] "

nac];AI,nWn;] EP;yw].ekL: dKunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] dh]:C PWc;] micB ;] Kw] ybk.] wan]:micB ;] Aap]:mn];km];lQw]
yw]." PWc;] micB ;] km]:PWc:] K]:C Aap]:pn]eStL. km]:PWc:] Sm].Am],PWm.] El: Kunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] lat]:wL:
dmicB ;] maw];lBcS
] n B .} >liwB e] Skw]>Am],mI;P]pC tb :] l}:yw].>yWn.] Sc]Am],K]:C Aap]:pn]kw]>lat]:
Aw]ll I EI l:>Am],pn]ekL:>ettikb ;] Aw]>epL;kBwm] cB i ;] SBl.B >Aap]:km];lQw> ] Dn}yw]."
PWc;] Kac];nac];AI,lat]:wL:dmicB ;] maw];lBch] w];KL:n}.>pQnw] an]:y],C micB ;] lBc> ] pQnm] cBi ;] mI;

1
piun]; sn].SI,

sbm:] micB ;] >Aw]Km];hQt;] w}.>nk];nicb :] pn];n}ekL:>sw]:hw];hB.yB,b >tc]:Aw]sw]:nac];hw];KL:>sp];

K}:sp];naw]>etL,Ticb w] n];miwB :] n}.>Am],l}:hn]smb :] Km];nn].yw].>Am],mI;sbm:] micB ;] >Am],sac]:
PWc;] cm];wan]:micB ;] n}ekL:>sw]:hw];ethB.liwB h] w];KL:yB,>
lWc:] etAap]:wan]:micB ;] >Am],Aap]:n}nn].>hw];KL:pQnP ] cW ;] micB ;] kBv;] El:>Am],mI;AL,
nL,>tqp;] tt];l}:>hB.kL:etl}:>tqp;] tt];>hQt;] Sac]:sWm;] nc],>Tbc;] An]m;I mL;sQmk] n W ,]
nn].kBv;] KL:>P]mC ;I sbm:] micB ;] >An]etAw]pn Q > ] mik:] ma}PcW ;] cm];micB ;] ekL:>hw];KL:etl}:ybk.]
wan]:micB ;] Aap]:pn]kv B ;] >lWc:] sbm:] micB ;] nn].>sw]:nac];hw];>Am],Sc],Sc]w.} KL:El:>yBwm] n];
nac];pn]sw]:hw];w}.KL:hiwb > ]
Sc]wL:sum:] mUci ;] hw];KL:>mI;tI:sw]:hw];yB,n}.Et.>Kun i :] pQns ] w]:pUci ,] nm].cm];linh] w];KL:
km];lQwe] kL:>hw];KL:Am],TQc> ] Sc]wL:Am],mI;n}Et.>kBwl ] :} Pit;] Tbc;] wan]:micB ;] El:>hw];KL:
Am],sac]:Aap]:pn]KL:>hB.kL:etl}:AWnk] n]p.C ] >etL,Ticb h] n]Kn b i ;] >sbm:] wan]:sbm:] micB ;] hw];
KL:nn].kBv;] >Dn}El: Kunt ] a} ,Kuni :] siSc], SWk:] hLsbm:] Km];lBcn ] n]. n];C hac]:ehLkB:tI:" n];C wan]:
micB ;] kB:hin B ;] " PWc;] micB ;] Kw]ekL: Sac].eSL,tc];micB ;] wL:
dsbm:] Km];lBcm] cB i ;] maw];n}.>tc]:Aw]sw]:nac];AI,Am],mI;yw].nn].>Am],hn]yw].El:>
min
B m] cB i ;] Am],mI;sw]:Kbnw] .} >mI;tI:P]eC kL:>Aw]mL;Aap]:pn]Kn b i ;] km];lQw> ] Sc]wL:pQnk] n B ;] micB ;] yBw;]
yBw;] >etpn]S;B y],C lap]:lBc> ] ettac],pQns ] n].Sicb ,] PWc;] micB ;] >Sc]wL:pQnK] wB i ;] sw]:KiwB ;] Kbn> ] et
ybk.] yWc:] >pQns ] w]:pQnK] n b K] n bi ;] km];lQw> ] Dn}yw]."
tW,} mWc;] hWc.] eSL,yB,la}wn];ekL: Am],mI;P]A C w]mL;Aap]:pn]" Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] h]:C Sikb ;] mn];
Kin b :] SWk:] tw] kB:AicB ,] 'k;B pWk.] 'k:B yWm,] 'k:B hin B ;] ekL: Am],TBp;] " miwB :] nn]. nac];fL.sic,] An]sc];
nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] w}.yB,nn]. pW,} Kaw],wL:dEK;etmI;yB,>tI:nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] >Dn}El:
Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] SBc,] Sikb ;] wqt.] lWm.] SWk:] tI:nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] yB,nn].km];lQwy ] w]."
PWc;] nn]. SWcp] :I nWc.] p},Ticb m] cB i ;] Kin b ;] El: mI;nac];AWn,] ekL.lQwk] v B ;] " Sikb ;] Kbnt ] a},Kin b :]
AWnk] n]SkW :] hLsbm:] micB ;] Am],hn]El: sqt:] Tam]nac];AWn,] ekL: tin b ;] Am],AWk,] lL;lL;" Tam]ht Q ;]
hiwb e] kL: Am],hB.Am],hn]y,B kBv;] El: tivpW ;] nac];AWn,] miwB ;] sB; Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] yB,yw]." Kbnt ] a},Kin b :]
sqt:] Tam]ekL: Am],hB.n}Tcq :] El: kL:Am],pn]Kn b i ;] sbm:] micB ;] etAm],pW,} n}eS Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] h]:C Kc]
nac];AWn,] w}.yw]."
wa};eSSikb ;] micB ;] mit:] tivpW ;] nac];AWn,] kCL,yw]. dyI:Kac]Km];DPqwh] t W :] tI:Tm]:Kw]Em:lbk:]
yw]. Am],TBp;] Em:El: Sipb ,] lm];sWm;] hLK}:Em:Ticb e] hL" Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] tivpW ;] dyI:Kac]Km];DKc]w.} Tqc:]
yB,yw]."

2
sn].SI, piun];

miwB :] nn].dnac];kan]:Km];S]DC AQt;] lBScW E] m:lbk:] eS lk].yin b :] mqc,] S],C SBp;] kCam];
kBn;] p].C KWk:] h]:C pn]ScW E] m:lbk:] yB,Sw];kinl ] wI .} yw]." SWcE] m:lbk:] l}:Kam],Kc]w.} yB,yw].eStL.
KunS ] am]lcU E] t.p},hWt:] Kin b ;] wan]:micB ;] "

AQn];Aan];tQm]TBn]:"
Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] SWn,] wL: dsbm:] micB ;] mI;tI:nac];AWn,] Kw]Em:lbk:] kBv;] >lBw,] hLlWk;] la};>Aw]
Kin b ;] h]:C l}:kBv;] >Dn}eS kbmk] n]tc];PWc;] micB ;] mn];yw]." PWc;] micB ;] mn];pn]pa};wBn.] wL:dsbm:] micB ;] mI;
tI:Kw]Em:lbk:] eStL.>Sc]wL:hw];KL:Enl}:>lWc:] An]Kn b y ] :I KLpI:nWc.] >Am],s]:C lbk:] KbnP ] ac],
Km];>n}kv B ;] ekL:>Kw]Kn b i :] hQt;] Kbnm] cB i ;] Am],l}:yw].>miwB :] lQw> ] kBn;] micB ;] til:} >mIkaC;} lBcE] l:SiwB ]
lBc> ] mL;Sak]:w}.yB,>hw];lBw,] h]:C >hm];kn]tc];>mIEl:SiwB n ] n].eS>hQt;] h]:C Kbny ] :I Sbm;] >
lBw,] pin b P ] aw],wL:>nc],hiwb e] tsac]:ybk.] yWc:] >Kbny ] :I KLpI:nWc.] >Kin b :] pQnK] n
b m] cB i ;] maw];lBc]
l}:nn].>etl}:Tt];tBv;] wL:>pQnl ] kb :] PC> ] sWc,] s]:C lbk:] KbnP ] ac],Km];>Sc]wL:s]:C >etybk.]
hQt;] Kbnm] cB i ;] >Sc]wL:Am],s]:C >lBw,] Aw]smb :] micB ;] >AWk,] pn]Kn b i ;] >yWn.] nn].>eth]:C Kbny ] :I
hm];tc];mIEl:SiwB > ] Sc]wL:>pQnl ] kb :] KbnP ] ac],Km];Et.>h]:C Kbny ] :I Ep.>Sc]Am],siwb :] >h]:C fL.fI
pn]tam],mn];>n}eShBv;] Aw]kn B ;] micB ;] pQns ] hC ] w];>
linb ;] nn].>h]:C Kbny ] :I hm];tc];>mIEl:SiwB > ] hQt;] hiwb e] kL:>Kbny ] :I etta}y,B >epL;
nn]>P]eC kL:etAm],En;hw];yw].>Sc]wL:mn];Am],ht];hm];ekL:>mn];Am],siwb :] >lbk:] Kbn]
Pac],Km];n}eS>etSbm;] lWk;] hw];Tqc:] El:>etl}:Aw]>sbm:] micB ;] Aap]:pn]sw]:yB,yw].>D
n}El: AWnk] n]PmW .] l}:s]s C mW ;] yB,yw]."
miwB :] l}:hB.lWc:] n}.yw]. Kuny ] :I lat]:wL:dkan]nc],n}n.} >>kw]Kn q ;] PWm.] yw].>pQnk] an]
lqk:] Aw]Kn b i ;] >Ser,hw];Em:lbk:] yw].>kw]pn Q l] kb :] P]EC t.Et.n}ekL:>kw]K:C ] hB.>kBn;] micB ;] ekL:>
K]:C h]:C hB.>Em:lLEP;hw];ekL:>h]:C pBn.] lWt:] kCam];pin B :] KL.Ka}>Am],K]:C h]:C mI;>lWc:] Tac],TimB S ] c]>niwB ]
hw];Em:lbk:] >kBv;] kL:>sBw:] kw]p,} l}:hm];n}.>pW,} pn]Em:kw]kn W ,] >Dn}El: Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] pW,} nac];
AWn,] eS hac]:hqn;] h]:C Kbny ] :I hm];tc]; mIEl:SiwB y ] ,B yw]."
PWc;] miwB :] tikb .] hac]:hqn;] yB,nn]. KunS ] am]lcU h] t W :] Ticb m] L;" l}:hB.lWc:] hn]tac];kB:yicB :] yw].
hac]:hqn;] p].C cw];la}; tL,etsW:} Tqms ] w]:pI:mn];w}.yB," miwB :] tikb .] p].C yB,nn]. wn];nicb :] nac];AWn,] s].C
KbnS ] am]kLC ,PQw:] tI, him;] Tm]:Kw]Em:lbk:] nn].yw]."
miwB :] KbnS ] am]t,I Ticb ] him;] mak],hinl ] cB l] kb :] nicb :] fL.tI,Kbn,] Pt].mqn:] eS lqc;] El:SQc]
AWk,] mL; min B f ] L.lc]elL:mqp:] " TWm,] SQcE] t. min B h] ac]:fL.tI, hk];kCL,km];lQw"] miwB :] tBv;] Kin b ;]

3
piun]; sn].SI,

Sm]. fL.tI,tikb .] min B k] w],w}.yB," tI,km];l]eC kL: pQnn ] n]Kn b i ;] yB,tik;] tik;] " cin;] lak],la};nqn,] eS
mn];sw]:kbv.] mak],hint ] v B ;] " l}:hn]smu :] mUci ;] maw];lBc] mI;w}.yB,t]:C mak],hinl ] cB n] n].yB,yw]."
Ticb w] n];An]Kn b y] :I ethm];mItc];SiwB n ] n]. kBn;] mL;p].C tBv;] epL;kam]:kCL,SQc:] " lWm.] hBw.]
Eh.pQnn ] c],KWk:] lBce] S h]:C Kbny ] :I Kw]:yB,w}." lin b ;] nn]. pW,} mIkaC ;} S],C mn];sw]:" mIkaC ;} Kbn,] pbc:] Kw]:
sB;" Kbny ] :I pt].S],C SWcS ] am]la};kBv;] mIkaC;} lBm.] ABp,] TBkLC ,km];lQw"] SQch] n b .] kBn;] pn];nn]:kCL,SQc:] "
mIkaC ;} ta}yw]. pW,} SiwB K] w]:sB;Tqc:] " h]:C SiwB h] a}.El: pW,} Aipb ;] w}.SI,hL:wn];yw]." miwB :] Aw]mL;
hLpac],hm];kn]nn]. SQcK] ac];SQch] cg .] SiwB n ] n]. nn];ABnk] LC ,SQc:] " P]eC kL:SWn,] wL:dkm];n}.yw].>
Kbny ] :I etTBp;] eP;ha}.>Dn}kn]y,B "
SiwB A ] n]pn];nn]:yB,himb .] himb .] nn]. pW,} Kw]KkW :] sB;Kbny ] :I " mbc:] hn]Kn b y ] :I yw].n}ekL:
tQt,] yQnk] LC ,km];lQw"] Kbp.] kan];TBKw]:sB;Kbny ] :I eS Aw]nn b ,] mn];TBnmB t ] n i ] Kbn b y
] :I yB,yw]."
P]eC kL:Aam];lBcA ] am];lac]eS cL.pak],cL.kac];mbc:] tBv;] SQck] n B ;] tc];pac],yQnS ] t i ,] Sit,] yw]."lin b ;]
nn].sc], Kbk;] s]l C :} eS AWnk] n]hcW .] Sqn,] wL:dn}.yw].>Kbnm] cB i ;] maw];lBch] w];>n}.yw].>lbk:]
sa};sw]:lBcm] wq .] pbc,] hw];>km];n}.Et.>fIAm],lp].kBn;] Am],lqnl ] :} yw].>Dpn];hBn:] kCL,tc];pac],"
Am],pQnm] L;nc], AQn;] Aan];mn];El: Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] ekL.nicb :] lIAa}ekL:mI; s]l C m]ekL:pL;eS
siSc],h]:C Sikb ;] mn]; lWm.] wqt.] Kbny ] :I km];lQwy ] w]."miwB :] nn]. KbnS ] am]kcb i .] kac].Pbt;] AWk,] n];C Pbc]
kBn;] yw]. wqnp] cb :] kWt,] hit b .] tit b .] nWc,] Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] yw]. Aw]lwq ;] cLw}.kan]:eKL;mn];km];lQw"]
KbnS ] am]s.C ] El: Kbnt ] a},Kinb :] l}:siSc], lbk:] nWc.] mn];TWA } kW ,] pac]hm];kn]nn].km];lQw"]
AWk,] yan]kLC ,yw].ekL: KbnS ] am]tkb i .] Aw]lwq ;] cL kan]:eKL;Kbnt ] a},Kinb :] w}.yB," nac];AWn,] AWk,] mL;
n];C Ek:kBn;] Abm,] w}.yB,nn].eS yWn;] h]:C pW,} pn]El: KbnS ] am]p,} W Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] yw]. lipb :] ehL:miwB ;] Kin
b ;]
micB ;] mit:] km];lQw"] Et,nn].mL; Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] mI;lWc:] pqc;] s]wC .} niwB ] yI:Kac]Km];KLpI:nWc.] yB,yw]."

Kin
b :] hac]:ehL"
wa};eSKbnt ] a},Kin b :] AWk,] pac]kLC ,yw].ekL: KbnS ] am]lcB A
] w]smb :] micB ;] Aap]:pn]Kn b y ] :I "
SWcp] :I nWc.] Aw]smb :] micB ;] miwB ;] sB;ehLmicB ;] maw];lBck] m];lQw"] Ensbm:] micB ;] l}:eSmw],kL; pQnl ] kb :] sa};
sw]:fL.lBcE] t.El: taw].Sicb ,] PWc;] micB ;] tc];la} ybk.] wan]:micB ;] Aap]:pn] SWcp] :I nWc.] yB,yw]."
pI1311dKuny ] :I Kac]Km];DKuni :] pQn] sw]:lUcm] ci U ;] maw];lUcy
] w]. Sipb ,] yB,Sw];tI:wQc;] nac];AI,"
pI1312 Ka}.hac]:ehLkCL,dEs:h};D" pI1314 pUk;] tc]:ehLmC,] tI:dEs:lan].Dyw]. Kun i :] suwi :] pQn]
dSUwi K] an],fL.D" mqn:] mUwi :] AL,yU.l}:24KUp,] pUci ,] cm];pQnd] sw]:mWm,] maw];lUcD] " l}:sn].dSiwB D]
An]m;I AL,nL,Abp.] picB ,] Pqns ] t]; kan]mcBi ;] kan]Skbi ;] micB ;] kB:picB n
] n].yU,yw]."

4
sn].SI, piun];

KunS ] am]lcU S] m]. Kun

i :] suwi :] dSam]lcU f] L.DeS pQnP ] :B kWn;] kan]kt
q ,] EKmicB ;] " l}:sn].
dhbc.] lBcD] micB ;] maw];lBcy
] w]." wa};lin b ;] mL; KunS] am]lcU K] n
b i :] pQn] sw]:fL.dmUci ;] kWcD] Tqc:] yB,yw]."

Es:lan].
â

SiwB K] an],fL. El: wQc;] nn],'SqnE] s:"

pI1314 SiwB K] n],fL.hQt;] pW;} Kinb :] hac]:ehL" mWk,] Ticb s ] w]:fL.wQc;] nn],dsw]:pan];nW.} DEl:
sw]:fL.SqnE] s:dtaw].nW.} EK,D wL:dnc],hiwb S ] cb i ,] suci :] micB ;] t};>etpQnk] n W :] lQwk] n]eS>mn]:kimb ;]
kCL,nL:El:>Tbk,] l}:hBm:] kn]>pn]:pWcm] n B .] Em;nc],hiwb n ] n } n].>h]:C hw];pI:nWc.] >l}:Abp,] kn]El:>
Kqn;] etL:Kin b :] mL;eSkm];>Dn}El:
SWcs ] w]:tWp,] wL:dyI:Kac]Km];AUv i ;] >mC;] pQnn ] cW .] hw];AiwB :] >hw];Am],s]:C nWc.] m];C >hG:] hw];kCL,sU;
mC;] n}nn].>hw];Am],kCL,>mC;] AUwi :] >Tbk,] mL;sB;hw];>mC;] KC:] mL;ekL:mL;>Am],KC:] mL;ekL:>yU,hc];mC;] lL:>
hw];etyU,hc];hw];>yL,mL;yL.kw];Sc]>Dn}yw]."
mWk,] pac];Tqc:] Sam]pkW :] ekL: Am],yWm;] mL;El: SUwi K] an],fL.eSL,Suki ;] tuki ;] km];lQw"] l}:Kam],
hp].tikb ;] Kinb ;] El: Sikb ;] Es:lan].Am],Kam],l}:" TWK} n b i ;] Ticb d] Abm,] pac]Es:h};D" KbnS ] am]lcB h] ac]:Sikb ;]
tikb ;] Kin
b ;] " Sikb ;] wQc;] nn],'Sn q E] s:Sbm;] kan].kCL,yB,yw]." taw].nW.} EK,Aw]ncW .] yic;] mn];dnac];A},
Km];PWcD] Aap]:pn]SwB i K] an],fL.eS yWm;] hQt;] micB ;] lQwk] n]El: Sikb ;] yw].kCL,yB,yw]."

SiwB K] an],fL. El: micB ;] mit:] "

Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] ekL: Am],pQnm] L;nc],Aac]:Aan];kBv;] mw],kL; pa}l:} Kam],KbnS ] am]lcB t
] v
i pW ;] w}.Pa},
nL:kBn;] micB ;] tc];la}El: mI;lWc:] pqc;] sc];niwB m] cB i ;] maw];w}." miwB :] pI1314 SiwB K] an],fL.hQt;] pW;} Kin
b :] hac]:
ehLEl: mWk,] pac];ekL:Am],Kw]:hBm:] sWm;] "

5
piun]; sn].SI,

pI1315wa};eS tikb ;] SqnE] s:'wcQ ;] nn],yw]. SUwi K] an],fL.pW,} kBn;] Sip;] ekL. Aw]lki :] dh]:C l}:
kumk] n]lcW :] wan:] mUci ;] El:>Kun i :] sB;Es:lan.] eSkm];>Dnn]. SBc,] Ticb m] cB i ;] mit:] yB,yw]." hp].hn]lki :]
yw]. Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] tivpW ;] kBn;] Sip;] ekL.nn].eS tqp;] ta}pt q :] sQt;] ekL." pW,} Sam]ekL.Aw]lki :] wL:
dnc],m];C yI:Kac]Km];>lbk:] Em:nW.} >An]emLlQn:] sB.kqmP ] wB >] Am],hB.wL:>AB:m];C pQnP ] EC ] t.
nn].>El,hLhimy ] L.>sUnk] w];micB ;] pUn i :] eS>KC:] mL;hQt;] >sw]:pUci ,] tc];l}ayB,n}.>kw]Am],PWm.] >D
n}nn]. SUc,] Ticb S ] wi U K] n],fL.yU,yw]."
kUn;] Sam]ekL.Aw]lki :] miwB ;] yc];p},tn];Tuci E] s:lan]." Kunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] AWnh] wB ] Kunt ] a} ,k},'
Kunt ] a} ,tw]'Kn u t ] a} ,tic,] 'Kn u S ] am] Kun i :] tuki ;] mUci ;] maw];tWn:] tC:] km];lQwy ] w]." wan]:hBv:] 'wan]:mWn;] 'emL,Si'
nm].hI;'ncW s ] n W :] pQnP ] n b i ;] pQnf ] ;} lB.lqwk] LC ,mBt;] yw]."
SUwi K] an],fL.KI,Sikb ;] cL;nicb :] Sam]lcU f ] L.kWn;] Suki ;] mUci ;] KCan]'Es:fac]'mci U ;] wn]; lUc;] tuki ;] Kun i ;] "
Kunt ] a} ,Kuni :] Am],Kam],l}:" kan].pa}:Ticb m] cB i ;] mit:] " Sikb ;] micB ;] maw];lBv;] sWm;] Tqc:] " Sikb ;] micB ;] mit:] hp].tikb ;] El:
kQc;] law]'wcQ ;] wBw;] pQnP ] n b i ;] pQnf ] ;} kCL,SQc:] yw]."
Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] pa}: Ticb m] cB i ;] mit:] " kBn;] micB ;] lB.y],C Sbm;] nm]nn q ,] El: PWc;] micB ;] AWnk] n]tac],wL:
dkBn;] micB ;] lB.y],C Sbm;] lBcn ] n q ,] yw].KL:>Tbk,] wac];ekL:>wac];eSetlIy,B >Dn}El: dSBK:C ] nWm;]
ekL:>nWm;] hc];SB>kw]Et.Am],nWm;] Dn}eS
hqn;] Aw]tp].sac].hQcn ] cb i :] AWk,] tikb ;] tp].sac].micB ;] maw]; An]m;I pqt,] pak],kBv;] nn].yB,yw]."
tp].sac].micB ;] mit:] Sbm;] kan].eS l}:pa}:Kw]:Tin B ,] kCL, ekL.hB;ekL.tac];yB,yw]." Sikb ;] micB ;] maw];tivpW ;] l}:
Kunt ] a} ,Kun
i :] eS Aap]:pn]SwB i K] an],fL.yB,yw]."
PWc;] micB ;] micB ;] mit:] AWnk] n]hn q ;] Aw]KwB ;] KWcP ] ak],tWn:] Kw]:kBm:] kWm;] wac];sB;El: SiwB K] an],fL.
Aw]Kn u t ] a} ,Kuni :] Aap]:pn]Kn i u ;] eS lat]:wL:dsw]:sWmS ] nB .} >kBn;] micB ;] lB.Sbm;] yWn.] mn];>nm]nn q ,]
yw].>K]:C Aw]ht Q ;] Sc]ekL:>Aw]SwB L:>Dn}El: PWc;] mUci ;] ekL: tqp;] pqt:] Kbnt ] a},Kinb :] tI:dsbn,] kBw;] D
yB,yw]." lin b ;] nn]. SiwB K] an],fL.ybk.] nWc.] Kbnt ] a},Kin
b :] dKbnt ] a},k},DKin
b :] pbt:] ehLmicB ;] mit:] yB,yw]."
nac];fL.Kbnt ] a},Kin b :] dnac];Aam]KcW ,] D Aw]ncW .] yic;] mn];dnac];kan]:Km];S]DC Sak]:Ticb S ] wB i ]
Kan],fL.eS yWn;] picb :] hBm:] PBv;] h]:C tBv;] Ticb K] w]Em:lbk:] n}yw]." Kbnt ] a},Kinb :] El:nac];Aam]KcW ,]
hBm:] kn]m;I w}.lbk:] nac];ey:Kin b :] El:KbnA ] a}:pB;Km]; n}ScW e] kL." SiwB K] an],fL.hWc.] Kw]Em:lbk:]
miwB ;] yB,sWm;] micB ;] maw];yB,yw]."
PWc;] miwB :] tikb .] tikb ;] micB ;] mit:] yB,nn]. em;nac];taw].lBcm] cB i ;] maw];dtaw].Kac]mcB i ;] D lB.ha}ta}kLC ,
tc];nWc:] tc];lc]pt q :] El: Am],mI;P]l C mb ;] lL;" nac];Aam]KcW ,] Kw]Em:lbk:] ekL: Am],mI;tI:picb :] n}eS
sw]:SiwB K] an],fL.hG:] taw].Kac]mci B ;] El:nac];Aam]KcW ,] SWn.] mic:] kBp.] kB:kn]y,B yw]."

6
sn].SI, piun];

Em,wan]:Em;micB ;] "
1. nL:wn];san]; El: nL:wn];AWk,] "
miwB :] pI1316nn]. SUwi K] an],fL.KI,Suki ;] Em,wan]:micB ;] Ticb m] ci U ;] mit:] 'ycW h] v B :] 'mci U ;] p}a;'mci U ;] n}a;'
kQc;] m},'kcQ ;] tuc'] kcQ ;] hbc.] 'kci u ,] mL.'mci U ;] tic'] mcB i ;] kL.eS PqwK] n i u ;] Es:lan].yB,yw]." miwB :] Ticb m] cB i ;] DKYa;} SI,riD
(Chaisiri)nn]. tikb ;] kn]hcb i s ] t Q ;] lin B "] lWm.] wqt.] micB ;] w}.eS Am],Sim;] micB ;] l}:" km];lin b ;] Sbt;]
Kbnm] cB i ;] dKYa;} SI,riDPw]wan]:micB ;] mn];eS AWk,] pa}:kCL,El:SiwB K] an],fL. sc],Sim;] l}:yw]."

2. micB ;] niwB (] nL:wn];hWc,] )"

pI1317nn]. SUwi K] an],fL.AWnh] wB ] Sam]lcU f ] L.'taw].Kac]mn U ;] 'taw].fL.elL,'taw].han]k,} '
taw].SUwi y ] n i :] siwB ;] yam]:pQnn
Q ;] KI,Suki ;] Kun ] c]lni w] an]:mUci ;] t};mL; mUci ;] Sqn(] yB,nan],)nn].El:
Kun i :] Tuci d] KYn q ,] tU,D(Chengtu)" l}:Kam],hp].tikb ;] Kin b ;] eS KQc:] Sikb ;] etL,kn]w.} yw]."
PWc;] nc],nn] sw]:fL.dkuci ,] mDeSL,Suki ;] tuki ;] tc];nWc:] tc];lc]El: mc];k'mc];kBw;] 'tmi '
nL;lBc'] KwB E] K,'emL,tWc;] pQnP ] n b i ;] pQnf ] ;} tc];mBt;] " Sam]lcU f ] L.KI,Sikb ;] lBc;] hp].tikb ;] tI:timEl:
Sikb ;] Pa},kicb ,] m Am],Kam],l}:kan].pa}:" til:} sw]:fL.kicb ,] meS tqp;] pqt:] tI:dnL;lBcD] yB,yw]."w}a;nn].
yw]. Sam]lcU f ] L.kWn;] Suki ;] Kin b :] mUwi ;] sU;SUwi K] an],fL.Kin b ;] eS hBm:] kn]ywb i :] Sikb ;] sB;dKYn q ,] tU,DTqc:] "
miwB :] nn]. mqn:] miwB :] ehLKm];KiwB ;] mbn,] kBw;] Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] dyCan],D(Yuan) PWc;] cm];micB ;] EK,w}."l}:Kaw],
Sikb ;] micB ;] maw]; pQnm] kb .] pQnP ] cb K] n
b i :] yiwb :] Sikb ;] w}.yB,El: pW,} kBn;] lBc;] Tam]wL:dKI,Sikb ;] Kin b :] mL;n}.>kac]
s]mC ;I nc],hiwb > ] Dn}El:
SiwB K] an],fL.tWp,] wL:dK]:C l}:Kin b ;] >nm].linh] n i P ] L>sBw:] pan]p,B mWn,] t};hw];>An]SA B w]w.}
nn].El:>sc],mL;yw].>Sc]pn]Kn b i ;] >etlIkn]l:} yB,>Sc]Am],pn]Kn b i ;] >pQnS ] kb i ;] etL,kn]
ekL:l}:>Dn}yw]."
ehLKm];dyCan],D(Yuan) pW,} PWc;] KQwA ] w]lki :] tqm:] wL:dyL,h]:G l}:pQnS ] kb i ;] etL,kn]>micB ;] ES>
yBc;] Sac]:>mBAan],>pB;KCac].lBcn ] n].>etpn]h:C ] pQnn ] m].linS
] > B Am],Tbk,] tikb ;] kn]yw].>wac];
hWk,] wac];lap],eS>tiwB ;] lIetL,kn]kLC ,nn].>lIeSpin B :] yw].>Dnn]. SBc,] Ticb S ] wB i K] an],fL.yw]."
SiwB K] an],fL.kbmn ] cW .] El:taw].Sicb ,] mn];wL:dAm],l}:tikb ;] kn]eS>hw];l}:Kin b ;] nc]ln i ]
micB ;] t};hw];km]:PWc:] yw].>tc];nWc:] tc];lc]ekL:>Am],kt];yQn> ] hw];ettikb ;] Tqc:] hiwb > ] sB;s]C
yw].En,>Dn}El:
P]eC kL:m}:s]y C n W .] tc];nWc:] tc];lc]eS Am],K]:C Sipb ,] tikb ;] yw].El: AWnk] n]PmW .] sWm;] nc],
KbnE] K,PWm.] pn]nn].yw].eS miwB ;] Kin b ;] El: pI1318nn]. Kin b ;] Ticb E] s:lan].yB,yw]."

