ၸဵတ်းသွင်ဝၼ်းၼိုင်ႈ (ၶိူဝ်းသႅၼ်)

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ꨕူꨳꨀူိတ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳ ]]ꨅꨱတ္း-သြင}္ }ဝꨓ္းတꨯး ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲေသ

ꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳလꨯꨳပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္းတꨯးသွ်မ္ꨟူဝ္ꨟူပ္ꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟူꨟꨓ္ တီꨳꨕိတ္း
ထုꨀ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵမဳး၊ ꨕူꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳသြꨓ္မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲထူိမ္
ꨕိတ္းပူိင္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨀꨓ္မဳး၊ ꨅူိဝ္းပီꨳꨓြငꨵ္ တင္းသꨱင္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တꨀ
ု ္းယြꨓ္း၊ တြငꨳ္ ထꨤမ္ꨬလꨳ ꨕူꨳ
တꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳ ]]ထြမ္}}ေသ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵ၊ ဝူꨓ္ꨵ၊ သြꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး ပပ္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ
ꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳ၊ တြပ္ꨲ ]]ပꨓ္}}ထုိင္မဳး။
လꨯꨳသြꨀ္ꨳꨟဳပုိငꨳ္ ꨡိင္ ထဝ္ꨳꨬꨀꨲမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵ၊ ꨬလꨲလꨤဝ္းထꨤမ္တူꨉ္းꨁုိꨓ္းေပဳꨳ

ထဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨬမꨳ၊ ꨡဳꨅူိဝ္းꨁုိတ္းမုိဝ္ꨵယꨤမ္း ꨬလꨳလꨯꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨟꨱတ္းသꨤင္ꨳ၊ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨟြတ္ꨳထြမ္ꨲယိꨓ္း၊ ꨟူ
ꨟꨓ္မဳးꨅြမ္း မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ ‘‘ဝꨓ္းတꨯး’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨵ ꨡိတ္းꨡိတ္းေသ ꨀꨱပ္းꨟြမ္တြမ္တꨰမ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨬလꨳ
သင္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨕိတ္းပူိင္ꨳယူပ္ꨳယြမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲေꨀဳꨳ သြꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳꨡဳꨲယူꨵပꨯꨲတꨱမ္၊ တꨤင္းꨟူꨵပꨯꨲ
ထူꨓ္ꨳꨓꨯေသ လူတ္းပြꨯꨲပꨓ္ေသꨀမ္း။
ယူိင္း꨷ꨁ္ꨮးꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္ေꨁဳꨳ ꨕိတ္း၊ မꨰꨓ္ꨳ၊ ထုꨀ္ꨲ၊ ပူိင္ꨳ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး မူꨓ္ꨵꨬမး၊ ꨁုိင္သꨤင္ꨳ၊

ပူꨀ္းသင္ꨵပꨓ္တဳꨲမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨬလꨳ မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲဝူꨓ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨲတဳꨲ ꨟꨮ္ꨳဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨡပုမ္ꨟူဝ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ
ꨕတ္းလူꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨡဝ္ꨓမ္ꨵေꨀ်ဳꨲ - ေသဳꨲꨟꨱတ္းလြင္ꨳꨟိꨬꨓးပꨤꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲꨀူꨉ္း။ တီꨳꨡဝ္
တြꨓ္ꨳသြꨓ္တဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵသမ္ꨵ ယဳꨲဝဳꨳ ‘‘မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨓ္မဳးေꨀဳꨳ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨟူမူိꨓ္
ꨓꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨡူိဝ္ꨳ’’ ꨓꨯေသꨀမ္း၊ ‘‘ꨕိတ္း’’ꨬမး‘‘ထုꨀ္ꨲ’’ꨓꨯꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨕုꨀ္ꨲꨟူမ္ꨳပုိင္ꨳလꨯꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္
ငꨤꨓ္းငꨤꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။
ေပဳꨳ၊ ꨬမꨳ၊ ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨲꨁြင္ꨵꨅ္ꨮ မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳ သြꨓ္ꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲꨟူလိꨀ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္ꨟိꨀ္ꨳ

ပပ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁိူဝ္း - တြပ္ꨲꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀဝ္ꨁဳꨳ꨷ မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳꨁဳꨲလုိꨓ္း꨷ တုိꨓ္းေတသုိပ္ꨲတြပꨲ္
ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ထꨰငꨳ္ ယူꨲ꨷။
ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ ‘‘တꨯး’’ ꨀူꨳေꨀဳꨵေသꨬလꨳ꨷
1
လမ္းꨓ္ꨮး
1ꨵ မူိင္းꨡꨓ္တꨯးယꨤမ္ꨳ ꨬလꨳ ꨡꨤꨓ္းပူꨀ္းပြင္မဳး
2ꨵ ꨅꨱတ္း꨷ သြင္꨷
3ꨵ ꨕိတ္းမူိဝ္ꨳတꨤင္းေꨕ
4ꨵ သုိပ္ꨲသꨱꨓ္ꨳꨕိတ္း
5ꨵ တꨤမ္ꨲ
6ꨵ ꨁုိင္ꨡꨤꨓ္းလြတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ
7ꨵ ဝꨓ္းꨓုိင္ꨳ꨷
ꨡိတ္ꨲပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းꨓုိင္ꨳ တင္းꨓမ္ 2000 ပပ္ꨵ
ပီတꨯး ꨽꨻ꩄ꨽ လူိꨓ္သꨤမ္ လပ္းꨟꨤဝ္ꨵ
1998 – February
2
သုိပ္ꨲ
သꨯꨤသုိပ္ꨲတုိတ္ꨵတꨯꨤး လြꨯꨡꨯꨤꨳတꨯး ꨁꨯးသူဝ

ိ ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨟဝ္းယူꨲ
ꨕꨰဝ္သူꨲꨁꨯꨤꨵမဳး ꨟြငꨳ္ ꨟူဝ္ꨓဳး ꨅꨤဝ္းꨟဳးပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳေꨀဳꨲ
ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းေꨟဳꨲ သꨰင္ေꨓဳꨲပꨓ္း ꨡြꨓ္လꨓ္းꨀꨓ္းꨕꨱဝ္ꨳတီꨲ
B.C သꨤမ္ꨟꨱင္ ꨕ္ꨮယဳꨲထꨱင္ တꨯးꨅဝ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨟꨱင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ
တꨯးယုိင္ꨳမူꨓ္ꨳေꨀ်ဳꨲ ပꨱꨓ္‘‘ꨅူꨳ’’(T'su)ေꨓဳ မူိင္းေꨟဳꨀꨮင္ꨳပူိင္းငဝ္း
ပူꨀ္းသဝ္းꨅူꨳယ္ꨮꨲ သꨤဝ္းမူိင္းသ္ꨮꨲ လုိꨓ္ꨳထူမ္ꨳယꨤမ္းလꨱဝꨬ

္ ꨁꨲ
ꨕ္ꨮပꨯꨲမဳꨳꨬလꨲ တꨯးငဝ္ꨳꨬတꨲ ꨟꨱတ္းꨬမꨲဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္မူိင္း
ꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းပူိင္းသ္ꨮ ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮꨟꨓ္ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨕြမ္ꨵꨅူမ္းသူင္
ပဳး-လူင္-ပꨤင္ꨟူꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးꨅူꨳ ꨅူိဝ္းသူꨳတုိꨓ္းယြငꨳ္ ꨁိုꨀ္ꨵ
ꨡြꨓ္ပုိꨀ္ꨵလꨰတ္းသꨰဝ္း ꨡမ္ꨲꨀူဝ္လꨰဝ္း ꨕ္ꨮꨁꨰဝ္းတုိꨓ္းသꨤင္ပြင္
B.C သြင္ꨟꨱင္ ေꨀဳꨵေတထꨱင္ လုိꨓ္းတꨯးꨟꨱင္ ပꨤꨀ္ꨵ (BAK)သူꨲ
ꨟိမ္ယူꨲလိꨓ္ဝꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨕ္ꨮꨓꨯꨵ တꨯးꨟြင္ꨵ ပꨤꨀ္ꨵ (BAK)ပꨱꨓ္ꨁꨰꨀ္ꨲ
‘‘ꨁꨰꨀ္ꨲ’’ꨓꨯꨵꨟြင္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨵ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္းပိꨓ္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ
ꨬတꨲꨓူိဝ္(ꨟြငꨲ္ )ယꨤꨓ္ꨲꨅီꨲ သုတ္ꨵꨡုိꨓ္လူင္း ꨬꨁꨲယူင္ꨳယဳꨵꨟꨱင္ပီ
တꨯးလꨯꨳꨓီပ ꨤင္ ꨬꨁꨲတတ္းꨟꨤင္ လꨰဝ္းသꨤင္ꨡမ္ꨲလြတ္ꨳဝူင္
ပဳꨳ-လူင္-ပꨤင္ꨟူꨳ ꨅူꨳသုမ္းꨬꨁꨲ တꨯးꨁုိꨓ္းꨬတꨲ꨸ꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း’’(Ai-Lao)
3
ꨅူဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း မူိဝ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္းꨓꨓ္ ꨘိင္ꨳတꨯးꨁꨓ္ပꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲ
ဝꨰꨓ္ꨡꨰꨓ္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းꨘဳꨵ ꨡꨯꨤꨳတꨯးꨀ်ဳꨵ ꨁီꨲမဳꨵလꨱꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨤးꨀ်ꨤင္ꨲ
ေမဳꨳꨡꨤင္ꨲလꨯꨤးꨕဳꨳ ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲတꨯးသဳꨳ ယြမ္ꨵယဳꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨁူိင္ꨳတုိဝ္း
ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲလုိဝ္းမꨤꨀ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ ꨬꨁꨲꨅင္ꨳသ္ꨮꨲ ꨓမ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲထြင္းꨟူိဝ္းꨅူမ္
ꨡမ္ꨲလူမ္ꨅ္ꨮလꨯꨳ ꨕြင္းတꨯးမꨯꨳ ꨟူမ္ꨳမꨯꨵလူမ္ꨵေꨟဳꨀူိင္း
ေꨟဳမူိင္းꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတꨤဝ္း ꨁꨤဝ္းတꨯးလꨯꨳတူꨀ္းယꨤꨀ္ꨳ
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vmef.qof;auK; wSuf,bhm;vl.yif:? qof;apKcrf:auK;trf,rD:bof.sv; rldif:qof;
'K.rdlif:wh:oQrfcofqof;auK; ckdef:vh;Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:auK.rldif:apKcrf:(rldif:rmef;wgef;umif
bmrf:vAof)wh:eef.rK:bl,bof./ vgif;tefuyf:Okdyf,bl,Oof:w[;apKcrf:wh:eheef.auK;
tdifvlnf;rldof;yAefrK: vgif;tefqof;'K.cof trf,wSyf:wwf:? pAwf:Omif;vh;pif:acK
eef. qif,vh;tdif,ykdif;qof;apKcrf:qgh;xSrfyef? rSef;rldof;yAefOkduf:auK; Nrf;Mrf:wkduf:
qgh;uef? rD:rK:tefvmuf,vhm: cefxlduf;uK;b[,auK;tofOmuf;xkdifapKcrf: yAefeif,cgif
zmuf,wgef;ql:? pAwf:eefaO wkdef:yAefrldif:wh:tefqof;'K.zgif:irf:bmrf;uyf:Okdyf,
pAwf:auK.apKcrf:rK:bl, qArfrldof;ymefapKcrf:wh:eef. rK:bl,bof./
xkdifrK: A.D1551 ybdef.egif,sw,rK:wkduf: rldif:tK,o(rldif:wh:tefyAefrldif:
rmef; wgef;umifbmrf:vAof)aOwK.trf,sy.? xkdifrldof; March 1555 eef. qif,rK:
Odrf:tofvh;tK,obof.aO Odkyf,ckdef;rK:rldif:wh:sv; 1556 rK:tofrldif:wh:P;vh;yAefrK:
rldif:Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:auK.uef? qof;'K.wh:auK; bgef.wkdef:bmrf;uyf:Okdyf,apKcrf:(tefwh:
auK.zgif:irf:)rK:sv; xkdifymefybdef.egif,ckdef;rK:auK; bif:wkduf.olef.Ogef,yAefapK
6
crf:tefwh:auK. tkyf.yldif,aOsv; qif,Okdyf,pAwf:auK. uyf:Okdyf,uef rldefrldof;ugef,

rK:awK,xdkifapKcrf: wDayK:rif: 1885 eef.bl,bof./
vgif;tefuyf:Okdyf,pAwf: auK.apKcrf:rldif:w[;eef.auK; trf,qkdof;oK;yAefrldif:cK;
Omuf;cK;phm:? yAefrldif:teftdifykdif;uef qghxSrfemef,wK,? pSif:Okduf:(rSef;rldof;vlof,)
eef.ulnf:? vgif;tkyf.yldlif,rldif:z[ref:auK; qof;'K.cofrD:Okef,oh.pif:acKbl,? apKcrf:
auK;ayK:vlof,rK:vldofaO rK:bgef:vgif;qgh;xSrfwD;qof;'K.rldif:wh:eef.ulnf: coftrf,
rK: cof;qdrfbK.uof:vgif;e[:rldif:wh:? ayK:rldof;xkdifrSef;ymefapKcrf:rmef; teftrf,
qgrf:TwK:ckefOdyf:yldifeef.sw. cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAifqof;'K.cofP;uAyf:cgef,? qgh;Okduf:pmof.
pmof.pSif:pSif:? Oifqldof.oK; rldif:qof;'K.v[xAifauK; qlof:xSif;rldif:qof;'K.wmif,rldif:aO
tgefckdef;wkduf:rldif:tefxAifeef.sv; rldif:wh:auK;vh;Okuf.bkif; wluf:bmuf;rK:bl,sw.
sw./ ulnf:uK;qof;'K.coftrf,N.ygif,umefrldif:rldof:eK; Ogef,oK;yAefapKcrf: tefwh:
bmrf;zgif:irf:rK:eef. wduf:wduf:aO Okdyf,pAwf:auK.uefrK:? qkrf:qof;'K.teftrf,
c[;uyf:Okdyf,eef. apKcrf:ref:Orf. toftAefpSif:avK,wkduf:sesv; qof;'K.cofauK;
xkdifwD;vh;tlef;awK,rmef;rK:bl,bof./
rldif:wh:tefqof;'K.zgif:irf:rK:bl,eef. ugyf;Oifvh;oK;yAefrldif:bl,Nrf;vlnf;
uef(Federal State)tefoK;eef.qkdif bgef.rD:rldif:qof;'K.teftgefNofoh.bl,wK,
aO, yAefqof;'K.rldif:v[tgefNofauK; awvh;oK;yAefeef.sv; qif,vh;pefrD:oh.bl,
pK;ymefJ
1.ymefrldif:wldif:acK(wkdif:acK) A.D 764-952
(omef;wkdif:acKeh bif:rD:bl,zhm,Mif, erf.rmof: e[:vdefsc,pmef.eh.)
2.ymefOSef,sq;A.D957-1311
(OSefaq;eh.rD:e[:vdefsc,aO bmrf:vAofMif. sq;wgif.)
3.ymefrldif:rmof:(aq;vmef.) A.D1311-1405
4.ymefOSefoD A.D1405-1752
5.ymefrldif:ehm: A.D1752-1948
7
A.D 764-1556 eef. rldif:wh:eh.qof;'K.rD:(12)qof;aO ymefv[auK;qof;

eef. tgefNofsv;(11)qof;eef. vh;oK;yAefrldif:tefNrf;Mrf:qgrf:w[; qof;'K.
vlifOAif;bl,/ 'dif;tef zgif:irf:rldif: szyAefOdyf:Ogiftldif,? Odyf:Ogifrldif:eh.
wkdef:yAef'dif;uof,wh:tefekdif;bof./ ugyf;eefsv; rldefoK;Odyf:Ogifckefwh:(wlif,
udef:)/ Odyf:Ogifyef:eK:(zef:eK:)qldof:eh.yAef zSef,vdefwh:vgef.vgef./ rldif:
wh:oQrfauK; yAefqof;'K. 12qof;tkyf.yldif,oh.aOwK. xkdifrK:ymefybdef.egif,eef.
sc,auK;oK;yAefrldif:yK:avK:cof(coftlrftkdef;vh; apKcrf:vmef.qof;bof.sv; Ogef,
wgif:oh.bl,ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:vmef.qof;eef.wduf:wduf:aO sc,qif,oK;yAefrldif:
cof/) ybdef.egif,auK;Ogef,oK;yAefrldif:tefcof;avK:oh. yK:e[:rldif:tK,o? ref:Orf.
Odrf:toftK,obof. ehsv;Orf.oK;yAefrldif: tefcof;avK:e[:ref:pAwf:eefaO pdrf
umef? wkduf:uefsv; wh:qif,vh;zmwf,bmef,uef? rldif:wh:tefukdwf:oh.e[:sc,Omrfrldif:
(udkif,r? rldif:Ndrf:? rldif:rmof:)eef.sc,ckdef:qSuf,yAefrK: uof;rldif:sv; vh;yAefrK: rmof:
uof;rldif:(udkif,r? qef:wK? rldif:vK;? rldif:oef:? NofOK,? eK:OK? rldif:rmof:? sq;cGmif?
rldif:cGmef)/ rldif:wh:tefcof;yK:avK:e[:ybdef.egif,eh.qrf. qif,vh;yAefrK: rldif:wh:
uof;ph:apK(rldif:ugif? rldif:bmif:? OgifOlyf:? rldif:rdwf;? OSefoD? ODayK.? rldif:ehm:? rldif:yhm:?
bgifNnf;)eef.bof./
sw,tofymefybdef.egif, ckdef;tkyf.yldif,apKcrf:tK,obof.eef. rldif:qof;
'K.wh:auK; vh;qgh;tAefpSif:Okduf:rSef;rldof; rmef;wkduf:cGmuf;tAefpSif:coffee.rK:bl,/
Oifqldof.oK;trf,qgh;pSif:Okduf:ehqkdif qlof:tgefwyf.rmef;apKcrf:eef.aOvrf:vlnf;
wkduf:rldif:qof;'K. teftrf,qgh;eef.sv; qof;'K.cofauK; trf,zgif:vldofvh;aOvh;
qgh;rK:? vh;rD:q[ulofq[sp? q[tlef;tgef,rK:aOrof,uK:? bif:wkduf.Ogef,olef.rldefymef
apKcrf:wh:bl,wduf:wduf:sv; rD:vkuf;bdif:vof:auK;vlif:Omuf;? rD:clof:cgifvmuf,vhm:auK;
vlif:Omuf;vkwf;qof;pmrf:cefauK; uGK,ykdif;tdifP;vlduf:Olif,yefpAwf:eef tofapKcrf:
rmef;cdkef;cefwAuf:wAifeK,ylef.aO rldof; A.D1766 eef. qof;'K.rldif:ugif? rldif:
bmif:? OSefot D rf,cmrf,vgif;rmef;wAuf:wAifaO uGK,Mif.tAefpSif:sc,rK:qhg;wkduf:/ xkdifrK:
ymef yk*Hrif;(ukef;abmifacwf) A.D1883eef. OSefoDtrf,cmrf,vh;sv; NofOkduf:
vlifckefOmif,phm.vkuf.zkdef./ ymefwD,ayK:rif: A.D1883eef. qrf.qof;'K.rldif:ehm:
tgefNof qof;'K.rldif:egif? qof;'K.vguf;qguf.cof vkuf.zdkef.? wSyf:whmySwf;Okduf:apK
crf:rmef; tefrK;y[.tofcgef,wK,rldif:wh:rD;bl,wD;rldif:ehm:eef.aO yhm;cmrf;clif:uGK,bl,
8
qgrf: qof;'K.uAif:wkifbl,bof./ rldof;ymefqof;'K.eh. rldif:wh:vh;pAwf:auK.apKcrf:rmef;

auK; Ogef,oK;yAefrldif:qh;g xSrfyefzmef,wK,? idkef:wgif:? Olif,qgh;tAefpSif: Okduf:ulnf:
eif,uof,/ trf,qkdof;yAefrldif:cK;? rldif:phm:/ bgef.eefsv;OifoK; apKcrf:rmef;oh.
rldefeif,rldif:rldif:phm:? rlid f:cK;aOsv; txrf,rqdOif,rK:auK; wkdef:vh;rD;rK:vgif;tef
qof;'K.cofzkdef.ckdef:eef.bl,bof./ vgif;tefvh;qgh;xSrfpSif:idkef:? pSif:Okduf:eef.
auK; qof;'K.cofolef.oK; zhm,ekdif;vh;ulofrldif:sc,sv; P;ayK:vh;yAefrldif:tef urf.
xSrftAefpSif:wh:oh.zhm,vif? P;vh;yAefwD;sc,brfeef.aO qif,P;vh;pAwf:auK. apK
crf:rmef;eef.rK:bl,bof./
ymeftif:udwf.
xdkifrK: A.D1885tif:udwf.Odrf:tofrldif:rmef;wgef;eldof cof;yAefrldif:ulof,vlof
eD,cofaOwK. rldif:wh:sw.coftrf,Odrf:tofyK:? coftmef:oh.P;rldif:wh:yAefrldif:wif;
cef;su;umif(Buffer State)rldif:ulof,vlof,eD,ySif,OAwf;sv; rldif:sc,? tmef:tofrldif:wh:
oh.yAefrldif:tlnf:vDqgh;xSrfcof(Tributary)aO yefP;qof;'K.cofOkdyf,zgif:irf:oh.pif:
acK? coftrf,tmef:tofrldif:wh:aOwK. bgef.qof;'K.coftrf,xkuf,ueftgefNofulef:
rldif:z[rldif:ref:aO wkduf:awK:uef rldif:wh:ygwf:tguf,? ygwf:qmef:eh. vldofaOqof;
zK.bgifNnf; qof;tkif, eef.ulnf: vh;oK;qof;'K.cofzgrf.vh; q[yAeftefvAofuef
aOwK. qof;tkif,trf,zgrf.aO vlif:uGK,Mif.tif:udwf./
rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,qrf. qof;'K.OD,ayK.qof;ckefOSif(qof;uBK,ch,)vlif:Mif.sv;
tif:udwf.auK; qif,vh;szpAwf:iK:Okduf:OgifOAef;(rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,? ygwf:qmef:)aO
cdkef;Odrf:tofrldif:wh:sw,vh;yAefrldif:ulof,vlof,eD,cofuGK,rldof; A.D1887eef.aO 1890
qif,tofvh;yK:uAif:wkifbl,bof./ tif:udwf.tofrldif:wh: vh;yAefrldif:ulof,vlof,eD,cofauK;
bK, yldiftkyf.yldif,sw. coftrf,tofNrf;avK:oh.e[:rldif:rmef;? coftoftif:udwf.cofauK.
uyf:Okdyf,zgif:irf:rldif:wh:pif:acKaO qof;'K.auK; rldif:z[rldif:ref: rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;
tkyf.yldif,oh.pif:ulnf:/ bgef.qof;'K.cof trf,N.umefrldif:Oif? trf,xkuf,rSef;uef?
trf,zgrf.Mrf:yAefckefyluf:wif;rldif:Nrf;vkuf;vAofvlnf;uefaO qif,uGK,bgef:pAef:cK;
sv; tif:udwf.qif,vh;ckdef;rK:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:bl,bof./
9
rldof;ymeftif:udwf. July 1895eef. rldif:wh:eh. rmef;wkdef:quf:szrD;oh.