7
piun]; sn].SI,

3. ew,SL,lI,"
pI1319nn]. Sam]lcB f ] L.kWn;] Sikb ;] Kin b :] kQc;] tuc'] kcQ ;] hbc.] 'kcQ ;] m},'mci U ;] lUc'] PLSUwi ,] tWc;] yw].
Tuci K] ni u ;] mUci ;] maw];" miwB :] nn]. taw].fL.elL,El:taw].SUwi y ] nQ ;] hQt;] kan]Am],tQmT ] n B :] " Sam]lcB f ] L.
tBc.] tk]." taw].SWce] kL.Am],epL;s]eC S miwB :] Ticb K] n b i ;] micB ;] maw];nn]. miwB ;] eSL,SUn;] wL: sw]:Sam]lcU f ] L.
lk].kUt.] dnac];kan]:Km];SCD] n}El: SUwi K] an],fL.pqc;] kQp;] n];C s]wC .} yB,"
pI1320 etEm,KCak]:Tuci d] mUci ;] ew,SL,lI,Dn}eS SUwi K] an],fL.hG:] Sam]lcU f ] L.AWnA ] w]
taw].fL.elL,'taw].SUwi y ] nQ ;] 'taw].han]k,} kWn;] Suki ;] Kun i :] kCL,El: mUwi :] Tuci d] AhBm,] Dnn]. Sam]lcB f ] L.
Aw]la};lISn B ;] tbmE] l: Am],l}:pQnS ] kb i ;] " dAhBm,] DPWm.] ha};sB;mUci ;] maw];yU,yw]."
AWnk] n]Spi u ,] Kaw];tac];lUc;] sB;dew,SL,lI,D" Tuci k] LC ,Sap],micB ;] ew,SL,lI,nn]. l}:hn]lku :]
AWn,] lQc.] wUw;] kCa} ; nm]epL;tan],Pucm] w]:" Sam]lcB f ] L.wUn.] wL:dlbk:] AWn,] Kw]kv B ;] >nm]tan],n}.>
kUn;] mUci ;] Kw]>Kqn;] etnm]tan],hiwb A ] m],hB.>Sc]swi U .] pQnS ] ki u ;] tuki ;] kn]>etAm],Ep.l}:ca};ca}:>kBn;]
micB ;] ekL:>etlB.y],C Sbm;] nm]>tc];SWcP ] a},ekL:>etAm],sac]:mI;PWn;] lIl:} >Dn}eS
Sam]lcB f ] L.Aw]la};SUn;] tumh] v B ;] El: Am],l}:tikb ;] kn]" ew,SL,lI,tUk;] lUc;] kUm:] nWm;] sU;
mUci ;] maw];nicb :] pI cun i ;] pak],sW.} 'Km];pak],sW.} El: Pin b E] P;kB:yicB :] Tqc:] tc];nm]yw]." nc],hbwi e] pL;
etl}:hBp.] TUp;] hB.lWc:] hn]tac];kn]ll I EI l: pIAn W t ] ac];Sut;] n}. K]:C miwB ;] hBp.] SiwB K] an],fL. n}El:
PWc;] KQwm] ci U ;] ew,SL,lI, hqn;] Aw]KwU ;] KWc'] cn i u ;] Km]; miwB ;] sWm;] Sam]lcU f ] L.yU,yw]."
tc];nWc:] tc];lc]ekL: wa};eS sw]:Sam]lcB f ] L.AWk,] tac];kCL,yw]. ybm,] w}.kCam];Ka}map],
taw].SWce] kL.nn].eS SiwB K] an],fL.lm];lBv;] pqt:] nac];kan]:Km];S]y C ,B yw]." miwB :] nn]. mn];nac];
sp];Sn],eT,w}.eStL. Am],liwB l ] :} kCam];Sc],KbnE] l: sUw;] AWnA ] w]knU ;] sWm;] SWce] kL. lBc;] hac]:ehL
mUwi ;] tQt,] w}.nC;] mUci ;] Sqny ] ,B yw]."

simE] k:pI:nWc.] "

mUwi :] Sam]lcB f
] L.Kw] luk.] micB ;] ew,SL,lI,mL;Kin
b ;] El: kut i ;] luwi :] yU,tI:nicb :] taw].fL.elL,
El:taw].SUwi y ] n
Q ;] kinK] w]:kinl ] w]:Aup,] kn] SQcy] ,] C SQcl
] cU w] L:dkUn;] mUci ;] ew,SL,lI,n}.>sCA ] n W ,]
EAKI:yan]:Et.Et.>tUv;] lU;>luk:] AWn,] lQc.] wUw;] kCa} ;Kw]>nm]epL;tan],Pucm] w]:>nm]lwi U ]
Suki ;] hw];lU;kWn,] >kBn;] micB ;] >kBn;] Sikb ;] Kw]>etnm]tan],hiwb > ] yc];Am],ht];tuki ;] hw];El:wL:>yB,
la}la}eS>kUm:] kWm;] cWm;] sU;c}a:c}a:nc],n}n.} >Am],mI;AEk;Sc]>lIAa}tac]Kw]nn q ,] >Dn}El:
Sam]lcU f ] L.cin;] mqn:] eS hWc.] SWcs ] w]:lat]:wL:dfL.lUcs ] mW S ] ki u ;] Kw]Av
i U ;] >hw];hQt;] hBw]
hQt;] kWn;] pUn
i :] eS>lat:] kCam;] tqm,] eyL:mw]Pac;] >nc],sw]:Kw]lat:] yB,n}>mn];Am],Tbk,] >Kw]sw]:

8
sn].SI, piun];

siwB ;] mL;sWm;] hw];n}.>pQnP ] :U yC,] kUn;] lUcl ] a} l}aAUwi :] >Kw]l:} cin;] kCL,ekL:>Am],Sac],etL,>sw]:Kw]
yL,lat]:Tqc:] >Dn}yw]."
taw].SWce] kL. An]tn b i ;] sc];Sam]lcB f ] L.w}.yB,nn]. kBwS ] wB i K] an],fL.hB.lWc:] KLn}.eS
TBp;] tam],El: hLtc];Pit;] S],C Sam]lcU f ] L.Tqc:] " hQt;] lik:] wL:dyam];lQwh] w];KL:>Ep.ew,SL,lI,yw].
El:>Kw]ekL:kUm:] kWm;] nWm;] sU;yw].>kUv;] kL:>nWc.] sw]:n}.>Am],pWcS ] wi u :] etL,sw]:>mI;Pqnh] mB :]
ehLKm];ew,SL,lI,eS>etPun i .] sw]:hw];KL:eAL:>Kw]lk].mI;w}.>eKL:tBk;] lBc;] kn]El:>micB ;] ew,
SL,lI,sc],pW,} PWc;] KQw> ] etmUwi ;] kUm:] kWm;] nWm;] sU;>sw]:hw];nn].KL:yw].>miwB :] lQw> ] Kw]mL;sWm;] hw];
eS>mI;w}.yB,tI:micB ;] kWcK] L:>
miwB :] Tuci m] cB i ;] maw];nn].>ethBm:] kn]>hQt;] kUt.] etL,sw]:yw].>Sam]lcU f ] L.etKuni :] nc]:
hac]:ehLn}KL:eAL:>hw];KL:n}.>l}:pQnK] L:kin> ] KL:Tam];>KL:Sit.] sL,sw]:hw];mL;KL:El:>mI;tac];
nk];sCy ] ,] ClUce] S>sc],l}:tqm:] lik:] pWc,] Tuci > ] sw]:hw];Kn]Kn]w;} w};mL;KL:yw].>Dn}eS lk].pW,} kUn;]
hip:] nqt:] mUwi ;] SUc,] sU;SUwi K] an],fL.yU,yw]."
mUwi :] l}:hp].lik:] yw]. Pit;] sCn ] wi U K] n
u S] am]lcU n] n
q ,] eS SUwi K] an],fL.h]:C hQt;] Kw]:mbn;] 'Kw]:pWc;] '
tac];kinS ] ,] C cUn.] S],C San]yw]. Kan];kUn;] eS Sc],kCam];wL:dkUn;] s}a;An]wL:nn].>ht];hQt;] ekL:
ht];Kam],yw].>sw]:kw],hQt;] Sc]ekL:>ethB.tBwy ] ,B >epL;l}:hp].tac];kinn ] .} yw].>kink] m];lQw> ]
Sc]Am],kin> ] tL,etlIkn]>tin b ;] Am],mI;l}:>Dn}eS SBc,] Ticb S ] am]lcB f ] L.km];lQwy
] w]."

eKL:tqp;] tt]; Sam]lcU f

] L."
mUwi :] l}:hp].Kw]:mun;] El: l}:cin;] kCam];Sc],yw].nn]. Sam]lcB f ] L.hB.wL: SiwB K] an],fL.yum,] kCam];
taw.] SWce] kL.nn].yw].n}eS wBn.] wL:dpI:fL.kw]n.} >hn]Pt i ;] kw]yw].El:>tL,wL:hL;pI:nWc.] >et
pQnl] cW :] lIetL,kn]nn].>lqp:] etAm],mI;l}:Et.yw].>
Sc]wL:hL;pI:nWc.] >l}:tqk,] y}a:kn]>luk:] nWc.] tEp;>KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] >etsac]:tqk,] y}a:>
sWm;] hL;pI:nWc.] yw].>Sc]pn Q n] n]mL;>wan]:mUci ;] An]hL;pI:nWc.] >Aan];hG:] yC,] kCac]:>SUwi ;] SL,El:>hBm:]
kn]Kt];s]> C ekL,Sac:] yB,nn].>etsac:] lU.Sum;] pqt:] lal } ak} vU ;] >kw]Spb i ,] mI;yB,ekL:>Am],pQnP ] n W ;]
lISc]yw].>Dn}El:
hgc.] lat]: PWc;] KQwm] ci U ;] ew,SL,lI,wL:dtL,hw];et AWnk] n]>Supi ,] Kaw];tac];>kCL,mUci ;] maw];
nn].>cw];l}a;p},pn]El:>hw];p},pQnm] wB i ;] sWm;] kn]yw].>KUw;] KWcP ] an],tL, SUsw]:nn].>w}.tI:mUci ;] kWc]
n}.eS>mUwi ;] Kun i ;] lL:>kw]KL:etSipb ,] SUc,] pn]kv U ;] >Dn}eS pW,} PWc;] KQwe] w,SL,lI,mUwi ;] Kun i ;] "
lin u ;] nn]. hgc.] taw].lUct ] c];l}a lat]:wL:dtaw].Kw]tc];la}Av B i ;] >nc],kL:AQn;] Aan];

9
piun]; sn].SI,

nL:kan> ] An]hw];AWnk] n]mL;nn].>tQmT ] nU :] mBt;] yw].>KUw;] KWcP ] an,] tL,>mUci ;] ew,SL,lI,n}.ekL:>

SUekL.AWnk] n]>Aw]mwi U ;] Sak]:Tuci > ] pI:fL.lUck] w]KL:eSlL:>
taw].fL.elL,El:>taw].SUwi y ] n Q ;] AUv
i ;] >yUci ;] Aan];SWcK] wB i e] kL:>Tuci t ] :I yw].AiwB :] >nc],
kL:SWcs ] w]:>KC:] pQnn ] n].ekL:>pQnm] L;Et.yw].AiwB :] >kw]KL:etkut i ;] yU,w}.>tI:mUci ;] kWcn ] .} kBv;] >
mUwi ;] Kinb ;] tc];nWc:] tc];lc]ekL:>Am],Sac],Tbk,] yw].>
pI:fL.kw]KL:>Am],yum,] niwB k] w]KL:yw].El:>kw]KL:hQt;] Sc]ekL:>etAm],hn]ly I w].>Sc]
wL:mUwi ;] Kuni ;] ekL:>kUwh] L;pI:nWc.] >l}:Pit;] Pqk,] tqk,] kn]eS>taw].Suci ,] PWc;] mUci ;] tc];l}a>l}:kCcs ] SC ] kb .]
ybc:] sWm;] Tqc:] yw].>KL:wan]:kUn;] mUci ;] Sm].>etlit B ,] m}:tbk.] KlB.ha}ta}yn W .] >hL;pI:nWc.] Tqc:] AiwB :] >
wan]:micB ;] An]hL;pI:nWc.] >KWt:] hqc;] h]:C y],C kCac]:yB,n}.ekL:>etl}:tqk,] yW:} kCL,Kin b ;] AiwB :] >
yWn.] nn]>PUwi ,] hL;pI:nWc.] >etl}:st].s]kC n]eS>tqk,] kn]>Pit;] kn]>taw].>
Suci ,] >PWc;] micB ;] >KL:wan]:kBn;] micB ;] tc];la}>etl}:>kCcs ] > C ] tbk.] KsWm;] >yap],yak]:sWm;] eS>wan]:
micB ;] etSbk.] ybc:] >tqk,] ya}:nn].>kw]KL:etyWm;] sun.] S}asC> ] tI:mUci ;] kWcn
] .} >nc],sw]:pI:kw]KL:>
K]:C h]:C pQnn ] n].kUv;] yw].>SUsw]:AWnS ] ki u ;] hw];>mUwi ;] Kin
b ;] micB ;] maw];eS>pWc,] Ticb p] :I fL.kw]KL:eSlL:>D
lat:] nc],nn]yw]. Saml ] cU f] L.kinK] w]:mun;] Kw]:pWc;] An]p:I fL.mn];sw]: SUc,] pn]nn].eS
lp];tLlumi ;] mUci ;] kCL,tI:mUci ;] kWc] mUwi :] pI1321yB,yw]." pI:nWc.] t};mUci ;] kWch] w];Kw] tikb .] AWnk] n]ymu ,] ym]wL:
sw]:Sam]lcB f ] L.pQns ] w]:wan]:sw]:mUci ;] lUc] pC.] pL;w}.yU,tI:micB ;] kWc] etL,Tuci y ] am];lQwn ] y} w]."

TB,lqm:] lQw"]
dnac];wac]:Es:Dl}:Kaw], lbk:] SWce] nL,st].sCe] tL,kn]w.} n}El: Tuci K] aw];hqn;] mU,Kw]:
tL,nicb :] mn];nac];Aw]T,U lqm:] lQw] SC,] pan].mB,Kw]:eS kCL,SBc,] pn]SwB i K] an],fL.yw]." SUwi K] an],fL.
Tam]wL:dEm:>TU,lqm:] lQwn ] .} >ethQt;] hbwi c] pi :] kinl
] :} lL,>D ekL.pQnE] m:tWp,] wL: dhbwi e] thB.lL,
luk:] >yUwl ] ku :] Em:>etemLcip:] yU,AUwi :] >Am],liwB e] S>wan]:micB ;] lBcp] n Q l ] kb :] n}.>luk:] Em:Aan];
pWcl
] :} ekL.lQwy ] ,B >Am],suwi :] hbwi > ] Dn}yw]."
miwB :] l}:cin;] kCam];Em:yw].nn]. SUwi K] an],fL.ybp;] hB.tac];Pit;] tBwk] w],yw].eS nqt:] pW,} kUn;]
lm];lupi :] sWm;] ham]: Sam]lcB f ] L.kinK] w]:mun;] eStL. Am],tn];Kit b ;] " mUwi :] kUn;] mn];sw]:Pqwk] LC ,nn].
Sam]lcU f ] L.SQc:] kam],Sbt;] mbnp] .C ] w}.yB,yw]."
Kaw],ha}.lBc] An]Am],K]:C cin;] eSpin B :] nn]. Tuci m] L;yw].ekL: SUwi K] an],fL.nqcs ] n C] n
q ,] El:
kn]:h}:yB,n];C s]C Am],lat]:kCam];l}:eSeKL:yw].ekL:yL, nWc.] An]pn Q m] wb i ;] KCLeS sW:} Tqmp] :I w}.yB,
nn].Et. Am],luk.] mL;l}:Kun i ;] yw]."

10
sn].SI, piun];

ybm,] kCam];kw];Ek:kac]nn q ,] El: pQnl ] cW :] l}:Sum;] lUcS ] mb ;] lac] pbn:] SiwB K] an],fL.kBv;] mw],kL;
pbn:] micB ;] maw];lBcT ] cq :] lB;kWn,] yw]." lWc:] siwB ;] n}. kikb ;] pin
b ;] mL;etL,Ticb w] n];n}.El: Tw]:Ek,mUci ;] maw];Kw]
kQp;] Aw]pn Q k] aC m];Sc],SWnl ] kb :] lan]mL; pan]Spb i ,] pan]wL:dTB,lqm:] lQw> ] cip,] Am],l}:>kBn;] ekL.lQw> ]
hQt;] Sc]Am],pQn> ] Dn}yw]."

pB;km], pac]yL: Es:kqc;] "

micB ;] pB;km], pan]dnrSI,hpet.Dnn]. A}a:SqcK] ,} 'y:I Sqck] m],'Sam]Scq S ] ] C t};Sam]p:I nWc.]
mI;eAL;sL,w}." pI1304nn]. A}a:SqcK] ,} tqp;] Aw]hwB e] kYL,sCL, pn]Kn u y
] :I kCa} ;Km];yw].ekL: AL,nL,
KiwB ;] Kbnp] ;B km], ABn:] yBp:] liwB k] w]," sw]:nit;] El:sw]:mWn;] nit;] An]pn Q K] wB i ;] Kbnp] ;B km], Abp.] micB ;]
Tqc:] SWcS ] pb i ,] yw].ekL: KiwB ;] pB;km],Sbt;] Kat],kCL," micB ;] pB;km],ekL: wWt:] wa};kCL,yB,yw]."
pI1312 miwB :] lbk:] sa};ekYL,sCL, dsw]:nit;] DpQnK] n b p] ;B km],w}.yB,nn]. Sam]Scq S ] E] C t,tc]:
dmicB ;] pac]yL:D(pc];y)eS tc]:Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] KbnA ] pb .] picB ,] hc];kBv;] " Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] Kbnp] ac]yL: tn];mI;(6)
Sipb ,] " Sikb ;] micB ;] maw];tikb ;] El: micB ;] pac]yL:lB.pc];kCL,miwB :] pI1364nn].yw]."
miwB :] pI1315nn]. dSam]Scq S ] DC ] AW,} cBn.] pI:Aa}mn];dA}a:SqcK] ,} Dta},kCL," lbk:] sa};Sam]Scq S ] C]
dsw]:yBn;] DPit;] s]n C wB i l
] cW :] An] AB:mn];AW,} lbc;] mn];ta}nn].eS kCL,Et,dmicB ;] Es:kqc;] DTqc:] "
tc]:Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] Kbnh] c];kBv;] Tqc:] " tn];mI;(7)Sipb ,] eS Sikb ;] micB ;] maw];tikb ;] El: lB.pc];kCL,miwB :]
pI1364 nc],pac]yL:nc],kw],"

AL,wEl:micB ;] maw];"
pI1361 Kunp] ac]yL:dnrSU,DpW,} PWc;] KQw] pL;Aw]KwU ;] KWcP ] an],tL,El: lik:] dmUwi :] lQwt ] :I
Es:kqc;] n}.>kBn;] An]Am],suwi :] KUwi ;] Kunn ] n].>Kun i :] himh] t Q ;] Kunw] .} yU,>Kw]:pUki ,] tQmm] ci U ;] w}.yB,
El:>sw]:pI:hw];>mL;tm]Aw]>Kw]:mn];miwB ;] KL:lL:>kw]KL:sw]:nWc.] >etPQw:] pUki ,] >PQw:] kqp,]
mn];KL:l}>D An]swU ;] hgc.] tuki ;] Es:kqc;] nn]. SBc,] Ticb S ] wi U K] an],fL.yB,yw]."
SUwi K] an],fL.h]:C lbk:] mn]; sw]:pQm,] fL.El:sw]:cUn i :] KQwf
] L.AWnh] wB ] taw].fL.elL,'taw].SUwi ]
yQn;] 'taw].han]k,} KI,Suki ;] lUc;] Es:kqc;] yw]." Pqwd] tL:kWcD] ekL: l}:Kam],hp].tikb ;] El: l}:tikb ;] kn]"
Sikb ;] maw];Ep." tL:kWcl ] .B pc];" Kbnt ] L:kWcA] kW ,] pa}:" micB ;] tL:kWcp] c];yw].ekL: Sikb ;] micB ;] maw];Supi ,] lUc;]
tuki ;] dEs:kqc;] D" KunE] s:kqc;] dmin;] pzk.] D AWk,] p}a:kCL,yB,yw]."
tuki ;] yU,nc],nn] dnrSU,DAm],AWk,] sW:} kBv;] mw],kL; sBw;] lbk:] nWc.] mn];AWk,] pa}: kCL,mBk;] w}.
Pa},tBk;] kQwp] t q :] yw]." Sikb ;] micB ;] maw;] SWn,] wL:dtac;] lat:] El:tac;] hQt;] >nrSU,Am],cam,] kn]>lat:]

11
piun]; sn].SI,

Et.lat]:wL:eS>Am],hQt;] sWm;] DEl: tikb ;] Es:kqc;] lU.yw]. Supi ,] kCL,pac]yL:" Ticb p] ac]yL:yw].ekL:
p},l}:hn]dnrSU,DAWk,] mL;" lUla} pn U .] tI:nqn,] n}eS Suki ;] mUci ;] maw;] Kw]:tuki ;] El: pacy] L:lB.pc];kCL,yw]."
tikb ;] lB.yw].ekL: sw]:pQm,] fL.El:sw]:cUn i :] KQwf
] L. ybk.] dStBw;] mc];fL.Dlbk:] sa;} sw]:yBn;]
An]Et,tc]:pan]Kn b E] s:kqc;] nn]. Kin b :] pQnK] nb y] w]. tivpW ;] dnrSU,DmiwB ;] sWm;] micB ;] maw];yB,El:
l}:suwi :] dnrSU,sp];sWm;] mUci ;] maw];D(armyge&ol)n}nn]. kikb ;] pin b ;] man]:w}.yB,yw]."
26.1.1365dStBw;] mc];fL.DpBk;] tc]:micB ;] AL,w(tif;0)El: mI;dpan]AL,wD(tif;0acwf)
An]mwBi :] kWn,] man]:hWc.] wL:dpan]t;} D(o#r;f acwf)n}nn].mL;yw]." man]:tqm:] pin b ;] w}.wL:
lik:] man]:Et,hLhiwB :] hicB ;] mL;n];C pan]AL,w" KB;emLlik:] man]: Et,mI;mL;n];C pan]AL,wn}.kBv;] n}yw]."

EK,Pqny
] L. micB ;] maw];lBc"]
pI1362nn]. KbnE] K,hn]wL:dSiwB K] an],fL.AL,yB.y],C Ek,yw].>lbk:] mn];sw]:El:>taw].
Sicb ,] tc];la}ekL:>AWnS ] kb i ;] lBc;] tikb ;] Es:kqc;] El:pac]yL:yB,>pQnS ] n b ,] lIlcB l ] ac]Dn}eS SBc,] Suki ;]
lUc;] kw];mUci ;] maw];eS Sim;] Aw]lcU S ] ac]:'mA
U an],'p;U KCac].lUcy ] w]. tc]:tp].yU,w}. Ticb p] ac]mcB :] 'Es:niwB ']
emL,lQk;] 'hwB K] cW ;] El: SUwi K] an],fL.eSL,Suki ;] tikb ;] Kin b ;] km];lQw"] tuki ;] kn]hci b S] am]ln i U p] a}" Suki ;] EK,Am],
Kam],l}:eS hBnm] wi U ;] Kin b ;] yw]."
lin b ;] nn]. KbnE] K,wBn.] wL:dSc]etAw]la};Sikb ;] eStikb ;] >etAm],Ep.l}:>kBn;] etlB.
y],C Sbm;] nm]>Tbk,] lIAw]la};lk];lqme] Stikb ;] yw].>Dn}eS SBc,] emLkL,lL;ekL.nicb :] Kw]:micB ;] maw];"
emLkL,lL;nn]. Pqwk] LC ,Tbc.] dpac]mak],hB:D him;] emL,lQk;] hBwK] cW ;] yw]. SWn,] np].tBv;] " Tbk,] mqn:] tI:
lIl:} nQk;] nam],w}.yw].n}eS hac]:hqn;] hQt;] AbmK] m];hL:lbk:] "
hQt;] Aac];nQk;] nam],KbnE] l:micB ;] hWc;] w}.t]:C kBn:] Abm"] cin b ;] El:Km];S],C w}.n];C Abm"] SI,lbk:]
Pc]S,I sQc,] nL:micB ;] " kac]S,I lbk:] Siwb :] Siwb :] nn]. Pc]lkb :] nicb :] " tc];SQc,] Pc]w.} hL:lbk:] yw]. hQt;] emL
tBv;] kL,lL; Kw]:micB ;] maw];kCL,yB,yw]." Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; siwb :] SQce] mLkL,lL; liwb ;] lc]mL;Et.yw]."
P]eC kL:wL: Tbk,] nqn,] mqn:] nqn,] n}eS liwb ;] Ticb S ] wB i K] an],fL.yw]."
SiwB K] an],fL.hWc.] miwB ;] SWn,] np].El: emLkL,lL;ehL;wL:dsiwb :] SQcm] cB i ;] Es:lan].n}>>miwB :]
kWn,] Et.>lIlcB h] cB l ] wb i ;] Et.Et.>wa};eSKbnS ] am]lcB l ] .B yw].Et.>Sa}nm].Sa}ln i > ] yBt;]
kCL,yw].>Aw]n.} kCL,nL:>Sc]Spb i ,] yB,Tqc:] tI:n}:n}Et.>tL,etyB,sin b :] >kt];yQn> ] Kinb :] Sbc]
Tqc:] nn].>Am],mI;yw].eSmw],kL;>mbnA ] wB an]:micB ;] >ettqm,] eyL:kCL,Tqc:] kBv;] >lint ] :I n}:>Am],
kicb ,] lqp:] >ehLKm];yB,niwB m] n];yw].>Tbk,] lIKa}.kCL,tc]:wQc;] Tqc:] >tI:mbnA ] mB cB i ;] >ybk.] Kin b :] Kin
b ;]
nn].yw].>Dn}El:

12
sn].SI, piun];

SiwB K] an],fL.Tam] tI:Tbk,] lIKa}.yB,El: emLkL,lL;hQt;] kqc:] SWn,] np].yw]. tWp,] wL:detl}:
SWk:] hL>tI:mI;AbmK] m];hL:lbk:] nn].>Et,micB ;] m],C Tqc:] >SI,sQc,] nL:micB ;] >h]:C mI;nicb :] sQc,] nicb :] lbk:]
eS>kac]Kw]Swb i :] kn]nn].>h]:C mI;Tqc:] lbk:] nicb :] >
Sc]wL:l}:Ka}.kCL,>yB,tI:nn]:eS>nc]:micB ;] n}Et.>ehLKm];tk];pQne] hLSqc> ] micB ;] siwB ;] p},
yam]:kBm:] wac];sB;eSpWk:] ekL:>tk];etcin;] kBwc] n i ;] Pan]:eS>kBm:] wac];mL;sB;km];lQwE] l:>micB ;]
kBm:] kWm;] nWm;] sB;>tk];etnm]>sw]:ehLKm];ekL:>tk];etyB,sin b :] kt];yQn> ] AL,yB.yin b ;] yaw];
yw].>siwb :] SQcw] an]:micB ;] >tk];etSL:lBch] cB l ] wb i ;] etL,Ticb s
] wB :] lbk:] pan]lan]yw].>Dn}El:
SiwB K] an],fL.Tbk,] s]n
C n
q ,] eS s].C PWc;] micB ;] sWm;] emLkL,lL;SWk:] hL tI:etl}:Et,wQc;] m],C
El: emLkL,lL;SWn,] np].yw]. sBw;] Kbt;] tBv;] tI:nicb :] yw].tI:nicb :] etL,epL;Ticb k] LC ,tI:mn];Pc]Amb ]
w}.nn].yB,yw]."
sw]:SUwi K] an],fL.siSc],K}a.pUk;] ehLKm]; tI:Tbc.] dpac]mak],hB:Dyw]. h]:C Sac]:wan]:wQc;] m],C "
tc]:suwi :] pQnd] wQc;] tL:SUp;] AUDyw]. K}a.yU,miwB :] 1363nn].yw]." SiwB K] an],fL.pQnK] n u ] mUci ;] maw];l}:
(54)pI AL,yU.sw]:l}:(75)pIeS nWn;] EP;miwB :] pI1365yB,yw]." dwQc;] tL:SUp;] AUDnn]. yam];lQw]
hgc.] wL:dkbc;] ehLKm];Dn eS mI;w}.yB,Pa},hWc,] nm].maw]; him;] wan]:dpac],pbc,] Dn];C linm] cB i ;] EK,nn].yw]."

tI:wQc;] kw],dtL:SBp;] ABD yam];lQwh] cg .] wL:dkbc;] ehLKm];D

ê

Sa}Spbi ,] Kbnm] cBi ;] maw];"

pI1365 wa};eSSiwB K] an],fL.nWn;] EP;yw]. lbk:] mn];sw]: dsw]:pQm,] fL.DKin b :] pbt:] nc]:
hac]:ehL tI:wQc;] tL:SBp;] AB" tn];hicb S ] cW p] kI v B ;] nWn;] EP;kCL, miwB :] 1367nn].yw]."
pI1367 lbk:] sw]:pQm,] fL.dSiwB w] ak],fL.D Kin b :] pbt:] nc]:hac]:ehL tI:tL:SBp;] ABTcq :] "
kn].sn]lkb :] yic;] nac];Saw]pn B i :] " kBn;] micB ;] kBwE] hAWk,] pa}:" tn];hQt;] Kbnh] cb i (] 15)lin
B "] PWc;] micB ;] mn];
tivpW ;] tqp;] ta}pt
q :] miwB :] 1369nn].yw]."

13
piun]; sn].SI,

pI1368 micB ;] EK,ekL: Sa}Spb i ,] Kbnm] cB i ;] EK, KiwU ;] hin B ;] dmic,] D(Ming Dynasty)Kin b :] pbt:] "
pI1369 dcin B :] KQwf ] L.DKin b :] pbt:] hac]:ehLmicB ;] maw]; tI:tL:SBp;] ABTcq :] " hicb (] 6)lin B k] v
B ;] yWc,] mL:KL:
tBwK] n b i ;] hc];kBv;] eS nWn;] EP;kCL,"
Am],mI;cin B :] sw]:KiwB ;] Kbny ] w]El: pI1370nn]. PWc;] micB ;] sWm;] K}:dnac];kan]:Km];S]DC An]sp];
tWc.] SiwB K] an],fL.kCL,nn].El: kCL,hBp.] hn]lkb :] mn];dKbnA ] a}:pB;Km];D" Am],PWm.] pWcw] an]:micB ;] yw].n}eS
h]:C lbk:] mn];dKbnp] ;B ekL;DmL;sWm;] yw]." dKbnp] ;B ekL;DKin b :] siwb :] pQn] dSiwB h] mB ,] fL.DeS Kin b :] pbt:] nc]:
hac]:ehL tI:tL:SBp;] ABTcq :] "
dSiwB h] mB ,] fL.Dn}.ekL: Am],pWcw] an]:pWcm] cB i ;] " kbm,] micb .] tac];mBn:] tac];ekYL, kw];lQn:] Em:yic;] "
hQt;] KBws ] mB K] wB P ] ;B " kat],nL:la};nL:kQc:] " likB :] Aw]Em:yic;] t},KBws ] mB ] Kw]:kat],nL:kQc:] nn].eS
nWn;] sWm;] " Et,sQmS ] ki .] hik.] etL,Ticb ] Em:hin B ;] Am],w}." kBt.] lbk:] Tbk,] em;pin B :] yB,tL,eS,"kBn;] micB ;]
kBwE] hmiwB ,] san]:eS AWk,] pa}:" pI1373nn].dSiwB h] mB ,] fL.DkBwE] h pa}:AWk,] micB ;] kCL,yB,yw]."
wa};eSdSiwB h] mB ,] fL.Dpa}:kCL,yw]. PWc;] micB ;] tc];la} miwB ;] pac];sw]:fL.Sqnw] I dSiwB y ] pQ ,] fL.DmiwB ;]
Abp.] picB ,] micB ;] maw];" mn];sw]:Ka}.ehL kCL,pBk;] tI:dwan]:pB;km],D" SiwB h] mB ,] fL.Sm]. kCL,hBv;] hgc.] EK,mL;
Pqnt ] pq ;] pqt:] El: dSiwB y ] pQ ,] fL.DnWn;] EP;kCL, miwB :] 1374nn].yw]."
wa};eSdSiwB y ] pQ ,] fL.DnWn;] EP;yw]. SiwB h] mB ,] fL.yB,tI:wan]:pB;km],eS Abp.] picB ,] micB ;] maw];
etL,Ticb ] pI1405nn].yw]." SiwB h] mB ,] fL.mI;lbk:] SiwB c] am],fL.El:SiwB K] ,I fL. n}ScW e] kL." SWcp] :I nWc.]
Sipb ,] Abp.] picB ,] micB ;] maw];eS tikb ;] kn]tc];EK,El: pI1420nn]. l}:AWk,] pa}:" yWn.] nn]. wa};eSKa}.pa}:
yan] wQc;] Es:lan].yw].nn]. Pbc;] mbnm] cB i ;] maw]; l}:yBp:] lBc;] kCL,yB,yw]."

lWc:] ybm,] Tiwb "]

lWc:] SWn,] kL,lL;eS hQt;] Aac;] nQk;] nam,] n}nn]. kBn;] panm] ,C ]yam;] lQw] etybm,] yap,] eStL.
lWc:] lak],la};Sbk.] ybc:] Sm]. pQns ] mW ;] Et.yB,n}nn]. Kbnm] cB i ;] maw];Sipb ,] pan]ln b i ;] SiwB K] n],fL.
pQnS ] ak]:eS,Enw}.yB,"
tc]:Aw]Ka}.kCL,yB,tI:dtL:SBp;] ABDyw]. l}:hn]mn b A ] wB an]:micB ;] yBp:] lBc;] Et.Et." kL:p},
Ka}.ehLAWk,] wQc;] tL:SBp;] ABkLC ,nn]. AL,yB.dKbnm] cB i ;] DAm],yin b ;] yaw];" micB ;] Sbk.] ybc:] yB,tL,eS,"
micB ;] maw];An]pn Q e] hLSqct ] ;} eS liwb ;] lc]kkb i ;] pin b ;] w}.yB,nn]. Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] KbnS ] m].epL;
l}:Kat],wa};eS pQnt ] :C ] Sqnw] kI LC ,nn]. pQny ] n
W .] nQk;] nam],hiwb ] pQny ] nW .] Am],kt].Kqn,] hiwb ] pQny ] n
W .] Sc]
n}ekL: wBn.] SWn,] tqp;] tt];Aw]hc];kBv;] eSkm];"

14
sn].SI, piun];

tWn ]:(5)

dSiwU c] am],fL. El: SiwB K] ,I fL.D

AD.(1405-1440)

SiwU h] mB ,] fL.picu :] EK,"

pI1373nn]. dSiwU h] mB ,] fL.DkBt.] lbk:] Tbk,] em;pin U :] El: kUn;] micU ;] AWk,] pa}: kCL,picb :] sw]:fL.
Sqnw] dI sw]:SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.D(taw].Kac]mcU i ;] )" SiwU h] mB ,] fL.kBwe] S nqt:] pa}:AWk,] micU ;] km];lQw"] PWc;] micU ;]
miwB ;] pac];sw]:fL.Sqnw] I miwB ;] Abp.] micB ;] maw];" luk:] sa};mn];sw]:dKm];tQt,] fL.DPWc;] cm];w}.Sqnw] "I
dSiwU h] mB ,] fL.Dpa}:AWk,] micB ;] maw]; miwB ;] picb :] KbnE] K,KYn
q ,] tU,(Chengtu)eS lat]:wL:dsw]:fL.
Sqnw] t I aw].Kac]mcU i ;] >KI,Siku ;] mL;tiku ;] micU ;] kw]KL:eS>Sim;] Aw]KwU ;] KWcc] n u i ;] Km];tc];mUt;] yw].El:>
l}:mL;yWn;] picu :] hBm:] picu :] PUv;] >Dn}yw]."
KunK] Yn q ,] tU,lat]:wL:dkw]l:} cin;] >kUn;] kL.mL;lat]:Et.>mC;] hQt;] Am],siwu :] Am],
sC:] El:>kUn;] micU ;] Am],kYOi k]:El:>mC;] l}:pa}:mL;wL:n}>DSiwU h] mB ,] fL.sc], lat]:EnSiwb :] Siwb :] yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

KunK] n Yq ,] tU, hG:] SiwB h] mB ,] fL.hqn;] Aw] sac].SI,pa};'Km];SI,sW.} 'cn u i ;] SI,Sip;] sW.} miwB ;] sB;mn];yw].
tqm:] lik:] dSiwU h] mB ,] fL.n}.>Kuk;] sCl ] :} munc] w];sw]:eS>pL;KUw;] Pak],Kin u :] sU;yw].>Pa},lc]Sm].>
SiwU y
] pQ ,] fL.>KI,Siku ;] himh] ac]:ehLmn];w}.yB,>nc],hiwb e] pL;etl}:lIl:} pQnK] n u i ;] nn].>picu :] Aicm] n u ]
cw];sw]:yw].>Dn}nn].pn]eS
Sc],SiwB h] mB ,] fL.miwB ;] lat]:wL:dkL:pUn.] mL;>pan]A:U pan]p,U >pQnh] wb i m] L;ekL:yL,>kw]KL:
Am],limu ;] kuc,] muns ] w]:El:>mL;picu :] Aicy ] w].>Dn}kv B ;] mw],kL; Sc],pL;wL:dwa};eSTUp;] sw]:ehLSqc]
yw].>mL;sU;kw]Kn u i ;] >etKicu p] n]>hG:] l}:lIl:} pQnK] n u i ;] >Dn}eS pW,} kBn;] miwB ;] SBc,] Ticb e] hLKm];yw]."
miwB :] Ticb k] LC ,nn]. ehLKm];EK,lat]: SiwB h] mB ,] fL.wL:dsw]:fL.Sqnw] t I aw].Kac]mcU i ;] Et.>kw]
hB.yU,>mC;] pQnc] n U i :] sw]:KiwU ;] Kunm] cU i ;] maw];n}Et.>kw]Am],yam]:l}:hB.mL;eSpWk:] >tI:mn]:kqn,]
sUw:] pU,pan]epL:mC;] mI;Sc]>Dn}El:
SiwU h] mB ,] fL.Aw]smu :] Km]; An]SwU i K] an],fL.l}:wan]:micU ;] yWn.] nn]. Aap]:pn]ehLKm];EK,
yw]." ehLKm];EK,Sim;] Aw]smb :] Km];nn].yw]. Kin b ;] Aw]smb :] m],C lqk:] pn]eS h]:G dwac].Sucp] n i ;] DKI,Siku ;]
sWm;] SUc,] Ticb w] an]:Ticb m] cBi ;] h]:C Em;lIpn]kn]Kn bi ;] yB,yw]."

SiUw]yQp],fL.tUk];lWk];"
SiwB h] mB ,] fL.ekL: sWm;] nc],Sc],lat]:nn].eS sBw;] AWnw] ac].Sucp] n i ;] miwB ;] sB; KbnK] nYq ,] tB,"
KbnK] Yn q ,] tU,Tqmh] cq ;] Siku ;] Tqc:] eS pW,} lUc;] micB ;] maw];" SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.hac]:Siku ;] pC.] tiku ;] w}.yB,n}El:
wac].Sucp] n i ;] SUc,] PWc;] KQw] miwB ;] pWc,] SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.wL:dhw];mL;tikb ;] SBAm],siwb :] >sw]:wUc.] sC.] h]:C mL;Em;lI
pn]SpU :I nWc.] El:>hw];sc],mL;kBv;] >Dn}El: SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.ekL: Tac],Et.eSAm],tikb ;] "yWm;]
hp].Abp,] kbmk] n] h]:C pQnl ] cW :] lIy,B yw]."
miwB :] hBp.] kn]nn]. wac].Sucp] n i ;] lat]:SiwB y ] pQ ,] fL. lWc:] SiwU h] mB ,] fL.pL;Aw]KwB ;] KWc] miwU ;] TUp;]
sw]:wUc.] mL;eS Sipb ,] lat]: wL:dnc],hiwb s ] w]:etl}:lIl:} pQnn ] n].>kw]ethQt;] pn]>Aw]mL;sac].
pqt,] pa};>Km];pqt,] sW.} >cin u ;] pqt,] Sip;] sW.} >Dn}El: SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.ekL: hqn;] Aw]nc],lat]:nn].
eS kCL,sU;wac].Sucp] n i ;] yB,yw]."
miwB :] Ticb k] LC , mI;PL:kc]:Eh.w}.eS wac].Sucp] n i ;] hQt;] tc],tinE] p. pn]SwU i y ] pQ ,] fL.nc]:"
miwU :] tiku .] Aup,] kn]y,U nn]. SiwU h] mB ,] fL.mL;Pa},lc]PL:kc]:yw]. tQk;] hBwm] L,SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.eS lat]:wL:
dtaw].Kac]mcU i ;] AiwU .] >hL;pI:nWc.] Am],l}:Pit;] Sc]kn]>hQt;] Sc]m;]C mL;himt ] :I yU,kw]>Dn}yw].
AI;tc],SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.lut:] tUk;] kCL," wac].Sucp] n i ;] TWt,] lap],Pn];S],C " eKL;Kat],kCL,km];lQwE] l:
SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.nWn;] EP;kCL, miwU :] pI1374nn].yB,yw]."

2
sn].SI, piun];

micU ;] maw]; El: Sqnw] "I

pI1374nn]. SiwU h] mB ,] fL.hQt;] Kbnm] cU i ;] maw];Kin b ;] " sw]:fL.Sqnw] I dKm];tQt,] fL.Dl}:Kaw],
AU:mn];sw]:nWn;] EP;yw].n}ekL: kUwl ] :} pQne] P;Tqc:] El: sUw;] Aw]KL:wan]:kUn;] micU ;] Kicu :] nicb :] pa}:
AWk,] Sqnw] I Ticu k] LC ,micU ;] eyLyB,yw]." Aw]lku :] sa};mn];dKunA ] a}:DPak],w}. tI:TmUcm] cU i ;] eyLyw].
Sipu ,] lWc:] sWm;] KUc;] eS kCL,yU,w}.tI:dSUp;] tQc;] Dyw]."
SiwU h] mB ,] fL.El:wac].Sucp] n i ;] KI,Siku ;] lm];tiku ;] Tqc:] " tiku ;] kn]t:I kQc;] tWc;] haw].haw].hqc;] hqc;] "
Siku ;] EK,Am],Ep.Siku ;] t};" Siku ;] EK,pa}:Kin u :] Sqnw] "I Km];tQt,] fL.lm];tikb ;] Tqc:] " tiku ;] kn]y,U hQt;]
nn] PCA ] m],Ep.PC"] wac].Sucp] n i ;] tqm:] lik:] yWn;] h]:C sw]:wUc.] EK,Tqmh] cq ;] Sikb ;] Tqc:] "
Km];tQt,] fL.hQt;] lik:] wL:dkw]KL:luk:] SiwU y ] pQ ,] fL.>Km];tQt,] fL.>tqm:] lik:] mL;KL:>SiwU ]
hBm,] fL.hQt;] Am],mqn:] picU > ] kn].sn]lku :] em;pin U :] El:>PWc;] micU ;] micB ;] maw];>miwB ;] hp].AU:kw]KL:>miwU ;]
Sc],SWn> ] mn];Sm].Am],Kam],TUp;] eS>pa}:AWk,] kCL,El:>kUn;] micU ;] pac];Aw]A:U kw]KL:>Kin b :] hQt;] Kun]
micU ;] maw];KL:yw].>
h]:C Em;lIpn]El:>sw]:Kan];wac].Sucp] n i ;] mL;Kicu p] cW >
] mn];Sm].mL;yWn;] SU;lap]:El:>
AB:kw]KL:pn]nc],>mn];yWn;] nn].yw].ekL:>Am],sBw;] Kin b :] miwB ;] TUp;] sw]:>hBm:] tc];SiwB h] mB ,] fL.
eS>wac];PqnK] L:hqmp] t q :] AU:kw]KL:>miwB :] lQwS ] m].>KI,Siku ;] lm];tiku ;] >yL.lU.wan]:micU ;] hw];Tqc:] >
kicb ,] lIhtQ ;] hiwb e] kL:>wBn.] SWn,] pn]e] Skm];>Dn}nn].yw]. hG:] TmUcd] es:KCac]DsBw;] KunA ] a}:AWn]
kUn;] (50)ekL. Kin u :] miwB ;] hLehLKm];EK,yU,yw].""
hp].l}:lik:] yw]. ehLKm];EK,Tam]lcW :] nc]ln i ] Sqnw] EI l:micB ;] maw];yw]. hQt;] lik:] dtc]:
Aw]n.} kCL,>micB ;] maw];El:Sqnw] n I n].>Aw]nm].maw];>pQnl ] n q t ] t];Kqn:] kn]eS>etlIy,B >Pa},
hgc,] nm].maw];>hG:] pQnl ] n i m] cU i ;] maw];>Pa},san];nm].maw];>hG:] pQnl ] n i m] cU i ;] Sqnw] >
I Aw]n.} kCL,nL:>PC]
yL,hQt;] Siku ;] etL,kn]>wac].Sucp] n i ;] ekL:>hG:] kU:Siku ;] mL;Kin b ;] km];lQw> ] Dn}nn]. SUc,] sU;sw]:lUc]
KYn q ,] tU, hG:] AWnT ] mUcm] cU i ;] tuc] ham]:Siku ;] tc];SWcP ] a},yB,yw]." tc]:Aw]nn].mL; SiwU h] mB ,] fL.El:
Km];tQt,] fL.Am],tiku ;] kn]yw].eS PWc;] cm];wan]:P],C micB ;] mn];w}.yB,yw]."

SiwU c] am],fL."
SiwU h] mB ,] fL.nWn;] EP; miwU :] pI1405nn].yw]. lbk:] mn];dSiwU c] am],fL.DKin u :] pbt:] pQnK] n
b ]
micU ;] maw];yw]." pI1406nn]. ehLKm];EK,Sipu ,] KiwU ;] mic,] (Ming Dynasdy)hQt;] lik:] hgc.] h]:C SiwB c] am],fL.
miwU ;] hn]nL:hn]tLkm];lQwn ] y} w]."
SiwU c] am],fL.Am],miwU ;] eSmw],kL; tWp,] miwU ;] wL:dsUw:] pU,sUw:] mWn,] kw]>SiwU K] an],fL.nn].>

3
piun]; sn].SI,

Am],tWn.] kCL,>hn]nL:hn]tLPCe] SpWk:] >hw];Am],pQnK] L:PC> ] Ticu p] an]A:U kw]ekL:>SUmL;yL.kw];

micU ;] hw];lU.>mL;tqp;] eKL;Kic;] kw]Kat],>cin u ;] Km];AU:kw]Kci ;] kw]ekL:>SUln q A] w]kLC ,SQc:] yw].>kit u ;]
KUm;] lap],kw]n.} kUv;] >epL;KC:] l}:ekL:>lUc;] mL;Aw]hc];kBv;] lL:>Dn}El:
Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; KunE] K,eSL,Siku ;] lUc;] tiku ;] micU ;] maw];yw]." SiwU c] am],fL.SWcp] :I nWc.] eSL,
Siku ;] tiku ;] Kin u ;] km];lQw"] EK,Am],Ep.t};El: hBnp] a}:" Siku ;] t};lm];tiku ;] Pqw] micU ;] lUc"] Siku ;] EK,lU.
yC,] Sum;] nm]Et.Et.n}yw]."
pI1410 EK,SUc,] Suki ;] lUc;] tiku ;] micU ;] maw];Tqc:] " SiwU c] am],fL.'SwB i K] ,I fL. pC.] tiku ;] Kin u ;] "Siku ;]
EK,Am],Ep.Siku ;] t};" SWcp] :I nWc.] AWnS ] ku i ;] lUv;] EK,Ticu h] wB K] cU ;] " tiku ;] Pn];kn]l.U yC,] ta}nm]Et.
Et.n}yw]." Kune] hLKm];EK,eSL,Siku ;] yC,] nm] hG:] KunS ] ku i ;] lUcd] wac].kYac];SI;D KI,Siku ;] lUc;] Tqm]
Tqc:] ekL:yc];p},epL;" yWn;] h]:C sw]:fL.Sqnw] dI Km];ka},fL.DTqmh] cq ;] Tqc:] "
SiwU c] am],fL.El:SiwU K] ,I fL.ekL: tqm:] lik:] sB;Sqnw] wI L:dmicU ;] hw];pI:nWc.] >nc],pan]Kci ;] hw];
SiwU K] an],fL.>KCak]:micU ;] Pa},tC:] >Ticu A ] L,w>Pa},niwU T ] cu i m] cU i ;] ESlUc> ] KunE] K,yam];n}.>hQt;] Am],
siwu :] Am],sC:] >Kw]Em;Tuc;] micU ;] hw];eS>np].etL:hQt;] >np].etL:wL:mL;nL,PqwE] l:>sc],l}:tiku ;]
kn]yw].>Kqn;] etL:Sqnw] l I cU ;] >TqmS ] ku i ;] sW:} pn]eSkm];>Dn}El:
Km];ka},fL.Kan]; taw].SI,epL.dpan],Pac]mcU i ;] DEl:dsw]:SiwU w] a},fL.D KI,Siku ;] Kin u :] sW:}
eStL. Am],tn];Kit b ;] "miwU :] Pqwk] LC ,nn]. SiwB c] am],fL.SiwB K] ,I fL.Kw]Sm].epL; pa}:AWk,] kCL,yw]."
micU ;] maw];pQnP ] n ] ;} lU.lqwk] LC ,SQc:] yw].eS kUn;] micU ;] AWk,] pa}:mBt;] " l}:hn]Skb i ;] EK,tQmw] .}
u i ;] pQnf
yB,kB:tI:yw]."
miwB :] nn]. wac].kYac];SI;hp].Tam]wL:dhqn;] Siku ;] Kin u :] mL;yC,] nm]tan],n}.>etmL;hQt;] Sc]>D
n}El: wUn.] hG:] tUk;] Tuk,] eS tWp,] lat]:wL:dehLKm];EK,>yWn;] Siku ;] sW:} El:>hac]:Sikb ;] mL;tiku ;] SiwU ]
cam],fL.KLpI:nWc.] yw].>Dn}El: EK,sUm;] SiwU ;] nqn,] eS hQt;] pac]hp].hgc;] lQc.] lUmn B :] ekYL,kn]Et.
Et.wL:wL:n}yw]."
wa};eShp].tWn:] kn]yw]. dwac].kYac];SI;DsBw;] SWk:] SWcp] :I nWc.] Tqc:] " Pqwk] cW ;] sac].'mcU i ;] wn];'
sn];tL;'mcU i ;] lUc'] emL,PWc;] 'mcU i ;] mqn;] yw]." miwB :] tikb .] kit u ;] liwu :] tI:micU ;] mqn;] hp].l}:lik:] ehLKm];EK,
siSc],wL:dsWm;] SWk:] hL>SWcp] :I nWc.] hG:] l}:>Pqwm] cU i ;] lCe] kL:>SWk:] hG:] TUp;] >Am],l}:tBwl ] pi ;] >h]:C l}:
tBwt ] a}Dn}yw]." l}:Kaw],SWcp] :I nWc.] mI;tI:ehLKm];AL,wn}El: TWnt ] p].lUc;] sB;AL,wkm];lQw"]
SiwU c] am],fL.KLpI:nWc.] AWnl ] mb ;] lac];pa}:AWk,] micB ;] maw];yw]. pL;Aw]KwU ;] hac]:KUw;] ehLpa}:Ticu ]
wan]:emL:(Aef;armf)" dsw]:lUcm] c];KWc,] D pQnK] n b A
] L,ww}." nac];tiwb ;] sbm:] mn];dSZn i ,] minkW .] D
pQnn ] cW .] yic;] SiwB c] am],fL.SiwB K] ,I fL." yWn.] nn]. SWcp] :I nWc.] nn].ekL: Aw]KwU ;] hac]:ehLmicB ;] maw];

4
sn].SI, piun];

SUc,] lUc;] sWm;] nm].kQw"] miwU ;] w}.tI:AL,wyw]. pa}:Kin u :] sWm;] kQwe] S miwU ;] mUk;] w}. lWh} ;B kWc(] [l;aumif;)"pa}:
yU,tI:lCe] kL: EK,pW,} kBn;] sWm;] SWk:] tw]y,B tL,eS,El: Am],mI;tI:picu :] Am],l}:n}eS AWnk] n]lcU ;]
yWn;] tac];sW:} Tqmt ] :I AL,w" sw]:lBcm] c];KWc,] hG:] KLpqp.] w}.nC;] AL,wnn].yw]."
pI1419 Siku ;] EK,El:Siku ;] Sqnw] I Pat],micU ;] mqn;] miwB ;] micU ;] maw];" lUc;] Ticb m] cU i ;] yQn'] S,I epL.'
Sum,] Sa}," miwU ;] tc]:tp].w}. niwU l ] s} W ac].(qifacgi;f )" pW,} kUn;] lUc;] lat]:KunA ] L,wwL:dmiwU :] lQw> ] l}:
Kaw],>SiwU c] am],fL.>SiwU K] ,I fL.>SWcp] :I nWc.] mUk;] w}.tI:AL,w>Sc]Aw]ScU ,] pn]hw];>nc]ln i P ] ak],
tC:] micU ;] maw];>Ticu n ] wU i K] cU ;] tc];SQc:] >etAap]:pn]AL,w>Sc]Spu i ,] Aw]ScB i ,] mBk;] w}.>wan]:micU ;] SU>
tk];etlit U ,] lWn.] >Dn}yw]."
sw]:lBcm] c];KWc,] Kw]nt q :] kbmk] n]" PWc;] micB ;] AWnk] n]wL:dSc]wL:etSipb ,] mBk;] SicB ,] w}.>SWcp] :I
nWc.] n}.yB,sicb > ] wan]:micU ;] hw];etlU.>Sc]wL:Aw]Aap]:pn]Et.>wan]:micB ;] hw];>tk];etl}:lI
l}:pQn> ] yWn.] SWcp] :I nWc.] n}.kUv;] >etAw]KL:wan]:kUn;] micU ;] hw];>tuk.] yak]:lit U ,] lWn.] sWm;]
n}Et.>Am],kicu ,] TikB :] nc],kw],>pQnh] wb i e] kL:>Aw]Aap]:pn]eSetlIy,U >D"
SBwi c] am],fL.l}:cin;] eS wBn.] wo:dAm],kBwt ] a}El:>hQt;] Sikb ;] tbki ;] Kw]yw].>pQnk] n B ;]
nbci :] sat]:>ta}nci b :] pWk:] kBv;] >yB,la}la}ekL:>Am],lWt:] ta}nc],kw],>pn]h:C ] EK,timwi B ;] ekL:>kw]
Am],lWt:] ta}>kw]pn Q P ] :B kWn;] wan]:mBci ;] eS>yWm;] pn]P:B KQnA ] w]ta}l:} nn].>Ser,kw]>Ser,
wan]:mBci ;] kw]>Ser,sBwi .] KBwi ;] kw]>Am],mI;Sc]yw].>
kBn;] An]Ser,lB.eSta}nn].>hbci n ] an];pak],pI>hQcp] y I w].ekL:>Ser,tbki .] etSipb ,]
lB.w}.Tqc:] yB,>mBwi :] wo:ta}nc],kn]nn].>PiwB ,] ta}nc],Ser,lB.nn].>ta}nc],kBn;] mI;kbc,] Ser,
nn].>lIeSpBn i :] yw].>Dn}eS kinc] n B .] San]nn W ;] EP;kCo,hc];kW;} mBwi :] pI1420nn].yw].'
Sikb ;] AL,wAan];tivpW ;] Aap]:pn]EK,El: lWm.] wqt.] Kw]:tBv;] nn]. l}:hn]dSBwi c] am],fo.D
nWn;] EP;w}.yB,eStL. SBwi K] ,I fo.Et.Am],mI;yw]." sw]:lBcm] c];KWc,] Aw]Kap]:tBwS ] wi B c] am],fo.
Aap]:pn]eK,km];lQw"] wac].kYac];SI;hC:] PL,tWc.] PL,ABk;] TBk;] S}:KBt;] 'KcB ;] nC;] pqt:] yw]. yn]:kiwB y ] ac]:
hqc:] eS Aw]Kap]:tBwS ] wBi c] am],fL.nn]. Kin b :] mBwi ;] Sak]:Tbci K] n b E] K,Kw]ny } w].''
mBwi :] Kbn
i :] PqwS ] n q w] nI n]. KbnK] m];lWt:] 'Kn b K] m];hWt:] El: kac].Sbci ,] PWc;] mBci ;] SIepo.Kw]
AWnk] n]smW ;] SBc,] Sbki ;] eK," lt];kbci m] 'mci B ;] Sqn] Kbn i :] mBwi ;] yw].' Aw]Kap]:tBwS ] wi B c] am],fo.miwB ;] Sak]:
yw].ekL: hC:] pQnn ] o:pQnt ] osB; sw]:Km];ka},fo.n}eS ehoKm];eK,Pak],tWn:] Pin b E] P;'cn i b ;] Km];'
sbm:] Km];lBcl ] kb :] nbci :] 'smb :] Km];kac]lkb :] nbci :] yw]." pI1421nn]. KbnK] m];hgt:] Kw]Pwq K] n i b ;] Sqnw] y I w]."
tc]:Aw]nn].mL; dmBci ;] tB:Dn}nn]. sw]:Km];ka},fo.Aw]swb i :] micB ;] miwB :] kWn,] mBci ;] pac]D(Pang)
nn].SC,] lqk:] la}:hWc.] wL:dmB,pac]Sn q w] DI n}mL;yw].''