bl,(44)rldif:? tif:udwf.cdkef:rK:szxSif;(4)rldif:sv; yAefoh.(48)rldif:/ e[:eef.
rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,(rldif:qof;'K.)5rldif:? rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:(rldif:qof;'K.)10rldif:? udefrldif:
14rldif:)24rldif:? rldif:wh:wgef;umif(udefrldif: 1rldif:? ckefuAyf:cgef,idkef:wgif:14rldif:)15
rldif:? rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,ygwf:qmef: tefrD:w[;ckeftif:udwf.auK.tkyf.yldif,(c&kdif0ef)rD;oh.
4 rldif:/ xkdifrK: A.D1900 awK,xkdif 1935eef. tif:udwf.ckdef:tof Nrf;avK:
uefsv; yAefrK:(33)rldif:aO? 1948eef. rmef;yefulof:umif.(uof;umif.)yAefrldif:qof;
'K.sv;rldof;qkef.tK,eK,eef.qif,vh;rD:(34)qof;/
sw,tof1-2-1889 eef.rK: rldif:wh:eh.qof;'K.z[ref: vh;tofrhmrD;rldif:
wh:Odyf:ydlif(The Shan State Act)teftif:udwf.cofruf:ref;yefeef. tkyf.yldif,rK:
bl,bof./ rhmrD:ykef;wK,rldif:z[ref:eef.auK; tif:udwf.cofwkdef:wSrf;O[,oh.yefyK:e[:
zkdefylifomif:tmyf; tK,eK,ql:ckdef:qof;'K.(Oemwf.-Sanad)coffee. cdkef:oh.bl,/
xkdifrK: 1890rK:zkdefOemwf. qof;'K.cofwif:OAif;P;rldefuefeef. tif:udwf.cof
qif,ckdef:pAwf:yldifvAofaO tmyf;yefckdef:xSif;bof./
1888 awK,xdkif 1897eef. rldif:wh:rldefrldof;ymefqof;'K.rldof;ugef,ugef,aO
tK,eK,qkdif;rldif:z[ref:auK;rD:oh.bl,e[:rkdof:qof;'K. rldif:v[rldif:eef.rK:bl,/ OD,ayK.
sv;bgif,Nnf;sw.rD:tif:udwf.auK.tefawyefyhm:olef. zgif:irf:rldif:qgh;(Assistant
Superintendents) eef. uSrfoh.pdrf:qof;'K.aO zgif:irf:rldif:rK:bl,/ qof;'K.cof
auK;vh;tof rlif? rldif:? pAif? umif.? su, bl,zhm,w[;aO zgif:irf:omef;rldif:qgh;rK:bl,
bof./
qlof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. rldif:wh:vh;yAefyldiftkyf.yldif,oh.OD,ymefJ
1.1887-1897yAefymeftofrhmrD;Oemwf.aOq[.qof;'K.tkyf.yldif,rldif:/ ckeftif:udwf.
tefbl,zhm,eldofqof;'K.aO tkyf.yldif,Orf.rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,yAef vSyf;'edef,sw,vD
(Lt.Daley)aO rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:Orf.auB,uBD,qugwf.(J.G.Scott)tgeftkyf.yldif, rldif:
wh:rK:bl,bof./
10
2.1897-1922ymeftif:udwf. tofrldif:wh:zgif:irf:Nrf;rldif:rmef;(Lieutenant Govern-

or's Council)
3.1922-1935ymefrldif:wh:Nrf;wkrfuef(Federated Shan State)

4.1935-1942ymefrldif:wh:qkuf:ref;pif:acK(Standing Committee)
rldof;tif:udwf.sw,ckdef;Odrf:rldif:wh:eef. cofvh;pefqof;'K.wh:eh. vldofaO
uGmrf:wh:trf,arKuGmrf:Oifsv; uyf:Okdyf,pAwf.auK.bmyf,sw.sw.ehaO tif:udwf.cof
qif,rK:zknf,yef Nif:pAef:ydkuf.zkduf:Ogefyefvkuf;? vmef? aeK,OSifwkdef:crf:qof;
'K. wD;oAif:wgif,uBD:(bmrf:vAofyAeft . x . u-2 awmifBuD;)eef.bof./ wD;Nif:pAef:
eef.Ogefyefvduf;rof,uK: OgefyefyK:yhm:olef.? rhmrD:tkyf.yldif,? wwf:Odef? yhm:
ukrf:xdif:rldif:/ wK,awyAefuSrfrldif:rK:eef.awvh;yAefzl;vlif:Nif:pAef:eh.aOrof,uK:
ulef:rldif:auK;awvh; pyf.cmrf,puf.Nrfeef.qif,tif:udwf.bgif;yAefuSrfrldif:rK:bof./
bgef.ykduf.zkduf:yefrK:sv; qlof;cmof:tif:udwf.zgif:irf:rldif:wh:Ndif 60yDeef.
qldof.cldof:qof;'K.pmrf.erfuwf.cSef,vduf;sv; uGmrf:tif:udwf.rK;bl,sw.sw./ ymef
tif:udwf.eef.tof rhmrD;tkyf.yldif,rldif:Odyf:bldif;eef.aO tkyf.yldif,rK:aOwK.rldlif:wh:
oK;]]r[:c[;nK:cefref:blof.}}eheef. ygif,oK;tofrhmrD;Odyf:ydlif(Odyf:=cef)eef.vguf,
uefbl,bof./ ulef:rdlif:wh:urf;zgif;auK; pefxkdifoK;rhmrD;eh. pmof.pSif:ylef.zSofaO
yAefrhmrD;ckefapKcrf:tgef,e[:rldif:wh:ehvl:ugef,bof./
rldif:wh:ymefOdkuf:Ogif
A.D1940eef. qkrf:rldif:rmef;ylwf:ygh,tef tgif,Omef:tgefNofeef. uGK,
Nnf:Mif.rK;sv; A.D1942eef. wyf.uBymef,tduf,vlnf;wyf.rmef; B.I.A(Burma
Independence Army)coftgefuefckdef;rK:rldif:wh:? auK.sewmif:Nnf:Mif.cofckdef;rK:
rldif:wh:sw. yAefqkrf:ulef:ekrf,at:oQL;(qkrf:awchm.ohm,yAefrK: I.y.v)eef.aO
ayK:oK;cofsw,zSofrK:e[:rldif:wh:bof.auK; uef.qefvlvhmemif:bdif:wh:? sy.udefwh:rK:
ul;yldif/ tofclof:cgifrK.vK:? olof:uGhm:wh:/ 'h:qkwf,omef;rldif:sv; wh:trf,pwf:bl,aO
xkdifwD;ayK:vh;cof;yhm;ySyf.e[:xldef,vkduf.vghOkif? xrf;b[,uGmif;eef.rK;bl,bof.)/
11
uBymef,Odrf:rldif:vh;bof.auK; ckdef:bgif;qof;'K. z[ref:tkyf.yldif,rldif:ckdef:

aOwK. pKrldof;vh;bl,vDvD udefvDvDwkdef: trf,rD:rK:aOyguf;/ xkdifrK: 1.8.1943
umife[ 9 rlif:eef. uBymef,rldif:rmef;vgwf;vSof:teftrf,yK:rldif:wh:sv; rldif:bmif:
vSif/ wgef;wK,rldif:rmef;cofauK; yefcgwf,zgwf;vlifygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;tef]]wguf.wK,
yarK, Dr.barmf}} tgefNofoh.eef.aO rD:yK:qkrf:zgif:rldif:vlif(0efBuD;tzGJU)(qkrf:
yefyhm:olef.wD;vkwf.awK,) wyf.Okduf:rmef;tefzl;rD:qef.rmef;(t&m&Sd)auK.awvh;
zgif:irf:ckdef;(wyf.rmef;coffee. qArfrldof; 26.12.1941 eef. cofwkdef:vuf.tguf,
uGK,cGwf,zgwf:oh.wD;ukif:xAyf;(yAif:uguf,-xh:)aOyAefoh.wyf.Okduf:rmef;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK
Burma Independence Army BIA aOxkdifrK: July 1942 eef. bgef.uBymef,yef
pSif:urf.xSrf;sv; qif,vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:wyf.Okduf:sp.uif;rmef; Burma Defence
Army BDA ehbl,bof.)uBymef,cofyefOkef,cofwArf;xlef;aOwK. bgef.trf,yK:rldif:
wh:sv; rmef;cofse:oK; trf,qkdof;rldif:vggwf;vSof:wArfxlef; trf,c[;vh;ehrK:bl,
bof./
AD1943 uBymef,wwf:uAif:wkifsv; rldif:yef,yefuGK, rldif:xh:/ qgrf:eif,
rmef;sv;uBymef,cof wdkef:rD:oh.rK:acK;wluf:vlifuefeef.aO xkdifrK: 25.9.1943
eef. cofcdkef:tkyf,uefxSif;wD;ymiftlvlif(arNrdKU)eef. tl:cBdwf.vSif,ckdef:wkuf:
bgef:xSif;sv; uBymef,qif,wwf:tofrldif:wh: zhm,wluf:clif:O[,yefavK:e[:rldif:rmef;
xSif;/ qof;'K.cofauK; Omefcwf:vgif;eh.sw.sw.oK;oK;aO xkdifwD;tgefuefwSrf;
vduf;wmif,xdkifwD;eldofsv; vh;N.oK;vgif;qldof:eh. qof;Okduf:vlifuBymef, ]]eK,wK,uK,}}
sv; ]]rdwf.qwK,tD,pDpK:vK:}}cof bif:trf,wef:vh;N.qgrf:ehbl,bof./
rldof;Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifeef. rmef;yAefOkduf:qgh;xSrfzhm,uBymef,rK:aO xkdif
rK:Okduf:qrfawbof.eef. Orf.pefxkdifuBymef,vSyf;awOkrf:Okduf:ckdef:sv; se:oK;
uBymef,trf,vD/ yefvgif;vgwf;vSof: trf,qSwf;qmif,ehaO rmef;cdkef:Mrf:tif:udwf.
wkduf:uBymef,tguf,rldif:ckdef: rmef;sw.ukrf,uRuf:rK:bl,aOwK. qof;'K.rldif:wh:cofsw.
tgefulef:rldif:wh:Mrf:tif:udwf.aO wkduf:qhg;rK:sv; urf;zgif;vh;zSofxkdifuGK,rldif:abK:
Ilyf.(Europe)tK,Imyf.(Arab)rldif:juK:vrf (India)aO zl;qkdof;b[,ukduf:oh.e[:wh:bif:rD:
bl,wif:erf/
12
(Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifeh. tif:udwf.cofyAefzhm,sy.aObgef.oK;qof;'K.cof
vh;tgefulef:rldif:wh:wkud f:qgh;rK:ehsv; tif:udwf.qif,rD:acK;ref;uSef,yefwD;qof;'K.
cofoh.rK;oK; ]]awqgh;xSrfyluf:ygifyefrldif:wh: qArfyhm:tkyf.yldif;? yhm:rmuf;rD:? yhm:uyf;Okdyf,
OAef;wmif:wdwf:awK,? yhm:yef,nK,aO OifoK;wArfxlef; ukrf,cSrf.vh;bof.sw. aw
yluf:wif;yAef vh;rldif:vkuf;ekdif;bof.eef. qif,awyefyAefrK: rldif:vgwf;vSof:vkuf;
ekdif;bl,? qlof;yh,vh;yAef rldif:vgwf;vSof:eh.qkdif awoh.yAefrldif:wlof,rD,eD,bmef,
(Dominion) (rldif:teftif:udwf. Nrfrkif:zgif:irf:oh.xK;)}}ehbl,bof./
vgif;eh. qof;'K.cofN.oh.aOwK. coftrf,vlif.vSif:ygif,xkdifql:ulef:rldif:rK:?
cofOgef,oh.oK;ulef:rldif:wh:eef. trf,yh,N.umefrldif:Oif? N.awvh;yAefrK:qgrf:eif,
qof;'K.cof qlof:tgefwSyf:wwf:pAwf:Omif;eef.ulnf:/ bgef.rmef;cofayK:ygh,qdrfcof;
rK:sO,bK.uof:oh.bl,e[:rldif:wh:eheef. qof;'K.cof trf,N.xkdifrK:/ yhm:Olef:wkrf?
wkrf.wldof.? Nrf;Mrf:ulef:rldif:eef.qof;'K.coftrf,Ogefoh. yAefvgif;vrf,vgif;/ qof;
'K.eif,uef tkyf,tlof:ilyf.idbl,pif:cof/ ckdifygifoh.bl,pif:coffee. cSef:yAefvgif;
tef ulef:rldif:vh;euf:q[xmif,xldrfrK: eldofcofeef.bl,bof./
rldof;Okduf:vlrf;'K. yguf;Ogifeef. bgef.qof;'K.cofauK; vh;cof;Mrf;wkduf:qgrf:
rK:sv; tdifvlnf;iof:vhm:ul;vgif;vgif;aO qof;'K.qif,vh;vAyf;pAef:pefxkdif umef
yhm:rldif:tefckdwf:qef.? yhm:tkyf,yldif,qof;'K.rldif:tK,Imyf.(Arab)sv; rpK,IK,uBK,
(Maharaja) rldif:FuK:vrf(India)/ vldofaOeef. vh;N.pefxkdifyK:rK: vguf;vhm:tkyf.
yldif,wD,rlof,caI,OD,sv; yhm:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:eh.auK; coftmef:vSuf;vhm;pKvgh;vhg;aO
ohm:vkdef:rK: tmef:yluf:ygifyAefrK: rldif:wh:wD,rlof,caI,OD,vkuf;ekdif;eef.bof./
rldof;zgif:Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifeef. rmef;qkrf:tefawyAefrK: z.O.y.v
sv; vkuf;tgef,ekrf,rldif:wh: qkrf:tefawyAefrK: I.y.vcof vh;Nrf;uefMrf:uB
ymef,aO wkduf:tif:udwf.rK:/ I.y.veh. yAefvkuf;tgef,qif,pKawb[,rK: tefbl,
e[:rldif:wh: tefN.vduf;rD;ydif,nK,wmef,wmef,/ pmrf.erftrf,qkdof;wh: yAefrmef;
tefchm.rK:bl,e[:rldif:wh: qArfymeftl;sr;yl,rgef,sv;xek? egif? wgif,Ol,qldof:eh.
bof./ cofqldof:eh.qif:yhm:tkyf.yldif, yldifqof;'K./ tdifvlnf;oK,wOlof,sO.vdwf.?
ukef,rBL,edwf. vh;zSofMwf;rK:e[:tguf:e[:q[oh.tdwf:tdwf:sv; cSef:vh;yAefvgif;urf.
xSrf pefxkdifqof;'K.cofeh.
13
]]pAwf:yAefckefapKcrf:tgef, e[:rldif:wh:aO ukrf,rkdif.auBK,rof:qgrf:aq:qdrf,

ulnf:/ wgef;wK,ulef:rldif:wh: awvh;vDvh;yAefeef. coftrf,cyf:cdkifyefOif/ ukrf,
tofar:ehg.ar:emif: cmif:oh.ayK:OSrf;uGK,OAif;aO umyf;omef;ymefrldif: cdkef;b[,vSuf;vhm;
bl,wmef,NdofauK; coftrf,N.Oif}}ehaO tgefuefySif:qif: ymefqof;'K./ c[;ylwf;
ygh,rkefiof;qof;'K. tefNrf,rkif:oh.eef. Nif;olifwluf:uGK,yldifvAofsv; wkdef:yAefyldif
Omefcwf:qof;'K.oh.bl,bof./
rldif:tefwh:tmef:yluf:ygif/
ohm:aOOdkuf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifbof.uGK,bof.eef. tif:udwf.cdkef;cof;rldif:rK:aO
tofrhmrD;aq;cmof(White Paper)eef. Odkyf,zgif:irf:rldif:rK:/ qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD;aq;cmof
eef.aO rlid f:wh;sv;rldif:Oefvgheh. coftrf,tofNrf;avK:oh.rldif:rmef;/ cofszoh.
yAefwgef;rldif:tef qgrfqkdif;rldif:(bk&ifcH)auK.tkyf.yldif,oh.pif:acKsv; vgif;eh.rmef;
cofurf:urf:Omefcwf:bl,sw.sw./ rmef;cofc[;P;wkdwf.Nrf;qefavK:vlnf; rldif:rmef;
zgif:irf:aOwK. tif:udwf.trf,zgrf./ tif:udwf.cofauK; qlof;uK;cofrK;zgif:irf:rldif:wh:
60 yDeef. cofvh;N.oh. umifq[qof;'K.cofwdkef:trf,c[;Nrf;avK:rldif:rmef;/
qArfrldof;Odrf:rlid f:auK; rldif:rmef;sv; rldif:wh:eh. trf,Odrf:rldof;vAofuefrK:?
qlof;ymefcofeef.auK; trf,wgef.tofrldif:wh: Nrf;O[,avK:rldif:rmef;aO zgif:irf:rK:/
rmef;wkuf:bgef: vgif;wK,tofrldif:wh: Nrf;avK:yK:e[:rldif:rmef;rldof;v[auK; tif:udwf.
wdkef:su;vdwf;oK; ]]uK;tefulef:rldif:wh:cof trf,rD;umifq[c[;bggrf:Mrf:qgrf:rldif:rmef;rK:
pif:ulnf:eef. pof:trf,qmif;yefcofOgef;bl, Nrf;yAefrldif:vkuf;vAofuefwif:rmef;Ol}
ehwK,aO,sv; rmef;N.oh.umifq[ tif:udwf.rK;qArftmef,NofOdyf:yDref:rK:/ ugyf;eef.
eif,Ndof ayK:awvh;umifq[ulef:rldif:wh: zgrf.Nrf:qgrf:cofeheef. cofwkdef:zSefumef
pKvguf:vhm:ref:rK:bl,wK,aOeef.bof./
(bgef.vlnf;ohm:Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogifbof. qof;'K.cofpefvgif;wmif:xkuf,vD
vSuf;vhm; ymefqof;'K.tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:oh. xkdifrK: October 1945 eef. qof;Olnf
wSuf;(qof;'K.bgifNnf;)wmif,sewmif:pefxkdifref:qof;oK; ]]rldif:wh:eh. ukdif,vDrD:
qof;'K.auK.vAoftkyf.yldif,}}/ qof;ckefcAof(qof;'K.rdlif:rdwf;)sv; qof;ckefymef:qdif,
(qof;'K.erf.Oef,-wgif,ySif,)cKauK;wmif,serK:oK; ]]rldif:wh:eh. ukrf,xlef;cSrf.vSyf;
14
bl,ul;yldifsv; yAefvh;rldif:qkuf:ref; yluf:wif;pif:acKvh;bl,}}/ qof;Nrf,'K.(qof;'K.

OSefoDMif,)Orf.wmif,vmwf;seoK; ]]qof;'K.rldif:wh: 34 qof;eef. bgrf:ySwf;P;rD:
12 qof;aO yef,ykwf;ueftkyf.yldif,uGK,}}ehqldof:eh.yAefwmif:pefxkdif cofqof;tmef:
c[;tofrldif:qof;'K. Nrf;Mrf:uefyAefrK: rldif:wh:vkuf;vAofuefeef.bl,bof./)
rldof; 1945 yDqrfOAif;eef. qof;'K.cofwif:OAif;vh;Nyf.xlyf:uefwD;
emif:'K.rldif:ygefegef:sz: wD;rldif:ygefsv; cofvh;tkyf,ukrfuefvguf:vhm:wK,awtkyf.
yldif,rldif:wh:uGK, rldof:eK;aO P;ayK:vh;tkyf,ukrfuefxSif;vDvDeef. cofqif,Mif.Nyf.
xlyf:uefxSif; wD;rldif:ukdif(bgef.Ogef,oK;rldif:ukdifeh. yAefumifrldif:? rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,
sv;ygwf:qmef:)rldof; 31.1.1946 eef.bl,bof./ rlod f;eef. cofwSyf:wwf:wK,aw
cgwf,zgwf; cgif,OD,qof;'K.rldif:wh:/ awtoftK,eK,qof;'K.wif:OAif; bkdef;yef
ykef;zgef:ql: qkrf:ygifumef cgif,OD,qof;'K.rldif:wh:eef.uGK,bl,bof./ (tmef:ylifomif:
tK,eK,qof;'K.aO vSuf;vhm;pAwf:ulef:rldif:bof.qif, vlduf;wif;tkyf.yldif, yAefrldif:wD,
rlof,caI,OD,)wK,awcgwf,zgwf;vh; cgif,OD,qof;'K.wh:eef. cofqif,Mif.uefpAwf:ymif
ukrfvlifxSif; wD;ymifvlifrldof; 1946 eef.bl,bof./
ymifukrfymifvlif 1946/
wK,awpAwf:ymifukrfwD;ymifvlif 1946 eef. qof;'K.cofrguf,ymif:yK:cmifsv;
cBmif:/ ugyf;oK;rldif:cmif? rldif:cBmif:eh. wkdef:yAefrldif:qof;'K.wh:rK:qArfugef,/ ulef:tef
bl,Oof:oh.auK; yAefwh:pmrf.erf/ zhm,ekdif;Orf. rD:rldif:sc,sv; eif,Ndofawqkuf:ref:
vh;oh.su;umifsc,sv;rmef;eh. rldif:Oefvgh(cmif? cBmif:? wh:)eh. xkuf,vDyAefrldif:zgrf.
Nrf;qkuf:ref;vlnf;uefehaO wK,awvh;yAefrldif:Oefvgh zgrf.Nrf;uefrK:eef.qof;
'K.cofqif,rguf,ymif:yK: zl;wmifwlofcmif? cBmif:cofbl,bof./ bgef.oK;yAefzl;emrf:eK;
tgefNofrmef;sv; P;ayK:vh;vSyf;pAef:N.pefqgrf:eheef. rguf,Mwf;qgrfOkduf:tgif,
Omef:bl,aOwK. bgef.rD:umefuGK,IcSif,sv; trf,ckdef;Mwf;aO qkrf:z.O.y.vcof
eef. tl:el.? tl:yuBmef:? rmef:ycSif,sv; rBdK:cspfygwDOrf. tl:aqK:auK.wmifwlof
cofaO cdkef;Mwf;rK;bl,/ qgrfqkdif;rldif: rldif:rmef;(tif:udwf.)cofauK; qof;'K.cofrguf,
ymif:aOwK. coftrf,ckdef;Mwf;rK:eif,uof/ (ymifukrf 1946 wD;ymifvlifeh. vh;pef
rmef;wSrf;oh.oK; tif:udwf.auK.Mif. cmif? cBmif:? wh:rK:xlyf:cofehaOwK. wD;sw.trf,
15
qkdof;yAef qof;'K.wh:cof tgefMif.ulnf: ugyf;oK;tif:udwf.cof bif:trf,ckdef;Mwf;rK:

aOauK.vl:ugef,)/
20.3.1946 awK,xdkif 28.3.1946 qof;'K.tgefpAwf:ymifukrfvlifwD;ymif
vlifeef.bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfymifvlif 1946 eef. rmef;cofqkrf:z.O.y.vOrf.
]]tl:el.}}? qkrf: rsKd;cspfygwDOrf. ]]tl:aqK:}}cofNnf:Mif. qof;'K.P;tofrldif:vgwf;
vSof:Nrf;rmef;aOwK. qof;'K.cofxAifckdef:aO sevgif;wmif:oK; Ogef,ulofoh.vgif;
qldof.cldof:wh: qmif;bAef;phmuGK,qgrf:rmef;sv; wK,awbl,Nrf;rmef;trf,yAefvh;ehrK:bl,
bof./ qof;'K.coftkyf,ukrfuefwD;ymifvlif 1946 eef. cofvh;acK;wSyf:wwf:Nrf;
uefrK:-
1. awtofwlof,rD,eD,bmef,pif:acKaO Odkyf,tofvgwf;vSof:pif:acK(teftrf,udkuf:
rmef;)/
2. rldif:Oefvgheif,uef xkuf,Okdyf,pAwf:auK.uefsv; awcgwf,zgwf;cgif,OD,qkrf:
Oefvgh zgrf.Nrf;uef rldof; February 1947wD;ymifvlifyDawrK:sv;P;cmif? cBmif:cof
auK; rldof:vlduf;oh. zl;tgefNofz[ref:/
3. wK,awpAwf:auK.uefwif:rmef;sw. qof;'K.cofbif:wkduf.euf:q[oh.bl,/
21.7.1946 awK,xkdif 27.7.1946 qof;'K.cofpAwf:ymifukrfxSif;wD;wgif,uBD:
aO vlduf,zl;ygifumifqkrf:cgif,OD,qof;'K.wh:(Executive Committee of the Council
of Shan State)sv; wif:OAif;cof;yK:(7)auK./ qkrf:eh.yAefqkrf:tefrD:tK,eK,wArf
xlef; wK,awtgefNofeK;umefrldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfyguf;eh.auK;
cofzgrf.Nrf;uefaOwSyf:wwf:oK; ulef:Oefvgheif,uefsw. qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldifqmof:
cldof:z[ref:aO bldif:tmef:pAwf:auK.bl,auK; rmef;sw.wkdef:trf,tmef:pAwf:auK.Nrf;
yAefrldif:vkuf;vAofuefehxSif;bl,bof./
tmef:yluf:ygifrldif:wh:pif:acKtef trf,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;eef.sv; qof;
ckefcAof(qof;'K.rdlif:rdwf;- M.A Cambridge)tgefNofqof;'K.tefN.pefvduf;vhm:
arKydif,nK,ckdwf:qef.qldof:eef.aO wdkwf.qefoh.xK;rhmrD;tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:rK:bl,/
rmef;Orf.uloftrf,vh;yK:rldif:wh: yAefrldif:cofsv; rldof;uGK,vmef,wmef,uGK,pAwf:yAefrK:
16
vduf;udefuSef,tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,eef. wkdef:oK;uGK,wkuf:bgef:P;rldif:wh: vh;Nrf;

avK:coffee.ulnf:bl,bof./ rldof;sw.sw. bgef.qof;'K.cofpAwf:ymifukrfwD;rldif:bh
bof. vkuf.vK:OAof:aO whg,Ohmvlrf:uGK,xK;tgif,Omef:ql:tif:udwf.oh. qArfrldof; 2.1.
1947(tgif,Omef:zSofuGK,vmef,wmef, rldof; 9.1.1947)aOe[:eef. vmwf;oK;-
(]]tgif,Omef: trf,qkdof;zl;wmifwlofrldif:wh:sv; vgif;rldif:wh: P;qof;'K.vh;
rK:tkyf,pif:ulnf:}}ehsv; tif:udwf.auK; trf,zgrf.qgrf:vgif;acK;tef tgif,Omef:
wkuf:bgef:wK,rldif:wh:/ xkdifrK: 26.1.1946 vduf;Ohmvlrf: I.y.vtefwSrf;uGK,oK;
]]tgif,Omef:yAef zl;wmifwlofrldif:wh:bl,-ulef:rldif:wh:zgrf.OAif;bof./ teftrf,zgrf.
sw. yAefqof;'K.cofulef:qkrf:at,ulnf:}}ehsv; tif:udwf.vh;yAefacK;olef.uGK,aO
qif,vh;yefOkef, P;rK;xmrfN.umifq[ ulef:rldif:wh:cof rldof;ymifukrfymifvlif 1947 urf:
awrK:eh.ehbl,bof./)
bgef.vh;Okef, Olef:wkrfwh:sv;rldif:OefvghrK;sv; qgrfOdkuf:tgif,Omef:
tduf,vlnf;zl;tgefNofrmef;cofauK; qif,zgrf.uefwlif.wdkef,pmof.pSif:sw.sw. qdrf
tefcofygh,oh.eef.auK; e[:rldif:wh:eh. wlif.ekdifOlef;OAef:oh.bl,bof./ rldif:wh:eh.
rmef;wkdef:pefxkdifoh. yAefrldif:cefxlduf;b[,/ rh.Omuf:? rh.wkdif:? rh.uSef,sv; arK,OSif
idkef:? crf:? sp;rD:wif:erf/ rldif:rmef;coffeef. OifoK;trf,yK:rldif:wh:qkdif cmof:bmof:
rK:wK,awqkuf:ref;pif:acKeef. vSyf;trf,yAefvh;oh./ vgif;ekdif;Orf. rldof;ymefapK
crf:rmef:xkdifOhmOkdyf,vkdef:Okwf:eef. tdifvlnf;qof;'K.cof Nrf;Mrf:yAefrldif:tlnf:
vDqgh;Okduf:? qhg;idkef:rK:eef. rmef;cofOgef,olef.oh. yAefrldif:cofbl,wduf:wduf:aO
qiftmef:tofavK:ckdef:P;vh;eef.bl,bof./ wD;sw.rldif:wh:eh. trf,qkdof;rldif:vkuf;
vAofNrf;uefeheef. cofN.vDbl,auK;wkdef:tmef:tlrftkdef wkdwf.qeftofP;vh;
eef.bl,bof./
bgef.rldif:wh:rldif:rmef; trf,qkdof; rldif:vkuf;vAofNrf;uefsv; rlod f;ymefqof;
'K.cofeef. trf,yefrmef;ylef.ckdef;rK;rldif:wh:/ wD;tefpAwf:oh.yAefvghqof;rldif:(udk;
NrdKU&Sifewfeef;)tefrD:bl,zhm,w[;bif:rmyifeef. yAefzuf:wlvSefvdefwD;pmrf;wwf:
rmef;bof./ ayK:rmef; ylef.eef.rK:qkdif wkdef:xlyf:rhmrD;rldif:wh:urf:vAofbof./ qof;
'K.cofwkdef:pmrf;wwf:oh. trf,yefrmef;ckdef;rK:rldif:wh:/ vSefvdefrmef;sv; wh:
17
wwf:uefwD;vSefwwf:(vIdif;wuf)bmrf:vSofbif:wkduf.pefyAefvghtgefaO sp.uif;
yAefogif,zuf:wlwmif:uK:vwf:cofuGK,bl,aO eldofvghrD:oh.ugif:rl:vSefvdefvl:ugef,/ eh.
yAefvgif;wmif:Omuf;aO tefsevh;oK;rldif:qof;'K.wh: trf,Nrf;avK:e[:rldif:apKcrf:
rmef; eef.rK:bl,bof./ awK,xkdifymeftif:udwf.eef.auK; pmrf;wwf:oh.vgif;rmef;
ckdef;rK:rldif:wh:bl,/
rldof;Okduf:urf,'K,yguf;Ogifeef. qkrf:ulef:ekrf,at:OBL:rldif:wh:(tefaw
yAefrK:qkrf:I.y.v)eef. vAef;pAwf:auK.rmef;rK:aO rmef;wkdef:O[,sO;vdrf,yef
P;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: ayK:vh;wSuf,tK;uefaO wluf:Okrf:ql:cofuGK,bl,eef.bof./
qof;'K.cofOrf. umefxlyf:rkdof:Nrf;rmef;eef.erfvldofaO qkrf:ulef:ekrf,e[:rldif:
wh:/ tif:udwf.sv; qof;'K.auK; wkdef:N.ygif,vgif;vguf:vhm: vdif,vSefuSuf:bguf:
rmef;erf? wkdef:arKvdrf,sv.ymef wKyldef;P;wluf:Okrf:ql:cofuGK,eef.auK; pefbl,
rldefeif,uGK,Mif.uBymef,rK: wkduf:tif:udwf.bof. zldof,tefN.oK;uBymef,awOkrf:Okduf:
eef. vSyf;awtrf,tdifykdif;vh;bof.ehaO ckdef:qlof:tgeftif:udwf.vrf:vlnf:uB
ymef,eheef. yAefoh.Omuf;aO,tefekdif;bl,bof./
rmef;eh.cofarKvhm:yIdsb,ydef,vguf:vhm: uof:qgrf:su;umifyldef;/ qof;'K.sv;
ulef:rldif:wh:Orf. tlef;tgef,zlduf,qkdef;aO Oifqldof.oK; Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rldif:rmef;eh
sw. pAwf:NdofauK;wh:wkdef:awvlrf.vguf:vhm:rmef;bl,eh qof;'K.sv; tif:udwf.cof
N.oh.xK;bl,/ vgif;teftif:udwf.eh. wkdef:trf,Ogef,rmef;yAefulef:vDsv; se
qof;'K.cofoh.oK; ]]ref:yAeftl;r[:auK;bK, OifoK;ref:yAefrmef;bl,ehqkdif r[:wkdef:
bK,bkrf,ref:(If he is a Burmese, even if he is your father don't trust him)}}ehrK:
bl,/
qof;'K.cofauK; wkdef:Ogef,olef.N.oh.oK; Oifqldof.Nrf;Mrf:tofrldif:Nrf;rmef;
qkdif ohm:vkdef:rK:]]qldof.cldof:'dif;xkif:? vduf;vhm:? uGmrf:vmwf;wh:eh. rmef;wkdef:aw
tlrftkdefuGK, P;phmOAif;bof./ rldefrldof;ylef.rK: 70-80 yDbif:yh,rD:eef. wh:qldof:
tefqkdrf:cof;uGK,bl,rD;oh.e[:su;umifcofeef. coftlrftkdefphmuGK,OAif;aO xkdifrK:rldof;
vAof(1946eef.)trf,arKuGmrf:wh:? trf,N.'dif;xkif:wh:bof.}}eheef. yAefvgif;
tefqof;'K.cofN.xkdifvDimrf:aO vh;yAefacK;urf.xSrftef cofulofwkrf.wldof.qldof.cldof:
sv; trf,tmef:Mrf:qgrf:rmef;eef.bof./ vldofaOeef. rldefeif,yhm:rmuf;rD:? clof:
18
cgif? cefxdluf;uK;b[,rldif:wh:auK; cofwkdef:awtlrftkdefuGK, vkrf:vkrf:eh qof;'K.cof

wkdef:Ogef,N.oh.qArfrldof;eef.rK:sv; qif,tgefueftmef:yluf:wif; rldif:pif:acKtef
trf,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;eef.bof./
rmef;cofOrf.tofvguf:vhm:tefoK; ]]rldif:wh:eh.trf,rD:erf.ymif,vhm,(trf,rD:
wK;Ndof:)sv; yAefxkif.vghwmif:wlduf;(Land Lock)ehaO vguf,oh.oK;]]vgif;uK.uyf:Okdyf,
ql:eguf;rldif:bmyf,? ayK:trf,Nrf;rldif:rmef;trf,yAef}}eh ydkefoK,wP;cof;qkdrf:oh.e[:tguf:
ulef:ekrf, rldif:wh:(I.y.v)cof P;ayK:c[;Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;xSif;yldifekdif;/ qof;'K.
sw. coftrf,olef.Ogef, vgif;eh.yAefoh.yldifvrf,vgif;/ wlnf:tofe[:acK;ykdefzmof,
qof;ckefymef:qdif,sv; qof;ckefcAofrldof; 6-11-1945eef. cofqof;tofrldif:atK:
qTwD:bK:aO wSuf;seoh.rK:bl, vgif;oK;rldif.Okwf.qK,vmef,? rldif:IlofwD:OBL:qldof:
eef. trf,rD:erfymif,vhmaOwK. qkuf:ref;ckdef;b[,yAif:yldef;vh;bl,? ayK:rD:ukef,uK.
wmif:chmcef xlduf;uK;b[,qkdif trf,rD:wmif:auK;rldif:c[;uK.chmuyf:Okdyf,awK,eef. N.awpK
wmif:aO cof;rK:ql:vh;bl,eheef. qof;'K.cofwkdef:Ogef,N.oh.xK;bl,/
wK,awyluf:wif;yAefvh;rldif:pif:acKvkuf;ekdif;eef. awvh;yAefcldof:ulef:tef
uGmrf:vmwf;? vduf;vhm:? 'dif;? xkif: rldefuefNrf;ykdef:vAofuefrK:eef. bl,Oof:qgrf:
zSefvdefNrf;uefwif:erf? awvh;rD:yhm:rmuf;rD: wArfxlef;oh.pif:acK? qgrf:vlnf;yldif
qldof:eh. rldif:wh:wArfxlef;oh.bl,ul;yldifsv; yAefNdofauK;wkdef:awqkuf:ref; vh;bl,
pif:acKeheef. qof;'K.cofwkdef:bkrf,brfoh.wArfxlef;bl,bof./ tgefwmif:Okwf:
sw. qof;'K.cof bldif:tmef:tofyAefrldif:wlof,rD,eD,bmefDominion(w[;zgif:irf:
tif:udwf.yluf:ygifyefrldif:)aO ayK:arKumefyhm:rldif:? yhm:tkyf.yldif,? yhm:rmuf;rD:? rhm:uyf:
Okdyf,wdwf:awK,(e[:rldif:? eguf;rldif:)bof.qif, awtofrldif:vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKehbl,
bof./
bgef.oK;ulef:rldif:wh:eh. bmrf;bl,w[; qof;'K.tkyf.yldif,rK: cmof:bkdef:Ndif
emef:bof.sv; bkrf,brfeyf.xkdifqof;'K.pSif:ylef.zSofaO ukdif.uif.vSuf;vhm;yldiftkyf.
yldif,qof;'K.ySwf;urf:vAofsw. awtrf,yAefvh;/ ulef:rldif:auK; umefyhm:rldif:? umefyhm:
tkyf.yldif,uefckdef:auK; awtrf,arKurf:vAof/ N.uK;awvh;tofymef qof;'K.Odkyf,
tkyf.yldif,uGK,xK;aO Ogefydkuf.zkduf:yefumefrldif:uGK,qgrf:vhg:vggh:bof.? zl;N.pef? arK
yluf:ygif,umefrldif:uldwf,tguf,rK:vh;bof.sw. awtofymefqof;'K. phmuGK,vgh:vgh:/ aw
19
tofumifq[ulef:rldif: vlduf;zl;wmifwlofulef:rldif: Nrf;avK:qof;'K. tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:uGK,