5
piun]; sn].SI,

SBiw]KI,fo.''
SBwi K] ,I fo.hn]sw]:pI:mn]; SBwi c] am],fo.kinc] n B .] eS hB.lWc:] sw]:mc];KWc,] hk];lc]yw].El:
SWn,] wo:dPBwi ,] etta}la}la}>tbki ;] Sbki ;] ta}nn].>lIeSpBn i :] yw].>Dn}yw]. AWk,] pa}:" mBwi ;] AWn]
kBn;] mn];tbki ;] EK,Tqc:] '' EK,pW,} dwbn,] KY,I DKI,Sbki ;] yC,] nm] lBc;] tbki ;] SBwi K] ,I fo.Tqc:] yw].''
SBwi K] ,I fo.pa}:kCL,Pak],tBk;] kQwe] S Kw]:yB,nC;] ABci ,] mBci ;] yac];(rk;d nSi;f )w}." EK,SWk:] hLmn];sw]:
Am],TBp;] " hC:] Ao,wo.sW:} SWk:] hoTqc:] ' miwB :] SiwB c] am],fL. AL,wsW:} EK,nn]. yL,wL:nc]ln i m] cB i ;] An]
tBk;] lBc;] w}. KBw;] Pak],AWn,] kBv;] yc];Am],l}:El: AL,whB.wL: EK,Am],mI;kti lat]:yw].Am],
hQt;] sWm;] n}eS km];n}.Et.Am],sW:} EK,yw]."
SBwi K] ,I fo.El:EK, tbki ;] kn]py I aw];Kaw];hicb '] kBn;] mBci ;] AWnk] n]AkW ,] pa}:" Sbki ;] EK,lm];El:
kBn;] mBci ;] Kam]:kQw"] pa}:kCL,yB,sWm;] SBwi K] ,I fo." Sikb ;] EK,Am],pn] t};An]pa}:kCL,Pa},tBk;] kQw] Kam]:miwB ;] Pa},
AWk,] kQw"] EK,wac];tp].w}.tI:Pc],AWk,] kQwh] cbi p] n I cbi :] yw]. sc],TWh} ac],yan]Pc],kQwn ] y } w]."
t};siwB ;] pa}:kCL,Pa},tBk;] kQwn ] n]. Am],sac]:miwB ;] Kin b ;] wan]:kw],micB ;] lc]yw]." AWnk] n]Spi b ,] pa}:ho
tI:yB,m],C n];C nc]ln i m] cB i ;] sw]:fL.t};nc],kn]nn].Tqc:] " km]:PWc:] pa}:Kbn i :] Pa},nBwi S ] wi b :] Sbwi :] eS
Pqwk] LC , n];C linm] ci B ;] kWcW ']mci B ;] yac];(yam];lQwp] n Q E] n,Kac])" km]:PWc:] Pqwh] t W :] SWcS ] pB ;] 'Km];tI:(yam];lQw]
pQnn ] ;C ] tBci ;] Es:kqc;] )" km]:PWc:] Kw]:Pqwn ] ;C ] linK] Yac];" km];PWc:] pa}:Kbn i :] pBn.] Tbci ] AhBm,] (yam];lQw]
pQnt ] :C] RkL;)eS yB,Sw];yw]."
miwU :] AWnk] n]pa}:nn]. lqt,] m}:'hwB i .] mW:} nqn,] n}eS p}kac]Kn i b ;] 'lwi b :] kac]wn];" t}:kan]:EK:
picB ;] tac]; lt];hBv:] TBn i ,] lWe} Spa}:" yB,nBwi l ] S
} W cb m] cb :] hn]f;} t};t}:pa}:nn]. lqc;] lam];sWm;] kn]
kCo, epo;tan],f};m}:po,n}yw]."
sBw:] SBwi K] ,I fo.tikb .] mI;Sa}sy C ] ,B nn]. mn];sw]:Am],yWm;] pn]eK,lo;lo;" tbki ;] eto,Tbci ]
nWn;] EP;kCo,mBwi :] pI1440yB,yw]." Tbci p] an]lkb :] mn];sw]: tBk;] lBc;] kbt i ;] Sbki ;] tc];EK,eS
Sbki ;] sc],yw].kCo,n}yw]."
Sa}Spi b ,] ehoSqcm] ci B ;] maw]; An]Swi B K] n],fo.pBk;] tc]: h]:C AQnh] cq ;] yC,] mak]:mo;nn]. l}:KWt,]
yWt:] pa}hwQ k] LC , miwB :] pan]Swi B c] am],fo.'Swi B K] ,I fo.n}.yw]." wa};lin b ;] mL; nc]ln i m] cB i ;] maw]; An]m;I Pa},hWc,]
nm].maw];nn]. km]:PWc:] l}:Kw]:pL;kCL,tC:] eK," An]m;I Pa},san];nm].maw];Sm]. Sbpi ,] mI;sw]:fo.
yB,eSto. Am],pQnm] cBi ;] lBcA ] nW h] wB n ] c],pan]SwBi K] an],fL.yw]."
lin b ;] eSpan]mcB i ;] maw];yw]. etL,Ticb 1] 752nn]. dSqnw] DI pQnm] L; micB ;] AWnh] wB m] cB i ;] sw]:fL.
t};tc];SQc:] El: hWc.] wL:dpan]Sn q w] DI yB,yw]." micB ;] t};pQnm] cB i ;] sw]:fL.tc];la}eStL. mI;cw]:micB ;]
AWnh] wB w] .} tL,eS,yB,nc],kw],"

6
sn].SI, piun];

tW n ] : (6)

dSiwU h] an]fL.D
AD.(1527-1543)

SiwB h] mB ,] fL."
dmBci ;] yac];D An]yam];lQwh] cW .] wL:dmBw;] vin;] D(rk;d nSi;f )eS mI;w}.yB,n];C En,micB ;] Kac]nn].
pQnm] cB i ;] sw]:fL.t}; PWc;] cm];mL;pan]Spb i ,] pan]yw]." miwB :] pI1506nn]. mqn:] miwB :] dsw]:lBcD] pQn]
sw]:fL.w}.eS nac];tiwb ;] sbm:] pQnd] sw]:nac];pBv:] D" lbk:] pQnd] SiwB h] an]fL.D" n];C pin b ;] mac]Pn bi t ] mq :]
hWc.] w}.wL:dSiwB h] mB ,] fL.dn}yw]."l}:kCL,pQnK] n b e] hLKm];dAL,wDsBw:] n];C pI(1527-1543)eS man]:
hWc.] mn];sw]:wL:ddBw,] han],VCL;@(ok[ d efbmG ;)n}yw]."
dSiwB h] an]fL.Dn}. sQmm] wB i :] AL,yB.l}: 14,15KBp,] nn]. Kaw],caw];siwb :] SQck] t].Kqn,] mn];sw]:
liwb ;] lc]twB :] sWt,] w}y,B kB:micB ;] yw]." mn];sw]:ht];han]tmQ T B :] " Am],tWn.] KI,nQk;] tQk;] tQc]
] n
kzc;] AB;Pk];kL," Am],tWn.] kCL,hLmap],m]S C SC] nW ;] P]eC SpWk:] " emLhk].'AtQ ;] lB's:} W Tqmk] nB ;] micB ;] eS
pQnk] mq m] cBi ;] dmicB ;] yac];Dw}.yB,yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

miBc];him];hWm];kn]"
miwB :] pan]dsw]:lBcD] nn]. micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] 'AL,w'tcB ,] AB,'pY,I 'hac];SL,wtI,'rKqc,] pQnm] cB i ;]
him;] hWm;] kn]eS KbnP ] ,] C kBn;] micB ;] mn]; PWc;] cm];yB,Sw];w}.yU,yw]." micB ;] him;] hWm;] kn]nn]. miwB :] tikb ;]
kn]ekL:mI;" miwB :] pQnA ] vB ;] lI sW:} Tqmk] n]ekL:mI;yw]." micB ;] siwB ;] AimB :] sm]kn]eS k}.l}:kp];Sipb ,] kQw,]
KWc.] kn]nn]. pQnm] cBi ;] siwB ;] nc],t]:C n}.yw]."

k. micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] "

dmicB ;] t};Dn}nn]. pQnm] cB i ;] An]sw]:Kbnt ] ;} PWc;] cm];kBn;] siwB .] KiwB ;] t};eS yB,Sw];hBm:] kn]
mL;pan]Spb i ,] pan]nn].yw]." micB ;] t};la}wan]:la}mcB i ;] mL;hBm:] kn]nn]. hWc.] wL:micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] yw]."
micB ;] ASm],'mcB i ;] sw]:fL.(12)micB ;] '(12)pn];nL;'(12)sw]:t};'eK,mrt].'lan].sac].'lan].nL;'Skb ;]
eKL;T};'AyBk.] ty siwB ;] nn]. pQnm] cB i ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] yw]." micB ;] sw]:fL.(12)micB ;] pQn] micB ;] maw];'
kicb ,] m'Es:fac]'micB ;] kWc'] micB ;] yac];'SWcS ] pB ;] 'micB ;] mit:] 'Sqnw] 'I SI,epL.'yWch] v B :] 'micB ;] na};'micB ;] pa};yw]."
dsw]:fL.Dn}nn]. pQnK] n b m] cBi ;] t}; An]m;I sn].pQc;] dKbne] hLKm];Dman]:nn].yw]."
kBn;] tqm:] pin
b ;] tc]:s]hC :C ] hn]tmq ,] SCac];Pqp.] t};eS tqm:] w}.El: nc],hac]:sw]:fL.pQns ] n].tqm,]
An]y,B t]:C Kbne] hLKm];man]:nn].w}.yw]." nc]ln i t] c];kCac]:micB ;] Kbne] hLKm];man]:PWc;] cm];w}.n}nn].
yc];kqp:] liwB e] S nc]ln i t ] c];kCac]:micB ;] sw]:fL.nicb :] sw]:PWc;] cm];w}.nn].yB,yw]."

K. mUci ;] AL,w"
pI1364 pQnl ] kb :] sa};SiwB K] an],fL. sw]:pQm,] fL.El:sw]:cUn i :] KQwf
] L.tikb ;] pac]yL:Es:kqc;]
lB.yw]. ybk.] dStBw;] mc];fL.DKin b :] pQnK] n
b "] 26.1.1365 dStBw;] mc];fL.DEt,tc]:micB ;] AL,wEl:
n];C Kaw];tac];pI(1365-1554)nn]. pQns ] wB :] dpan]AL,wDyw]."
Pak],niwB E] l:Pak],AWk,] dAL,wDmI; micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] " Pak],t]:C mI;pY,I 'tcB ,] AB,'hac];SL,wtI,"
Pak],tBk;] mI;micB ;] rKqc,] w}.El: AL,wmI;w}.n];C Ek:kac]pn B i :] eS l}:kp];Sipb ,] hQt;] ekL. kB:Pa},'k:B micB ;] yw]."
n];C sBw:] pI(1501-1526)nn]. dnrptiehLkqw:] DPWc;] cm];AL,w" Am],Tbk,] kn]tc];
sw]:lBcm] cB i ;] yac];" dnrptiDn}. Aw]kwq :] Sqcc] n b i ;] Km]; Kp].S],C hQt;] ehLmn];hac]:lInn q ,] n}El:
l}:siwb :] dnrptiehLkqw:] Dyw]."
n];C pin
b ;] man]:nn]. dnrptiDmI;nm]nn q ,] El: l}:S],C SW:} kikb ;] siwb :] Kw]nn].w}.nc],n}yw]."
Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] KbnA ] L,wn}. l}:KWt,] yWt:] Sbt;] wa};kCL, yWn.] Kbnm] cB i ;] tBc,] AB,dpyin.] nWc,] Dtikb ;] Sim;] miwB :]
pI1554nn].yB,yw]."

2
sn].SI, piun];

hac]:Pqn,] tI: An]kwQ ,] lBv:] pin

b ;] SiwB h] an]fL.
3
piun]; sn].SI,

micB ;] tBc,] AB,(tWc,] cB,)"

dtBc,] AB,Dn}nn]. pI1279 miwB :] nrSI,hpet.tikb .] pQnK] n b p] ;B km], dSwbn,] kY;I El:
Swbn,] Ec,DSWcp] :I nWc.] Kin b :] hQt;] KbnP] cW ;] cm];El: sc],Et,mI;KbnA ] pb .] picB ,] mL;yw]." mI;KbnA ] pb .] picB ,]
eStL. p},siwb :] micB ;] y],C micB ;] lBc"] tikb .] pQnA ] cB i ,] AWn,] mWk:] AicB ,] pB,hQcd] t};D PWc;] cm];nn].kBv;] "
pI1485 dmc];kY;I vBw,] DAn]pn Q l ] an]Kci ;] kac]. wan]:El,ew;nn]. himA ] L,nL," KL:hqmp] t q :]
Kbnt ] cB ,] AB,dmc];sI,dB,DeS Kin b :] hQt;] Kbny ] w]." mc];kY;I vBw,] mI; lbk:] yic;] An]wL:dtKin,] kY;I DEl:
lbk:] sa};An]hcW .] wL:dtpin,] SBv,] TI;Dn}nn].yw]."
miwB :] PWc;] nn] n];C tBc,] AB, tI:wan]:TI;lqc,] nn]. dmWc,] Sic,] KEl:mKin,] lDAn]pn Q ]
kBn;] Pan]ScW P ] wB e] m;yB,Sw];w}.yw]." Pan]nn q ,] El: kins ] ac]:Kin b :] tBn:] Tan]pn B i :] eS lQc.] Sa}sC ]
KLpB,AWk,] w}.yw]." KLmI;lbk:] sa};ekL.nicb :] " Aw]nn W ;] w}.hc];kBv;] eS kCL,hLkins ] ac]:pBn i :] Ticb t ] :I pBk,]
epL;lap]:n}El: lbk:] AWn,] nn]. l}:siwb :] dAa}:pBk,] lap]:Dn}yw]."
sWm;] nc],kB.SBw,] mbnc] w];mI;mL;El: Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; dmKin,] lDl}:miwB ;] pQnd] Em:nBm;] D
tpin,] SBv,] TI;El: Aa}:pBk,] lap]:ekL: l}:miwB ;] hQt;] ekL.tpinS ] v
B ,] TI;KLpI:nWc.] yw]." Aa}:pBk,] lap]:
kit B ,] pI1515 lin B k] m]m,C ] 12Km]:(wn];pbt.] )El: y],C liwB t ] pin,] SBv,] TI; (3)lin B p] a}(4)wn];n}yw]."
(Em:nBm;] = Em:yic;] lbm;] lL;lbk:] sw]:Kbn)] "
pI1530 mc];kY;I vBw,] nWn;] EP;El: tpin,] SBv,] TI;An]AL,yB.tikb .] l}:(15)KBp,] kBv;]
nn]. Kin b :] pQnK] n b y ] w]." Aa}:pBk,] lap]:ekL: Kin b :] siwb :] dSZn i ,] Ey;Tbt.] Dn}eS Kin b :] pQns] mW p] cW ]
Sikb ;] mL;yw]." wa};lin b ;] mL; SZn i ,] Ey;Tbt.] kBp.] kB:kikb ;] dtKin,] kY;I D hQt;] pI:KBvK] n b e] hLKm];El:
l}:siwb :] dpyin.] nWc,] Dn}Tcq :] yw]."(pyin,] = Kbne] hLKm];" nWc,] = pI:Aa}:)"
tpin,] SBv,] TI;nn]. mk].law]:nqn,] " pI1548 sac];Tak]:ddmQc,] eTL;Dtikb ;] Sim;] tL:kbc:]
El: pyin.] nWc,] lBc;] tikb ;] " PWc;] miwB :] nn]. tpin,] SBv,] TI;kCL,Tc]hn B i ;] PWc;] micB ;] mn]; An]pn Q k] nB ;]
KiwB ;] dmWn;] D tI:dmAB,pin,] DeSlLSt];yw]." PWc;] micB ;] nn].wL: n];C Tin B ,] Kw]nn]. mI;sac].PikB ,]
n}eS Pam];yWk,] h]:C tpin,] SBv,] TI;AWk,] tisac].PikB ,] yw]." Ticb n ] ;C ] Tin B ,] yw]. miwB :] mw];lw]:nWn;]
lp];yB,nn]. PWc;] micB ;] dmWn;] Dtqp;] eKL; KL:hqmp] t q :] El: tpin,] SBv,] TI;nWn;] EP;kCL,yw]."
lbk:] tpin,] SBv,] TI;dmc];Ey;SI,hdB,DKin b :] pbt:] eStL. wan]:micB ;] Am],nimS ] w];El:
pI1550 lin B S ] am] m],C (3)Km]: PWc;] micB ;] tc];la}ykb .] dpyin.] nWc,] DKin b :] pQn] Kbnt ] cB ,] AB,mL;yB,yw]."
pI1553lin B s ] cQ ,] m],C (13)Km]: pyin.] nWc,] Ka}.ehL kCL,pBk;] tc]:tI:dhac];SL,wtI,Dyw]."
pyin.] nWc,] mI; em;lBc(] 3)ekL." em;AWn,] (43)ekL." lbk;] sa};(97)ekL." lbk:] yic;]
(59)ekL." AL,yB.sw]:l}:(66)pIeS nWn;] EP;kCL,miwB :] pI1581 lin B S ] pi ;] SWcm] n B ;] nn].yw]."

4
sn].SI, piun];

mUic];pYI,(pUc]:)"
dmicB ;] pY,I DpQnw] an]:mI;tI: tL:pBc:] Kam]:nm].kQwE] l: t};hWc.] dtL:pBc:] Dn}yw]." dpBc:] Dnn].
man]:tqm:] AWk,] sWm;] SQcA ] m],PQn:] l}:El: pQnd] pY,I Dn}kLC ,yB,yw]." pI1242 dSI,hSB,DAn]A,} W AB:
mn];nrSI,hpet.ta}nn]. lBc;] hQt;] KbnE] l: dpY,I Dl}:mI;pan]Kn b m] L;nc],t]:C n}.mL;yB,yw]."
1. SI,hSB,(lbk:] nrSI,hpet.) AD.1242-1284
2. kYL.sCL,( nWc.] SI,hSB,) " 1284-1323
3. pQnt ] :C] AL,w " 1323-1445
4. mc];kY;I sCL,(lbk:] KbnA ] L,wnrpti) " 1445-1482
5. StBw;] mc];sw]:(nWc.] mc];kY;I sCL,) " 1482-1526
6. pyin,] TBv;] (lbk:] StBw;] mc];sw]:) " 1526-1532
7. nrpti(lbk:] pyin,] TBv;] ekL.y],C ) " 1532-1538
9. mc];KWc,] (lbk:] pyin,] TBv;] ekL.lQk.] ) " 1538-1542
pI1542 dpY,I Dl}:lB.pc]; yWn.] tpin,] SBv,] TI;tBc,] AB,tikb ;] yw]."

micB ;] yac]; El: AL,w"

sw]:lBcm] cB i ;] yac]; pQnA ] v
B ;] lIkn]w.} tc]; Kbnm] cB i ;] pY,I dStBw;] mc];sw]:DeS k}.tikb ;] kn]
tc];KbnA ] L,wdnrptiehLkqw:] D" Kbnt ] cB ,] AB,dmc];kY;I vBw,] DSm]. k}.tikb ;] micB ;] pY,I " micB ;] yac];El:micB ;] pY,I
pQnA ] v B ;] lIkn]El: micB ;] yac];El:tBc,] AB,ekL: Am],Tbk,] kn]" AL,wSm]. pQnA ] v B ;] lIkn]w.} tc];
SI,epL.'Sqnw] 'I mUci ;] mit:] 'mUci ;] n}a;'yWch] v B :] El: k}.l}:sW:} AL,wtikb ;] Sikb ;] yw]."
miwB :] 1522 mUci ;] yac];El:AL,wtuki ;] kn]" micB ;] pY,I sW:} micB ;] yac];tikb ;] AL,w" mUci ;] yac];lWm.] wqt.]
tikb ;] nL:wn];hWc,] " micB ;] pY,I lWm.] wqt.] tikb ;] nL:wn];san];" KbnA ] L,wyWn;] h]:C sW:} El: sw]:fL.SI,epL.
pW,} luk:] mn];sw]:dKunm] ci U ;] AWn,] DAWn] tp].sac].60" tp].mL.1000" Sikb ;] 4000 lUc;] sW:} AL,w"
Sikb ;] SI,epL.Am],tikb ;] tp].micB ;] yac];eS pBn.] lBc;] tuki ;] tp].micB ;] pY,I yB,yw]."
Pa},nicb :] ekL: sw]:fL.SI,epL.tqm:] lik:] sU; sw]:lUcm] ci U ;] yac];wL:dyam];lQw> ] sw]:pI:hw];
El:AL,w>tuki ;] kn]y,U n}.>kw]KL:pQnA ] v U ;] lIAL,ww}.El:>l}:sW:} Kw]y,B >sw]:pI:El:hw];KL:
Sm].>pQnt ] ;} nc],kn]>Am],KC:] tuki ;] kn]KL:>nc],hbwi h] w];pI:nWc.] >etAm],l}:tikb ;] kn]nn].>sw]:
pI:hw];wUn.] pn]eSkm];>Dn}El: hp].l}:lik:] yw].ekL: sw]:lUcm] ci U ;] yac];TWm} wi U ;] Kun i ;] km];lQwy
] w]."
lin b ;] nn].SWcp] I miwB :] 1524
1524nn]. KunA ] L,wAWnS ] ki u ;] Kun
i :] tuki ;] mUci ;] yac];" sw]:lUch] ac]:hqn;]
Sikb ;] tBw:] tn];yw].eS tqm:] lik:] sU;sw]:fL.SI,epL.wL:dmUwi :] pUn.] mL;SWcp] n I n].>sw]:nWc.]

5
piun]; sn].SI,

tqm:] lik:] mL;wL:>t};etL,t};Am],kuci ,] tuki ;] kn]nE} l:>sw]:pITm} W L;Kun

i ;] yw].>yam];lQwn ] .} >AL,w
hn]tmq ,] SCac];Pqp.] hw];>Tac],wL:kUwm] n];El:>lm];mL;tuki ;] hw];yU,>lWc:] n}.>kuci ,] lIpn Q h] wi b e] kL:>
sw]:nWc.] wUn.] pn]eSkm];>Dn}yw]. pW,} PWc;] KQwm] wBi ;] SUc,] sB; sw]:fL.SI,epL.yU,yw]."
sw]:fL.SI,epL.tWp,] wL:dmUwi :] sw]:pI:>tuki ;] AL,wnn].>yWn.] sw]:pI:hw];KL:>Am],KC:] h]:C
t};nc],kn]tkb i ;] kn]El:>kw]KL:ham]:sw]:pI:l}:yB,eStL.>wn];mUwi :] lQwA ] L,wSm].>Kun i :] tuki ;] sw]:
pI:yU,n}Et.>KL:nWc.] Am],sac]:mI;>kCam];ham]:SI;Sc]l:} yw].El:>Aw]sw]:pI:hw];wL:KL:yw].>D
hp].l}:lik:] yw].ekL: sw]:lUch] ac]:Suki ;] tuki ;] km];lQw"] lUv;] Tuci A ] L,w" pY,I lWm.] tuki ;] w}.nL:
Pak],t]:C yB,El: AL,wAm],Ep." tqm:] lik:] yWn;] h]:C SI,epL.lUc;] sW:} Tqc:] " sw]:fL.SI,epL.hac]:tp].
sac].300" mL.1000" Suki ;] 10,000 lUc;] kCL,tn];Tuci h] mi ;] dpac]Al B cB D] (em,mYOw].)kBv;] l}:Kaw],
AL,wSum;] Suki ;] yw].El: Am],tn];l}:tikb ;] sW:} " dnrptiehLkqw:] DsBw;] AWn] lbm;] lac];'scB i .] nac];
mn];eS p}a:mUwi ;] puci :] SI,epL.yB,yw]."

Kbne] hLKm];AL,wSiwB h] an]fL."

pI1525nn]. Sim;] l}:AL,wyw]. sw]:lBcA ] ap]:pn] Kbnp] ,YI yw].eS tL,mn];sw]:Et.
Sim;] Aw]tp].sac].'tp].mL.AL,weS mUwi ;] Kin b ;] micB ;] yac];yw]." w}a;eSsw]:lUcm] wi U ;] yw]. Kbnp] Y,I
StBw;] mc];sw]:ekL: Sim;] Aw]KwU ;] KWck] m]:PWc:] El: hWc.] Aw]PcW ;] mUci ;] AL,wkm]:PWc:] eS miwB ;] Kin b ;] pY,I "
tI:AL,w Am],mI;P]y C w].El: dnrptiehLkqw:] DlUc;] mUwi ;] Kin b ;] km];lQw"] PqwA ] L,wyw].
hgmS
] ki u ;] Kin
b :] tikb ;] micB ;] yac];Tqc:] El: pI1526nn]. sw]:lUcA ] nW d] SUwi h] an]fL.Dtuki ;] Kin b ;] AL,w"
KbnA] L,wSbm;] kan]." pqt:] hac]:ehLeS KI,sac].AWk,] pa}:" tiwB .] mat],nWn;] EP;kCL,niwB s ] ac].nn].yw]."
pI1527nn]. sw]:lUcy ] kb .] dSUwi h] an]fL.DKin b :] pQnK] n b e] hLKm];" lan]nrptiehLkqw:]
dmc];kY;I yan],nWc,] DAn]yam]:pa}:eP; miwB ;] picb :] micB ;] yac];nn]. sw]:lBcS ] nW ,] wL: yBwe] tAm],limb ;] kbc,]
An]pn]pcbi :] mL;nn].hiwb n ] e} S ybk.] pQnP ] cW ;] micB ;] lBc] w}.him;] SiwB h] an]fL.yu,B yw]."
wa};eSAap]:hac]:ehL pn]Swi U h] an]fL.yw]. sw]:lBcA ] w]KwB ;] KWch] ac]:ehLAL,w SBc,] pn]sw]:
fL.SI,epL.El: tqm:] lik:] kikb ;] sWm;] wL:dmUci ;] kWc> ] mUci ;] yac];>mUci ;] p}a;>yWch] v B :] >mUci ;] n}a;>mUci ;]
mit:] >SI,epL.>Et,kCL,>mUci ;] t};tc];SQc:] n}.>pQnc] n i U :] nuci :] >KUwi ;] lQwk] n]mt U ;] El:>pQnp] :I nWc.]
kn]tc];mBt;] yw].>
mUwi :] lQw> ] luk:] kw]KL:SUwi h] an]fL.>Kun i :] Abp.] picB ,] AL,wn}.ekL:>sw]:nWc.] mat]:tan],>
luk:] AWk,] lan]s> ] C hk].pqc;] yC,] nm]>sm]se] C Skm];>Dn}nn]. SBc,] sWm;] yw]." wa};nn].yw].
sw]:lBcm] wiU ;] Kun i ;] mUci ;] yac];yB,yw]."