xK;bof. ohm:eef.qif, tofymefqof;'K.phmuGK,aO yluf:ygifyAefrK:rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,
wh:ehbl,bof./ eh.yAef vgif;tefqof;'K.cofbldif:tmef:tkyf.yldif, ugef:wif;rldif:wh:
uGK,rldof:eK;rldof;yh,xkdif 1947 eef.bl,bof./
(I.y.v)cofOrf.pefxkdifoK; wK,awOmefcwf:tif:udwf.aO bgef:tofrldif:
wh:pif:acKsw. vAyf;awtrf,yAefvh;qArfvlnf;yhm:umefrldif:? yhm:Okduf:trf,rD:Oifsv;
ayK:trf,Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:rmef;sw. pAwf:NdofauK;wkdef:trf,vh;? N.auK;awvh;Okdyf,yAefcK;
w[;rkdof:tif:udwf.xSif;ulnf:bof./ pSif.c[;vh;vgwf;vSof:ylef.aO qif,oK;c[;Mrf:qgrf:
rmef;bl,wduf:wduf:eef.bof./ (I.y.v)cofauK; bkrf,brfacK;acBK:omeftgef,yldef;
aO uldwf,tguf,rD:rK:q[c[;ykdef;tdif tK:ulof:yldef;? rmif,uldof:bgef:tof Okef,qof;uof
ckdef:wD;yldef;? idkef:crf:qdif,OSif clof:xlduf;cefb[, ymeftl;sr;yl,rgefpof:eef. tof
yefyldef;bof. rmifuldof:bgef:vgrfbuf.wlnf:ckdef:eef.ulnf:aO qif,c[;Mrf:rmef;
bof./ yldifvrf,vgif;vlifsw. (I.y.v)cofbldif:tmef:c[;ylwf:qef.ymef qof;'K.wluf:
Nif;aO coftmef:ykwf;wD;qof;'K.ckdef:tkyf.yldif,rldif:eef.bof./ cofauK;xmif,oK;
rmef;awbgif;abK:wmif;cofyAefrK:ckeftkyf,yldif,rldif:wh: Nrf;avK:uefwif:rmef;eef.
bl,bof./ (I.y.v)cofsw. bldif:tmef:Nrf;Mrf:rmef;bof.aO ckdef:wkuf:bgef:tof
1.P;rD:Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,yAif:uef
2.P;vh;rhmrD;tkyf.yldifrldif:wh:pif:acK
3.OifoK;c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:qkdif P;vh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.bof./
qkrf:tgefNofrldof:wh:rldof;ohm:Okduf:eK; vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKtefrmef;vh;eef.
yAefoh.Ogifqkrf:? ekdif; qkrf:bldif:ekdif;yldif trf,Nrf;acK; Nrf;ydlifuefvK:vK:? bldif:
tmef:c[;yAef]]rldif:wh:vgwf;vSof:}}eif,uefauK;bK, wmif:uGK,coftrf,rldefuef eif,Ndof
awrldefuef Nrf;wmif:uef ywf:zAof;wD,wmif:vlnf;uefeef. cof,trf,pAwf:rK:aO
ukrf,pdrfwmif:uef? pof:eif,ueftofrh.Ogwf,wdefuefsv; tgefuefvlrf.tlyf,xl
umef:vdefegef: xlof:vlrf.NofOgef;yefyldef;bof.auK; yldef;tofwdefwkdyf;NofayKvh;
zSyf.qyf:vdefuGK,eif,uefwif:OAif;eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/
20
tefvh;whmzSyf.wluf:bmuf; cmefudef:qgrf:bl,awK,xkdifpmef.eh.Orf.yAef yD;

egif.qldof.cldof:rldif:wh:xSif;ulnf:? tofeh.uGK,oef:vkdef:rldof:eK;auK; awvh;whmzSyf.bAyf,
eSef;phmvhm uGK,xSif;uK;Ndof` eheef.z[yh,Ogef,vh;/ Oifqldof.oK;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:
Ogifqkrf:eef. cof;tguf,xkuf,arKuef tofuefoK;yK:uefyAefrK:qkdif qgrf:eif,acK;
bldif:tmef:cof tefc[;yAefrK: ]]rldif:wh:vgwf;vSof:}}eef.sw. N.awyAefrK: vh;bl,
eif,uof,/ ulnf:eK, txmif,trf,sy.wmif:umwf; bgef.qkrf:zl;vmwf;aO trf,xmif,
pmif;pAwf:qgrf:vh;eef.bof./
rldof;vAofeh.vl: qkrf:zl;tgefNofwh:rD:oh.vhmqkrf:`J Oifqldof.zl;tgefNof
wh: rldof;vAofckdef:awbldif;qldof: zl;tgefNofwh:rldof;eef.rK:xSif;auK; auK.wSrf;ykdef:
pmif;phm.sw. awyAefzl;tgefNofeef.ulnf:eif,uof,? zl;rhmykdef:sw. eif,NdofOhm
Okdyf,cldof:pof:awN. vh;tefrmef,rAef;zdwf:yldif;sv; P;vh;yAefwgef;Ogefrlef;sr:
uGK,rldof:eK;eef. N.awuK;vh;Oguf;pKvAyf:pAef:wSrf;rhmoh.yefulnf:/ ydkef:rldof:eK;pmif;vD
pmif;qK.? OK,bK,wkuf.ceheef. rD:wD;zl;tgefNofwh: awtgefuefOkdyf,wSrf;yefuGK,
eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/
qAwf:JOgifJ
sw,tof 1947 eef.rK: 7th February(qAwf:-Ogif)ul;yDruf:ref;yAefrK:
]]oef:wh:}}ehaO ohm:rK:vSuf;vhm;yAefrK: ]]oef:rldif:wh:}}? ]]oef:cdlof:wh:}}ehbl,eef.
bof./ ]]oef:wh:}}? ]]oef:rldif:wh:}}ehsv; vSyf;oK;cldof:wh:sv; rldif:wh:qif,sw,rD:
rK:rldof;eef.ulnf:auK;rD:/ xkdifbmrf:vAofsw. urf;zgif;bif:c[;vlifvkdrf:uGK,bl,bof./
bgef.qkrf:qldof:tdwf:tgwf:tgefoK; yAefoef:Ogef;w[;rmef;? oef:sw,pAwf:cK;rmef;
ehaO qif,q[q[vkdrf: qkdrf:phmuGK,sv; bgef.trf,N.ykdef:vDvDaO qif,vh;tgefuef
bkrf,brfruf:ref;qgrf:ihm;aO vlifvkdrf:uGK,ulnf:eif,uof,/ wD;sw.auK; oef:pAwf:cK;
rmef;auK; trf,qkdof;? oef:tefwh:sv; rldif:wh:qif,sw,rD:rK:auK; trfqkdof;? yAef
oef:tefzl;tgefNofwh:(qof;'K.sv;I.y.v)Nrf;Mrf:uef bldif:tmef:pAwf:umefrldif:
wh:Nrf;uefuGK, rldof:eK;eef.bof./
ohm:aOOdkuf:vlrf;'K.bof.aO qof;'K.cofpefxkdif umefrldif:wh:rldof:eK;sv;
ohm:aOpAwf:ymifukrfbof. wD;rldif:ukdifxkdifrK: March 1946 eef.qif,Mif.pAwf:ymifukrfvlif
21
wD;ymifvlif yguf;xdekdif;rK:bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfeef. wkdef:ruf:ref;oh.rK:oK; wK,aw

cgwf,zgwf;cgif,OD,rldif:Oefvghzgrf.uefeef. ayK:xkdif February 1947qkdifawpAwf:
ymifukrfvlifxSif; wD;ymifvlifehrK:bl,bof./ ugyf;eefymifukrfymifvlif 1947eef.
rmef;qlof:pAwf:auK;trf,qkdof;? tif:udwf.q[.pAwf:auK; trf,qkdof;? wkdef:yAefqof;'K.
cofbldif:bmef:cgwf,zgwf;]]rldif:OefvghNrf;wkrf}}uefsv; qof;'K.auK.tgefpAwf:ulnf:
ulnf:eK,wK,awvh;rldif:wh:eef. rmef;wkdef:pKvguf:vhm:ref:bl,aO,aO,aO? rldof;
tefuGK,pAwf:rK: vduf;udefuSef,tgif,Omef: tSwfwvDeef.auK; vh;Okef,rK:P;tof
vh;erf.q[zl;tgefNofwh: zgrf.Nrf;rmef;ehsv; yAefvgif;wmif:rmef;rD:pSif:rK:Nnf:
Olef:aOK, wkdwf.qeftofwh:eef.bl,bof.? wK,awrK;ckdef;ymifukrfymifvlifeh.
wkdef:Ogef,oh.yAeferf.wgef: wK,rmef;bl,vkrf:vkrf:bof.? rmef;rK:ql:wh:aOwK.cmif?
cBmif:auK; wh:ayK:qlof:Mif.oh.xK;bl,bof./ ugyf;eef rldif:Nrf;wkrfueftefoK;eef.
wh:ckuf:clef.olef.vh;tgefwmif:rmef;sv; ayK:trf,rD:wh: trf,yAefrK:vh; rldif:Nrf;
wkrf(jynfaxmifpk)eif,uof,/
tdifvlnf;teftgif,Omef:uGK, tkyf,vgif;rldif:rmef;awvh;vgwf;vSof:aO pAwf:
rK:vduf;udefuSef, tgif,Omef:tSwf.wvD,eef. qof;'K.cofauK; wkuf:bgef:P;vh;uGK,
tkyf,wK,rldif:wh:/ cmif? cBmif:auK; wkuf:bgef:P;vh;rD:Okef,uGK,tkyf,ehsv; OifoK;tif:
udwf.awMif.tkyf,qkdif ukdif,vDtkyf,qdlif.Nofeheef. rldif:Oefvgheif,uefP;ilyf.iduef
vh;sv; zl;wmifwlofwK,awygh,uGK,tkyf,tif:udwf.eef.auK; qgrf:vlnf;rldif:z[ref:
tgefuefvlduf;rK:oh.bl,/ wK,awcgwf,zgwf,yAefqkrf: cgif,OD,emrf:eK; rldif:Oefvgh
zgrf.Nrf;uefeef.auK; tgefuefpmif;pSef:rK:oh.yK:bl,eif,uof,/ qgrf:eif,teftgif,
Omef:uGK, wkuf:bgef:tofrldif:wh: wD;tSwf.wvD,eef. bgef.Ohmvlrf:I.y.vzSofuGK,
sv; tif:udwf.qif,vh;bgrf:yefaO e[:vduf;udefuSef, tgif,Omef:tSwf.wvD,eef.
wgef;wK,rldif:Oefvgheh. vh;O[,oh.yK:oK; ]]qlof;cmof:umyf;ymefomef;rldif: awvSuf;vhm;
eef. wgef;wK;umifq[ulef:Oefvghcof c[;vh;c[;yAefeif,Ndofeheef. xkuf,awvh;
xmrfumifq[cofvDvD rldof;ymifukrfvlifymifvlifurf:awrK;eh.sv; trf,eefauK; ayK:ymif
ukrfpif:acKeef.bl,}}ugyf;oK;tif:udwf.cof trf,c[;tofrldif:wh:Nrf;yefrldif:rmef;aO cof
auK;olef.Ogef,oh.oK;ulef:rldif:wh:awzgrf.qgrf:vh;ihm;ihm;sv;qif, urfcefoh.eif,ehrK:bl,
bof./
22
bgef.oK; tgif,Omef:wkuf:bgef:P;vh;tkyf,uefwif:zl;tgefNofrldif:Oefvgh
sv; rldof; 29-1-1947eef. zgif:rldif:vlifzhm,yhm:rldif:Oefvghqif,Omif.Olif,P;pmif;
pSef:rK: wK,awtkyf,uefwif: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:yK:bl,eef.bof./ 3-2-1947
eef. qof;'K.cofwkdef:sw,pAwf:Omif;ymifukrfoh.bl,bof./ vgif;tefbldif:tmef:yluf:
wif;rldif:wh:pif:acKeef. cofwSyf:wwf:wK,awcgwf,zgwf;cgif,OD,qkdif;wh: tefulef:
rldif:sv; qof;'K.cof;yK:ckdif;uefeef.bof./ rldof; 3-2-1947 eef.wK,awpmif;
pAef:oh.eef. cofrguf,vmwf;xkdifoh.wD; ulef:rldif:qkrf:tefygifumefyhm:rldif:wh:eef.oK;
ayK:xkdif 15-2-1947 rK: awtgefuefvlif:pAwf:ymifukrfxSif;wD;wgif,uBD:sv; Okdyf,
ruf:ref;cgwf,zgwf;]]qkrf:cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:}}eef.bl,bof./
tK,eK,rldif:wh:tefqgrfqkdif;rldif: (tif:udwf.) bdyf:oh.rldefeif, idkef:ugifumif?
yhm:rhmrD;wwf:Odef? yhm:tkyf,yldifrldif:qldof:eh. tmef:bgef:tof P;rD:e[:rkdof:qkrf:ygifumef
cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:eh.bl,bof./ cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:eh.awyAefoh. cgif,OD,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:uGK,
bl,eef.bof./ ayK:oK;zgrf.Nrf;vh;q[uefqgrf:eif, acK;wSyf:wwf:eh.bof.auK; 4-
2-1947 eef. qof;'K.cofqif, whg,Ohmvlrf:ql:qgrfqkdif;rldif: vgif;oK;awpAwf:ymif
ukrf cgif,OD,qof;'K.aO tmef:vlduf;tofulef:rldif:cof;yK:cgwf,zgwf;pAwf: yAefrK:cgif,
OD,qkdif;wh:eheef.sv; xkdifrK:Ohmvlrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif: tefwgyf,rK:vgif;eh. rldof; 6-
2-1947 yAefoh. acK;pmrf;wwf:vgif;awcgwf, zgwf;cgif,OD,tefeh.aO zSofe[:rkdof:
qof;'K.cofrK: rldof; 7-2-1947 umifcrf; 7 rlif: wD;ymifvlifeef.bl,bof./
vgif;teftif:udwf.pmrf:eef. qkrf: I.y.vcof zdwf:q[pSif:eK,aO rldof;
eef.tl:xkef:rBdef.(vmif:cldof:)qif,pdse:qof;'K.oK;]]ukrf,uloftif:udwf.bl,sv; tif:
udwf.qif,vh;vlvhmrK:aO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;pmrf;xmwf:rK:vgif;eh.bof. cofpefxdkifoK;
ulef:rldif:wh:trf,rD:oh. zhm,qof;'K.sv; cofqif,pwf:sy.udefrK:rguf;eh.bof./}}eh.aO
q[.ulef:rldif:Omefcwf:setif:udwf.? q[.Mif.OSef,ayK: tlefeef;uGK,OAif;/
tdifvlnf;Ohmvlrf:tif:udwf.pmrf;wwf:eef. zSofrK:aO vh;yAefvgif;tef
qof'K.sv; I.y.vcofNrf;erf.q[uefuGK,sv; xkdifwD;tgefuefpAwf:ymif,ukrfxSif;rldof;
7-2-1947 umifcrf; ohm:aO Ohmvlrf:zSofbof.eef.sv; rldof;eef. qof;bAyf,'K.
yAefz;l eif;qkdif;? tl:uBK,yl.yAef zl;uSof:ymif(tcrf;tem;rSL;)bl,bof./ wD;ymifukrfeh.
cofqif,vlduf;wif;cgwf,zgwf;yAefrK: qkrf:]]cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:}}(Shan State Council)tef
23
ulef:rldif:(7)auK.? qof;'K.(7)auK. wif:OAif;Nrf;(14)auK. cof;Nrf;yK:avK:uefeef.

bl,bof./ bldif:tmef:tofcgif,OD,eh.yAef cgif,OD,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:pif:acKuGK,bl,bof./
wD;ymifukrfeh. eif,uof,tgefuefwSyf:wwf:ruf:ref;rK: qgrfydofwh:vldif? cAof?
vSif OmrfODqyf:uef tefumifref:rD:vldefvlifolif:b[,O[ Ndof;sv;tduf,vlnf,uGmrf:
wmif,qgrfydofwh:rK:bl,bof./ qgrfydofeh. yuf:bmof:rD: 5'? yuf:ygwf: 3'? vldefeef.
eK;rlef:wSuf;umif(tcsif;)rD: 9"/ qgrfydofwh:eh.ruf:ref; 7-2-1947 sv; vh;oK;
qof.xK;aO qgrfydofrdil f:Nrf;wkrfuef(5)oef:bl,bof./ rldof; 7-2-1947 eef.qgrf
Okduf:tgif,Omef:rD:oh.bl,bef,ukif, bif:yh,rK:zSofymifvlif? wh:sv;rmef;auK; bif:yh,
vh;tkyf,OifuefaOtdwf:/
7-2-1947 tefruf:ref;yAefrK:oef:wh:eh.sw. Ogef,oK;yAefoef:tef
qof;'K.sv;ulef:rldif:wh: Mrf:yAefq[vAofuefbof. tmef:Omefcwf:tif:udwf.aO
tgefNofumefrldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.bof./ oef:eh.yAefoef:tef qof;'K.cofse
Omuf;aO tmef:toftK,eK,tmyf;yef e[:rkdof:ulef:rldif:uGK,vhg:vgh:bof.? bldif:tmef:yluf:
ygifrldif:wh:yAefrK: rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,vkuf;ekdif;eef.bl,bof./ qof;'K.cofbgef,bgrf:
wgef,bSef:yefwmef,pkdofauK;bK, I.y.vtrf,pmef.q[aO cSef:ckef,Nuf.wkdwf.qef
oAef:egif,tofwduf:wduf:sv; qlduf;Ohmq[wh:qif,vh;cmwf,? yldef;qif,vh;ymwf,qDudef
eldof. qldof.cldof:wh:uGK,bl,ul;rkdof.ulef;oef:pkdofèheef. vh;yAefrK:acK;olef.crfq[ulef:
rldif:wh:bl,awK,rldof;vAof/
acK;wSyf:wwf:
7-2-1947 umifoef: 1:00 rlif:eef. cmif? cBmif:? wh:(qof;'K.? I.y.v)
cof tkyf,ukrfuefaO wK,awtkyf,rmef;eef. wSyf:wwf:Nrf;acK;uefoh.bl,bof./
rldof;eef. qof;'K.cofurf;zgif; trf,zgrf.qgrf:eif, awtofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:qkrf:aw
tkyf,qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:eef. qof;'K.qldof:uwf.cAef,umefrldif:aO olef.oh.wK,rldif:
wh: rldof:eK;pif:acKeef. trf,cof;yK:qgrf:/ qkrf:tefcgwf,zgwf;oh.wK,tkyf,rmef;
eef.qkdif qof;qmrf,xkef:(qof;'K.rldif:ygef)? vkif:uBK,yl.)? OrK:wl:oK:Odef,oK:egif,?
24
wl:oK:aqK,vkef:? tlvGK,rlif:? tl:xgif,qK,clyf./ wD;eh;vgif;awzgrf.tkyf,rmef;qgrf:

eif,acK;wkuf:bgef:qldof:eef. e[:qof;'K.cofeif,uef rD:vgif;cgif.crfuefaOwK.
rldefeif,ulef:pmrf.erf cmif? cBmif:? I.y.v? qof;'K.urf;zgif;zgrf.bof.sv; qldof:
trf,zgrf.qof;'K.pmrf.at;trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdofsv; Ogef,oK;]]tkyf,wlnf:sv;}}ehaO
qif,vh;trfoh.rK:bl,bof./ acK;bldif:rhm tefqof;'K.cofrD:oh.eef. qif,oK;trf,qmif;
O[,vh;rK:/ vh;yAefacK;pmif;pSef: I.y.vsv;cmif? cBmif:coffeef.ulnf:bof./
acK;tefpmif;pSif:wSyf:wwf:oh. rldof; 7-2-1947 eef.qkdif-
1.qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldifwD,rlof,caI,OD,aOsv; P;vh;Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,yAif:uefwif:
rmef;?
2.zgif:rldif:vlif(0efBuD;) tefawyAefzl;wmif,wlofrldif:OefvghaO vh;cof;yK:oh.e[:
qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef. awvh;rD:Okef,tofykef;zgef: rldif:Oefvghwif:OAif;bof.rof,
uK:-P;vh;rD:xSif;Okef,ygifumefqgrf:e[: yhm:sp.uif;rldif:(wyf.Okduf:)? yhm:wdwf:awK,uyf:
Okdyf,eguf;rldif:? yhm:cgef,? yhm:vlwf.'h:qldof:eef.xSif;?
3.vduf;Nrf;rhmtgif,Omef: tSwf.wvD,eef. bK,P;vh;rK:uyf:uhm,uefqgrf:Oifwif:rldif:
Oefvgh?
4.ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.qkdif c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:rldof;v[ P;vh;rD:Okef,zmwf,tguf,vh;?
5.zmef,wK,ikdef:wgif: q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:eh. P;vh;wArfxlef;yAif:eif,rldof;ymeftif:
udwf.?
6.P;vh;cgwf,zgwf;qkrf:cgif,OD, rldif:Oefvghzgrf.Nrf;uef tefawrD:tK,eK,tkyf.yldif,
rldif:Oefvghpif:acKaOsv; uyf:Okdyf,rldif:rmef;?
7.P;vh;rD:rhmrD;qdkif;rldif:pif:acKtkyf.yldif,oh. rldif:OefvhgaO vlifygifqkdif;awtrf,vh;cof;
qdrfvgif:Oif?
8.ikdef:cgef,iof;qkdif;eef. qgrf:eif,rldif:wh:rD:Okef.vh;eef. P;cmifsv;cBmif:auK;
qgrf:vlnf;OhmrhmNofulef:aO vh;qgrf:?
25
9.OifoK;idkef:q[.wK,rldif:cBmif: trf,ukrfxlef;qkdif P;tofcgef,rldif:rmef;eef.xSrfyef