6
sn].SI, piun];

SiwB h] an]fL. El: SL,SnL,"

SUwi h] an]fL.Am],sqk,] siwB .] sat]:saw];KiwB ;] " pn]pn b :] PWn;] PWc;] micB ;] t};PWc;] micB ;] man]:
pQc;] kn]eS h]:C hBm:] kn]Kcb i p] cW w] an]:micB ;] yw]." SUwi h] an]fL.ybm,] ym]kwB i ;] Tiwb p] t
b .] TeS yam]:lWt:] kYok]:
s].C tiwb ;] kL,TL,t};miwB :] kWn,] tc];nm]" n];C nn]. Aw]dkL,TL,Sm],put.] eT,DSWnE] P:tin B ;] pn]kn B ;]
AL,wtc];micB ;] h]:C lWt:] kYLk]:kB:wn];yw]."
nc],hiwb k] n
B ;] micB ;] etybm,] ym]tcW ;] kimb ;] lWt:] kYok]:El: SUwi h] an]fL.Aw]swb i :] kL,TL,tc]:eS
ybk.] yWc:] sw]:lBcn ] am];nL: AWnk] n B ;] micB ;] Et,kWc;] mB;dSm],pbt.] eT,micB ;] yac];D(rd;k nSi;f or
orŠ ŠaK')< n];C
linm] n];sw]:lB,tan]; An]kaC c]:(37)eA,knn].El: mI;w}.him;] dmBc,] yCL,DyB,han].n}.yw]."

lbk]:mBc]:ekL:mBc]:pqc];"
mUwi :] pan]SwB i h] an]fL.PWc;] cm];AL,wnn]. tBc,] AU,pQnm] cB i ;] man]:Kin b :] hQt;] Kbnw] .} eS tikb .] Et,
mun;] m],C Kun
i :] mL;kBv;] " micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] lWm.] wqt.] tBc,] AB,El:pY,I w}.kB:Pa},eS AQnh] cq ;] y],C mak]:liwB m] an]:
w}.Et.Et." miwB ;] nL:mL; kBwl ] :} pQne] P;mL;El: SiwB h] an]fL.Aan];tikb ;] tBc,] AB,eS ticB ,] pac],nn].
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] SWn,] wL:
dmiwB :] lQw> ] PWc;] miwB :] t};tikb .] hqc;] yB,n}.>man]:hw];Sm].>tikb .] Et,wan],siwB .] kBv;] >Sc]
wL:SiwB h] an]fL.tikb ;] sicb > ] hQt;] hiwb e] kL:>man]:hw];etAm],Kam],l}:eS>etlB.Sbm;] ha}la}pt q :]
mBt;] yw].>t};ethiwB :] hicB ;] >Abp.] picB ,] tc];mBt;] yw].>siwB .] man]:An]kt b i ;] yB,n}.>h]:C Sipb ,] kit b ;] pQn]
siwB .] yicb :] y],C >miwB ;] nL:nn].lIyw].>Dn}eS Am],PWm.] h]:C tikb ;] El: lat]:wL:>
dtBc,] AU,El:pY,I nn].>etL.Et.Kw]:suwi :] wL:>pQnm] cB i ;] kUv;] >Kw]Am],mI;hqc;] Sc]>Am],
hbci A
] m],nan];>kBwE] hEl:>Sm].epL;etmL;kUm:] kWm;] >sU;sw]:hc];kBv;] Kw]yw].>Am],pQnS ] ki u ;] >
Am],tuki ;] kn]eS>mL;SWn:] hc];kUv;] nn].>lIeSpin B :] yw].>miwB ;] nL:ekL:>hqc;] AWn,] mWk:] Kw]
nn].kBv;] >Am],sac]:l}:kUwS ] c]Kw]>Am],sac]:pQne] P;Sc]l:} nc],kw],>w}.pqt:] eSlL:Dn}El:
sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.sc],Am],tikb ;] eS pW,} w}.tBc,] AB,yB,yw]."
wa};nn]. mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] lk].pW,} kBn;] lUc;] pWc,] sB; tBc,] AU,wL:dmiwB :] lQwP ] cW ;] miwB :] t};>tuki .]
yicb :] yC,] hqc;] KWn:] yB,eS>man]:hw];p},mI;hqc;] n}.>tuki ;] Pin b .] Kw]Am],l}:>lBw,] hLlWk;] la};>etAm],
pQne] P;eS>hWmh] cq ;] l}:nn].kBv;] El:>kuci ,] lIp,} W kUn;] mL;>kUm:] kWm;] kp];Supi ,] yU,>Dn}El:
Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; tBc,] AU,pW,} kBn;] pL;Aw] KUw;] KWcP ] an],tL,miwB ;] kBm:] kWm;] wac];sB;SiwB h] an]fL.
yB,yw]." pQnm] L;sWm;] nc],lat]:nn].Et.El: Tqc:] hqc;] h]:C SiwB h] an]fL.ybm,] ym] mc];kY;I yan],nWc,]
mL;liwB k] w],Tqc:] yB,yw]."

7
piun]; sn].SI,

tBc,] AB,KCak]:hqc;] "

pI1531 tpin,] SUv,] TI;Kun i :] pQnK] n b t ] cB ,] AB,eS pyin.] nWc,] Kun i :] pQns ] mW p] cW S] ki u ;] mL;yw]."
pI1533nn]. Kunp] Y,I dpyin,] TUv;] DlUla} Kun i ;] El: sw]:lUcm] cB i ;] yac];AWn] SUwi h] an]fL.tuki ;] "
tikb ;] pY,I yw]. miwB ;] nL:mL; kBwp] ,YI El:tBc,] AB,hWm;] kn] hQt;] eP;S],C El: Aan];pBn.] tuki ;] tBc,] AU,"
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] ham]:El: Am],pQnt ] kb i ;] Tqc:] nc],kw],"
sw]:lBcm] cB i ;] yac];tivpg ;] pyin,] TUv;] miwB ;] sWm;] " tn];Ticb d] tI,Ep;yin;] DkBv;] SUn;] tum]
l}:yw].n}eS pW,} Kin b ;] " sw]:lUck] t b i ;] liwb :] tI:AL,wyw]. Supi ,] Kaw];tac]; miwB ;] Kin b ;] micB ;] yac];"tn];
Ticb d] emY,tU;DkBv;] luk:] nWc.] mn];sw]: An]pn Q s] mC ] c];kY;I yan],nn]. pWck] t U .] El: nWn;] EP;kCL,"
sw]:lBcp] n Q A] n Q h] cq ;] lBck] :B picB p] cBi ] km].w}.SiwB h] an]fL.El: sc],l}:Kam],pWck] t B .] nc],n}yw]."
pI1538 tBc,] AU,tuki ;] pY,I An]pn Q t ] :C ] eAL;sL,dAL,wDw}.yB,nn].yw]."SUwi h] an]fL.lBc;] sW:}
El: pY,I Am],tn];tUk;] Sum;] " pI1539 tBc,] AU,tuki ;] hac];SL,wtI,(pL,kiwB )] "Kunh] ac];SL,wtI,Sbm;] kan]."
p}a:sB;dpY,I D" Suki ;] tBc,] AU,lm];tikb ;] Tqc:] " SUwi h] an]fL.Kw]:Eh.w}.El: Suki ;] tBc,] AU,Sbm;] kan].eS
l}:TWm} wBi ;] Kinb ;] yB,yw]."
pI1541 tpin,] SUv,] TI; tuki ;] pY,I Tqc:] " SUwi h] an]fL.lUc;] sW:} eStL. pyin.] nWc,] PqnS ] kb i ;]
tt];pqt:] KUci :] kac],Kw]:nm].tac];kin] An]ScB ,] lBc;] km].TqmS ] kb i ;] AL,w sWm;] SQn:] tac];nm].kQw]
nn].El: l}:Sbm;] kan].eS dpY,I DekL: l}:tBk;] t]:C tBc,] AB,kCL,yB,yw]."
pI1542 tBc,] AU,tuki ;] emL,lmqYc,] El:tL:w}ayw]. pUn.] tuki ;] dAyUk.] tyD" tBc,] AB,kp];
Supi ,] l}:kBn;] KiwB ;] depL,tB,kI,D(Portuguese) An]kL.K}aKicB :] kac],mak],miwb .] sin b ;] yam]; nn].yw].El:
mI;Amzk:] mI;KUci :] kac],Kut i ;] kap]:Tqc:] eS AQnh] cq ;] KicB ,] Km].mL;liwB k] w],Tqc:] yw]." micB ;] t};El:micB ;]
AL,wSm].tikb .] l}:s].C lqw;] 'lap],'kac],eStikb ;] yB," KicB :] kac],Am],tw].kn]nn].kBv;] pQnl
] cW :]
tac];lBc] An]etAm],EK.KQc,] l}:Kin b ;] nn]. An]ncbi :] yB,yw]."

SiwB h] an]fL. El: Sc],KL,pWm"]

pI1541 tBc,] AB,El:pY,I An]pn Q m] an]:nc],kn]nn]. hBm:] hWm;] kn]yw].mw],kL; mI;KicB :] kac],
Kit
b ;] kap]:Tqc:] El: AQnh] cq ;] Kw]KcB i ,] Km].mL;liwB k] w],yw]." sWm;] nc],mI;Pqn] Aan];Sim;] AL,wmL;sQm]
hicb n
] n].eS tBc,] AB,El:mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] hBm:] kn]wac];Pqn] Aw]Sa}lp].Kw]:yB,n];C AL,ww}.yw]."
tL,etAw]Sa}lp].Kw]:w}.n];C micB ;] nn]. mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] SWn,] wL: SiwB h] an]fL.ybm,] ym]
np].Tiwb S ] L,SnL,nqn,] El: Sc]pn Q S
] c],KL,Kw]:yB,Et. etSac],Tbk,] eSpin B :] n}eS mn];sc],
h]:C kBN;] tBc,] AB, pWmh] t
Q ;] Sc],KL,eS Kw]:yB,w}.sWm;] wt]. n];C micB ;] AL,wyB,yw]."

8
sn].SI, piun];

Sc]KL,pWms ] wB i ;] nn]. lk].hQt;] kan]lp].tikb ;] Pin b .] Sim;] Aw]AL,w" lk].hQt;] lik:] lp].
SicB ,] w}.sWm;] Pin
b l
] ki :] Pin b T] m];n];C wt].n];C kan]," lk].Kbt;] KBt.] TL,pnL,kWc;] mB; kB;lqk:] KicB :] kac],SicB ,]
SWn:] w}. n];C wt].'n];C kWc;] mB;'AB;mac]," mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Sm]. yU,AUmi :] sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.eS p].C
cW;} cw];la};lItL,Kw]w.} yB,"
pI1542 SiwB h] an]fL.l}:Kaw], Suki ;] tBc,] AU,pW,} kBn;] pWmh] t Q ;] Sc],KL, Kw]:pqp.] w}.nC;] mUci ;] AL,weS
etPqnh] a}.n}El: mn];sw]:sc],hLlWk;] la}; tL,etSWk:] hB.l}:Sc],KL,pWm] An]pn Q S
] a}lp].siwB ;]
nn].El: sc],pac];Sc],KL,tc];micB ;] h]:C l}:kCL,kap]:SWm;] tI:dtWc,] plB,Dn}yw]." Sc],KL,An]Pwq ]
hWt:] kCL, tI:pac]kap]:SWm;] dtWc,] plB,Dnn]. mI;yB,1300tBnn ] y } w]."
wa};eSkap]:SWm;] yw]. sWm;] nc],l}:Kaw],w}.nn].eS SWk:] tBv;] tI:tBwS ] c],KL,kB:sw]:El:
km]:PWc:] mI;mit:] Pk];Aqw] km]:PWc:] mI;lik:] kan]lp]. km]:PWc:] etL,SB:Kin b ;] El: tivpg ;] sqt:] Tam]yw].
h]:C Tak]:eSpn]tam],ta}pt q :] 360ekL.n}yw]." Sc],KL,pWms ] wB i ;] nn]. lat]:lWc:] Kw]Smi ;] SicB ,] w}.
lik:] lp].El:KicB :] kac],w}. n];C Pin b l ] ki :] Pin
b T
] m]; n];C kWc;] mB;'A;B mac],n}El: SiwB h] an]fL.Sc],h]:C
SWk:] hLTBk;] AWk,] Pw]pt q :] tc];mBt;] yw]."

sw]:SiBw]han]fL.nWn];EP;"
SiwB h] an]fL.yL.lB.l}: Pqnk] an]Kw]pt q :] El: mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Pit;] s]EC t.Et."liwB e] S
nn]. kBwk] an]Sac]:AL,nL,sak]:man]: Am],tn];Ticb t ] :I " kBwS ] wiU h] an]fL.hB.lWc:] mn];eS
pn]eP;El: Am],ybm,] tBwm] n];eS mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] hLlWk;] la};hQt;] KQns ] ;B SUwi h] an]fL.yB,yw]."
yWn.] nn]. pI1543 mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] lw]:Ticb ] SUwi h] an]fL.wL:dtc]:Aw]Kn b i :] pQnK] n
b A
] L,w
mL;n}.>kum,] muci .] kan]Skb i ;] yU,kBv;] >hLmUwi :] l}:luwi :] hBwi .] tUws
] >] C Am],mI;eSpWk:] >kuci ,] lIhL>tI:SiwB ;] sC]
eS>luwi :] mW:} yU,>Dn}El: SUwi h] an]fL.An]tkb i .] ybm,] mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] yB,nn]. PWm.] sWm;] eS
pn]pn b :] PWn;] h]:C mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] hac]:hqn;] AWk,] liwb :] sBw:] Kaw];yB,yw]."
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] likB :] SUnm] kW ,] dmenL,rm],mD pQnt ] :I kCL,liwb :] yw]." Sbm.] etL,emL:'t:I nc]:'
lWk;] la};kCL,p}'nc]:Sw];tc];SQc:] mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Kp];Kuci h] ac]:hqn;] mBt;] yw]."Sbm.] etL,emL: tI:et
kCL,liwb :] nn]. Sc],h]:C Aw]PcB i ;] SiwB ,] w}.eS PWc;] micB ;] man]:El:PWc;] micB ;] t};ekL: h]:C hQt;] pn]t:I nc]:
Pak],l]KC wBi ;] nn].n}yw]."
siSc],pL;wL:dsw]:mbny ] ,C ] Kbne] hLKm];>hBwi .] mW:} kan]Ski u ;] nqn,] El:>etAWk,] luwi :] tBw]
liwb :] s]>
C Am],h]:C Kbk;] s]l
C :} >kan]Skb i ;] yw].El:>Et,sQmm] t i :] >lqw;] >lap],>hWk,] >An]pn Q K] cB i :]
Sikb ;] >mQw;] Aw]tkb i ;] Pn];tqc;] yw]:kn]l:} nn].>P]eC tAm],l}:Aw]sp];sWm;] eSekL.>Dn}eS

9
piun]; sn].SI,

Pa},nicb :] Sm]. lk].Sc],h]:C PWc;] micB ;] man]: Pk];mit:] SWn:] tBwk] LC ," s].C Aw] mit,] 'lap],'lwq ;] 'hkW ,]
kCL,SWn:] mBk;] w}.t]:C PicB ;] Pak],PWc;] micB ;] man]:etnc]:nn].w}.yw]. Sc],w}.wL:dyL,limb ;] tBw> ] tBv;] kw]
w}.tL,eS,>Sc]wL:cw];la};Am],sp];>tI:l]> C miwB :] l]mC w],wL:>hm];km];lQw> ] n];C etL,emL:nn].>kw]
etPqnh] :C ] Kw]:lWk;] hw];>miwB :] hn]kw]Kn b ,] lbk.] nn].>SBlkb .] Pn];t};km];lQw> ] Dn}yw]."
Ticb w] n];AWk,] kCL,SBnm] kW ,] nn]. sWm;] nc],Pac],hac]:sw]:KbnA ] kW ,] tac];nn].eS kL:pQn]
KicB :] Kbnk] kb i ;] pinb ;] pan]Spb i ,] pan] Et,sQml ] ap],lqw;] 'hkW ,] nn]. Aw]pL;kCL,sWm;] tc];mBt;] " nac];fL."mB;
mat]:PWc;] micB ;] "kWch] am]"sicB .] yic;] "sicB .] sa};"SeT;El: KL:wan]:kBn;] micB ;] siwB ;] mI;siwb :] SQcl ] wb i ;] lc]nn].
AWnk] n]Kw]:Tqwt ] :I P],C tn];mn];eS y}AkW ,] tac];sWm;] kn]kLC ,yB,yw]."
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Sc],ham]:w}.El: liwB e] SPWc;] micB ;] man]: Aw]Sn W :] tBwk] LC ,nn]. Am],Aw]KcB i :]
kac],sp];sWm;] eSekL." Ticb e] tL,emL: n];C SBnm] kW ,] nn].yw].ekL: AWnk] n]nc]:nc], mc];kY;I yan],nWc,]
tm];picB w] .} nn].El: PWc;] micB ;] t};El:PWc;] micB ;] man]: nc]:w}.Pak],P]P C ak],mn];yB,yw]."
liwb :] Sw];tBc.] tk].nc],Tbc;] Kbny ] w]. Abp,] lWc:] wan]:micB ;] ticb ;] kL;El: mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Kuci h] L
lWk;] l}a;Aw]lwq ;] AWk,] l}:eS tc]:s]l C at]:h]:C sap]:ka},Ticb ] lqw;] kuki ;] pinb ;] ehLAL,wpan]Spb i ,] pan]yw]."
sw]:SUwi h] an]fL.Tam]wL:dn];C Sa}Spb i ,] ehLAL,wn}.>yam]:l}:hB.mL;wL:>mI;lqw;] kikb ;] pin b ;] hL:mak]:>n}
Am],siwb :] hiwb > ] lqw;] sw]:nrptiehLkqw:] nn].>P}anqn,] >Kqm.] nqn,] n}hL.>yam]:l}:cin;] wL:>Sc]
Aw]Pn];kUn;] KI,sac].>kBn;] ekL:pbt;] tBk;] >sac].ekL:Kat],kCL,km];lQwn ] > } sw]:yam]:hn]y,B hiwb > ] D
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] likB :] Aw]lwq ;] hL:mak]:nn]. ybk.] pBn.] hBwe] Sdyam]:hn]eAL:>n}.KL:en:D
n}yw].wac];lBc;] Kin b ;] " lUki :] Aw]lwq ;] sw]:nrpti dlqw;] yQc;] nW.} pL;D(,dr;f EG@J yg;"g;)nn].
yuk.] tac],hBwm] n iU n] c],etSC,] pn] nC;] muwi ;] SiwB h] an]fL.eStL. Am],S],C " Pbn,] lbk.] TWt,] haw].Pn];SC,]
km];lQw"] SUwi h] an]fL.pbt;] tBk;] kCL,kBv;] mw],kL; Sw]An]Aci w] .} El:tBcA ] n]nc]:w}. siwB ;] nn].
put;] Kat],yat],tBk;] kCL,sWm;] kn]tc];SQc:] miwB :] lQwk] n]km];lQwn ] y } w]."
mUwi :] mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Pbn,] lbk.] ybk.] lqw;] nn]. PWc;] mUci ;] man]:tc];SQc:] Kun,] sk].lqw;] tC:]
tI:nc]:Kw]yw]. Pbn,] lbk.] haw].S],C PWc;] mUci ;] t};km];lQw"] Am],Tac],eSkicb .] kac].pQnm] L;El: Am],mI;
KicB :] Sc]eStL. nc],kL:pQnl ] :} nn]. AWnk] n]EKtBwy ] ,B ekL:yL, Am],EK.KQc,] l}:lWc:] hac]:hqn;] "
tinl ] a}mwb i ;] pw],Am],tw].nQc,] l}:lqw;] lap],El: PWc;] micB ;] t};tUk;] Sum;] kCL,tc];SQc:] yw]." PWc;] mUci ;] t};
pak],nicb :] tBk;] Sbm;] El: tI:nn]:w}.wL:dmat].trL,D(PWc;] mUci ;] nuci :] pak],)n}eS pQnw] cQ ;] mI;w}.yU,"
wa};eS SiwB h] an]fL.nWn;] EP;yw]. mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] miwB ;] pac]; sw]:fL.SI,epL.dKunm] ci U ;] D
Kin b :] pQnK] n b A ] L,wyB,yw]." lin b ;] nn].pIncb i :] etkCL,eP,wBt:] eP,tam],n}eS mc];kY;I yan],nWc,]
pa}:kCL,nbc:] licB p] t q :] n}yw]."

10
sn].SI, piun];

man]:ma}pibn];"
man]:tqm:] pin b ;] SiwB h] an]fL.El: mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] w}.wL:dSiwB h] an]fL.>pQnt ] ;} micB ;] niwB >
] pQn]
Kbnm] kB i :] licB ;] hbk;] ha}.>Am],hB.SL,SnL,>yL.lB.wt].wL;PLSiwB ,] >hqmt ] a}Sc],KL,>Pw]st b ,] pqt:] >
lik:] Tm];pitkt]:Sam]kcW > ] kBn,] Kbt;] KBt.] Aw]TL,pnL,>kWc;] mB;AB;mac],El:>mc];kY;I yan],nWc,]
KL:hqmp] t q :] yw].>pQnt ] ;} El:hqmp] t q :] Am],siwb :] > mk].mw];AL,nL,El:>KL:hqmA ] m],siwb :] >
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Am],sc];t};>Am],mk].mw];AL,nL,El:>wa};eSSiwB h] an]fL.ta}yw].>
mn];mI;Sbn,] Kin b :] hQt;] Kbnl ] :} ekL:>Am],Kin b :] hQt;] eS>miwB ;] pac];Aw]sw]:fL.SI,epL.>An]pn Q t
] ;}
nn].>miwB ;] hQt;] KbnA ] L,wyB,yw].>
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] >pQnk] n B ;] hk].wan]:micB ;] >hk].SL,SnL,El:>sc],KL:pqt:] SiwB h] an]fL.>
An]ll B a}wan]:micB ;] >SL,SnL,nn].yw].eS>pac];sw]:fL.SI,epL.>miwB ;] pQnK] n b y
] w].ekL:>tm];
s]wC an]:micB ;] yw].>l}:Sc],wBv,] kmicB ;] KBc;] kac]nn q ,] El:>pa}:kCL,hQt;] rhan];yw].>Dn}yw]."

eKL:Tt];Sac]"
pan]SwB i h] an]fL.pQnK] n b A ] L,wnn]. micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] hBm:] kn]pn Q P
] an]:lBcl ] mW .] tBc,] AB,'p,YI '
hac];SL,wtI,w}." micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] nn]. pQnm] cB i ;] pI:micB ;] nWc.] kn]eS kp];Sipb ,] kn]y,B tL,eS,"AQn]
hqc;] t};nn]. pn]h:C ] pin B :] lWmk] wB w] .} yB," AL,wpQnm] cB i ;] mak]:mI;Kin b :] y],C liwB ] tBc,] AB,'p,YI El:hac];SL,wtI,
w}." tBc,] AB,KWA } L,weS K]:C Sim;] Aw]eStL. AQnh] cq ;] Am],cam],kn]El: Am],p},ht];"
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] (man]:)nn]. tc]:Aw]smQ m] wB i :] SiwB h] an]fL. Aan];tikb ;] tBc,] AB,El:
Am],pn]tkb i ;] eS s].C h]:C tBc,] AB,kWm;] wac];sB;nn].mL; man]:hBm:] kn]wac];PqnS ] mi ;] AL,wyB,yw]."
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] yB,sm]twB S ] wB i h] an]fL.eS p].C cW;} cw];la};lItL,Kw]w.} " tBc,] AB,Sm].tikb ;] KCak]:micB ;]
him;] hWm;] AL,wnn]. pQnh] cq ;] km].Sikb ;] Kw]eS hWmh] cq ;] w}.yw]."
yWn.] nn]El: pI1539tBc,] AB,sc], tikb ;] Sim;] dpL,kiwB D] (hac];SL,wtI,)"pI1541 tikb ;]
Sim;] pY,I " pI1542kp];Supi ,] l}:depL,tB,kI,D(Portuguese)eS Siwb .] KicB :] kac],Kit b ;] kap]:" kBv;] kL:yc];p},
ht];tikb ;] AL,wkm];lQw"] pI1543 SiwB h] an]fL.hB.PqnK] w]eS PQw:] pqt:] kBn;] Kw]Sc],KL,pWmp] t q :] El:
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] sc], PqnP ] wQ :] pqt:] SiwB h] an]fL.yw]."
SiwB h] an]fL.nWn;] EP;yw].ekL: mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] kBwA ] n Q h] cq ;] t}; An]pn Q P ] an]:lBcl ] mW .]
Kw]w.} nn]. hQt;] KQnS ] ,C ] El: mn];Am],ht];Kin b :] hQt;] Kbn"] mn];Am],ht];Aw]Aap]:pn]tcB ,] AB,"
AL,wEl:SI,epL.pQnA ] v B ;] lIkn]" Sc]wL:Aw]AL,wAap]:pn]S,I epL.El: micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;]
tikb ;] Am],han].s]eC S tikb ;] AL,wekL: pQnt ] ;} nc],kn]tkb i ;] kn]" h]:C hqc;] t};yBp:] hc];kBv;] El:

11
piun]; sn].SI,

mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] sc],Aw]AL,wAap]:pn] sw]:fL.SI,epL.yB,yw]." lin b ;] nn]. Am],ybm,] tBw"]

Am],ht];yB,Tqc:] yw].El: pa}:kCL,hLkzc;] kan], Aw]SL,SnL,hQt;] tI:Eh.kc]:Sa}smC ] n];nn].yw]."

Kbn]miBk]:"
dSiwB h] an]fL.>pQnK] n b m] kB i :] licB ;] hbk;] ha}.>Am],hB.SL,SnL,>hqmt ] a}Sc],KL,>Dn}nn].
SiwB h] an]fL.Am],hqmt ] a}Sc],KL," SiwB h] an]fL.hB.lWc:] SL,SnL,lIl"I hB.lWc:] mQw;] l]C kicb ,] lqp:] SL,SnL,
mQw;] l]A C m],kicb ,] lqp:] El: pt];PQw:] pqt:] kBn;] yL.SL,SnL," pt];PQw:] pqt:] kBn;] Aw]SL,SnL,hQt;]
KicB :] miwb ;] s].C tiwb ;] tikb ;] Sim;] wan]:micB ;] mn];sw]:nn].kBv;] " Sc],KL,1300 hWt:] Ticb k] LC ,dtWc,] plB,Dnn].
Sc]mn];sw]:pQnK] n b m] kB i :] licB ;] KbnA ] m],hB.SL,SnL,Et.n}scb i ] etAm],likB :] pn]tam],ta}pt q :]
360ekL.kBv;] " ethqmt ] a}pt q :] tc];mBt;] yw]."
lWc:] nn]. man]:tqm:] w}.wL:dSc],KL,1300nn].>km]:PWc:] tn];lqn:] pa}:lWt:] kCL,eS>Kw]:
picb :] tBc,] AB,'p,YI kCL,El:>Am],l}:ta}tc];SQc:] eS>l}:ta}kLC ,360kBv;] >Dn}yw]." SiwB h] an]fL.pQn]
Kbne] hLKm];" mI;AL,nL,tQmT ] n B :] w}.tc];micB ;] " Kbne] hLKm];hQt;] Sac]:'yac]:p}'y,B Sw];nn]. hBm,] lBm:]
nqn:] nLkqn,] Kqcw] .} tL,eS,yw]."
SiwB h] an]fL.mI;Pqnt ] L,etsWp,] hL kBn;] etPin b .] micB ;] El: pac];Sc],KL,AWk,] wQc;] kCL,n}nn].
etmI;hBm,] lBm:] nqn:] nLliwB k] w],w}.Et.Et." eKL:pBcn ] k];Kbne] hLKm];n}nn]. P]eC kL:tin b ;] Am],ht];
Kt];El: tL,wL:hBm,] lBm:] ehLKm]; etlBml ] am]eS Ticb t] :I epL;l}:pW,} Sc],KL,940tBn] lWt:] AWk,] kCL,
l}: n}nn].Am],pQnl ] :} "
lWc:] man]:En;wL:dSiwB h] an]fL.>sbt,] pqt:] >lik:] Tm];pitkat]:Sam]kcW > ] kBn,] yL.kWc;]
mB;>Kbt;] KBt.] Aw]TL,pnL,>Dn}nn]. SiwB h] an]fL.Am],Pw]lki :] Tm];pitkat]:" Am],sBcy ] L.Aw]
TL,pnL," sbt,] pqt:] lik:] lp].Sc],KL,pWmE] l: SWk:] tw]Aw]KcB i :] kac], An]Sc],KL,pWms ] cB y ] L.Aw]
TL,pnL,kWc;] mB;eS kCL,hLlqk:] mL;mBk;] w}. n];C kWc;] mB;AB;mac],nn].kBv;] "
Sc],KL,pWm] Aw]lki :] lp].El:KicB :] kac], mBk;] SicB ,] w}.sWm;] lik:] Tm];pitkat]:'n;C ] wt].wL;
PLSiwB ,] 'kcW ;] mB;'A;B mac],El: SiwB h] an]fL.siSc],SWk:] hL'PwQ :] pqt:] nn]. pQnT ] cb ;] Kbnm] cB i ;] lBw,] l}:
kqt,] EKwan]:micB ;] yw]." Am],siwb :] SiwB h] an]fL.kBv;] micB ;] l]KC n b e] kL.l]eC kL: hB.kL:etl}:hQt;] nc],
nn]yw]."
Sc]swB i .] tBc,] AB,(man]:)Am],Aw]SL,SnL,pQnK] cB i :] miwb ;] Am],Pam];hQt;] Sc],KL, Am],Aw]
wt].wL;PLSiwB ,] 'kcW ;] mB;'A;B mac],'lki :] Tm];pitkat]: pQnp] kB i ,] lWm.] kan]mcB i ;] 'kan]Skb i ;] eS Kw]:kw];w}.n];C
micB ;] mn];sw]:n}ekL: Kbnw] an]:Kbnm] cB i ;] AL,wSiwB h] an]fL. etAm],pn]tam],ta}Sc],KL,pWm"] etAm],