xSif;?
10.P;cBmif:auK; rD:Okef,wSyf:wwf:qgrf:vh; acK;wSyf:wwf:tefcgif,OD,Oefvghzgrf.
Nrf;sv; vlifygifqkdif;wluf:vlif:uefeef.
qldof:eh.yAefacK;pmif;pSefwSyf:wwf:oh. rldof; 7-2-1947 eef.rK:bl,bof./
vgif;tefqof;'K.cof vh;zgrf.qgrf:wK,tkyf,rmef;uGK,eheef. N.awvh;ch;ckdef:ykdef:
zl;wmif,wloful;qmof:cldof:sv;? rldefeif,zl;wmifwlofcmif ]]OrK:wl:oK:Odef,oK:egif,}}
eef. qArfrldof; 1945 ohm:Okduf:bof.eef. wkdef:bmrf;Nrf;Mrf:uefwif: qgrfOkduf:
tgif,Omef: wgef;wK,cmifsv;rmef; Nrf;Mrf:uefehrK:oh.bl,bof./ qkrf:z.O.y.v
tefcgwf,zgwf;rD:oh.e[:tldif,cmifeef.auK; yAefref:auK.qgh;xSrfyluf:wif;cgwf,zgwf;rK:
oh.bof./ vgif;wK,awtkyf,rmef;eef. ]]Oifqldof.ruf:ref;yef rldif:cmif}}bl,qkdifpAwf:
pkdofauK; cmifwkdef:tmef:zgrf.qgrf:bl,bof./ rldof; March 1946 eef.auK; wkdef:tkyf,
tlof:wluf:vlif:oh.qgrf:tl:ekbof.sv; qkrf:cmifOrf.yAef OrK:wl:oK:Odef,oK:egif,auK.
tgefNofrK:ulnf:sv; cmifsw.wK,awyAefpSif:zhm, rmef;wkdef:rD:oh.bl,wArfxlef;bof./
rldefeif, zl;tgefNofcBmif:]]omef:wl,rgif,}}auK; qArfrldof; 1920 eef.wkdef:
bgrf:yAefq[rmef;sv; qlof:Ogefvduf;rmef;? tif:udwf.Orf.pmrf;wwf: xkdifwD;tgef
uefOmefcwf:tif:udwf.aO P;ayK:vh;Ogefvduf;rmef;rK:bl,/ xkdifrK:ymef]]wkdYArmt
pnf;t&kH;}}eef.auK; ]]tl:uD,blof,rmef:}}eh. uyf:Okdyf,uefwif:rmef;aO bldif:Omef
cwf:tif:udwf.rK:bl,bof./ qArfrldof; 1933 eef. zl;tgefNofcBmif:cof wkuf:bgef;P;
vh;Ogef;Mrf:yAefqgrf:rldif:rmef;/ rdol f;Okduf:yguf;Ogifeef.auK; cBmif:cof 400 qlof:uef
qgh;xSrfwyf.rmef;rK:bl,/ cBmif:eef.yhm:N.pef? ydif,nK,? yhm:rmuf;rD:? OAef;wmif:uyf:
Okdyf,trf,wArfxlef;sv; Oifqldof.rmef;aw qgh;xSrfcofqldof:eh.qkdif cofwkdef:aw
zgrf.qgrf:rmef;urf:vAofbl,bof./
wh:Orf.rD:oh.Ogifqkrf: qkrf:I.y.vsv; qof;'K.rldof;eef. I.y.vOrf.
wkdef:yAefoh. zhm,Mrf:qgrf:rmef;bl,vkrf:vkrf:? qof;'K.cofyAefulef:pmrf.at,teftrf,
zgrf.qgrf:rmef;aOwK. cofOrf.trf,rD:vgif;wkrf.wldof.Olef:wkrfoh.ulef:rldif:/ I.y.vcof
sw. yAefe[:ulef:rldif:sv;? erfsv;at,cofrD:vgif;wkrf.wldof.Olef:wkrfulef:rldif:oh.
26
aO rldof;eef.ulef:rldif:wh:eh. yhm:N.pefumefrldif: trf,rD:OifrK:? I.y.vtofacK;

qif:qof;'K.eef.Olef:wkrfulnf:auK; qkrf:Omefcwf:qof;'K. rldefeif,qkrf:wgif,Ol,
(yawOIdwf.awK,vmef,ab:)eef. N.wkdef:qkuf:oh.zhm,I.y.vbl,bof./
eh.yAefyldifvliftefurf.xSrfwK,rldif:wh: wluf:Okrf:bl,bof./ tefrmef;pef
xkdifOgef,oh.oK;yAef cldof:rD:ykdef:? rD:idkef:? rD:ydif,nK,? rD:zSefvdefuGmif;cGmifpif:acKaO
yAefoh.qmof:cldof:vlifeh. rD:wh:ulnf:sv; cofulofbrfoh.wh:ulnf:? cofwkdef:Ogef,wh:yAef
zl;sc.cAif,cofoh.bl,wK,aO,/ eif,pkdofwh:awvh; wluf:w[;cof bl,e[:vguf:cofeh.eef.
cofwkdef:zSefumefpmif;pSef:rK:bl,wK,aO,eef.bof./ rldof;eef.auK; wkdef:tofI.y.
vyAefcldif;rkdof:cofaO xSuf,bK.bgh;zl;N.pef wK,eK;umefrldif:wh:rK:bl,bof./
ugyf;eefsv;]]oef:wh:}}tefoK;eef. yAefoef:tef cmif? cBmif:? wh:cof
pmif;pSef:acK; c[;vh;c[;yAef tefawtkyf,rmef;/ yAefoef:tef qof;'K.sv;I.y.
v? qkrf:pAwf:umefrldif:wK,rldif:wh: Ogifqkrf:zgrf.Nrf;cgef;pSif:uefbldif:tmef:wK,ygif
umefrldif:wh:uGK, rldof:eK;yAefoef:ruf:ref; qgrfydofwh:? uGmrf:eyf.brfqgrfydofwh:eef.
bl,bof./ swtof 1947 eef.rK: ul;yDruf:ref;yAef ]]oef:wh:}}/ ohm:vkdef:Orf.
vhm;yAef ]]oef:cldof:wh:}}bof. ckdef:Okdyf,vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:]]oef:rldif:wh:}}ehrK:bl,bof./
zdwf:rldof;wmif:sz
vAuf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif
8-2-1947 Nofcrf; 6 rlif: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:? tl:tgif,qmef,olnf,?
ylof,cdef,rgif,uav:? tl:az,cdef,? ylof,xkef:vK.coftgefuef zSofMwf;rK:ymifvlifbl,
bof./ ohm:aOwh:(qof;'K.sv; I.y.v)Nrf;uef wluf:vlif:ruf:ref;yAefoef:wh:bof.
qif, qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:sv; qkrf:qldof:rmef;cof zSofrK:ymifvlifbl,bof./
7th February eef. ruf:ref;qgrfydofwh:oh.bof.sv; sw,tof 8th February
rK:tofqgrfydofwh:yluf:wif;oh.urf:vAofbl,bof./ rldof;ugef,tgefylef.rK:eef. qgrfydofwh:
Nrf;ueftrf,bmrf;rD:rK:? rD:rK:qgrfydofrldif:v[rldif:eef. ulnf:aObmrf:vAofOrf.vh;rD:rK:
27
qgrfydofwh:Nrf;uefsv; z[auK;N.uK;qlrf:Oldof:? qldof:yh,N.quf:Orf.vgrfbuf.tmrf:awK,

uefbl,sw.sw./
9-2-47 umife[ 9:00 rlif:eef. zl;wmif,wloftif:udwf.cofayK,wgrf,av,?
zl;qdOif,zgif:irf:rldif:Oefvgh uRef,avwdef,? tl:wdef,xkwf.? yK:emwf.vSwf.w
odwf.cof tgefuefrK:zSofymifvlifbl,bof./
9-2-47 umife[ 11:00 rlif:eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:sw,ymifOlef:wkrf
ulef:rldif:Oefvgh? rldof;zSofMwf;rK:wD;awrguf,vmwf;acK;uGmrf:eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:
rK:wuf.brfqgrfydofwh: tefyluf:oh.eef.tgefwmif:bof.qif, tyf,ukrfvlif.vSif:se
xkdifql:ulef:rldif:wh:bl,bof./ rldof;eef.qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:vmwf;se vgif;tef
]]rmef;cofvh;cwf:q[aO wkuf:bgef:vmwf;yefrK:wgef;wK, rldif:Oefvghawvh;vgwf;
vSof:qgrf:rldif:rmef;/ rldif:Oefvgheh. trf,c[;yeftif:udwf.auK.zgif:irf:? c[;P;ulef:
OefvghauK.eh.eef. trf,qkdof;sv;oK;rmef;c[;OlefbK.uof:? tkyf.yldif,rldif:Oefvgh?
wkdef:rD:erf.q[aq,weK,qSwf; qmif,P;rldif:OefvghauK; rD:qef.Okef,vh;Okef,yAef
zAif,yAif:uefwif:rldif:rmef;ulnf:}}ehbl,bof./
ayK:ymifukrfOlef:wkrfulef:rldif:bof.uGK,bof.auK; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:olef.pef
rSef;vguf:vhm:acBK:ogef: toferf.q[qof;'K.P;tlef;tgef,elyf;blyf;rK:sv; qif,
tmef:tofwh:pAwf:yAef qgrfygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefauK.tgefwmif:Okwf:ehaO wldif,
ymif,tl:az,cdef, rldof;eef.tl:az,cdef,Orf.rkif;pef qof;ckefymef:qdif,(qof;'K.
wgif,ySif,)bgef.oK;qof;ckefymef:qdif, bmrf;qhg;xSrfqkrf:cofidkef:pK;ymuf, rldof;tl:az,
cdef,wkduf.tgef vkuf;pAef:rldif:wh:cofcgwf,zgwf; ]]OrSuf.uvkuf;pAef:rldif:wh:}}eef.rK:?
ulnf:eK, rldof;uGK,xmrfOrf. qof;ckefymef:qdif,oK; P;tofqof;Olnf,wSuf; pAwf:awvD
bl,ehsv; ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.eef.qif,tofqof;Olnf,wSuf;pAwf: qgrfygifqkdif;
(qlof;cmof:)eef.bl,bof./
10-2-1947 zl;wmif,wlofulef:rldif:Oefvghsv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:tkyf,
ukrfilyf.iduef rldof;eef.zl;wmif,wloftif:udwf. ]]ayK,wgrf,av,}}auK; ckdef:Mwf;xgrf,
bdef:yK:bl,/ tefulef:rldif:Oefvghcof wmif,sevgif;c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.qkdif-
28
1.c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:rldof;v[P;vh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:?
2.P;rD:Okef,vh;Okef,yAef zAif,yAif:uefwif:rmef;?
3.vduf;udefuSef, tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,eef. bK,P;rK:uyf:uhm,uefwif:ulef:cldof:Oef
vgh?
4.P;ruf:ref;yefrldif:cmif?
5.P;tofulef:Oefvghcof O[,qgrf:qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;eef. ekdif;rldif:ekdif;auK.(cmifekdif;
auK.? cBmif:ekdif;auK.? wh:ekdif;auK.)?
6.P;vh;tof]]cgif,OD,rldif:Oefvghzgrf.Nrf;uef}}eef. ckdef:zgif:irf:rldif:Oefvghpif:acK?
7.rldif:Oefvgh(cmif? cBmif:? wh:)P;vh;cgwf,zgwf;yAefrldif:zgrf.Nrf;bl,qgrf:uefvkuf;ekdif;?
8.zgif:wSef:(zgif:rldif:vlif 0efBuD;)tefawyK:qgrf:e[:qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef. P;vh;
tofykef;zgef:zgif:irf: rldif:z[rldif:ref:pif:acKaOrof,uK:yhm:wyf.Okduf:? yhm:wdwf:awK,
uyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:? yhm:vlwf.'h:? yhm:cgef,qldof:eh. P;vh;N.pef? cwf:Omif;qgrf:vh;ul;
vgif;?
9.acK;teftif:udwf.sv;rmef; wluf:vlif:uefoh.pif:acKeef. awtrf,P;vh;uyf:uhm
uefwif:wh:sv;cmif?
10.wgef;wK,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh: bK,P;rmef;cof;qdrfbK.uof:qgrf:Oif? ayK:trf,vh;tcGmif.
wD;ckefrldif:wh: rmef;awtrf,vh;ckdef;rK:?
11.vduf;vhm:? 'dif;? xkif:? uGmrf:vmwf;wh:sv; tduf,vlnf;ul;qmof:cldof:eef. awtrf,
vh;rD:vgif;vlvhmpmrf;wwf:?
qgrf:eif,acK;wmif,vmwf;qldof:eh. rldof; 10-2-1947 eef. tgif,Omef:
wluf:vlif:zgrf.yefvh;urf:vAofeef.qkdif-
1.bgef.yAefrldif:vkuf;vAofuefsv; Okef,vh;Okef,yAefN.awvh;zAif,yAif:uefbl,?
29
2.Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:z[ref:auK; awvh;rD:wArfxlef;bl,? vgif;cof;qdrfzgif:irf:qgrf:

awtrf,yefP;vh;rD:?
3.wK,awvlduf;zgif:rldif:vlifekdif;rldif:ekdif;auK.aO cof;yK:qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef.sw.
trf,yAefvh;? ugyf;oK;e[:qkrf:eef. rD:oh.OmrfwD;ulnf:aO rldof;vAofrD:oh.qgrfOkduf:tgif,
Omef:auK.ekdif;? ]]OK,aI:ymwf.rSuf.wl,su,}}auK.ekdif;bof.sv; vlof,xSif;auK.ekdif;ulnf:
zl;tefawyefyhm:olef.vh;eef.sw. wkduf.rD:Okef,vlduf;vh;xSif;OgifauK.bl,/
4.vgif;rmef;sv;tif:udwf. rD:acK;wluf:vlif:uefoh.qldof:eef.auK; - bgef.oK;ulef:
Oefvghcoftrf,vh;N.bdef:qgrf:rK:sv; awtrf,vh;P;uAof,cgif.uefwif: ulef:Oefvgh
cofeif,uof,/
vgif;acK;qldof:eh.sw. trf,vh;rD:vgif;cgif.crfuef? qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:zgrf.
qgrf:bl,ihm;ihm;aO vgif;tefvh;rD:vgif;cgif.crfuefOrf.-
1.bgef.cmifwkuf:bgef:rldif:cmif/
bgef.vlnf;cmifeh. wkdef:yAefcldof:ulef: tefbl,Oof:qgrf:rldif:wh:rK:ulnf:?
xkdifymeftif:udwf.sw,ckdef;rK:rldif:wh: zgif:ckefOmif,wlef;pkif:vkuf.zdkef.apKcrf:rmef;
eef. cmifyAeftAefpSif:urf.wkduf:qgh;rK:? xkdifrldof;ckefOmif,yAefqof;'K.eef. cmifcof
wkuf:bgef: P;rD:Okef,cmiftkyf.yldif,pif:acKsv; 1892 eef.qif, tif:udwf.vh;ruf:
ref;yef Oefvghxkif.cmif? wl:oK:cmif? cgwf;zgwf;yefyK:zl;tkyf.yldifOefvghcmifrK:
ulnf:sv;wK,awvh;yAefrK:rldif:cmifeef. cmifcof qif,wkuf:bgef: pmof.pSif:bl,eef.
bof./ wK,awcgwf,zgwf; P;vh;yAefrK:rldif:cmifeef.Orf. ayK:trf,toftldif,omef;arK,
sv; rBdwf.uBD:eK:cof;avK:yK: trf,yAefvh;? ulnf:eK,wD:omef;arK,sv; rBdwf.uBD:eK:
eh.Orf. yAefwh:bl,Oof:oh.pmrf.erf/ qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD:qkdif;rldif: 1935eef. Ogiftldif,
eh.cof;yK:oh.e[:rldif:wgef;Ogif(rldif:Oefvghtefyhm: rldif:ckdwf:qef.Political Advanced)
aO pmrf;wwf:oh. vgif;awtofcof;avK:qkrf:rldif:wgef;ekdif;(rldif:Oefvghtefyhm:rldif:
trf,ckdwf:qef.Less Political Advanced)sv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK; trf,qmif;
Omefcwf:rl,yldifrhmrD: 1935 eef.aO wSyf:wwf:yefvh;P;yAefrK: rldif:cmif/
30
2.wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,cdkef:?
qof;'K.cofwe kd f:bldif:tmef: yluf:ygifrldif:pif:acKaOwK. rldof;tefrK:tkyf,
uefeef. cmif? cBmif:? I.y.vcofOrf. bldif:Nrf;Mrf:tofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:rmef;sv;rldof;
eef.qof;'K.cof qkrf:vAofxAiftrf,vh;aO qif,tofacK;]]c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:rldof;v[
P;vh;zmwf,tguf,}}eh. Okdyf,wkuf:bgef:pmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:? bgef.oK;ulofOkrf:rldif:qgrf:uGK,
yIdsb,yldef;sv; qof;'K.cofqif,wkuf:bgef:pSif:bl,bof./
vgif;eh.qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:Orf.oK;]]pof:bif:yh,vh; Nrf;Mrf:uefOlayK:vmwf;
vgif;awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:bl,eh. trf,yhOmif,xkuf,blof.}}ehsv; rldof;eef. qof;'K.
cofqif,oK;]]ayK:trf,rD:Okef,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:qkdif rldif:wh:pof:trf,tofvgwf;vSof:Mrf:
Olvh;}}ehaO vh;yAefvgif;xAifuefpmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:rK:bl,sw.sw.Jvgif;tefqof;
'K.cof tgefNofcmif? cBmif:aO pmif;pSef:y[.oh. qgrf:vlnf,acK;tefxkuf,vh;xkuf,yAef
sv; wkuf:bgef:oh.qldof:eh.yAef vgif;tefwkrf.wldof.umifq[ bldif:tmef:rmef;cofwif:
erf? qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK; ilyf.idtrf,vh;? qof;'K.auK; acK;c[;vh;c[;yAefqldof:
eef. trf,cmrf,bgrf:vlwf:vlif:vK:vK:sv; vh;yAefoh.acK;cAif;cSifql:uefbl,/
rldof;zgif:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:sv; qof;'K.cofwkduf.cAif;cSifawK,uef tkyf,ukrf
ilyf.iduef trf,vh; vgif;Okef,zmwf,tguf,? Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:pif:acK? Okef,xmif,
pmif;vgif;vduf;vhm:? 'dif;xkif:? uGmrf:vmwf; z[ref:bl,eef. tgef,qhm:Okduf:apKqof;
crf:Odluf;(qof;Olnf,wSuf;)tefqkdof;Mif.oK; ]]thm;vSif(t,feD)}}cKOkduf:rmef;y[.sc,wlof
qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:eef. zdwf:pSrf.xkyf.wmyf,uefsv; cSef:xSif:pSif:Okuf.bkif;aO
tmif;awyAefymifqmof:cldof:zdwf:uefbl,bof./
bgef.vlnf;OifauK; trf,yAif:ayK:eif,q[ref:sv; rldof;eef. qgrfOkduf:
tgif,Omef: tmef:rldof:ckdef:bef,ukif,urf:vAof? q[.wsy:ref:pKOdkof. o[Ndof:rdefvl:
ugef,? bmrf:eef. qof;qmrf,xkef:(rldif:ygef)? tl:az,cdef,? ylof,xkef:vK.cofOrf.
tgefuefpmrf;? yefpSif:P;oh.q[b[,bmof: Okdyf,tkyf,ukrfuefawK,ayK:bof.vl:ugef,eh
sv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:trf,yAefrldof:ckdef:aO qif,vh;Okdyf,tkyf,ukrfuefwif: rldif:
Oefvghsv; xkdifwD;ayK:vh;pAwf:vduf;Nrf;rhmrK:bl,bof./ Oifqldof.yAefrldof:ckdef:qkdif
ykdef:rldif:qmif;yAefrK:bl,yldifekdif;pkdofJ`
31
qkrf:I.y.vcof Nnf:Mif.rK:ulef: wgif,uBD:? bgifNnf;umwf,avK.? phm:olof:? yif:

TwK.? vguf:qguf.? vghacK? uK;yAefegif? xeK? ytlof:? wgif,blof:? rmef;? auK,IcK:
trf,ukdwf:? zSofMwf;aO rK:Mif.OSef,ymof,pSif:urf.xSrf P;Mrf:rmef;/ I.y.vvSefMif.
cofoK;awuGK,ygh: ]]rif;pkH}}ymifvlifehaO q[.ckdef;vlwf.(uK:)? rldof;ymefqof;'K.eef.
ayK:oK;yAefygh:qof;'K.ehqkdif rD:qmwf;OSif:? rD:ymifawK,ymifvgif:? cofzuf:auK; vAif.
vhmvhmsv; z[auK;c[;tgefuef rK:cof;ygh:qof;'K.bof./ vldofaOeef.urf:eh. Orf.
oK;yAefygh:tefqof;'K.coftkyf,rmef; wK,awtofrldif:vgwf;vSof:ehsv; cSef:yAef
vgif;vmuf,vhm:wK,ulef:rldif:? bgef.rldof;ugef,tgefeef. trf,Ol;wgef.bmrf;pef? bmrf;
bdef:rK:sv; z[auK;qif,c[;Mwf;c[;zSof? tofvlwf.uK:pyf.Mif:uGK,sv; urf;zgif;Orf.
xmif,oK; qof;'K.q[.rK:pyf.ehaO qlof:uefpdrfzdkwf.cdkef;cD,uK:rK:qgrf: qkrf:I.y.v
bl,sw.bof./ ugyf;eefuK: 60 vrf: vkuf.ul;oAif:oAif:aO zSofrK:ymifvlifbl,bof./
rldof;tefqgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:tmef:rldof:eef. tl:az,cdef,uGK,vmwf;se tl:wdef,
at:sv; tl:wdef,at:Orf. q[.P;ulef:I.y.vref: qlof:Mif.OSef,urf.xSrf;rmef;oK;
]]P;yefvgwf;vSof:ugef:acK urf:vAof? wh:sv;rmef; Nrf;Mrf:uef? wh:sv;
rmef; P;puf.uefref;uSef,uGK,cmof:bmof:? trf,vlof,zl;cGmuf;rldif:? trf,vlof,zl;qSuf,
vldwf;? ygh,zK:rlid f:wh:ckdef:urf:vAof }}eh.yAefacK;Olef:aOK,P;rldif:wh:wluf:Okrf:eh rldof;
eef.sw. cofawtrf,Ogef,rSef;eif,uof,/ bgef.vh;pefulef:rldif:cofrK: urf.xSrf
wkuf:bgef:P;Nrf;qgrf:rmef; tofvgwf;vSof:ehsv; qof;'K.cofauK; Ogef,olef.qgrf:
zhm,ulef:rldif:aO cofqof;qif,q[tlef;uGK, wK,cSif;pSif:ql:rmef;eef.sv; urf;zgif;
auK; qif,vh;rD:q[wK,awzgrf.qgrf:rmef;uGK, qlof;uSyf.bl,bof./
wD;sw.ref: ulef:rldif:wh: trf,ygif,q[vgif;umefyhm:rldif:Oif? I.y.v q[.Mif.
sv; vh;Mif.qgrf:ulnf:? pmrf.erfsw.Mif.zdwf:Mif.zlef]]pof:trf,vlof,ulef:eK;zdluf,?
ulef:eK;zdluf, trf,vlof,pof:}}ehbl,eef.auK; rD:oh.wif:erfsw. qof;'K.coftrf,
vh;N.rK:/
ohm:eef. zl;wmifwlofwh:(qof;'K.sv; I.y.v)? cmif? cBmif:cof ckdef:uGK,
tkyf,tefwif:uRef,av,wdef,aO wmif,vmwf;seyK:acK;wkuf:bgef:cofsv; rldof;
eef.tif:udwf.bif:yefyhm:olef.oK; wgef;wK,wkuf:bgef:oh.eef. xkuf,vDyAefvh;wK,
qlof;cmof:ulnf:ehvl:ugef,/ ohm:eef. qkrf:zl;wmif,wlofrldif:Oefvghcof eif,uefckdef:
32
tkyf,ukrfuefxSif;? vgif;tefwkuf:bgef:oh. wgef;wK,awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:? P;vh;

tofcgif,OD,rldif:Oefvghzgrf.Nrf;uefckdef:vh; zgif:irf:rldif:Oefvghqldof:eh. qgrfOkduf:
tgif,Omef:Orf. trf,bgrf:zgrf.vh;/ qof;qmrf,xkef:(rldif:ygef)? qof;Olnf,wSuf;sv;
qkrf:I.y.vcofOrf. c[;P;vlwf:bgrf:ql:yef rguf;eif,tgif,Omef:awzgrf.eef.bl,
bof./
e[:qof;'K.auK;vh;wSuf;yAefrK: qkrf:awzgrf.sv;qkrf:trf,zgrf.? rldefeif,
qof;qmrf,xkef:sv; qof;'K.urf;zgif;Orf. c[;bgrf:bgef,vlif:aOwK.? qof;'K.urf;
zgif;Orf. ]]Okef,rldif:pof:pif:acKeh. pof:trf,bgrf:vh;? qArfrdlof;yh,Nrf;Mrf:uefeh.
ayK:vh;bgrf:awK,bl,ehsw. ayK:Mrf:bof.blofvkuf.trf,vh; Nofudkuf:zmuf;bl,wK,aO
ulnf:blof.}}JehaO umifq[vh;wSuf,bhm;uefrK:bl,bof./ rldof;eef. qof;Olnf,wSuf;
auK;Orf. bgef.awtofref:pAwf: qgrfygifqkdif; rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefehsv;qif,Orf.cof;
q[yK:uGK, zhm,tefvgif;oK;Oifqldof.vh;zmwf,tguf,cdkef:bl,qkdif xkuf,tofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:
rmef;bl,ehsv;eef.bl,bof./
qkrf:qof;'K.cofqldof:tef trf,zgrf.eef.Orf.oK;J]]Oifqldof.cofzgrf.yef
vgif;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:bl,ehauK; ulofvh;yAefacK;cofvSefpof:ulnf:? wK,awP;rD:
Okef,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef. rldof;vAofayK:vh;vmwf;bmyf,bl,rguf;eh.bof./ yduf.Orf.oK;
cofzgrf.yef qgrf:eif,pof:c[;yAefeef.auK;bK, wK,awyefzmwf,ckdef:? yefP;
Okef,vh;Okef, yAefpof:wArfxlef;eef.sw. blofawtrf,yAefrK:sw.vh;eif,uof,?
Oifqldof.oK; pof:Mrf:cofaO vrf:tif:udwf.sv; vh;vgwf;vSof:qgrfuefbof.auK;bK,
qgrf:vlnf;umefyhm:rldif:? umefyhm:rmuf:rD:vDyAef? yhm:tkyf.yldif,qkdif;rldif:z[ref:? rhm:'dif;
xkif:? vduf;vhm:? uGmrf:vmwf;z[ref:? umefqldof.cldof:z[ref: qldif.eif,wh:? cmif? cBmif:
sv;tduf,vlnf;ulef:cldof:Oefvghpof:eh. blofcSef:awvh;cmrf,vgif;rmef;cof wAuf:wAif
uSef:vlofwgef:aO ymeftif:udwf.eh.bl,blof./ ugyf;eeftrf,wmyf;tof tvgwf;
vSof:qgrf:rmef;bof./ pof:cwf:q[tofpif:pof:ulnf:eef. awvDaOyldef;bl,? rmif,uldof:
bgef:tofckdef:wD;yldef;eh.ulofvh;wluf:Okrf:vhmvhmulnf:}} eh qkrf:qof;'K. trf,zgrf.
eef. vmwf;xAifbl,aOwK.auK;J/
qof;qmrf,xkef:sv; qkrf:I.y.vcofOrf.oK; ayK:cofawbgrf:qgrf:yefeif,
acK;tefpof:tgefuefpmif;pSif: wkuf:bgef:oh.eh.sw. qlof;yh,vh;vgwf;vSof:eh. pof:
33
Nrf;Mrf:cofqlof;uSyf.wlnf:awvDbl,/ qof;qmrf,xkef:? qof;Olnf,wSuf;sv; I.y.v

cofqof;tgefuefckdef:wSrf; rhmzkdefwK,awwmif,vmwf;wD; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:bof.
tgefuefuGK,ql:tkyf,vmwf;wD; Okrf.egef:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:eef.bl,bof./ rldof;
eef.zhm,rmef;cof rD:oh.qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:? OK,rgif,uBD:? tl:wdef,xkwf.? tl:tgif,
qmef,olnf,? wcdwf,owdef,? tl:azcdef,oh.bl,/ coftkyf,ukrfilyf.iduefvh; bgef.qgrf
Okduf:tgif,Omef:auK; yAefvh;uK;pkdofauK; bgef,yefql:wmef,eef.aO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;
zgrf.q[uefuGK,bl,bof./
xkdifrK: 11-2-1947 umife[ 9 rlif:rK:? qgrf:vlnf;zkdeftefulef:Oefvgh
cof wmif,wkuf:bgef:rK:eef.aO qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: pAwf:ymifukrfuefwif:zl;tgef
Nofwh:? cmif? cBmif:aO wluf:vlif:yefqgrf:rK:eif, acK;zhm,w[;eh.bl,bof./
1.P;vh;yAefumefwK,qldof.cldof:zgrf.Nrf;uefsv; awtoftldif,v[O[,yK:ehyh,ruf:ref;aO
qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldifeef. awzgrf.qgrf:yefvgif;ruf:ref:rldif:cmifbl,?
2.wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.auK; ayK:xkdifymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:
rK:? qgrf:eif,umifq[ulef:eldofOefvghcof wSyf:wwf:eef. awvh;rD:Okef,qgrf:eif,
umifq[ ulef:Oefvghvh;bl,/(ayK:xkdifymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:rK: qif,ugh;ckdef:
tkyf,uefvgif;eh.xSif;)?
3.qgrf:vlnf;tefpof:awNrf;Mrf:uefqlof;uAyf.(qlof;yh,vh;vgwf;vSof:eh.)awtrf,yef
P;wkrf.wldof.wK,zmwf,tguf,sv; Nrf;Mrf:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.eif,uof,?
4.Oifqldof.oK;Nrf;Mrf:rldof;vAofaO ohm:eh.rK:c[;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:auK; awvh;zmwf,tguf,
bl,?
5.Oifqldof.oK; wD;ymifukrfrlef.sr: yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:eef. wSyf:wwf:vgif;rldof;vAoftrf,
c[;Nrf;Mrf:aOwK. ohm:vkdef:rK:ckdef:c[;Nrf;Mrf:ehauK; rldof;v[aOrof,oK; awpyf.vgif;
Nrf;Mrf:bl,wK,aO?
6.OifoK;Nrf;Mrf:auK; qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldif,wD,rlof,caI,OD,aO awvh;rD:Okef,vh;Okef,
yAefqef.zAifyAif:uefwif:rmef;bl, ul;vgif;vgif;?
34
7.wgef;wK,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:eh. wkdef:awtrf,cof;qdrfbK.uof:qgrf: vgif;Oif? aw

vh;rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;pif:acKbl,? rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:wh:auK; awP;vh;rD:pif:acKbl,?
8.vduf;vhm:? 'dif;xkif:? uGmrf:vmwf;wh:sv; tduf,vlnf;ul;qmof:cldof:eef. awtrf,
yefvh;rD:vgif;vlvhmpmrf;wwf:?
9.idkef:q[.qhm,wgef;wK,rldif:z[rldif:ref:eef.auK; rldif:OefvghcofawP;vh;vldofwgef:rK:
aO ymeftif:udwf./
ymifukrf 11-2-1947 eh.yAef ymifukrfteftkyf,ukrfuefvlif.vlif.vSif:vSif:
aO ayK:oK;vh;acK;wluf:vlif:wD; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:bof.auK; tgefuefzgrf.qgrf:
wK,awwluf:vlif:qgrf: vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef.bl,bof./ 11-2-1947 umifcrf: 5
rlif: uGK,tkyf,vmwf;sewD;ayK,wgrf,av,sv; rldof;eef. ayK,wgrf,av,qif,xmrfoK;
]]tefOltmef:Mrf:rmef;eh. awyAefwgef;wK,qlof:Ol,yh,vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKeh.
ulnf:sw.bl,pK.`}}ehvl:ugef, tif:udwf.cofayK:rD:vgif;euf:q[wmifulef:Oefvghcofoh.
bl, qArfrldof;eef.bof./
qof;'K.qldof:rD:ykdef.N.umefrldif:? umefqldof.cldof:qldof:rD:ydif,nK,eef. vmwf;
auK;bgef.qof;'K.rf;zgif;sv; qkrf:I.y.vcof trf,bkrf,brfaOrof,uK: trf,rD:umef
xlyf:rdkof:yhm:rldif:? bkrf,brfeldofzl;tgefNofrmef;ylef.zSof? pSif.c[;vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK
oh:oh:eK,zSofsv; vh;yAefwmif:zdwf:vlifrK:bl,bof./ cofxmif,oK;cofqkdof;q[;aO vgif;
tefqof;'K.qldof:N.pef? olef.Ogefrldof:eK;eef. vmwf;OifauK; coftrf,bkrf,?
trf,tof/ tgefuefOgef,olef.rofrmifaO wSyf:wwf:sv; qif,vh;qlof:zgrf.vlif:
vhm:rkdof:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef.rK:bl,bof./
e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef. qof;'K.qldof:teftrf,bgrf:zgrf.tofvgwf;vSof:
qgrf:rmef;eef. wkdef:trf,vlif:vhm:rkdof:? rldefeif,qof;'K.rldif:rdwf; qof;ckefcAof?
qof;'K.OD,OSifqof;ckefuBD,? qof;'K.OD,ayK.qof;uBK,OSifcof qof;qldof:eh.yAef zl;
tefolef.Ogefyluf:ygif wgef;wK,rldif:wh:rldof:eK; sw.sw.oK;oK;aOwK. ugyf;Oifcof
qof; trf,vlif:vhm:rkdof:qgrf:eheef. yAefacK;vDolef.sw.sw./
35
vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef. qof;'K.(6)qof;? I.y.v(8)auK.? cmif(3)auK.?

cBmif:(3)auK.sv; zhm,rmef;sw. rD:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK.vAofulnf:aOtgefuef
vlif:vhm:rkdof:ruf:ref;uGK,/ rldif:wh:eh. ulef:vh;vlif:vhm:rkdof:erfaOyldef;? ugyf;Oifzhm,
rmef;Orf. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK.vAofulnf: vlif:vhm:rkdof:uGK,tefoK;eef. yAefacK;
xkuf,olef.clef.pKbl,sw.sw./ 12-2-1947 umife[ 11 rlif:eef. tgefuefwluf:
vlif:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifsv; acK;tefyK:oh.e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmeef. wD;uSyf;ref:qkdif-
1.wgef;wK,tofulef:Oefvgh cof;yK:qkrf:qgrfqkdif;rldif:eef.auK.ekdif;? uSrfOgifauK.?
2.Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:Oefvgheef. awtrf,yefP;vh;bgrf:vldofaOrldof;vAof? awP;
vh;rD:Okef,tkyf.yldif,pif:acKbl,?
3.qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldif,aO awpyf.cmrf,vgif;ruf:ref;rldif:cmif?
4.qgrf:vlnf;rl,yldif,wD,rlof,caI,OD,eef. awvh;Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,yAif:uefbl,?
5.Okef,q[qhm,idkef:wK,rldif:wh: awvh;rldefckdef:eif,rldof;vAof(ymefqif:udwf.)?
6.ikdef:cgef,tefrD:oh.e[:zmef,wK, rldif:Nrf;wkrfeh. awvh;tofq[.qhm,xldrfymrf.yef
yK:cmifsv;cBmif:?
acK;Nyf;vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifsw. rD:eh.ulnf: ]]wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:
eef. ayK:xkdifymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:ygifqkdif;rldif:rK:qif,awckdif:tkyf.uefaOwSyf:wwf:
ckdef:}}eef.sw.? coftrf,O[,seyK:/ Oifqldof.trf,yK: vgif;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:
ehqkdif zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofrldof;eef.auK; N.wkdef:awtrf,bgrf:zgrf.vlif:vhm:rkdof:
wD;vduf;Nrf;rhmeif,uof,? bgef.yK: vgif;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:bl,sv; qif,tgef
uefvlif:vhm:rkdof:aO yAefrK:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifoh.bl,bof./
e[:su; 7th February awK,xkdif 12th February eef. vh;rD:acK;wluf:vlif:
uefaOwK. xkdifwD;rK:pAwf:vduf;Nrf;rhmqkdif rD:vgif;Nif;phmoh.bl,wif:erf/ eef.qkdif-
1.wgef;awvh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:?
36
2.qgrf:vlnf;Nrf;Mrf:uefqlof;uSyf.eh. awtrf,yefP;vh;yAefvgif;wkrf.wldof.wK,aw
zmwf,tguf, Nrf;Mrf:rldof:eK;?
3.rldof;vAofNrf;Mrf:aO rldof:eK;c[;zmwf,auK;vh;bl,?
4.wD;ymifukrfrlef.sr:yluf:wif;qkdif;rldif:eef. tgefuefwSyf:wwf:oK; trf,c[;Nrf;Mrf:
ehauK;vh;bl,?
5.rhmrD:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh: awvh;rD:pif:acKaO Okef,tkyf.yldif,rD:vh;pif:acK/ awtrf,P;
rD:vgif;cof;qdrfbK.uof:vgif;Oif?
6.vduf;vhm:'dif;xkif:uGmrf:vmwf;wh:sv; tduf,vlnf;ul;qmof:cldof:eef. awtrf,yefP;
rD:vgif;vlvhmpmrf;wwf:OifaO qldof.aOyldif?
7.idkef:q[.qhm,wgef;wK, rldif:Oefvgh awP;vh;vldofwgef:rK:aO ymeftif:udwf.?
vgif;tefvh;pAwf: vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifNrf;uefrK:eef.sw. cmifcofvh;uGK,rldif:
vkuf;ekdif;(serldif:tefekdif;)vkrf:vkrf:? cBmif:auK;qef.bl,Oof:cofvh;OkifrK:? wh:
Orf.rD:erf.wgef:Oif` wkdef:rD:vgif;wluf:Okrf:rK:vhmvhmeef.ulnf:? Oifqldof.oK; zl;
tgefNofrmef;cof rD:erf.q[qSwf;qmif, tmef:c[;P;rldif:wh: cldof:wh:vDwgef:ckdef;b[,
bl,sw.sw.qkdif cofawtrf,txrf,rwkuf:bgef: Olef:aOK,tofrldif:wh: P;vh;eif,
uof,blof.? cofwkdef:tmef:tofrldif:wh:yAefvdefcof tmef:tofwh:pAwf:cK;Okrf:Okduf:
awK,coffee.ulnf:sv; qif,tof,yIdsb,sOblif:bK.uof: P;vh;rof:bmyf,bl,pmef.eh.
pkdofJ`/
auK.tefyAef cldif;rkdof:vlifcofrK:whg,? zK,? bK.P;zl;tgefNofwh:wSuf,yAefuGK,
Ogifqkrf:eef.sw.]]tl:az,cdef,}}bof./ bgef.ref: vsyf;awNnf:Mif.tofvh;qkrf:
ulef:ekrf,rldif:wh:sv; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: qif,q[.ref:rK:ygifumefawK,rldif:wh:bl,
bof./ ohm:aO qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK; vh;cmrf,rgwf,Mh:wdefuGK,bof.eef.? tl:az,
cdef,auK.ekdif;auK; tl:ek.q[.ref:uGK,pAwf:zgif:cAofrldif:(oHtrwf-ygupöwef)wD;eguf;
rldif:rldof; August 1947 eef.xSif;urf:vAofbl,bof./ bgef.coftrf,c[;P; ulef:tefN.
37
pefbdef:qgrf:acK;ref;uSef, tefyefoh.wh:eh. Okdyf,rD:oh.sv; qif,q[q[.ref:tguf,