12
sn].SI, piun];

h]:C SWk:] hLPQw:] pqt:] lik:] lp]. n];C Pin b l ] ki :] Pin b T] m];" tI:wt].wL;PLSiwB ,] " etAm],Kbt;] KBt;] PQw:]
pqt:] KicB :] kac], An]m;I n];C wt].wL;PLSiwB ,] 'kWc;] mB;'AB;mac],nn].nc],kw],"
Sc]wL:SiwB h] an]fL.pQnK] n b m] kU i :] licB ;] Am],hB.SL,SnL,nc],man]:wL:nn].Et.n}scb i ] kL,TL,
Sm],pbt.] eT,ekL: etAm],Pqwh] t W :] tI:man]:eS kit b ;] w}.h]:C Kw]l:} ybm,] ym] lWt:] kYok]:yB,nc],
yam];lQw"] kWc;] mB;SB,Sqm;] nicb :] hQcd] mBw;] vin;] Sm],pbt.] eT,Dnn].ekL: etAm],mI;w}.pn]h:C ] man]:Kw]
l}:kiwB ;] Tiwb y ] ,B nc],miwB :] lQw"] kL,TL,Sm],pbt.] eT,nn]. man]:Kw]An W k] n]lwbi ;] wL:
dSc]swB i .] kYLk]:lWt:] sicb > ] mak]:mI;>lWt:] eP;>kt];yQn> ] SiwB ;] SL,>Kin b :] y],C m],C SbcE] t.
Et.>Sc]swB i .] l}:hBp.] vL;>pin B :] tipn B i :] mt].sicb > ] kYok]:lWt:] 1000pWk:] >sikB :] lWt:] tBk;] hc];
kBv;] >KWk:] Kc]ekL:>pit b ,] pn]hc];kBv;] Dn}yw]."
Tbc;] An]ymb ,] ym]wL: dkL,TL,1000pWk:] kt].ym]" kWc;] mB;Sqm;] 1000SB,SB;tQmD] n}nn].
pQnT ] cb ;] t};mL;sQmk] n W ,] yw]." t};tikb .] SBcS ] m];dwD1000tBwe] S kt].ym]l:} yB,etL,Ticb y ] am];lQw]
n}.nn]. pQnS ] ak]:eS,lBck] kbi ;] t};w}. An]pn Bi :] lqnA ] w]Am],l}:nn].yw]."
kWc;] mB;Sm],pbt.] eT,nn]. man]:tqm:] pin b ;] w}.wL:dJSL,sw]:lBcm] cB i ;] yac]; Aw]t:I linw] t].kw],
micB ;] yac]; kCac]:(37)eA,keS mI;n];C AicB ,] mBc,] yCL,Ek:kac]wan]: emY,En;'AcW ,] SL,'ES,kY;I 'mn i ,] yCL,
nn].Et,tc]:mL; miwB :] pI1939lin B p] t q ,] m],C (1)Km]:etL,Ticb ] pI1942lin B S] ,I lWc:] (3)Km]:Dn}El:
JSL,sw]:lBcm] cB i ;] yac]; Kin b ;] Em,kbm;] kWc;] mB; n];C linw] t].kw],micB ;] yac];El: pQns ] wB i .] KiwB ;] micB ;] yac];
Kin b ;] Em;kbm;] kWc;] mB;micB ;] yac];kBv;] "
kWc;] mB;n}. pQnk] cW ;] mB;Sqm;] 1,000SB,El: pQnn ] c],picB t] ;} Et,kWc;] mB;yw]." 1,000SB,nn].
hQt;] w}.nc],t}; ybm,] ym]dhQct ] wB D] yw]." Pac],hac]:kWc;] mB;ekL: min B n ] L:kWck] n B :] yaw];cBp.] eS
kBn:] kWcs ] f i L. nc],kWc;] mB;t}; kB:tI:tI:nn].yw]."
mBc,] yCL,El:micB ;] yac];nn]. PWc;] miwB :] mI;SQn:] tac];l}lt B :] yB, nc],yam];lQwn ] .} kCL,hLmL;SB,
kn]yc];yap],yQn;] k}yan]w.} yB," pan]Et,tc]:kWc;] mB;nn]. SQnt ] L:Sa}tac];kp];Sipb ,] kn] etyap],
yQn;] tan],hiwb "] Sc]wL:Am],kQw,] KWc.] micB ;] yac];n}scb i ] siwb :] SQcd] micB ;] yac];DekL: etAm],kikb ;] hWm;] w}.
nc],kw]," dmBc,] yCL,Dn}nn]. lbk.] tI:kCam];t};dmicB ;] y],C DeS yQn;] hWc.] mL;kBv;] n}ekL: Tw]:Ek,pI:nWc.]
t};lqc'] t};Km];tI:hw];Kw] ma}pn bi ;] w}.yB,etL,Ticb m] wBi :] lQw"]
sWm;] nc],pin b ;] pQnm] L;sWm;] nn].eS t};El:man]: KiwB ;] l]hC kb ;] ha}." AL,wEl:tBc,] AB,
micB ;] l]P
C t i ;] " SiwB h] an]fL.El:mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Aik,] Kbnt ] cB ,] AB, P]pC n Q K] nb m] kB i :] n}ekL: Tt];TWcA ] w]
hc];kBv;] nn].etlIy,B "
pin
b ;] SiwB h] an]fL.El:mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] n}. t};Am],tWn.] yam]:hB.mL;tqt:] nqt:] eStL.

13
piun]; sn].SI,

man]:Sm].k}.tBk,] Et.Et." pan]leC ] kL: man]:Aw]pn b i ;] SiwB h] an]fL.El:mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] n}.eS

tqk:] EnlWc:] man]:Kw] np].ym]SL,SnL,'Am],sqk,] niwB .] lit B :] saw];KiwB ;] 'pn
Q k] n
B ;] mI;es,tnL,lI
t};Sm].pQnk] n B ;] hbk;] ha}.licB ;] sicB ;] Am],hB.SL,SnL,n}mL;tL,eS,"
pin
b ;] SiwB h] an]fL.El:mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] n}. kBwl ] :} w}.pn]lcW :] t};El:man]: etl}:pqc;] sc];
miwB ,] san]:kn]pan]Spb i ,] pan]kLC ,miwB ;] nL:El: Am],K]:C KBn.] K}:TBk;] AWk,] mWk,] EneStL.ekL: Pa},nicb :] Sm].
k}.tBk,] nqn,] El: kBwt ] ;} kikb ;] pbn
i ;] ha}." kBwt ] ;} san]:t};" kBwt ] ;} tqk,] ya}:" kBwt ] ;} ABn:] AWn,] "
kBwt ] ;} kBwE] h" kBwt ] ;} tBk;] Sbm;] " kBwt ] ;} l}:Kam],pin
B :] Aw]SL,SnL, hQt;] KicB :] miwb ;] tikb ;] yB,Tqc:] mqk;] mqk;]
El: sc],l}:Kin b ;] SWk:] hLKBn.] AWk,] mWk,] Enw}. nc],kL:pQnl ] :} nn].yB,yw]."
dpinb ;] n}nn].>mk];mn]:sWm;] nc],>Pak],lQwt ] mq :] w}.kBv;] Am],l}:>Dn} Sc]man]:hB.Et.
etlIy,B " dpin b ;] n}nn].>w}.mw]mac]Am],l}:>limb ;] pqt:] Am],l}:>KBn.] K}:>SWk:] hL>tqm:] ma}>EP:
tin B ;] w}.Kinb ;] sc],> etAm],pn]pn B i :] lqnl
] :} >etAm],ciwB :] >Dn}nn]. Sc]t;} hB.Kqn;] etlIyw]."

kWc;] mB;dSm],pbt.] eT,micB ;] yac];D

14
sn].SI, piun];

tWn]:(7)

dSiwB e] kL,fL.D
(sw]:eP,)
AD.(1545-1551)

sw]:eP,"
dsw]:eP,DpQnl ] kb :] sw]:Kbnm] cB i ;] SI,epL." kCL,pQns
] w]:fL.micB ;] pa};" mL;pQnK] n
b e] hLKm];AL,w"
miwB :] mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Aw]AL,wmiwB ;] Aap]:pn]nn]. sw]:fL.SI,epL.dsw]:Kunm] ci U ;] DmI;luk:] s}a;(4)ekL.eS
mI;pbn:] PWn;] P]mC n];w}.P]mC n]; nc],t]:C n}.yw]."
1. sw]:SUwi e] kL,fL.(sw]:eP,) PWc;] cm]; dmUci ;] p}a;D"
2. sw]:SUwi P ] ki U ,] fL. PWc;] cm]; dmUci ;] n}a;D"
3. sw]:SUwi s ] mW f ] L. PWc;] cm]; dyWch] v B :] D"
4. sw]:SUwi e] nL,fL. PWc;] cm]; dSqnw] DI "

1
piun]; sn].SI,

mUwi :] mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] Aw]AL,wmiwB ;] mWp:] pn]nn]. lbk:] mn];sw]:mI;wan]:micB ;] Abp.] picB ,] w}.yB,
yw].El: dsw]:Kbnm] cB i ;] Dybk.] nWc.] s}a;mn];dSUwi h] mB ,] fL.D Kin b :] pQns ] w]:fL.SI,epL.yw]. lUc;] kCL,PWc;]
cm];AL,wyw]." wa};nn].yw]. mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] kCL,nbc:] licB y ] ,B yw]."
pI1544 miwB :] dsw]:Kbnm] cB i ;] DPWc;] cm];AL,wyB,nn]. tBc,] AB,tuki ;] Sim;] mYn i ;] KYan],'mn i ;] pU;"
KCak]:AQnh] cq ;] Kun i :] sm]AL,weStL. p},tuki ;] AL,wnc],kw]," pI1545 sw]:Kunm] ci U ;] nWn;] EP;yw]."
Am],mI;P]pC t b :] hac]:ehLAL,wEl: kCL,pac];sw]:fL.micB ;] pa};dSUwi e] kL,fL.Dnn]. miwB ;] Kin b :] siwb :]
wL:dnrptiDeS Abp.] picB ,] AL,wyw]." siwb :] miwB :] lQk.] pQns ] w]:eP," Kin b :] pQns
] w]:fL.hgc.] dSiwB e] kL,fL.D"
Kin
b :] pQnK] n
b A ] L,wSm]. l}:siwb :] dnrptiD" lbk.] micB ;] pa};miwB ;] El:dnrptimci U ;] p}a;D(rd;k +AeJ &ywd)n}yw]."

SUwi e] kL,fL. El: AL,w"

miwB :] mc];kY;I yan,] nWc,] pWck] t
B .] nn]. PWc;] micB ;] t};tak} LC ,tc];nm]El: lin b ;] nn].mL; AL,nL,AL,w
tc];mBt;] tBk;] hWt:] n];C miwb ;] PWc;] micB ;] man]:kCL,yB,yw]." PWc;] micB ;] t};siwB ;] lBc;] kCL,sWm;] sw]:Kbnm] cB i ;] nn].
picB k] an]t:I nicb :] El:tI:nicb :] Am],min B k] n]ne} S PWc;] micB ;] man]:Am],EPpbn:] PWn;] pn]" h]:C yB,pQnn ] c],
Kqk,] w}.kBv;] " kan]Sc]ekL: PWc;] micB ;] man]:hQt;] Sac]:tqp;] tt];kBv;] " mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] hB.lWc:] AL,nL,
wan]:micB ;] mI;n];C miwb ;] PWc;] micB ;] man]:mn];w}.yw].El: limb ;] s]l C mb i ;] eKL;eS kCL,nbc:] licB y ] ,B yw]."
hicb S ] cW p] kI v
B ;] sw]:Kbnm] cB i ;] nWn;] EP;yw].eS dSUwi e] kL,fL.DsBw;] PWc;] micB ;] t}; miwB ;] hQt;] Kbn]
AL,wEl: n];C ehLAL,wnn]. PWc;] micB ;] t};nm]mL;Kin b ;] " Sc]swB i .] AL,nL,AL,w tBk;] n];C miwb ;] PWc;] micB ;] t};sicb ]
micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] El:AL,w ethBm:] kn]mn]:kimb ;] Kin b ;] " etpQnl ] cW :] Eh.tap]:AQnh] cq ;] AL,nLsak]:man]:
Kin b :] y],C n}eS PWc;] micB ;] man]:sc],hBm:] kn] Pqnl ] kW ;] sB;SiwB e] kL,fL.yB,yw]."
PWc;] micB ;] man]:sim] h]:C SiwB e] kL,fL.hn]Pt i ;] PWc;] micB ;] t};" lbk:] em;t};" sicB .] sa};yic;] t};"
kWch] am]t;} El: t};siwB ;] mI;w}.yB,n];C ehLAL,wnn].tc];mBt;] yw]." Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; SiwB e] kL,fL.ybm,]
PWc;] micB ;] man]:eS lm];lBv;] pqt:] PWc;] micB ;] 'lmb ;] lac];'em;nac];mn]; siwB ;] pQnt ] ;} nn].yw]." Am],Tbk,]
mqn:] El: micB ;] pI:micB ;] nWc.] lat]:ekL: Am],l}:" n];C ehLAL,wnn]. dt};DmI;SiwB e] kL,fL.kBv;] yw]."
wa};nn]. PWc;] micB ;] man]:simE] k: SiwB e] kL,fL.El:sw]:fL.t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] Tqc:] " SiwB e] kL,fL.
SWn,] wL: sw]:fL.t};micB ;] lWn } n]. pQnK] n b m] cB i ;] hBv:] micB ;] lW} micB ;] TinB ,] micB ;] KiwB ;] kBv;] " Am],mI;tac];hB."Am],mI;
nm].kt]." Am],yicb :] y],C tan],mn];n}eS tit b ;] Kat],pqt:] lWc:] kp];Sipb ,] hQt;] ekL.kn]y,B yw]."
AQnh] cq ;] t};Am],km].yw].El: AL,nL,SiwB e] kL,fL.ekL: Am],hBm,] cm];l}:niwB w] an]:micB ;] yw]."
PWc;] micB ;] man]:Kw]nc],kn]ekL: mI:lWc:] EK.KQc,] himA ] L,nL,kn]mL;Tqc:] " wan]:micB ;] Sbk.] ybc:] " kBn;] micB ;] kWt;]
Pan]Apb i ;] yak]:El: dsI,dB,ekYL,Tin,] D(Es:kqc;] ) AWnh] wB t ] kb i ;] Pin b .] Kin
b ;] yB,yw]."

2
sn].SI, piun];

miwB :] wan]:micB ;] mI;lWc:] lUt i ,] lWn.] mL;nc],nn] SUwi e] kL,fL.Am],kqt,] EKEh.kc]:l}:yw]."

PWc;] mUci ;] man]:ekL: Am],sCy ] ,] C picb :] Aicl ] :} yw]." miwB :] nc],nn]mL; SUwi e] kL,fL.Kuk;] sCl ] :} sw]:fL.t};micB ;]
lWe} S SBc,] kBn;] pWc,] lqc;] yWn;] h]:C sW:} Tqmy ] ,B yw]." sw]:fL.micB ;] l]eC kL: Am],tk];SQcS ] c]smW ;] yw]."
sw]:fL.SI,epL.dSiwB e] pL,fL.DEt. pQnp] :I nWc.] kn]El: tqm:] lik:] tWp,] wL:
dsw]:pI:AUv i ;] >mUwi :] wan]:SL,mUci ;] lIEl:>l}:yU,ekYL,SUwi ;] mUn:] yU,nn].>sw]:pI:
Am],tWn.] hgc.] hL>lat]:pWc,] TWcs ] ;B pI:nWc.] eSpWk:] >Am],tWn.] lBlmW > ] hk].SLlbm;] lL;>t};hw];
eSpWk:] >kum,] micb .] yum,] ym]pci u :] Aic] kUn;] mC,] eS>lumi ;] pqt:] kUn;] kw],tc];mUt;] yB,kBv;] >
Tuci m] L;yam];lQw> ] miwB :] PWc;] wan]:mUci ;] Suk.] yuc:] >lWc:] lUt i ,] lWc:] m}:>Tuci S ] :} sw]:pI:mL;yw].
n}.Sm].>hQt;] hac]:Kuk;] sCl ] :} >K}:sCT ] ci u s ] wi U ;] pQnp] :I nWc.] n}.mL;>hQt;] hac]:sCy ] ,] C puci :] Aicm] L;>Sc]
wL:l}:lIl:} pQnK] n i u ;] Tqc:] ekL:>
sw]:pI:etlumi ;] >etlupi :] hw];Tqc:] kUv;] El:>tL,wL:etsUw;] AWnA ] w]Ski u ;] hw];>sUwi ;]
pQnn ] wi U .] lUt i :] t};>kBn;] KiwB ;] mQw;] sw]:pI:SCac];Pqp.] eS>lupi :] ehL:pqt:] nn].>Kin b ;] kCL,sW:} Tqms ] w]:pI:
n}Et.>Am],mI;yw].>Dn}nn]. SBc,] pn]yw]."
SiwB e] kL,fL. Am],mI;PCs ] :} W yw]." Am],mI;tI:etl}:sCy ] ,] C yw].El: pI1551nn]. Sum;] hac]:
ehLpn]dsI,dB,ekYL,Tin,] DeS l}:p}a:AWk,] mUci ;] kCL,yB,yw]." Sim;] l}:AL,wyw].ekL: dsI,dB,ekYL,Tin,] D
kp];Supi ,] hQt;] AUv;] lIkn]tc]; sw]:fL.t};kU:mUci ;] mUci ;] Kin b ;] yB,yw]."
wa};eSl}:pa}:AWk,] AL,wyw]. SiwB e] kL,fL.Kin b :] miwB ;] picb :] SI,epL." SI,epL.Am],hp].El: PWc;] mUci ;]
man]:mn]; dpic,] vL,plDsUw;] AWnl ] cB ;] puci :] pyin.] nWc,] tI:hac];SL,wtI,El: sBw;] Aw]pL;lbk:] lac];'
nac];em;'lmb ;] lac];mn];lBc;] kCL,yB,sWm;] yB,yw]." SUwi e] kL,fL.tbk;] yWn;] h]:G pyin.] nWc,] sW:} tuki ;]
AL,wpn]Kn b i ;] mn];yB,yw]."
SUwi e] kL,fL.hBv;] hgc.] tuki ;] SUn;] yB,tik;] tik;] El: pI1553nn]. pyin.] nWc,] pW,} luk:] s}a;mn];
AWnS ] ki u ;] Kuni :] tuki ;] AL,wyw]." dsI,dB,ekYL,Tin,] DyWn;] lWc:] sW:} TqmE] l: sw]:fL.t};AWnk] n]lcU ;]
tikb ;] sW:} " Suki ;] hac];SL,wtI,Sbm;] kan].eS TWm} wB i ;] Kun i ;] El: pWk:] n}.Et. Am],tn];Sbm;] micB ;] "
1554cw]:pI rKqc,] hBm:] hgm;] hac];SL,wtI,El: AQnh] cq ;] pyin.] nWc,] Kw] yC,] mL;liwB k] w],Tqc:] "
SUwi e] kL,fL.tbk;] yWn;] hG:] sW:} tuki ;] Aw]wan]:Aw]mci U ;] mn]; pn]Kn b i ;] yB,mqk;] mqk;] El: pI1555nn].
pyin.] nWc,] KI,Suki ;] Kun i :] tuki ;] AL,wyB,yw]."
dsI,dB,ekYL,Tin,] Dhgc.] hLeStL. sw]:fL.t};Am],tn];l}: hac]:hqn;] Suki ;] lUc;] tikb ;] sW:} El:
pyin.] nWc,] Sim;] l}:dAL,wDkCL,yU,yw]." tc]:Aw]nn].mL; micB ;] tWn:] kac]nn]. l}:tBk;] t]:C man]:kCL,eS
dpan]t;} Dn}nn].ekL: KWt,] yWt:] kCL,yB,yw]."

3
piun]; sn].SI,

kBn;] limb ;] sat]:"

pI1555 pyin.] nWc,] Sim;] l}:AL,wyw].ekL: Aap]:pn]dStUw;] mc];esL;D An]pn Q n ] cW .] mn];
nn].yw]." dSiwB e] kL,fL.DAn]mac],kiwB ;] l}:pQnK] n b K] n b i ;] El: lBc;] hgc.] nn].Et. ham];pqt:] la}la}kv B ;] "
SUwi e] kL,fL. Am],sac]:puci :] PCE] l: Kun i :] mUwi ;] puci :] sw]:fL.SI,epL.Tqc:] " Am],hp].eS SBc,] lBc;]
Kin
b ;] AL,w" Am],ht];yB,tI:AL,w" pa}:kCL,Pa},mUci ;] n}a;n}eStL. Pqwk] LC ,tI:lC'] kLC ,pQnS ] c]'l.U h}at}atI:
lCn ] n } n].Et. Am],l}:hB.pin b ;] mn];Tqc:] yw]."
S}aSupi ,] Kbnt
] ;} PWc;] cm];AL,wmL;pan]Spb i ,] pan]nn]. Sut;] Kat],kCL,tI:dSiwB e] kL,fL.Dn}.yw]."
Am],yum,] ym]pci u :] Aic] pI:nWc.] 'kn U ;] kw],Ek,'nwi U .] lUt i :] sUwi .] KUwi ;] lQwk] n]" ybm,] ym]pcb i :] Aicp] n B i :] eS
lumi ;] hac]:limb ;] tUwh] wB s] k] C :I El: dSiwB e] kL,fL.D(nrptimci U ;] p}a;)tBk;] Sbm;] yw]."
yWn.] mn];pit b ,] cicB .] tac];pn]El: pyin.] nWc,] Kin b :] sB;micB ;] t};'tkb i ;] t};'Ep.pbn:] t};" pQnm] L;nc],
mc];kY;I yan],nWc,] yicB ;] Aan];nn].yw]." dlimb ;] hac]:limb ;] tBw> ] hBws ] kC ] :I mw]>Aw]Sc]mw],l}:>sac]:c}:
la}la}>siwB .] KiwB ;] ta}lv B :] Dn}nn]. kicb ,] lIAw]SwB i e] kL,fL.n}. pQnS ] ak]:eS,tWc;] ma} hQt;] pQnt ] n W :] SWn]
kCL,miwB ;] nL:yB,Et.Et.yw]."

pyin].nWc],
4
sn].SI, piun];

tW n ] : (8)

dKm];ka},nW.} D
AD.(1600-1605)

Kb n ] K m] ; kq w ] : "
dKbnK] m];kqw:] DpQnl ] kb :] sw]:fL.Sqnw] dI sw]:Km];pak],fL.DeS luwi ;] lc]kki u ;] pun
i ;] Sqnw] wI .}
sw]:nuci :] yw]." Sa}Spbi ,] sw]:fL.Sqnw] I An]Kp].tam];lBc;] Ticb p] an]mn];sw]:nn].sicb ]
sw]:Km];hip,] fo. AD.(1460-1523)"
Km];Sqnf ] L. " (1523-1543)"
Km];han]fL. " (1543-1549)"
Km];pak],fL. " (1549-1561)"
n];C sBw:] pan]sw]:Km];hip,] fL. pQns ] w]:fo.Sqnw] wI .} miwB :] pI1471nn]. sw]:fo.kQc;] m},'
kQc;] huc.] 'kQc;] ha}; KG:] lUc;] El,Ao,wEl: sw]:Km];hip,] fo.Kun i :] hp].Kw]sw]: tI:mUci ;] ng.} 'mUci ;] pQc;]
yw].lUc;] SUc,] hBp.] TBp;] KbnA ] o,wdpY.I suc,] mac];SI,hSU,DyB,yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

sw]:fo.kQc;] m},cin;] sBm;] KWp:] s]T

C cb i e] S muti :] kuwi ;] sm]sk] G n]nn q ,] El: Aw]ncg .] yic;] mn];
dnac];Km];muc,] DkUp:] kU:kikb ;] sw]:Km];hip,] fo.yU,yw]." pI1472 sw]:Km];hip,] fL.KopU,Agk,] miwB ;] El,
kQc;] m},eS pac];Aw]JPo;dPrSI,hic,] kDmUwi ;] Sqnw] y I w]." sw]:Km];hip,] fo.El:nac];Km];muc,] mI;w}.luk:]
dKm];Sqn,] fo.El:nac];Km];nn],Dn}ScW e] kL."
pI1523 sw]:Km];Sqn,] fo.hQt;] pac]p;} g Kun i :] hac]:ehonn]. sw]:fo.mUci ;] na};Am],Kin b :] eS
pa}:kGo,pqp.] w}.tI:Ao,w" KunA ] o,wdnrptiehokqw:] Dkm].sg:} Pa},Sqnw] "I sw]:Km];Sqn,] fo. Aw]ncg .]
yic;] mn];dnac];Km];nn],D kUp.] kU:kuki ;] dnrptiehokqw:] DeS hQt;] mUci ;] pI:mUci ;] ngc.] kn]w.} yw]."
sw]:Km];Sqn,] fo.mI;w}. luk:] (6)eko." ngn;] EP;kCL,miwB :] pI1543" luk:] sa};lUcm] n];sw]:
Km];han]fo.Kun i :] put:] hQt;] sw]:fL.eS ngn;] EP;kGo,miwB :] pI1549nn].yw]. nWc.] sa};mn];sw]:
Km];pak],fL.Kin b :] pQns] w]:fL.Sqnw] mI L;yw]."
sw]:Km];pak],fL.mI;lbk:] sa}; dKunK] m];kqw:] 'Kn u K] m];Sqns ] cu ,] 'Kn
u K] m];Kqc,] D n}Sam]ekL.yw]."
lbk:] sa};lBcm] n];sw]: KbnK] m];kqw:] nn]. pQnd] sw]:Km];ka},nW.} Dyw]."

Sqnw] I El: Ao,w"

sBw:] n];C pI(1549-1561)nn]. dKm];pak],fo.DpQns ] w]:fL.Sqnw] y I w]." Km];pak],fo.SUc]
mut
i :] kan]Ski u ;] El: AWnP ] ki u ;] la};lap],'hkg ,] 'lwq ;] yU,to,eS,yw]." Em:ALmn];dnac];Km];nn],D
miwB ;] pQnn ] ac];fL.dnrptiehokqw:] Dw}.El: mI;w}.yB,tI:ehLAL,wyw]."
nrptiehokqw:] nWn;] EP;yw].ekL: sWm;] nc],Tbc;] Kbnn ] n].eS dnac];Km];nn],Dl}:Sipb ,]
yB,tI:AL,ww}.yB," Ticb p] an]SwB i e] kL,fL.nn].Sm]. Am],SBct ] ;} " lm];lBv;] pqt:] em;nac];El:
PWc;] micB ;] t};" Am],kp];Sipb ,] tit;] etL,micB ;] t};El: sw]:Km];pak],fo.SWn,] wL: Em:ALmn];sw]:
ettbk.] yak]:Kan]swC ] .} yB,yw]."
mbc:] mWc;] Em:ALmn];sw]: etPqwK] n b i ;] ekL: Am],hn]Pwq h] t
W :] eSpWk:] " pW,} kBn;] lBc;] Tam]ekL:
Am],l}:hB.Sc]mL;" tqm:] lik:] lBc;] sB;AL,w la}pkW :] la}KL,yw].ekL: Am],tWp,] Kin b ;] " lBla}pn B .] tI:nqn,]
Pqwn ] e} S pI1550nn]. Km];pak],fo.hac]:Suki ;] lUc;] sB;AL,wEl: miwB ;] tc]:tp].yU,w}. tI:dAU;mac],
TUc;] PUw,] Dnn].yB,yw]."
l}:Kaw],Sikb ;] micB ;] lW} mL;tc]:tp].w}.yB,n}El: KunA ] o,wpg,} kUn;] Tam]El: Km];pak],Po.
tgp,] wo:dmo;ygn;] Em:AoKun i ;] >tqm:] lik:] pg,} kUn;] mo;Tam]Kaw],>mL;ygn;] la}pkg :] yw].eko:>Am],l}:
kCam];tWp,] >Am],SUc,] eSpgk:] El:>sc],l}:lUc;] mo;hp].hc];kUv;] yw].>pn]eko:KG:] hU.>Am],
pn]ekL:K]:C hB.>epo;Am],pn]ettuki ;] >Dn}yw]."

2
sn].SI, piun];

KunA ] o,wwUn.] wo:dAw]Ski u ;] mo;nm]tan],n}.>mo;ygn;] Em:AokUv;] Et.>Am],lqp:] pQn]

l}:>hQt;] huwi e] ko:>etmo;tuki ;] kUv;] >epo;tuki ;] Kun i ;] >hqc;] Suki ;] mn];nm]nn q ,] >etAm],Ep.l}:>
lUw,] Aw]la};AUn:] eS>lQn:] etL,kUv;] yw].>Dn}eS
pW,} Pgc;] KQwm] wi U ;] Aup,] wo:dygn.] mo;hp].Em:AokUv;] Et.>hw];Am],tap]:tuki ;] kn]>Em:AL
sw]:ekL:>h]:C Sipb ,] yB,tI:AL,wn}.>lIeSpin B :] yw].>PiwB ,] etAw]Em:AL>hw];etSUc,] pn]>sac].
pak],pa};>mo.pak],tUw> ] Km];pak],sg.} >cun i ;] pak],sg.} >sUci .] pak],eko.>pG.] Ait;] nuci :] >sUw:] pG.] yU,n}.>
Kw]:nm].tac];kin> ] etAw]pn u :] Pgn;] tc];mUt;] >Dn}El: Km];pak],fo.eko:wo:dAm],pQnS ] c]>Am],
tuki ;] eko:l}:>kUv;] ko:yo,hG:] ktil.U >Dn}eSpG.] w}.yw]."
KunA ] o,wSUc,] pn] Kw]:nm].tac];kinA ] ti ;] AWt;] " sac].Sip;] tUw"] mo.Sip;] tUw"] Km];Sip;]
sg.} " cun i ;] Sip;] sg.} " sUci .] Sip;] eko.eS Sc],wo:detSUc,] pn]kmu ,] yU,>pG.] Tqc:] Ait;] nuci :] >Dn}El:
Supi ,] pG.] w}.Tqc:] " Tqc:] wUc:] Sgcw] cU :] SUc,] sac].'mo.nicb :] tBwS ] cg t] wU "] sUci .] nicb :] eko.Sgce] ko." cun i ;] Km];
nuci :] sg.} nuci :] kUm;] " sw]:Km];pak],fo.pg,} kUn;] kGo,lat]: hG:] SUc,] pn]w;} w};eko: Sm].wo:dtuki .] hoyU,>pG.]
Tqc:] Ait;] nuci :] >Am],huci e] tSUc,] pn]Dn}Tcq :] "
Km];pak],fo.Kw] AWnk] n]p.] G huci S ] am]ln i U p] a}" An]le] G ko: p},l}:tQmT ] n U :] " Suki ;] mn];sw]:ekL:
ro,SI,Am],lIPcQ ,] El: sp];K}:naw]ta}km]:PWc:] " Kw]:nm].tac];kinA ] m],tQm] TBn:] El:ta}km]:PWc:] "
Kbk;] s]l C :} hin
B ;] ey;El: lk].pa}:km]:PWc:] " siwB ;] kit b ;] yB,nn].ekL: Kbk;] s]l C :} hin B ;] eS hqc;] s]t C kB ;] "
KunA ] o,whU.hqc;] Sqnw] y I pU :] yw].eko: KI,Suki ;] lUm,] tuki ;] km];lQw"] Sikb ;] Sqnw] S I mb ;] kan]."AL,w
tivpg ;] l}: Km];pak],fo.El:dKunK] m];kqw:] DyU,yw]." KbnK] w]l:} Kam],tivpW ;] yw].ekL: Suki ;] Sqnw] I
Agnk] n]PcB .] ya}: pa}:hc];PG,] hc];mn];yw]." pI1551nn]. KunA ] o,wtqp;] pqt:] sw]:Km];pak],fo."
dKunK] m];kqw:] DEt. nac];Km];nn],ygn;] w}.El: Am],l}:ta}eS kit b ;] w}.sgm;] n];C ehLAo,wyB,yw]."

pyin].ngc],Kuin]:mUic];t};"
wa};eSSqnw] EI l: Ao,wtuki ;] kn]yw]. dsI,dB,ekYO,Tin,] DEs:kqc;] hn]wo: t};Am],pQns ] ]G
dAL,Dyw].n}eS tuki ;] Pun i .] km];lQwy ] w]." KunA ] o,wSbm;] kan].eS Ticb t ] :I epL;l}:pa}:puci :]
dpyin.] ngc,] DyB,yw]." pI1555 pyin.] nWc,] Sim;] l}:dAL,wDyw]. nWc.] mn];dStUw;] mc];sw]:DKun i :]
hQt;] Kuny ] w].ekL: KunK] m];kqw:] Supi ,] kut i ;] w}. nG;] ehoAo,wTqc:] "
pI1556nn]. pyin.] ngc,] Kun i :] Tuci ] Sum,] Sa}'mUci ;] mit:] 'SI,epo.'mUci ;] kgc'] mUci ;] yac];'kQc;] m},"
mUwi :] nn]. Pgc;] mUci ;] Sqnw] I Agnn ] cg .] sa};dKunK] m];kqw:] DSgce] ko. An]tkiu .] eko.lQk.] yU,nn].
pa}:eSo. n];C lins ] w]:fo.t};Pa},nUwi m] aw];yU,yw]."

3
piun]; sn].SI,

pI1557pyin.] ngc,] tuki ;] mUci ;] na};'ycg ,] hUv:] 'lkg ;] sgk,] 'mci U ;] pa};" mUci ;] na};l}:lU.pc];" Sa}Spi u ,]
sw]:fo.mUci ;] na}; An]pn Q s] wB i .] KiwB ;] Sa}Spi u ,] dsw]:mc];ra};D Sut;] Kat],kGo," wQc;] kw],mUci ;] na};lbk:] nn].
mI;w}.nG;] KUc:] yan]; sQc,] hgc,] wn];Agk,] mUci ;] na};yam];lQwn ] n].yw]." Sim;] mUci ;] na};yw]. Supi ,] tuki ;] kQc;] m},"
tivpg ;] emokan]k:U yUci :] mUwi ;] hac];SL,wtI," lin b ;] nn]. pyin.] ngc,] Kin b :] tuki ;] Sqnw] "I
pI1559 pyin.] ngc,] Kun i :] tuki ;] kES;(mnip,U r)" tivpg ;] sw]:fo.dkES;D(uo)J SBc,] lUc;]
hac];So,wtI," pI1562 Kun i :] tuki ;] mUci ;] maw];'Es:KGac]'hwU S ] o'no;So'mci U ;] lL:'sn];toyw]. lUc;] tikb ;]
SI,epL." tivpg ;] Aw]sw]:fo.SI,epo.El: PU:yG,] kUn;] lUct ] ;} tc];nm] mUwi ;] sgm;] hac];So,wtI,"
pyin.] ngc,] tuki ;] tI:lCe] kL: tivpg ;] sw]:Kun'] P:U yG,] kUn;] lUc] sUwi ;] Am],PWm.] sWm;] mn];"
emotine] momuwi ;] kU:yicU :] " Ko:Suki ;] (kBn;] Sikb ;] An]tl i :} n];C pac]tkb i ;] ) mUwi ;] w}.hac];So,wtI,yU,yw]."
pyin.] ngc,] tuki ;] KCk:] mUci ;] tL,h]:C pQnm] cB i ;] km].hqc;] Sikb ;] mn];El: sw]:fL.l}:tBk;] lBc;] hQt;] Sac]:
nc],t]:C n}.yw]." Sc]Am],hQt;] l}:Kam],tikb ;] h]:C micB ;] epL;lB.lqwy ] ,B yw]."
1. hac];SL,wtI,kCL,tikb ;] P]C tI:lGe] kL: sw]:fL.etl}:Agnk] n U ;] mUci ;] El: KUci :] Suki ;] 'sac].'mo.'
tac];kinP ] mC] n];eS kGo,tuki ;] sg:} "
2. hG:] l}:hU.fic:] Tuc;] kn]'kp];Supi ,] kn]ca}:El: sw]:fL.etl}:Aw] luk:] 'lan]'ncg .] '
cUn
i :] sw]:KUwi ;] Kun] SBc,] w}.n];C ehLhac];SL,wtI," tI:eA,Sut;] mn]; nuci :] mUci ;] SUc,] nuci :] eko."
Sc]Am],SUc,] etmk];mn]:pQnK] n Q "]
pyin.] ngc,] l}:Kaw], mUci ;] T};mI;sac].PUki ,] (4)tUw"] yWn;] tUwn ] ci u :] Am],pn]El: tuki ;] mUci ;] T};"
pI1563 pyin.] nWc,] Sim;] l}: km],Pqc;] Pqt.] 'Sku ;] eKo;T};yw]. pUn.] tuki ;] Sim;] l}:AyBk.] ty"
tivpg ;] Kune] hLKm];El:luk:] sa};(eko.lQk.] )" Pgc;] mUci ;] " sc].PikU ,] (4)tUw"] emoh},tuci :] ko:wqn"] emo
tine] mLmuwi ;] mUwi ;] sgm;] hac];So,wtI,yw]." tI:AyBk.] tySm]. ybk.] luk:] sa};lUcK] n u e] hoKm];kw],Pgc;]
cm];w}.eS pg,} Suki ;] mn]; 3000eko. pG.] wQc;] w}.n}yw]."
pI1564nn]. pyin.] ngc,] Kun i :] tuki ;] kQc;] m},'kcQ ;] huc.] 'lan].sac]." pI1565 tikb ;] kQc;] m},Tqc:] "
PWc;] tuki .] wqt.] w}.kQc;] m},yU,nn]. t};An]m;I tI:hac];So,wtI, Pw]ehopqt:] " mU;mat]:Pgc;] mUci ;] tc];la}
pa}:kGo,yU,tI:dDlD('v)n}yw]." tc];ngk:] tc];lc]Sku .] ybc:] yB,El: pyin,] ngc,] nqt:] mUwi ;] Kun i ;] "
Tuci h] ac];So,wtI,yw]. lgm.] wqt.] tivpg ;] t};eS Pw]pt q :] 10,000pa}(min B ,] pa})n}yw]."

Kun]Km];kqw]:Tuic]mUic];T};"
Kune] hoKm];AyUk.] ty An]l:} Kam],tivpg ;] mUwi ;] nn]. Tuci h] ac];So,wtI,yw]. hQt;] rhan];"
Am],huci A
] m],nan]; ygn;] mUwi ;] w}:JPo; tI:wan]:kw],mUci ;] lc]" Tuci m] ci U ;] Kin
b ;] yw].Tak]:eS hWmh] cq ;] tuki ;]

4
sn].SI, piun];

Kin
b ;] hac];SL,wtI,km];lQwy ] w]."
yWn.] nn]. pyin.] ngc,] etkGo,tuki ;] mUci ;] T};El: pI1567nn].Sac].yWn;] Suki ;] tI:nWc.] mn];
KbnA ] L,wdStUw;] mc];sw]:D" KbnA ] o,wsG.] sw]:Km];kqw:] KI,Suki ;] lgc:] nm].kQwl ] cB ;] sB;hac];So,wtI,"
pI1568 lUn i S] pi ;] AQt;] mG,] 6Km]: Sikb ;] hac];SL,wtI,Et,AWk,] kCL,sB;AyBk.] tyyB,yw]."
Suki ;] pgk:] n}. pyin.] ngc,] El:sw]:Po.SgcE] k;dPrTm],mro,so,DhBm:] kn] tuki ;] AyUk.] t
yyw]." dSgcE] k;Dn}nn]. pQnt ] :I nm].SgcE] k; mo;hUm:] kn]El: hgc.] wo:dSgcE] k;DeS
yam];lQw] hWc.] wL:dpik.] SnUw;] lUk.] Dn}yw]." sw]:fo.SgcE] k;nn]. pQnl ] ku :] KUvK] n u e] hoKm];
AyUk.] tyeS mI;luk:] sa};dsw]:ner.SUnD] n}w.} yw]."
pyin.] nWc,] lgm.] wqt.] AyUk.] tyw}. hicb (] 9)lUn i "] Am],Sim;] l}:AyBk.] ty" Pgc;] mUci ;]
AyUk.] tyeko.nuci :] hUm:] muwi ;] pyin.] nWc,] eS put i ,] Pk];tUmci U ;] pn]El: pI1569lUn i ] 9lgc:] 11Km]:
Sim;] l}:AyUk.] tyyw]." pyin.] ngc,] Sim;] Aw] KUw;] cun i ;] 'KwU ;] hac]:ehoAyBk.] tyeS mUwi ;] Kun i ;] "
sw]:Km];kqw:] ekL: mUwi ;] sWm;] hac];SL,wtI,Kin b ;] yw]."
pI1569lUn i 1] 2mG,] 6Km]: dPro.Tm],mro,so,DKam],pQnA ] vU ;] lIpyin.] ngc,] eS Kun i :] pQnK] n
u ]
ehLKm];AyUk.] tyyB,yw]." sgm;] nc],mI;Tbc;] Aw]lkb :] Kbn] pQnt ] wB t] n
q ;] eS miwB ;] w}.hac];SL,wtI,
nn].eS dsw]:ner.SUnD] l}:mUwi ;] yU,sgm;] pyin.] nWc,] w}.yw]."
lun i ;] mL; Pro.Tm],mro,so,Aw]lku :] yic;] mn];sw]: dSuwn u ,] net,wI,Dlqk:] SUc,] tqn;] El:
dsw]:ner.SUnD] l}:mUwi ;] Kun i ;] AyBk.] tyyw]." miwB :] nn]. sw]:Km];kqw:] l}:mUwi ;] sgm;] yw]."
sw]:ner.SUnm] wi U ;] pQnk] mq m] ci U ;] AyUk.] tyeS hQt;] sw]:fo.SgcE] k;w}.yw]."dsw]:Km];kqw:] D
mUwi :] la}:suwi :] pQnd] sw]:Km];ka},ng.} DeS yB,w}.yw]."

nn],tpyin],"
pI1581nn]. pyin,] ngc,] ngn;] EP;yw].El: luk:] mn];sw]:dnn],tpyin,] DKun i :] put:] "
mUwi :] hQt;] pac]p;}g Kun i :] ehonn]. sw]:fo.mUci ;] kgcA ] m],Kinb :] hWt:] n}El: nn],tpyin,] Kun i :] tuki ;]
mUci ;] kgcy ] w]."
pI1582nn]. sw]:fL.micB ;] t};hBm:] kn]tkb i ;] El: nn],tpyin,] hac]:Suki ;] Kun i :] tuki ;] mUci ;] t};"
pI1584nn]. nn],tpyin,] Kun i :] tuki ;] Ao,wyw]. etpUn.] tuki ;] mUci ;] t};Tqc:] El: hgc.] sw]:ner.SUn]
mUwi ;] sg:} " miwB :] miwB ;] sW:} nn]. nn],tpyin,] Pqnk] t U .] eto,El: sw]:ner.SUnm] wi U ;] Kun i ;] km];lQw"]
Pqwm] cB i ;] yw]. pI1584lUn i h] kU ;] sw]:ner.SUnp] n iu P
] aw],dlgt:] lqw;] D Am],hQt;] AUv;] lI
man]:yw].n}km];lQw"] pInn].lUn i s ] t Q ;] Suki ;] hac]:So,wtI,mUwi ;] tuki ;] AyBk.] ty" hac];SL,wtI,

5
piun]; sn].SI,

Sbm;] kan]." T};tivpW ;] KBw;] KWcm] an]:l}: Sikb ;] 10,000eko.'sac].120tUw'] mo.100tUw'] hwi U ;] 400lm];"
pI1590 lUn i p] t q ,] lWc:] 13Km]: Ao,yB.l}:35pI sw]:ner.SUnK] n i u :] pQn] Kune] hoKm];
AyUk.] tyyU,yw]." wa};eS pQns ] w]:ehoKm];yw].huci ] 8lUn i ] lUc;] tuki ;] hac];So,wtI,Tqc:] "
pI1592 lUn i s ] cQ m] ,] G 7Km]: nn],tpyin,] hG:] luk:] sa};mn]; dAupro,so,DKI,Suki ;] Agk,]
hac];So,wtI,kGo,tuki ;] AyUk.] tyyw]." lUn i k] m]lcg :] 2Km]:nn]. sw]:ner.SBnE] l:Aupro,so,
KI,sac].tuki ;] kn]" sw]:ner.SUnP ] n];tiwB .] El: dAupro,so,DtUk;] Sum;] kCL,tI:m}.vWc,] Sam]tn B :] "
KbnK] w]tkB ;] Sbm;] yw].ekL: Sikb ;] hac];SL,wtI,tqk,] ya}: lqn:] pa}:ksak],ksa}eS TW,} miwB ;] Kin b ;] "
Sikb ;] AyBk.] typ].C mbt;] Tqc:] sWm;] tac];El: Sikb ;] man]:l}:tBk;] Sbm;] Tqc:] tc];nm]" tc]:Aw]nn].mo;
hac];So,wtI,Am],kCL,tuki ;] T};Tqc:] eSpWk:] yw]."
pI1598 rKqc,] El:tUc,] AU,hgm;] kn] tuki ;] hac];So,wtI," hac];SL,wtI,Sbm;] kan].Tqc:] "pI1599
nn],tpyin,] l}:Kam],tivpW ;] Aw]mwB i ;] tUc,] AU," dnat].SZn i ,] ngc,] DAg,} cBn.] El: nn],tpyin ] ,]
ngn;] EP;tI:tBc,] AB,yB,yw]."
miwB :] rKqc,] El:tUc,] AU,hgm;] kn]tkb i ;] hac];SL,wtI,nn]. sw]:ner.SBnK] ,I Suki ;] kCL, hac];So,
wtI," Am],tn];l}:tuki ;] " miwB :] Ticb k] LC ,nn]. l}:hn]f;} m}:mUci ;] w}.yU,El: Supi ,] lm];kGo,tUc,] AU,"
kGo,lgm.] tuki ;] tUc,] AU, huci l
] n i U p] a}" Am],Ep.l}:" rKqc,] An]p.] G w}. tI:hac];So,wtI,nn]. Agk,] tuki ;]
tp].km].Kw]:nm].tac];kinp] t q :] El: sw]:ner.SUnl ] :} T}mg wi U ;] Kun
i ;] yw]."

T};El:t};"
tI:Sqnw] eI kL: KbnK] m];kqw:] (Km];ka},nW.} )Am],yB,El: n];C sBw:] pI(1565-1593)nn].
nWc.] mn];dKunK] m];Sqns ] cu ,] D Kin
b :] pQns
] w]:fL.w}.yw]." wa};eSdKunK] m];Sqns ] cu ,] DnWn;] EP;yw].
nWc.] mn]; dKunK] m];Kqc,] DKin b :] pbt:] yB,yw]." KbnK] m];Kqc,] nn]. hac]:lI'emLlat]:emLkp];Sipb ,] pin B :]
Et.Et.n}yw]."
mUwi :] hac];So,wtI,tUk;] Sum;] El: nn],tpyin,] l}:Kam],tivpW ;] kGo,tUc,] AU,nn]. ngc.] sa};
nn],tpyin,] dkinm] ciU ;] vWc,] yan];D(a!mif&rf;jrkkd ph m;m;) lk].Agk,] pa}:kCL,eSo.tI:AUci ,] pU;km],"
linb ;] nn].hgm] hqc;] Suki ;] tuki ;] Sim;] l}:AL,wEl: pI1597nn]. Kun i :] hQt;] KunA ] L,wyw]."
Sa}Spb i ,] KbnK] wB i ;] n}. tc]:Kin b ;] tI:dvWc,] yan];mc];Dn}.El: n];C sBw:] pI(1597-1752)nn].
hWc.] wL:dSa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] vWc,] yan];Dn}yw]." dvWc,] yan];DpQnp] kW .] yWm,] tI:yac];yB,El: t};miwB :] nn].
hWc.] wL:DyWm,] yac];Dn}yw]."
dvWc,] yan];mc];DK]:C l}:hqc;] km].mn];El: tuki ;] ygch] v U :] 'mci U ;] pa};'mci U ;] na};'mci U ;] mit:] 'mci U ;] kgc']

6
sn].SI, piun];

mUci ;] yac];'wan]:emo:" dvWc,] yan];mc];DAw]lkb :] yic;] mn];SWce] kL.SBc,] Sak]: h]:C kBp.] kB:kikb ;] sw]:fL.
Sqnw] dI KunK] m];Kqc,] DeS hQt;] micB ;] lbk:] KBvp] n Q A ] v B ;] lIkn]w.} tc];Sqnw] y I w]."
sw]:ner.SUnE] l:sw]:Km];ka},nW.} SWn,] wL: micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] hBm:] hWm;] kn]sc], etKicB ,] Km].
mn]:kimb ;] kCL,nL:l}:n}eS sw]:Km];ka},nW.} hp].pbn:] PWn;] Kw]:miwB ;] SBn;] tbms ] w]:fL.kB:micB ;] micB ;] yB,yw]."
sw]:ner.SBnp] n]sw]:Km];ka},ng.} kgn;] tp].luk:] nuci :] eS Kw]:mUwi ;] mUci ;] t};yw]."
mUwi ;] SUn;] tuml ] :} mUci ;] na};'mci U ;] pa};'ycg h] v
B :] yw]. Kun i :] kGo,mUci ;] t};tgn:] kac]'tn g :] nUwi ] Tuci k] ci u m] '
mUci ;] tic']mci U ;] lqm;] 'mci U ;] humi ;] siwB ;] mI;w}.n];C yU,nan],micB ;] EK,yam];lQwn ] n].yw]." sw]:fo.t};tc];SQc:] ekL:
Pgm.] pQns ] l ]G wQ k] n]hmU :] hgm;] hp]. dsw]:ner.SUnD] Agnh] wU n ] am];no:yB,yw]."
Ticb K] n b i ;] Sqnw] y I w].El: KbnK] m];Kqc,] sc],Aw]wan]:micB ;] Aap]:pn]sw]:Km];ka},nW.} miwB :] pI1600
nn].yB,yw]." sWm;] nc],Tbc;] Kbnm] ;I w}.wL: pI:Tbk,] pQnK] n b E] l: sw]:Km];ka},ng.} Am],TQc"] Kun i :] pQn]
sw]:fo.Sqnw] y I ,U yw]."
micB ;] AL,wSWn,] wL: sw]:Km];ka},nW.} Ticb K] n b i ;] El: lbk:] KBvm] n];Am],pQns ] w]:fL.lBcy ] w]."
Km];ka},nW.} Sm]. pQnA ] v B ;] lIsw]:ner.SBn] An]pn Q K] n Q p] :I Aa}:mn];nn].El: mI;lWc:] Am],han].
s]n C wBi K] m];ka},nW.} yB,yw]."
KbnE] K,l}:Kaw],Km];ka},nW.} Ticb w] an]:Ticb m] cB i ;] Kin b ;] yw].El: pg,} Pgc;] KQwl ] at]:hG:] miwB ;] hn]no:to
n}yw]." sw]:Km];ka},nW.} tgp,] wo:dkw]n.} EK,Am],wac],>man]:Am],kgm;] >Am],KG:] hn]no:hn]toPG> ] KG:]
hn]no:hn]to,kw]eko:>mo;tUv;] Aw]lo:>Dn}El: EK,Pit;] sGe] S SUc,] Pgc;] KQwl ] cB ;] sU;Ao,w"
Sc],lat]:wo:dsw]:Km];ka},ng.} Sqnw] n I .} >yam];lQwp] ci u :] AicT ] ;} eS>Am],lIeto,hw];yw].>kuci ,] lI
hUm:] kn]tki u ;] pqt:] yU,>Dn}yw]."
pI1604nn]. Suki ;] EK,co;nuci :] 'Ski u ;] Ao,wco;nuci :] hip,] tuki ;] sw]:Km];k},ng.} yw]." Km];ka},nW.}
SBc,] kBn;] hip:] nqt:] pgc,] Kaw],yWn;] lWc:] sW:} Tqm] tI:sw]:ner.SUn"] l}:Kaw],yw].ekL: sw]:ner.SUn]
hac]:hqn;] Sikb ;] h]:C l}:sW:} TqmK] t bi ;] miwb .] Kitb ;] yam];yB,yw]."
hac]:hqn;] yw].El: mUwi :] pI1604 lUn i k] m] lgc:] 6Km]:nn]. sw]:ner.SBnE] l:nWc.] sa};
sBw;] AWnt ] p].mgn;] 'tp].lan].no;eS Et,AWk,] Sikb ;] " KI,hUwi ;] Kun i :] Tuci d] Po.yaw];Dyw]. Kun i :] sgm;]
Sa}ln i T] ciu d] km],Pqc;] PQt.] D" luwi :] tI:dkQc;] m},Dhicb l ] n iU n ] ciu :] "
lbk.] tI:kQc;] m},eS ngc.] mn];sw]:AgnS ] ki u ;] Kuni :] Pa},DmUci ;] fac]Dco;nuci :] " tBwm] n];sw]:
kgn;] Suki ;] cL;nicb :] Kun i :] dmUci ;] hac]D" tI:micB ;] hac]nn]. sw]:ner.SUnA ] kg ,] Siws] ac].tI:nL:yw].sp];
yQn;] mL;" Kan]sn ]G n q ,] yw].El: hG:] kCL,hgc.] ngc.] sa};mn];sw]:mL;" ngc.] mn];sw]:tn];l}:lbm;] lL;
Sam]wn];" mUwi :] pI1604 lUn i h] kU ;] mG,] 8Km]: tUk;] mqn:] wn];sn] dsw]:ner.SUnD] Ao,yU.l}:(50)

7
piun]; sn].SI,

tn];nc]:mUci ;] 15pIeS yc];Am],tn];l}:mUwi ;] sg:} sw]:Km];k},ng.} eS ngn;] EP;kGo,yU,yw]."

lum;] lo;Sac];kYOw],sw]:ner.SUn] tI:mUci ;] hac]yw]. tp].T};Kun i ;] Tgm} wi U ;] Kun
i ;] " sw]:Km];ka},ng.}
muc:] mgc;] Suki ;] sw]ner.SUne] S AgnS ] ki u ;] t};tuki ;] Suki ;] man]:El:Suki ;] EK,yB,"pI1604 Aaw]mn];sw]:
KbnK] m];nn],'Km];Siwb :] fL. hBm:] kn]pcW k] t B .] El: nWc.] mn];sw]:dKbnK] m];Kqc,] DnWn;] EP;kCL,eS
hqc;] mn];sw]:yBp:] lBc;] Tqc:] "
Am],huci A ] m],nan]; l}:Kaw],sw]:ner.SUn] ngn;] EP;yw].n}El: sw]:fo.t};tc];la}
hqc;] sGA ] n U :] lUc;] " SWn,] wL: Am],Ep.l}:EK,El:man]:yw].n}eS AWnk] n]TS } W kb i ;] P]mC n];Kin
b ;] "
sw]:Km];ka},ng.} eko: Am],sac]:KQc,] to.l}:yw].eS l}:tUk;] Sbm;] kCL,tI:no:Suki ;] Sqnw] I mUwi :] pI1605
nn].yB,yw]." sw]:Ao,wdvgc,] yan];mc];Deko: tuki ;] sw]:Km];ka},ng.} yw].mUwi ;] Kun i ;] " Am],tn];Tuci ]
hac];eho" mUci ;] lU.ha}ta}koG ,sgm;] tac]; mUwi :] pI1605nn].nc],kw],n}yw]."
wa};eSsw]:ner.SUnE] l: sw]:Km];ka},ng.} ngn;] EP;kCL,yw].nn]. sw]:fo.mUci ;] t};Kw]
Agnk] n]pkU ;] Sac]:wan]:mUci ;] mo;" tuki ;] man]:'tki u ;] EK,eSto. Kw]nc],kn]Sm]. Am],ygm;] hp].hn]
lIkn]" AWnk] n]skq ,] pQn] mUci ;] kw]mcB i ;] m];C " kUn;] kw]kn U ;] mG;] n}y,B tL,eS," micB ;] lBc] pQnm] cB i ;] yW:} "
mUci ;] yg:} pQnm] ci U ;] AUn:] " kBn;] KiwB ;] lBc] pQnk] n B ;] KiwB ;] Pit,] " tL,etpUk;] tc]: pQnm] L;dmUci ;] ehoSqct ] ;} D
n}nn].Et. P]eC kL:Am],tWn.] Kbk;] s]l C :} eSpWk:] yw]."
micB ;] KBc;] kac]lcB n
] .} kCac]:yB,tan],hiwb e] kL:yL, kL:wL:dkac]st C ] ;} D yc];tikb .] kqp:] w}.yB,kBv;] Et.
dtI:yB,t};Detkqp:] lBc;] kCL,tik;] tik;] eS lin b ;] Sbt;] Et. yc];etAm],mI;l}:yw].lB;kWn,] "
kac]skC ] pq :] nn]. pQnh] wB .] lWm.] tBwk] w],Kin b ;] kBv;] " s]kC pq :] 'pa};wBn.] tip,] ekL: dtI:Detkqp:] lBc;] Tqc:]
kBv;] n}nn].Am],kicb ,] limb ;] pqt:] "

8
sn].SI, piun];

tW n ] : (9)

dsw]:fL.niwB h] wB D]
(maw],ktBw;] @wL,rI, ,)
AD.(1281-1306)

wL,rI, ,"
micB ;] mWn;] El:Sa}Spb i ,] Kbnm] nW ;] An]wL:l}:Et,tc]:mL; sQmm] wB i :] (BC.666)nn]. lB.pc];KWt,]
yWt:] kCL,yWn.] dAenL,rTL,D tikb ;] miwB :] AD.1057nn].eS yB,t]:C pB;km],Kaw];tac];200pIyw]."Ticb m] L;
AD.1281nn]. maw],ktBw;] (r*'l;)@ wL,rI, , pBk;] tc]:Kin b ;] El: dmWn;] Dl}:mI;Sa}Spb i ,] KiwB ;] Kbn]
mI;micB ;] mWn;] Kin b ;] Tqc:] km];nicb :] yw]."
dwL,rI, ,Dnn]. pQnt ] ;} lBce] S siwb :] miwB :] lQk.] pQnd] maw],ktBw;] D(mktB;)n}yw]." sL,tiwan]:
kit
B ,] pQnw] an]:dtUc,] mUn;] D n];C AicU ,] STuc,] " mI;nWc.] sa};dmaw],kTL,DEl: nWc.] yic;] dnac];AU;yWn;] D"
AU:mn];pQnk] n B ;] kL.pB. An]m;I kBn;] hap], 32ekL.eS k}.Kw]:miwB ;] kL.Ka}n;C ] micB ;] dSbk.] eKL;T};Dyw]."
maw,] ktBw;] @wL,rI, , luk.] tI:fwkUn;] Pan]eS kam],'van],'wri y i lIEl: l}:pQnK] n u e] hLKm];
dmicB ;] mWn;] DmL;yw]." dwL,rI, ,Dn}nn]. pQnS ] cQ m] an]: hgc.] Am],PQn:] kBv;] " man]:sqk,] tI:pWc,] dwL,rI, ,D
wL:dKunl ] kb .] kac]haw]lcB ;] mL;D(rd;k ay:usrif;)n}El: Sc]Aw]T;} wL:pQnd] PrL.niwB h] wB D] n}eS Aw]Pa},
t};wL:Sm].pQnd] sw]:fL.niwB h] wB D] n}yw]."

maw],ktBw;] hap],kan]Kn
b "]
maw],ktBw;] pQnK] n u e] hLKm];micU ;] mWn;] tc];SQc:] An]wL:pQnm] cB i ;] man]:tWn:] tC:] yB,yam];lQwn ] .}
tc];mBt;] yw]." miwB :] lbk:] sa};nrSI,hpet.dekYL,sCL,D PWc;] cm];pB;km],yB,El: Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];liwb ;] lc]
yB,nn]. mqn:] miwB :] dmaw],ktBw;] DAbp.] picB ,] micU ;] mWn;] yw]."
miwB :] AL,yU.maw],ktBw;] l}:20pInn]. tac]twU A ] :U mn];eS kWn;] luk:] nWc.] 32ekL. miwB ;] Ka}p.B tI:
dSuk.] eKL;T};DEl: miwB :] sWm;] tac];nn]. kBn;] hap],ekL.nicu :] naw]El: maw],ktBw;] hap],tqn;] yw]."
PWc;] nn]. fL.PL,mqn:] kan];maw],ktBw;] hk];pQnS ] cW p] tW ;] kCL," Sa}lcq ;] hiwB :] map]:fL.PL,nn]. hiwB :] AWk,]
pQnh] ac]:sWme] hLmL; sqc:] lqc;] lIEt.Et.n}yw]."

1
piun]; sn].SI,

lWc:] nn]. pQnn ] mik:] lIne} S kCL,sU;dsw]:munT ] ak]:DekL.nicb :] SWn,] kL,lL;pn]El:

sw]:mbnT ] ak]:lat]:wL:dnmik:] mC;] n}.>hqc;] nqn,] >lInn q ,] >epL;mC;] Am],Aw]>kWcc] n u i ;] pQc;] hBwm] ;] C >mL;
pn]kL:ehL;mn];Et.>kw]Am],ehL;l}:>Dn}El: maw],ktBw;] Aw]cn u i ;] mQt.] nicu :] tac],pa}kan];mn];
An]pkB ;] pQc;] hBwm] n];w}.nn].pn]yw]."
JSL,nn].wL:dmC;] n}.>van],ekL:lI>pL,rmI,ekL:lI>etpQnK] n u p] n I .} yw].>Et,Aw]mwU i :]
n}.kCL,>mC;] yL,hQt;] kUn;] kL.yw].lL:>m];C kCL,hLhap],kan]Kn u E] n:DwL:n}" Ka}p.U yw].ekL: pW,} kBn;] hap],
miwU ;] Kin
u ;] yw]. Kw]:kCL,yWn;] kan] tI:kUn;] lQc.] sac]. Kune] hLKm];Suk.] eKL;T};yB,yw]."
maw],ktBw;] lqt;] Sqw;] " Am],TQcA ] m],nic:] " Am],likB :] kac]Km]:kac]wn];" AW,} yiwU ,] sac]."
PQw:] KI:sac]." lbm;] lL;sac]." pt];PQw:] lUmi :] l},kU:wn];" tc]:Aw]maw],ktBw;] Pqwk] LC ,nn]. KWk:] sac].limU :]
l},kqt:] lqt:] w}.kB:tI:" sw]:sac].ekL: hk].mn];min U n ] c],luk:] AWk,] S}:yw]."
wn];nicu :] Kune] hLKm];lBc;] El,KWk:] sac]." l}:hn]KkW :] sac].mBt;] kQc:] Kqp.] lqp:] w}." Tam]El:
hB.lWc:] maw],ktBw;] eS AQt;] lUkLC ,yB,Et.Et." Am],hbci A ] m],nan]; Kune] hLKm];kCL,KWk:] sac].Tqc:] "
Kbne] hLKm];pUn:] pak],lBc;] El: l}:hn]mak],ew:mQt.] nicu :] mI;w}.tI:nm].pBn:] pak],tBk;] kCL,nn].yw]."
Kbne] hLKm];siEn h]:C maw],ktBw;] kQp;] Aw]" maw],ktBw;] yk].tUv;] mak],ew:nn].eS wUn.] wL:
dKune] hLKm];n}.>KC:] hB.nm].kt].>la};hQt;] Sac]:kw]El:>sc],pn]mak],Ew:n}.yw].>kw]etAw]
hQt;] hG:] mI;>PWn;] lIeSAn]An]Dn}yw]. Aw]kLC ,Siwu .] siwU .] Pk];KUmn ] am]yw]."
sw]:siwU .] nn]. lat]:wL:dmak],ew:mC;] n}.>Am],mI;kL:Kn]Sc]>kw]Am],sac]:emLKa}pn]>mC;]
KC:] l}:ekL:>Aw]mwb i ;] m];C niw.] lQw> ] yip;] Aw]kLC ,El:>Dn}ekL: maw],ktBw;] Aw]nwi .] simn]; sWm,] pak],
sup.] nm].la};yw]. yw]:Kw]:nC;] kWcf ] n];Pk];KUmn ] am]nn].kCL," Aw]swB i .] sp];mL; sWm;] niw.] simn];nn].
Aw]mwB i ;] wan],w}.him;] KWk:] sac].eS lum;] lL;w}.lIl"I Pk];KBmn ] am] AWk,] mL;nbm,] PBk:] lIEt.Et."
miwB :] Kune] hLKm];lBc;] El, KWk:] sac].Tqc:] pWk:] nicu :] maw],ktBw;] TUv:] Pk];KUmn ] am]mn]; ha};sB;
Kune] hLKm];" Tam]El: maw],ktBw;] lw]:wL:dmak],ew:mQt.] nicb :] nn].>pQnm] L;yw].KL:>Dn}El:
Kbne] hLKm];wUn.] wL:dluk:] AWn,] ekL.n}.>pQnk] n U ;] mI;pa};wUn.] lI>etl}:lItn W ;] kCL,miwU ;] nL:yU,>Dn}yw].
hG:] mn];hucP ] k];KUmn ] am]nn]. lQc.] yB,yw]."
Pk];KUmn ] am]maw],ktBw;] hbcn
] n]. Tbk,] mqn:] s]n C n q ,] El: Kune] hLKm];hWc.] miwB ;] pQnd] hBwm] wu i .] Dyw]."
pQnh] wB m] wb i .] kBv;] n}eS Am],w}.tinw] .} miwb ;] " tBw:] tn];sW:} kan]pn B i :] kB:picB "] Am],likU :] Kaw];wn];Km]:Kin u ;]
Kt];sCh] t Q ;] kan]tL,eS," Kune] hLKm];ybk.] pQn] hBwn ] L:hBm,] lUm:] wac];Tqc:] yw]." hQt;] hBm,] lUm:] ekL:
mI;nm].kt].tac];Kqn,] El: l}:SU;siwu :] SQcl ] T I cq :] " nC;] pin
u ;] T};wL:dsw]:lIhp].sC.] Dn}eS mac]t:I Sm].
tqm:] w}.wL:dsw]:PrL.ALDn}yw]."

2
sn].SI, piun];

maw],ktBw];pQn]Kbn]"
sWm;] nc],pbn:] PWn;] El: miwU :] mI;pW;} lam];mL; l}:hac]:hqn;] pWcS ] ac]:sW:} kB:tI:" l}:Kw]:AWk,] n];C
hac]:ehL" l}:hBp.] hn]mt u i :] kiwu ;] lbk:] yic;] Kune] hLKm];dSuwn u ,] net,wI,D(ok0Àa'0D a'0D)eS l}:mI;mit.] tL,
hk].pqc;] kn]mL;yw]." miwU :] PWc;] nc],nn] dRkL;swL,DKw]:tikb ;] El: Kune] hLKm];AWk,] nL:Sikb ;] "maw],ktBw;]
l}:hp].pbn:] PWn;] pC.] wQc;] w}.yw]."
PWc;] micU ;] km]:PWc:] lWmh] .B lWc:] maw],ktBw;] El:sw]:yic;] eS tqm:] lik:] SBc,] sB;Kune] hLKm];"
maw],ktBw;] hB.Kaw],nn].yw]. Aw]sw]:yic;] tac],sac]. lk].pa}:miwU ;] Kin u ;] wan]:kit
U ,] micU ;] nWn;] yw]."miwU :]
nn]. Siku ;] kap],Eh.70El: kUn;] Siku ;] 200ekL. pa}:miwB ;] sWm;] mn];yw]."(Siku ;] kap],Eh. = Sikb ;] An]
Aw]kap],nc]'kap],lQk;] 'kap],tWc;] Eh.tBwe] SKw]:pW;} tikb ;] )"
Kune] hLKm];lm];SWk:] hLekL: Am],TUp;] " l}:hn]lki :] tqm:] w}.wL:dKL:yWn;] Aw]>luk:] yic;]
sw]:hw];>miwU ;] pQnP ] :U yC,] kUn;] lUc> ] h]:C tc]:tUws ] ku ;] mn]:>pQnK] n u m] cU i ;] mWn;] KL:>Dn}El: Kbne] hLKm];
drL,mKm];hqc;] DekL: Am],lm];sWm;] yw]." Ticb w] an]:kit B ,] micB ;] nWn;] yw]. maw],ktBw;] Aw]wan]:tUc,] mUn;]
pBk;] tc]:pQnw] cQ ;] eS Kin u :] hQt;] KunA ] pu .] picU ,] w}.yU,yw]."

maw],ktBw];l}:mBk.] tm"
miwB :] nn]. tI:dmBk.] tmDnn]. dAlQc,] mL,D(tvdrmR )pQnK] n b w] .} " dmaw],ktBw;] DpQnK] nb ]
tUc,] mUn;] yw].El: lBw,] l}:mI;ABv;] lIwan]:micB ;] n}eS yin b ;] PWm.] pQnA ] v U ;] lItc]; dAlQc,] mL,D
(tvdrmR )yw]." miwB :] pWk:] nicb :] dAlQc,] mL,DAw]cn B .] SC,] nC;] tac];kine] SlQc.] " maw],ktBw;] tn];hB.El:
Am],pQne] P;eStL. kQp;] pqc;] p].C hLlWk;] la}; tL,ettWp,] tqn;] Kin b ;] w}.yB,"
AlQc,] mL,k}.Kw]:AWk,] kp];Sipb ,] maw,] ktBw;] El: hk].mqn:] nWc.] yic;] maw,] ktBw;] dnac;] AU;yWn;] DeS
tWc:] Tam]yn W ;] Aw]" sWm;] nc],p].C hLlWk;] la};w}.yB,nn].eS miwU :] Alic,] mL,hac]:hqn;] miwB ;] hQt;] pW;} kUp.] kB:El:
AWnk] n]mwB i ;] sWm;] tac];yB,nn]. maw],ktBw;] tWn;] tac];hp].tiku ;] Ep.Alic,] mL,kCL,yB,yw]." pI1281
maw],ktBw;] Kin u :] hQt;] Kunm] cU i ;] dmUk.] tmDyw]."

maw],ktBw;] l}:hac];SL,wtI,"
miwU :] nc],nn] dtrPYL;D(w&zsm;) An]wL:dcpmbn,] DeS pQnk] n i m] cB i ;] dpL,kiwB D] (yJc;l )nn].
hQt;] Kunw] .} tI:dhac];SL,wtI,Dyw]." nrSI,hpet.Sm]. pQnK] n b p] ;U km],w}.eS pW,} drL,sSac];kYan],D
tiku ;] hac];SL,wtI," trPYL;yWn;] tac];sW:} TqmE] l: maw],ktBw;] sW:} tikb ;] " rL,sSac];kYan],l}:TWm} wU i ;]
Kin
u ;] " Et,nn].mL; maw],ktBw;] El:trPYL; KQc,] Aw]lku :] yic;] pn]kn]eS hQt;] AUv;] lIkn]w.} yw]."

3
piun]; sn].SI,

hac]:Pqn,] tI: An]kwQ ,] lBv:] pin

b ;] maw],ktBw;] "
4
sn].SI, piun];

pI1287nn]. maw],ktBw;] El:trPYL;hgm;] kn] tiku ;] dpY,I D(jynf)El:dtUc,] AU,D(awmifi)l "

KunS ] cW m] cB i ;] nn]. AWk,] pa}:Sum;] Siku ;] pn] maw],ktBw;] KLyw]." Tqc:] pWk:] nicb :] maw],ktBw;] KLhgm;] kn]tku i ;]
pY,I El:tUc,] AU,Tqc:] " trPYL;hQt;] priEy,eS Aan];tI.vWp;] Aw]maw],ktBw;] " Am],tn];til:} "
maw],ktBw;] Pit;] s]n C n q ,] El: lat]:wL:
dhL;n}.>Sc]K:] C kitb ;] Kune] kL.lQw> ] Tuk,] lIta}ekL.nicu :] yw].>PCk] t u i ;] ekL:>h]:C mn];hQt;]
Kunl ] L:>tL,h]:C kit u ;] ekL.lQwn ] n].>hL;KI,sac].tiku ;] kn]>PCE] p.ekL:mn];kit u ;] eS>hQt;] Kbnl ] L:>D
n}eS maw],ktBw;] Aw]nm].SC,] nC;] cW;} Km]; yat],nm].ticU ,] Sit.] sL,sB; Kunf ] 'IKnb S ] ac]'sw]:wan]:sw]:micB ;]
yw]. KI,sac].tiku ;] kn]tc];trL;PYL;yw]."
maw],ktBw;] tI.vgp;] l}:trPYL;" Sc],KL,rhan];tc];la}tcW ;] pan],El: KCac];lWt:] pn]eS
Am],tqp;] pqt:] trPYL;" Am],hicb A ] m],nan]; lbk:] yic;] mn];Kin b ;] lat]:En lWc:] PBwm] n];nac];Aan];
pWck] t B .] Tqc:] yB,n}El: maw],ktBw;] tivpW ;] Kin b ;] eS pn]tam],ta}trPYL;yw]."
miwU :] etAw]trPYL;kCL,ta}nn]. lbk:] yic;] maw],ktBw;] (em;trPYL;) tWc;] pan]tan],hiwb e] kL:
maw],ktBw;] Am],PWm.] " Ticb n ] ;C ] pL,sEl: sm]ettqp;] nn]. mn];nac];Aw]Kn U h] wB P
] wU m] n];El:
KUnh] wB m] n]; kQw:] Pn]:elL;kn]eS lat:] wL:depL;KC:] Aw]PwU k] w]KL:tae} kL:>Aw]kw]KL:tas } mW ;] lL:>D
n}ekL: lak]:mlWm,] (vufr&G@H )Kw] Am],PWc;] liwU l ] :} eKL:sI.Sc],El: tqp;] pqt:] trPYL;yU,yw]."
Et,Aw]nn].mL; Am],mI;lWc:] yL.kw];Tqc:] yw].eS maw],ktBw;] PWc;] cm];micU ;] mWn;] tc];SQc:] yw]."

sw]:fL.niwB h] wB "]
Kune] hLKm];Sbk;] eKL;T};drL,mKm];hqc;] Dl}:Kaw],maw],ktBw;] Kin b :] pQnK] n b ] sWm;] nc],tqm:] lik:] w}.
nn].Et.El: hBms ] mU ;] sWm;] eS SUc,] pn]KcU i :] Kune] hLKm];hL:yicU :] dpan];kbm;] 'scW :] PikB ,] 'lap],Sn]ckq :] '
SWk;] tinK] m];'w;I KBny ] vb ;] DyB,yw]."
wI;KBny] v b ;] nn]. Aw]hac]wwB ;] dsL,mrI,DhQt;] w}.yw]." wBw;] dsL,mrI,D pQnw] wB ;] KBny ] vb ;] mI;micB ;]
tipt q .] El: micB ;] mbn,] kBw;] rI;yiwB ;] yw]." wBw;] mQw;] nn]. hk].hac]mn];nqn,] " lbm;] lL;w}.lIlt I L,eS,"
hac]mn];Km]w.} eSAn]An]ekL: kBwh] ac]mn];lB.lqwE] l: Am],hbk.] Am],tQn:] eS Kam],ta}tac]hac]mn];
n}yw]." h]:C l}:pQnp] cB i t ] kq :] tL,h]:C Kbnm] cB i ;] hk].hac]Kw] An]pn Q K] L:wan]:kBn;] micB ;] nn].eS lbm;] lL;lIl'I
h]:C Kam],ta}tac]l:} nc],wBw;] sL,mrI,nn].El: Aw]ht Q ;] wI;S],C pL;w}.n];C KicB :] Kbne] hLKm];hL:yicB :] nn].n}yw]."
pI1287maw],ktBw;] pt];PQw:] wQc;] kw], An]m;I Pa},san];mUk.] tmyw]. pUk;] tc]:ehLmC,] yB,Sw];
yw]." miwU :] hQt;] pW;} Kin
b :] ehLnn]. Kbne] hLKm];Sbk;] eKL;T}; Kin b :] hWt:] pn]dPiSki .] DeS tac],sn].pQn]
dPrL.niwU h] wB D] An]t;} wL:dsw]:fL.niwB h] wB D] An]man]:AWk,] SQcw] L:dwL,rI, ,Dn}nn].yw]."

5
piun]; sn].SI,

wBw;] sL,mrI,

picB t
] t];Sin"]
maw],ktBw;] Kin
b :] pQnK] nu m] cB i ;] mWn;] l}:Sam]pyI w].ekL: K]:C hG:] kBn;] micB ;] mI;hBm:] kt];yQnt ] :C ] ma}m:I El:
h]:C likB :] kQp;] Aw]pcB i t
] t];Sind] SmtmnuD An]p] n Q p] cB i t
] t];SinR]kL;siwB ;] yam]:PWc;] cm];micU ;] T}; kWn,] mn];
sw]: 2000pI tqm:] El:kit b ;] w}.sWm;] wt].wL;PLSiwB ,] yB,nn]. Em;tqm:] pQnp] cB i t ] t];Sin] pbn:] micB ;] mn];
yB,yw]." pQnm] L;dpp].picB t ] t];Sins ] w]:fL.niwB h] wB D] (0g&&D "l rRowfusr;f ) An]man]:Kin b ;] Aicp] cb i :]
hQt;] pQnp] cB i t ] t];SinK] w]y,B etL,Ticu y ] am];lQwn ] n].yw]."

s]mC n
b "]
pI1294 Kune] hLKm];Suk.] eKL;T};wL:dsac].PikU ,] tUwn ] .} >mk].yiwU :] micU ;] mUt.] tmkUv;] >Dn}eS
Aw]sac].PikB ,] An]maw],ktBw;] lbm;] lL;lQc.] lB miwB :] miwB ;] yB,KWk:] sac].nn]. SBc,] pn]yw]." sac].PikU ,] Ticu ]
yw]. Am],hicb A] m],nan]; K]:C l}:sac].PikB ,] nn].El: Siku ;] RkL;lWm.] wqt.] wQc;] mUk.] tm" n];C pin b ;] mac]Pn
bi ]
tqm:] w}.wL: t};Sam]p:I nWc.] lBc;] tikb ;] n}yw]."

6
sn].SI, piun];

sWm;] nc], sac].PikU ,] pn]fn]mn];sw]:nn].eS maw],ktBw;] h]:C hQt;] man];tap]:lBcy ] w].

pac;] Aw]rhan;] kt].kYac,] pitkat:] Samk] cW ] kYac.] km]wpi t].SnL,nn]. ehL;kYLk:] nm].mbn;] "Aw]sac.] PikU ,]
w}.niwU k] cW ;] Pa},san];wQc;] eS Aw]nm].mun;] Pqt;] SI,sQc,] pqt,] pL:SI,nL:pqt,] Pa},wan]:micU ;] El: Siku ;] An]
wqt.] lWm.] yU,nn]. tqk,] ya}:pa}:kCL,n}yw]."
wa};nn].yw]. maw],ktBw;] ticU ,] kaw],sU; fIp.] C SL,SnL, fIp.] C pitkat]:Sam]kcW w] L:dsUw:] Sa}sk] C w]
yc];mI;yU,n}.>wan]:micU ;] pin B :] El:>KL:wan]:kUn;] micU ;] pin U :] ekL:>kw]Am],KC:] l}:>wan]:micU ;] kw]El:>KL:
wan]:kUn;] micU ;] kw]ekL:>yL,h]:C P]KC :] C l}:eSkm];>Dn}yw]." lin b ;] nn]. Am],mI;KQny
] w].eS micU ;] mWn;]
drL,mvticU ;] Dtc];SQc:] pQnt ] :] C dsw]:fL.niwU h] wB D] PWc;] cm];tc];mUt;] yw]."

nWn;] EP;"
trPYL;El:lbk:] yic;] sw]:fL.niwU h] wB h] mB :] kn]m;I lbk:] sa}; dSac],lUcE] l:Sac],AWn,] Dn}ScW ]
ekL.w}." SWcp] :I nWc.] nn]. sw]:fL.niwU h] wB ] h]:C hQt;] kBn;] yin
b :] pB.yinb :] yL:eS lbm;] lL;tBv;] Ticb s ] m]twB ]
w}.tL,eS," pI1306nn]. Sac],lUcE] l:Sac],AWn,] pWck] t U .] El: sw]:fL.niwU h] wB n ] n W ;] EP;yw]."
mqn:] pIlwQ k] n]tc]; Kbny ] :I kCa;} Km];nWn;] EP;yw]."
SWce] kL.pI:nWc.] nn]. l}:Kam],tivpg ;] mt].w}.him;] tin] Kap]:tBws ] w]:pB,Kw]nn].yw]. l}:Kam],
Sac];kYOw],sWm;] sw]:fL.niwU h] wB n ] y } w]." tI:Sac];kYOw],Kw]p,B lan]nn]. pBk;] Sw]hn i t
] mq :] ma}w.} wL:dSc]kwB ]
pQnT] cq :] nc],n}>tqp;] tUn:] >yL,w}.hak]:>hqmt ] a}A:U >yL,w}.luk:] >Dn}nn]. h]:C kikb ;] pin b ;] w}.n}yw]."

Sa}Spbi ,] Kbnm] n
W ;] (1281-1538)
pin b ;] mWn;] tqm:] w}.wL: tc]:Aw] BC.666nn]. mWn;] Et,tc]:dSTbc,] DeS BC.406(BE.137)
nm].TBm:] El:micB ;] lB.yw]. Sa}Spb i ,] KbnK] at]," BC.339(BE.144)tc]:micB ;] El:pan]Kn b T] cq :] eS
AenL,rTL,tikb ;] KbnS ] Tbcd] mnB.hL,D miwB :] AD.1057El: micB ;] lB.Tqc:] " maw],ktBw;] Kin b ;] tc]:Tqc:] El:
Sa}Spb i ,] Kbnm] n W ;] l}:mI;mL;Tqc:] n}yw]."
dmaw],ktBw;] Dn}. mWn;] Kw]Sn W ,] pQny
] t
W :] Sqce] hLKm];Kw]eS np].ym]Et.Et." maw],ktBw;]
hQt;] Kunm] cU i ;] mWn;] l}:Sip;] kw]:pIeS nWn;] EP;yw]. nWc.] sa};mn];sw]: Kune] lL;(Kunl ] aw];)Sipu ,] pbt:] "
Kune] lL;(Kunl ] aw];)PWc;] cm];l}:Sip;] pI" PWc;] micU ;] mn];pWck] t B .] Kin
b ;] El: nWn;] EP;yw]. luk:] maw],ktBw;]
dsw]:Sqnm] cU i ;] mic:] DSipb ,] pbt:] " miwU :] Kin
u :] hac]:ehLEl: hQt;] pW;} dPiSki :] Dnn]. rL,mKm];hqc;] Tw]:Ek,nqn,]
yw].eStL. pQnl ] an]AkW ,] mn];sw]:n}eS Kin b :] hWt:] pac]p;} W Ticu m] kU .] tmyU,yw]." wa};nn].SWcp] kI v U ;]
rL,mKm];hqc;] ekL: nWn;] EP;yw]."

7
piun]; sn].SI,

n];C Sa}Spb i ,] Kbnm] aw],ktBw;] n}.mI; dSins ] w]:pWk;] D(&Siaf pmyk) An]pn Q n ] ac];yic;] Abp.] micB ;]
kikb ;] pin
b ;] w}.ekL.nicb :] yw]." man]:KI;eyL;pQnn ] ac];yic;] PWc;] cm];micU ;] AWnt ] ac];Sut;] nC;] pin u ;] micU ;] man]:
n}yw]." mn];nac];pQnK] n b n
] c]:micB ;] n];C pI(1452-1460)yw]." miwB :] dSins ] w]:pWk;] DKin
b :] hQt;] Kbnn ] n].
AL,yB.mn];nac];l}:59pIyw]." y],C Ek,yw].sc], Kin b :] pQnK] n
b E] l: l}:siwb :] DpvL;eTL;D(Anm;axm)
An]m;I tI:pWc,] wL:DKbnT ] w]:D(rif;tkd)" kCam];t};pQnD] PrL.Tw]:D(sw]:fL.Tw]:)n}nn].yw]."
mn];nac];nWn;] EP;yw]. lbk:] KBvm] n];DTm],mes,tI,DKin b :] pbt:] " lbk:] mn];dpvL;yan],D
(Anm;&H)pWck] t B .] himh] ac]:ehLEl: DTm],mes,tI,DnWn;] EP;" wa};eSdpvL;yan],DnWn;] EP;yw].
lbk:] mn];dSbSZn i ,] tkL,ybt.] piD(ok&iS w f um&Gwyf )d Kin b :] pbt:] " Kbnt ] cB ,] AB,dtpin,] SBv,] TI;D
tikb ;] El: micB ;] mWn;] lB.pc]; miwB :] 1538nn].eS Sa}Spb i ,] Kbnm] n W ;] An]maw],ktBw;] Et,tc]:w}.nn].ekL:
l}:KWt,] yWt:] Sbt;] wa};kCL, n];C pan]dSbSZn i ,] tkL,ybt.] piD(ok&iS w f um&Gwyf )d nn].yw]."

Kbnt ] ;} pan]lwQ k] n]"

AD.1275-1306 sBw:] pan]Kn b y ] :I kCa;} Km];"
" 1281-1306 sBw:] pan]maw],ktBw;] Abp.] picB ,] micB ;] mWn;] "
" 1281-1538 KbnK] wB i ;] maw],ktBw;] Abp.] picB ,] mWn;] " lB.yWn.] tpin,] SBv,] TI;(man]:tBc,] AB,)"
" 1283-1554 panA ] L,nL,t};PWc;] cm];AL,w(tif;0)" lB.yWn.] pyin.] nWc,] (man:] tBc,] AB,)"
" 1311-1365 SiwB K] an],fL.KCak]:ehLSqct ] ;} "
" 764-1959 sw]:fL.t};PWc;] cm];w}. micB ;] t};kB:micB ;] micB ;] "
Aw]pn b i ;] Tt];Sac]Kn b i ;] sicb ] liwB e] SEn,micB ;] rKqc,] An]lwQ k] v B ;] micB ;] man]:tc];micB ;] yam];lQwn] .}
t};yam]:PWc;] cm];w}.miwB :] lQwk] n]tc];micB ;] yw]." micB ;] rKqc,] ekL: sBw:] pan]SwB i K] an],fL.nn]. Sam]lcB f ] L.
tn];l}:kCL,pWck] an]eS Aan];h]:C mL;kWm;] wac];sB;eStL. SiwB K] an],fL.SWn,] Pit;] hQt;] Pit;] pqt:] El:
Am],tn];l}:Ticb t ] :I pqt:] "
miwB :] nc],nn]nn]. dman]:Dyc];p},Kin b :] y],C " yc];p},mI;hqc;] " tc]:Aw]dpan]pyin.] nWc,] DmL;
n}.kBv;] dman]:DEt,hqc;] mL;El: etl}:wL:pin b ;] man]: Et,mL;tI:dtBc,] AB,DkBv;] yw]." pan]
dSer,Kit.] JtL,D pan]dpB;km],Dn}nn].ekL: Am],siwb :] man]:" pQnt ] ;} El:piw,] PWc;] cm];mL;kBv;] nc],kw],"
yam]:mI;pin b ;] Kikb .] likb .] yam]:mI;nc]ln i w] an]:micB ;] kCac]: yam]:mI;AQnh] cq ;] mak],lBn.] liwB ] yam]:pQn]
kBn;] KiwB ;] y],C hqc;] kin b ;] yam]:cin b ;] Km];KBw;] KWcm] ak]:PBk.] tan],hiwb l ] cB e] kL:yL, Sc]wL:Am],emLeS;la}hk].pqc;]
Am],emLhk].hBms ] :} W Tqmk] n] Am],emLpWcS ] ac]:lBv:] kn] Am],lk];lqmS ] mq ;] kL:nc],kn] Am],mI;kCam];hB.
Kit
b ;] kap]:nc],pin B :] Am],mI;lWc:] ht];han]pn B .] PB:KQct ] L. Am],mI;tac];Kt];s]eC S kbm,] micb .] nBk,] tiwb ]
kBwE] hEK.KQc,] pqt:] la}y,B kBv;] Et. Am],Kikb .] Sc]eSAit;] nc],kw],"
8