rldif:uGK,bl,bof./
zl;tgefNofrmef;cofsw. cofwkdef:vAyf;pAef:umefrldif:wK,aO/ umefrldif:tef
oK;eef. tdifeldofykdef:rldif:? ykdef:cldof:ulef: 75|(ekdif;ymuf,eef.qAwf:Odyf:pK;ykef;)
bl,bof./ bgef.rmef;cofN.ydkef:sv; cofqif,N.oh.vgif;wh:sv;rmef;/ ayK:tofykdef:oK;
qkdif wh:eh.wkdef:yAefcldof:rldif:pif:acK rD:ckefrkeftlzkif:b[,zgif:irf:rK:yAefcldof:ulef:
qef.Okifpkdifemef: tmef,NofpAifyDvldofwgef:rmef;rK:sv; tefrmef;cofawvh;zmef?
phm? whm? rlnf.bl,wK,aO,bof./
zl;tgefNofwh:Orf. trf,wgef.tgefuefOguf;pKvAyf;pAef:rK:aOrof,uK: pof:
yAefOif? rD:Oif? zl;cAefpof:yAefz[? z[sc.cAif,pof:? pof:ukdif,vD'mif.z[eheef.trf,
wgef.tgefuefN.rK:sv; trf,wgef.xkuf,rSef;uefrK:aOyguf;/ bgef.trf,N.pefOif
sv;qif, trf,xkuf,uef? sc.cAif,uefbl,wduf:wduf:/ trf,wgef.arKOgef,'mif.pmif;
pSef:y[.oh.zl;cAef/ trf,rD:vgif;pmif; pSef:wK,cmof:eK; bkdef:bmof:aO]]urf.ref:awK,
rK:uGK;? zSofwKv[ uAof;wKeef.uGK;? tofiof: vhm:ref:oK;uGK;}}ehaO pAwf:Omif;bl,urf.
ref:awK,urf.ref:yAef trf,rD:vguf:vhm:pmif;pSef: wK,yhm:rldif:Oifawtrf,yAefvh;vgif;
vD/ wK,awuK;seyldef;qlof;uSyf.ulnf:auK; ayK:trf,zkduf:oh. awpAwf:pkdofuK;/ umef
tgefNofxkdifcldof:omef;rldif:sv; awwlnf:iof:vhm:aO pAwf:eheef. awyAefvh;?
trf,yAefvh;eh vDOgef,olef.uefsw.sw./
yldef;Orf.wkdef:pmif;vguf:oh.wK,aO eif,pkdofawcof;vguf;yldef;auK;yldef;wkdef:
zSefumefqgrf:eif, cyf:rhmwArfxlef;aO cof;ql:pof:? rmifyguf;pof:eif,uefOrf.uSwf,
uefP;uGK,wluf:vguf:yldef;bl,wduf:wduf:/ zhmOvldoftrf,rD:zSefumefpmif;pSef:aOrof,uK:
ukrfuh.egef:eluf,? wluf,bdif:? vgif:? bK;? vof; bl,ulnf:sv; zldof,tefyldef;zSofrK:
pdrf:pof:eef. eSwf;eSwf:wkdef,rK:auK;bK, awtofOif? pAwf:Oif? auK;trf,qmif;?
yefyldef;bmif; ckdef;bAyf,Nofpof:bof. vlrf.whmuGK,auK; bif:trf,wef:vh;N.vgif;oK;
qof;uof,whmbgef.OifJ auK.trf,whmauK; rldof;N.eef.ayK: wluf:vkdef:ySwf;bof./
yldef;tofrdwf;iKbAwf;yAyf.? bAwf;acK:ayK:trf,qmif;wlif.wlofaOtdwf:bof.vl:ugef,/
38
z[rK:pAwf:auK.Mrf:wh:auK; yldef;rK:ugwf,acK;qluf:xlifpof: tofclof:cgife[:xgif:

uGK,OAif;aOrof,uK:/ yhmrK:tofrdwf;bAwf;yArf.pof:vh;wmifxSif;? wK,P;wh:arKugwf,acK:
qluf:xlif? iSef:ulifumif;acK:yldef;sw. trf,yAef? trf,arKrK:aOyguf;/
yAefOldoftrf,rD:ugif.auK; rldefrSof:? yAefil:trf,rD:ugif.auK; rldefyKbAef,}}ulnf:
eheef. vDN.uefbl,? ukrf,xAif? xldrfuefbl,sw. rSof:sv;yKbAef,awzSofeldofcAif
bof./ uK;ylef.rK:eef. wh:ehrldef]]rSof:}}ulnf: ayK:pefuefauK; arKcmif:awK,uef?
awudefauK; cmif:awK,uef? pdrfuef? clyf:uef? buf:buf:bhm:bhm:? umyf;umyf;qef
qefbl,wK,aOsv; vSyf;phmsw.sw./ ulnf:eK,ayK:rD:az:? rD:cAefrK:sw. trf,
wgef.pwf:awK,Ol; ckdef:aOyguf;/ wlofvAofauK;eif,eef zkifvlifauK;eif,eef
tAef,yhm;pmifayK:Okdof;/ OAifcmif:arK:OD:JOD:auK;wD;sw. ulofyhm;trf,vgwf;sv; cmif:
ulnf:/ wmif:cmif:wif:yhm;bof./ pefbl,yldef;Nyf,clyf:rSof:zkifpof:eef.bl,auK; bK,oK;
awqgh;yhmvSef;zhmzhm P;ylef.uhySwf; xSif;ql:ugef,/ rmef;cofsw.rldef zkifrKbof.?
awudefauK; pdrfuef? clyf:uefeif,zkifrSof:auK;bK, ayK:rD:cAefrK:sw. qgh;uefclyf:
wmyf,umyf;ckdef:wK,aO,/ rmifwlofclyf:Nof? rmifwlofclyf:pmif? rmifwlofumyf;wkdwf. ykrfcD;pK,
Oh;vhm:yldef,ayK:tguf,yAefclwf:rK:sv; zl;cAefcof ayK:bguf:bghughrlnf.yAefzgifuGK,OAif;
bl,bof./ wK,awygh,ySwf;vSef;yhm;oh.udkwf:uefeef. coftrf,pAwf:/
wh:sw.trf,tgefOgef,N.arKvl bldif;vlbh: zl;cAefpof:eef.rK:aOyguf;/
wK,awtofyAefwgef;Ogefrlef.sr:ckdef: P;vDauK; trf,N.aOyhmoK;]]pof:yAefcldof:Odlof
sv; pkdofawzgrf.uefvh;? Oldofeh.rAof:bl,vlnf;uefyAefzkif trf,qkdof;}}ehsv;Oif?
rmifyguf;auK;Orf.oK; ]]wh:eh.qArfrldof;ugef,rldof;rkdef.wrf.trf,wgef.zgrf.uefrK:sv,rldof;
vAofauK; pkdofawzgrf.uefv;}}ehsv;Oif? ayK:yefyhm:olef.? wmif:pefxkdif? acK;
rlef.sr:uefauK; bK,oK;awtof yhmvmwf;ckdef:]]ayK:r[:uBK. r[:trf,auK.rK:pAwf:vK,}}eh
aO tofyAefvgif;pefxkdifzdwf:zSuf,? wSuf,uof,wSuf,r[,? wSuf,bhm;yhm;uefbl,wduf:wduf:
sv; pKrldof;tAefpSif:awb[,rmuf; sc.cAif,yldef;ckdef:vh;eef. trf,yh,wgefrD:rK:aO
yguf;/ pKawb[,rK:ulnf: ayK:bhm;xK;bl,wK,aObof./ ugyf;OifJ` eh xkuf,clef.?
Oguf;pKaO rlef.sr:umifq[z[ref:uGK,sw. awvDwgef:uwf.cSef,rK:aOyldef;bl,/
39
zl;cof;yK:vlif:vhm:rkdof:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif 12-2-1947
Okdyf,OAef;zdwf:
bgef.qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof zgrf.Mrf:wluf:vlif:qgrf:rmef: oh.
eK,ylef.sv; tif:udwf.cofayK: ukdif.uif.tmrf:uGK,bl,bof./ qgrf:eif,vh;wluf:vlif:uef
oh.wif: qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: tmef:cgwf,zgwf;qkrf:qgyf,xmrfumifq[ulef:rldif:eef.qif,
ygh,tif:udwf.tgefNofaO rK:vAyf;pAef:umifq[ulef:rldif:Oefvghcof rldof; 11-4-1947
awK,xkdif 21-4-1947 eef.bl,bof./ rhmzdkefacK;wgyf,ulef:OefvghauK; Nyf;wkrf
acK;wgyf,sw. tgefuefoK; ]]Oifqldof.rmef;awzgrf.qgrf: acK;wluf:vlif:bl,qkdif aw
zgrf.tofvgwf;vSof:qgrf:rmef;}}ehsv; tif:udwf.auK; trf,qmif;pAwf:yefxSif;qldif.
pkdofaO xkdifwD;vh;urf.xSrfyef vgif;awNrf;Mrf:rmef;aO tofvgwf;vSof:uGK,eef.
ulnf:bl,bof./
40
bgef.eefsv; wh:auK;qif,vh;Nrf;cof;yK:rK:qkrf:tefwdkwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;
rldif: 1947 eef.rK:bl,bof./ wK,awwkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh. qgrfOkduf:tgif,
Omef: tgefNofqkrf: z.O.y.vcofaO sw,pmif;pSef:oh.xK; qArfrldof; 19-5-1947
awK,xdkif 23-5-1947 eef.bl,bof./ rldof; 20-5-1947 wD;ymifukrfz.O.y.v
cofaw sw,pmif;pSef:rhmyldifqkdif;rldif:eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:Oif,vmwf;ulef:ref:oK;
]]ulef:qmof:clof:b[,tefoK;eef. yAefcdlof:ulef:tefrD:ykdef: rK:pkdifemef:aO qgrf:
vlnf;wD;bl,Oof:pkdifemef:rK:? uGmrf:vmwf;? yhm:rmuf;rD:? zSefvdef'dif;xkif: Nrf,vgrf.
oh.yAefrl,yAefqkrf: wkrfcgef:Nrf;vlnf;rldefuef yAefulef:cldof:vAofNrf;bl,qgrf:uefwif:
erfeef.bof./ ugyf;eef e[:rldif:rmef;eh. ulef:qmof:cldof:b[,tefoK;eef. rD:wh:
ulnf:/ cmif? cBmif:? bmif:vSif? bmif:zlduf,coffeef. coftrf,wArfxlef;vh;yldifqmof:cldof:
b[,}}ehoh.bl,/
rldof;eef. rmef;cofpmif;pSef:wkdwf.qefoh. rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:pkdifpK;oef:aO rhmrD;
wK,wmif,vmwf;ruf:ref;eef. cofwkdwf.qefoh.yldifuBmrf:? rD:(14)yldif? rhmrD;yldifuBmrf:
(ykdef.iof;)14 yldifeh. cgyf,rwD,tef]]OD;jr}}sv;]]OD;csefxGef;}}cofNrf;uefwkdwf.qef
oh.xK;bl,bof./ wK,qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh. OD;csefxGef; uGK, rldif:FuK:vrf(India)wD;ebl:
sw,vD(New Delhi)aO uGK,bgef:yhm:olef.rK:wD;]]OK,yD,tdefIGif:}}bl,bof./
xkdifwD;wmif,vmwf;rhmyldifqkdif;rldif:auK; yAefcofvmwf;? cofurf.xSrfaO wSyf:
wwf:pAwf:uGK,ulnf:? rldof;awwmif,qkdof;rldif:eef. rmef;cofvlduf;oh. Union(rldif:Nrf;uef)
eheef. qof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofwh:cof trf,zgrf.? c[;P;wmif,Federal(rldif:Mrf:uef)
ehaOwK. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:xAifaO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;wmif,yAefrK: Union eef.bl,
bof./ rldof;eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:vmwf;oK; ]]trf,tofuGmrf:tif:udwf.yAefyldifiof:?
awtofuGmrf:rmef:yAef yldifiof:uGK,ulnf:sv; acK;tif:udwf.eef. trf,vrf,vgif;? acK;
rmef; jynfaxmifpk eef.ulnf:vrf.vgif;? acK;tefawOkdyf,qefwkdwf.rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:
auK; awtofacK;rmef; Okdyf,qefwkdwf.q[.wkdof:uGK,ulnf:}}oK;eh/
rldif:tefruf:ref; udefuSef,uefoh.oK;Okef, vh;Okef,yAefzAifyAif:ueftef
oK;eef. ugyf;OifOrf.awtofuGmrf:rmef;yAefyldifuGmrf:iof;rldif:` rldof;ymefeef. qof;
'K.sv;ulef:rldif:wh:cof trf,arKugmrf:rmef;vDvD? bgef.vh;bl,w[;tif:udwf.zgif:irf:oh.
41
pif:acK 60 yDbof.sv; pmrf.erfarKuGmrf:tif:udwf.ulnf:? umeftefawOkdyf,Nrf;Mrf:

pAwf:Omif;uGK,qgrf:uef rldefeif,wkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:? wgef;wK,wSyf:wwf:ykef;rldif:
z[rldif:ref: rldof:eK;eef. Orf.oK;awtofvduf;rmef; acK;uGmrf:rmef;yAefyldifykdef.iof;
ehqkdif pAwf:pkdofsv; zl;tgefNofwh: awN.ygif,vlif.vSif:vh; qgrf:ul;acK; ul;yldif/
bgef.vh;yAefrldif:tif:udwf.zgif:irf:rK:sv; vh;Ogefvduf;? uGmrf:tif:udwf.? wD;vkrf:
auK; vh;q[.wkdof:vduf;wh:? vduf;tif:udwf.rK:ulnf:/
qof;'K.tduf,vlnf;zl;tgefNofwh:pmrf.erf arKumwf.uBmif,? vduf;? uGmrf:tif:
udwf./ vduf;? uGmrf:rmef;eh.trf,bmrf;rD;wD;q[.wkdof:rK:vl:ugef,/ uGmrf:rmef;? vduf;rmef;
tefvmwf;awK,uef Okdof;Okdof;ulnf: bif:trf,yh,N.qgrf:vh; ul;acK;eef.Orf. aw
tofuGmrf:? vduf;rmef;yAefydlifrhmrD;(uGmrf:? acK;? Mif.? q[.? vmwf;rhmrD;eef. trf,qkdof;
uGmrf:vmwf;Okdof;Okdof; yAefuGmrf:vmwf;ulwf.? uGK,? rK:)qkdif pAwf:pkdofsv;awN.qgrf:vh;ul;
yldif/ ugyf;trf,N.qgrf:sv; cofvmwf;Oif? ckdifOif? wSyf:wwf:OifauK;bK, N.uK;vh;
tgefuefzgrf.rK:bl,bof./ ayK:acK;N.zAef;vh;eef.sv; trf,zgrf.aOvkuf.xAif
vmwf;auK; Orf.tofvgif;wmif:vdif,ap;iguf:ugwf,aO vdif.vmwf;yefP;ayK:zgrf.qgrf:uGK,
wduf:wduf:? rmifyguf; rmifwD;Orf. cofvmwf;seOyf:vSif:seoh.yldifekdif;? xkdifwD;wSrf;
oh.Orf.ydlifekdif;? ayK:qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofwh:wlif.wuf.Orf.oK;yAef acK;uGmrf:rhmrD;
sv; wSrf;oh.eif,eefulnf:? wD;ygif,sw.yAeftefOlvmwf;eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/
ugyf;eefpAwf:pkdofsv; awtrf,wluf:vguf:cof? cofwkdef:pmif;oh.sv; wh:wluf:
vguf:cofuGK,auK;rD:/ trf,N.trf,pefaO Fymwf;wluf:vguf:cofuGK,auK;rD:? pof:eif,ueftD:
uefsv; vh;OAefwluf:cof;vguf:cofuGK,auK; rD:rK:wif:erf/ yldifvrf,vgif;vlifsw.ugyf;
wh:trf,uwf.? trf,uBmif,yAif:vh;vhm:oguf:cofaOrofuK: pof:pK:trf,wgef.zgrf.OAifyAif:ymuf,
puf.Nrfqhg;xSrfuefrK:? ukrf,uh.xAifuef? zdwf:uef? pdse:uefbl, zhm,eK;yldef;? yef
P;yldef;pefildef;ildof;pof: Oldof,yAefOAef;wmif:wK,yldef;wh,cof:rK:bAyf,Nofpof:vh;wSwf;
eSwf;zSyf.zgifuGK,xSif;eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ vgif;qldof:eh.xkuf,vDtofP;yAef wgef;
Ogefrlef.sr:uGK,wK,wh:rldof:eK;xSif;bl,/
wK,awqefrhmrD; qkdif;rldif:eh.auK; rmef;qkrf:z.O.y.vteftgif,Omef:
tgefNofoh.eef. qlof:uefpmif;pSef:cyf.wmrf:wkdwf.qefwSrf;oh.bof.aOxkdifwD;rldof;rK:
pAwf:ymifukrfauK; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof trf,rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;tkyf,vmwf;? cofqdrfrlef.
42
sr:Oifvh;ckdef:? awxSrfxSif;eif,pof: c[;vh;c[;yAefqgrf:eif, wluf:vlif:vmwf;uefoh.

eef.ulnf:auK; cofayK:tofvgif;wmif:tefpmif;pSef:oh.eef.aOqldof.aOyldif pmrf;
wwf:trf,yefxSrfxSif;bof./
wgef;wK,awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef. cofbif:trf,O[,oh.e[:yldifykdef.iof; rhmrD;
tefcofwkdwf.qefxK;oh.eef.vl:ugef,/ qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrdil f:wh:cof xAif
vgif;ehpmof.pSif:ylef.eSef;zSofsv; rldof; May 1947 eef. tgif,Omef:qif,vmwf;oK;
]]wK,awzmwf,tguf,eh. P;yefcmof:bmrf:Odyf:yD awolef.yefbl,}}ehsv; rldof;eef.
zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: qof;Olnf,wSuf;? qof;qmrf,xkef:cof Omefcwf:rK:sw.sw.oK;oK;
bl,/ ugyf;oK;rhmrD;tefcofruf:ref;oK; P;y[.Odyf:yDeheef. rK:wkrf.wldof.wwf:pmrf:oh.
vgif;Okef,qmof:cldof:eef.bof./
rldof;eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:Orf. ckdef:Oyf:vSif:se vgif;iof:vhm:urf,'K,
iof:vhm:rldif:vgwf;vSof:ul;yldifyldifaO qif,wkuf:bgef:ckdef:xSif; P;yefcmof:bmrf:Odyf:yD
cmof:bmrf: 5yDekdif;qkyf; wgef;OgifOkdyf,eef. P;wh:yefcofrD:cmof:bmrf:pAwf:umefyluf:
ygifrldif:vh;vDvD? cmof:eef.rK:sv; trf,yAif:ayK:q[auK; qif,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:vK;?
vmwf;rldefpmif;ayK:wkrf.wldof.q[acK:ref:uGK,sw.sw.oK;oK;vlifoh.sv; zl;tgefNofwh:
cofqif,vh;tgefueftlef;tgef,elyf;blyf;uGK,qgrf: acK;ref:uSef,ref:eef.aO xkdif
wD;ayK:vh;Okdyf,Nrf;uef qefwdkwf.rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:rK:qgrf:bl,bof./
wD;sw.auK; P;y[.cmof:bmrf:Odyf:yDtefoK;eef. yAefyIdsb,umefrldif:tef
cofwkdef:zSefpmif;pSef:awK,wh:ulnf:eif,uof,/ yAefyldifZSefumefwkdwf.qefcmof:bmrf:
P;cofrD:Okef,pAwf:Omif;eK;umef tlrftdkef? sy.ykef;? qdrfbK.vh;wh:sv;ulef:rldif:wh:
eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ wD;wh:sw. cofvmwf;oh.yldifekdif;? wD;cofeif,uefOrf. cofOif,
Ogefq[uef zSefumef? pmif;vguf:oh.yldifekdif;? wD;sw.ref:rldif:wh:eh. cofwkdef:trf,
tmef:ygh,zK;yefckdef:eef. cofwkdef:rD:vguf:rhmoh.rK: qArfrldof;pkdifemef:eef.bl,bof./
rldof; 19-4-1947 ohm:pAwf:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif OgifvldefyhmqAwf:oef:eef.
ulnf:? rldof;zgif:tif:udwf.rK: qgyf,xmrfvAyf;pAef:umifq[ ulef:OefvghcofwD;ymiftlvlif
(arNrdKU)eef. qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:wkdef:rK:vmwf;wD; ymifulef:Oefvghcof vAif.cof;
crf;eef.oK; ]]pkdifOdyf:yDbof.sv; wh:bif:wkduf.c[;zmwf,tguf,bl,sw. awwkduf:tof}}
43
ehoh.bl,vl:? acK;uGmrf:qldof:eh. bgef.zl;tgefNofwh: trf,'mif.rhmwgif:oh.yAefvgif;euf:

eKaOvSuf;vhm;ckdefckdef:? OifauK;Ogef,olef.ql:ihm;? bkrf,ihm;? tofyldef;oK;OAif;OAif;
pof:eif,uefOrf. trf,tofuefoK; trf,zgrf.uefrK:aOyguf;/
e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:wgef;wK,rhmrD;zgif:wSef:qmof:cldof: (vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmftrwf)
ySuf; 154(2)eef. rmef;O[,oh.yefP;qof;'K.cofvh;yAefwK,(25)wD;Orf.pmrf;wwf:
oh. vgif;qof;'K.cofawvh;cof;vlduf;yAef zgif:wSef:ulef:rldif: (jynfolYvTwfawmft
rwf)oh.bl,/ eh.auK:wD;sw.ref: bgef.I.y.vcof pmrf;wwf:xAifoh.oK;]]qof;'K.cof
eh.yAef qof;'K.sv; wK,awP;yK:e[:vkwf.awK,eef. trf,ukdif,xlduf;? ulef:rldif:
vlduf;yAefqif,vh;}}ehrK:sv; vh;yAefvgif;wmif:tefcof;vguf:yldifyldef;uGK,xSif;yldifekdif;
eef.eif,uof/ tdifvlnf;yhm:olef.I.y.veh. yefvguf:vhm:yhm:olef.sv; yldef;qif,ruf:
ref;O[,yefrK:rhmrD;eh. e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947 eef.bl,bof./ rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh.yAef
rhmrD;tefcofc[;vh;c[;yAefeef. cyf.wmrf:wSrf;oh.? zwf:tmef,seulnf:sv; bof.
wlof;uGK,rldof; 15-9-1947 eef.bl,bof./
rldof;zgif:wkduf.tgefuefpAwf:ymifukrfwkdwf.qefrhmrD;rldif:bl,eef. qgrfOdkuf:tgif,
Omef:sv; zl;tgefNofzhm,wh:qof;qmrf,xkef: tduf,vlnf;rmef;cofwluf:Olrf:uGK,bgef.
zSefumefyIdsb,cofeif,uef rldof; 19-7-1947 eef.bof./ qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:
vh;wluf:Okrf:yefuGK,wK, qldof.cdlof:cofvh;vDvh;yAefeef.sw.sw.bl,bof./ vh;cmrf,cof
eif,uef rgef,Mh:wdefuef? vh;yAefOAef;wmif:wK,cofymuf;ymifsv;rK:sp.uif;wh:wlduf:
wef bK,P;Okdyf,pefOAef;wmif:wh,bmif;uGK,rldof:eK;eef.bof./
e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifeef. auK.tefbl,zhm,rmef;aO vlif:vhm:rkdof:oh.eef.
rD:qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:auK.vAofulnf:/ ayK:ref:trf,rD:bof.auK; wgef;wK,ulef:zhm,vif
sw. xAifOifauK;vh;bof./ qArfrldof;cofvlif:vhm:rkdof:oh.auK.vAofeef. wh:trf,olef.
]]ugyf;OifJ`}}ehrK:/ z[auK.tofzl;tgefNofwhm tefoK;eef. vDtgefuefclef.?
olef.? Ogef,? Oguf;pKuefckdef:bl,sw.sw./ rmef;cofsw. rD;auK.pwf:? Nuf.qef
wkdwf.pAwf:yef umefwK,qldof.cldof:cofbof.aO pwf:cmrf,qkef.whmyefwK,cldof:cofvh;vD
vh;yAefuGK,rldof:eK;bl,sw.sw./ wh:vl:J qgif,yK:rD:auK.pwf:pAwf:? pwf:whm? pwf:
44
Nuf.wkdwf.qefyefwK,qldof.cldof:qof;uof,vh;vDvh;yAef Okdyf,bmif;bl,Oof:uwf:bAef
qkdef;OK,uGK,rldof:eK; rldefeif,yldef;eef.pkdof`/
ohm:aOqgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof.eef. tif:udwf.cofauK; rK:
yefwif:pefxkdifcof vmwf;P;zl;tgefNofwh:xgeftguf,wD;ymifukrfwkdwf.qefrhmrD;eef.
aO rldof:ckdef:rldif:wh:? rldof:bl,yAefrldif:wlof,rD,eD,bmef,(Dominion)cofckdef:eheef.
qof;'K.cofc[;rldof:aOwK. I.y.vtrf,zgrf.? I.y.vcofOgef,oK; ]]zl;tgefNofpof:whm
uGK, pof:awwSuf,bhm;uefeef. trf,vD? qgrf:eif,zl;tgefNofpof: c[;pAwf:c[;yAef
eef. pof:xkuf,Okdyf,pAwf:uGK,ulnf:}}ehxSif;sv; ckdef:Okdyf,tgefuefOgef;w[;Nrf,irf:
]]tl:ek}}aO wkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:rK:bl,bof./ wD;qof;qmrf,xkef:eef. ckdef:
bgif;tofqof;ckefcAof(qof;'K.rdlif:rdwf;)ckdef;ykwf;? ref:qof;trf,c[;bgrf:zgrf.rmef;rK:
aOwK. ]]umyf,rldof;trf,sy.zkifrof;}}aO vh;cof;Mrf:rK:sv; zldof,awygh,oh.eef.pAwf:
uGK,wlnf:qgrf:uGK;blofqmif;awcSef:aO ygh,oh.ySwf;vkrf:vkrf:ehqif,vh;Okdyf,tgefuef
bmif;qgrf:wSrf;yldifrldif:Nrf;wkrf tefrmef;c[;vh;c[;yAefeef awK,ayK:bof.wlof;uGK,bl,
bof./
wgef;wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef.sw. bgef.qof;'K.cofurf:urf:wkuf:bgef:
sv; qif,O[,oh.yefwD; uef;(10)ySuf;(202)yK:e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:1947eef.rK:bl,
eif,uof,/ yldifrhmrD;qldif;rldif: 1947 eef. ckdef:tofyldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947 eef.
wAifbK.ySwf;uGK,bof.sv; ayK:trf,uwf.cSef,sw.sw.qkdif awtofyldifv[urfwkdof:aO
Okdyf,pAwf:Omif;ckdifygif P;ayK:vh;ckdef:eif,tefc[;vh;c[;yAefeef.bof.vK,`/ ykdef:
auK,awOgefoh.yAefykdef:aO tmef:tofpAwf:tykrf,tdkef:uefegef:ulnf:auK; vh;bl,
pkdofJ`/
ohm:aOwkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:bof.eef. ]]tl:ek}}Okdyf,pAwf:Omif,eK;umef
sv; 4-1-1948 rK: rmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKaO wh:Orf.yhm;chm.iof:teftif:
udwf.Nrf,rkif:oh.eef. uGK,Ogef:w[;rmef;Nrf;rkif:eef.rK:bl,bof./ ugyf;Oifsv;qif,vh;
vmwf;oK;yAefrldif:Ogef;w[;rmef;Nrf,rkif:ehqkdif bgef.zmifpmif;rldif:Nrf;wkrftefcgwf,
zgwf,oh.eef. ref:trf,qkdof;rldif:Nrf;wkrf tefqSwf;qmif,? wlof]]tl:cBmef,xkef:}}
auK.tefwkdwf.qefrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:oh.eef.auK.ckdef:vmwf;se]]rdwf.qwK,wSif:uK: (Mr.
Tinker)}}oh.oK; ]]rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:pof:eh. OazK:TwK:ref:yAefrldif:Nrf;wkrfaOwK. wD;
45
sw.yAefyldif rldif:vkuf;vAofeef.ulnf:eif,uof,}}ehrK:bl,J? eh.yAefvgif;tefvh;N.

oK; rmef;coftofacK;rhmrD;(Oya'tokH;tEIef;)tefzl;tgefNofwh: trf,N.vlif.vSif:vD
vDvh;eef. vdif.vSefySwf.wh:rK:ehbl,eef.bof./
vgif;vh;O[,oh.yK:wgef;zmwf,tguf,eef.auK;]]tl:cBmef,xkef:}}ckdef:vmwf;oh.oK;
]]bgef.qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofwh:cofurf:urf:wkuf:bgef:sv; qif,vh;O[,oh.yef
ulnf:? wD;sw.trf,vlof,eif,uof,}}ehauK; vh;yAefvgif;tefvh;N.oK;pAwf:pdkofauK;
rmef;wkdef:trf,tmef:yefzmwf,tguf,rK:ckdef:eheef.bof./ auK.vh;xluf:vlif:yefoh.
wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.auK; rgwf,Mh:wdefphmvhmuGK,bof.vl:/ ohm:vkdef:eh.sw.sv,
Mif.pKOSef,ph; c[;vh;ckdef:auK; awuGK,wkuf:bgef:wDz[J` rmif,uldof:wkuf:bgef:tofvh;
ckdef:bl,sv; tofapK,ikdef:crf:clof:cgif qlof;yl,rgef, tl;sr;pof:uGK,zmuf,yldef;oh.eef.
sw.wK,vh;ckdef:bmyf,bl,blof.`/ vgif;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef.sw. qArfrldof;qgrfOkduf:
tgif,Omef:? tl:cBmefxkef:? tl:ek awK,rldof;vAofz[wkdef: trf,tmef:zgrf.pyf.vh;
aOyguf;/
rldof;tefqof;'K.cof wkuf:vmwf;ckdef:vgif;zmwf,tguf,eef. tl:ekvmwf;oh.
oK;]]ayK:c[;vgwf;vSof:auK; N.awvh;yefuK;cefukdif,wmef,qgif,vh;tldof;}}eef. qgif,z[
wgif:rhmtofyAefacK;'mif.? pmif;pSef:rK:/
qif,oK;zl;emrf:eK;tgefNofeh. vlof,rD:ykdef.N.pefeK;pefvif wdkef:aw
vh;rD:ydlifpmif;pSef:wArfxlef;? OifoK;yAefrK:aOqldof.aOyldifauK; awvh;arKwSyf:wwf:
vh; zAef;zAef;urf:vAof? uofukdif,pAwf:Oif` rldof;vAofuofpAwf:wK,Oif` wK,qldof.cldof:
uof uofpAwf:Oifoh.yefbof.` OifoK;bldif:rhmwK,qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:auK; vlof,arKwlnf:
ckdef:rldof;eef. rldof;vAofrldof;uofySuf,Oifuefbl,` qldof.cldof:uofwif:erfyAefOifbl,`
eif,pkdofrldof:eK;awvDwgef:rK:eef. awvh;pAwf:Oifyef` ugyf;oK; rldof;tgefbgef.
vh;wh,yhOAef;wmif:zdwf:rK:sv; ayK:Okdyf,yh,qkdif N.uK;awvh;uGK,zSofwD;awwhmeef.
bl,auK;vlof,Okdyf,bmif:uGK,cmrf,whmulnf:se,` rldof;vAofayK:xmrfI.y.vcofvmwf;oK;]]rldof;
pof:eef.pof:vh;udefcD;rK:Omrfugef;bof.? rldof;vAof OlbK,pAwf:P;vh;udefcD;pK;ugef;ulnf:
vK;}}ehulnf:bof./
46
wluf:vkdef:bof. qif,N.oK;vh;udefrSef;cD;sv; qluf:ulifacK:aO wlef.pmuf;

awK,q[cmwf,auK; cD;eef.sw.trf,chm;ylef.tguf,vh;cdkef:bof./ yldef;yhmtofrK:bAwf;O[,
Olyf:? ayK:trf,clyf:umyf;tkdefudefOrf. wlyf:wmyf,? pSrfxkyf.? tofwhmxSif;vl:ugef,/
Okdyf,bof.Okdyf,xSif; Okdyf,yh,wmif:zdwf: qlof;yh,rD:auK.qkiftguf,Mwf;zSofckdef:OAef;
wif:rmef,rSef;eef.qkdif awqmif;zSofMwf;uGK,yK,pAof;auK; awK;qmif;pAwf:pkdofJ`/
rldof;vAofcldof:pof:? ulef:pof:wif:OAif;rkif;rgif: auK.tefawqkifqef zSofpefwmif:uGK,
ql:wD;vDrlef;auBK,eef.bl,sw.sw.bof./
z[? auK.v[? vAuf.? b[,? ekrf,xof; wmef,pkdofauK;bK, OifoK;ref:bif:aw
qkifOlif,vh; wD;awyAefNrf;rkif:uwf:bAef? wD;tgefuefc[;Mwf;zSofOl,eef.sw.bl,
qkdif ugyf;OifJ` uofauK.teftrf,arKOifsv; spuif;wmif: qldof.cdlof:uofwif:erf
awvh;crfwkuf.bmuf;bl, bgef.uofpAwf:OifvK,J` wgef;wK,qldof.cdlof:uofeef.
wmef,ildif.so;auK; N.uK;uofawso;vh;uGK,? ugyf;oK;uofpuf.cldof:uofvl:/
wmrf,
4-1-1947 rmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:wD;tif:udwf.aO wh:Orf.vkuf.wD;tif:udwf.
ckdef:chm.yAefrK:cK;rmef;? bgef.oK;zmifpmif;vguf:vhm:tefrmef;pAwf:awK,rldif:wh:rK:eef.
trf,qkdof;yldifrldif:bl,Nrf;vlnf;uef? cofoh.yAefeif,rldif:wh:yAefrldif:cK;coffee.vkrf:vkrf:
bof./ wh:trf,rD:Okef,vmwf;? Okef,pAwf:? Okef,wkuf:bgef:OifaOqldof.aOyldif/
qArfrldof;ohm:cofvh; vgwf;vSof:bof. OgifyDxkdifrK: 1950eefcofse:oK; sc,zlduf,cof;
rK:bl,Oof:Ogef;Nrf; qof;'K.rldif:wh:aOtmef:rK:tofrldif:wh: yAefwD;xifbl,Oof:bK.
uof:rdlif:rmef;ehsv; tofwyf.rmef; Burma Army eef.cdkef;rK:yuf:wyf.e[:rldif:wh:?
cofoK; wK,rK:wkduf:sc,zlduf,ehaOwK.auK; coftrf,wkduf:P;ughrlnf.uGK,sw.sw.eif,uof,/
coftofP;yAefvgif;wmif:wyf.rmef; rK:bif,pmuf;eAofref;oh.e[:rldif:wh:ulnf:/ bK,oK;sc,
zlduf,awphm wyf.rmef;(uGefjrLepf)cofbif:tgefuefckdef:rK:xifOof:xSif;vl:ugef,/\
47
xkdifrK: 1952 eef. bgef.oK;rldif:wh:eh. Okduf:sc,zlduf,? Okduf:(uGefjrLepf)

auK;rD: Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:eK,ehaO tofrldif:wh:oh.yAef vdefrldif:eK;Okduf:/ tof
Okduf:ukrf:xdif:(ppftkyfcsKyfa&;)aO rK:bK.vl.yAwf; Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:pif:acKbl,
bof./ cofvmwf;oK;rldif:Okuf.sv; vh;tofOkduf:rK:ukrf:xdif: ehaOwK.wD;sw.ref:cof
qif,q[pK vguf:vhm:rK:sy.udefulef:rldif:wh:ulnf:/ qArfrldof;cofsw,ckdef;rK:eef. rK:
uef.qefvlvhmemif:bdif:rldif:wh:/ ayK.? xkyf.? wlyf:? wmyf,? pSrfwhmwh:/ tofcgifvhm
ul;bldif;? pdrfvdyf:pdrfvSifsv; ulef:rldif:wh:xkuf,csw.sw./
rldif:wh:eh.cofoK; rD:sc,zlduf,sv; tofOkduf:ukrf:rldif:ehaOwK.? wD;tefbif:
trf,vh;pefugif.iof:sc,zlduf,aOyguf;rldefeif, bgifNnf;? umwf,avK.? wgif,uBD:? rdlif:
ygef? vghvSrf? vhm:cK;? rldif:ukdif qldof:eh. cofOgef,O[,oh.oK:e[:rkdof:Okduf:ukrf:xdif:/ Okduf:
rmef;qgyf,cmof,tefvlifygifqkdif; z.O.y.vyghrK:eef.auK; toftK,eK,ugif;umif,?
vmuf;emuf; wmif,rkefzkif:cofxSif;aO sy.udefulef:rldif:wh:ayK:wmef, zSwf.Odwf.rK:
vl:ugef,/ yhm:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:auK; coftrf,OGmif:udef? cofc[;wdrwf.z[ auK;tofumifq[
cofoK;OAif;OAif;/ cofwkdef:trf,Ogef,ulef:rldif:wh:eh.yAefulef:/ cofoh.rldefeif,wlof
Owf:eef.bof./
rldof; 1947 eef. bgef.zl;tgefNofwh:cof tgefuefbkrf,brfqgrfOkduf:
tgif,Omef:euf:euf:eKeK eK,aOrof,uK: bkrf,brfyK:oK;zl;tgefNoful;yldifyldif/ ohm:
aOrmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:sv; rldif:wh:Orf.vh;wluf:e[:tlif;rkdof: w[;vSof:cofuGK,bof.eef
sw. yldifpmif;'Dvl: 'Dzhm: rlduf;vldif:coffee. tguf,qSif;vSif:rK:vDeSef,/ xkdifrldof;
eef.rK: qkrf:I.y.vcofqif,tgefuef N.wlofoK;cofzdwf:rK:ehaOwK.? awqmif;
pAwf:pkdof` qgif,tofvh;ckdef:Okef,rldif:wh: tefP;rldefckdef:rldof;ugef,ugef,eef. vh;
bof.pkdof`/ rldof;ymefeef. vgif;tefcofpefxkdif awrmef,rSef;auK;bK, zhm,yldef;
trf,rmef,rSef;sv;wluf:Okrf:uGK,auK; yAefvh;bl,eif,uof,/
48
vguf:vhm:umefrldif:
ohm:vgwf;vSof:bof. rldif:Nrf;wkrf tefrmef;zgif;irf:eef. tofvhm:wD,rlof,c
aI,OD, tkyf.yldif,rK:ehaOwK. qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD;vkwf.awK,tefcofO[,oh.eef. wh:vh;
wlluf:Okrf:Okef,vh;Okef,yAefrK:wif:erf/ qArfrldof; 1947awpAwf:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eef.
bgef.I.y.vc[;ylwf:wluf: qof;'K.sv; coftgefuefpmrf;wwf:oK; ]]qof;'K.bAef:
pAwf:trmwf;trf,vh;? ulef:rldif:pAwf:trmwf;qif,vD}}ehbl,bof./
I.y.vtrf,c[;yefqof;'K.yAefrK: qkrf:tkyf.yldif;sv;vmwf;uGK,aOwK.tl:ek
Orf.Ogef,olef.rSef; vguf:tefrmef;cof c[;vh;c[;yAef? zhm,ekdif;Orf.P;vh;yAefvgif;
Olef:toferf.q[qof;'K. tlef;awK,cofehsv; qif,tofqof;'K.O[,oh.yK:e[:vkwf.
awK,qmof:cldof: 25wD;aOpmrf;wwf:oh. wK,awckdef;yAefrK:trmwf;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:
(jynfolYvTwfawmf)bl,bof./
xkdifohm:vgwf;vSof:bof.Orf. bgef.trmwf;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof: tefqof;'K.
cofvh;oh. 25 auK.eef. trf,rD:Okef,cof;vmwf;? cof;wSyf:wwf:qgrf:wD;vkwf.awK,
ulef:rldif:(jynfolYvTwfawmf)sv; Okef,vh;Okef,yAef rldif:wh:wluf:Okrf:rK:wif:erf/
]]ugyf;qof;'K. cofOkdyf,bgif,rof:tK,eK,eef.bof.}}eheh.Orf.ckdef:yAefacK;tefI.y.
vcofqlof:ulef:rldif:se:qof;'K.xSif;urf:ekdif;bl,bof./
rldif:Nrf;wkrftefrmef;tgefNofoh.eef. cofruf:ref;rD:oh.-
(1)vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:(vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf)?
(2)vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:(jynfolYvTwfawmf)ehbl,bof./ wD;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:eef.
Orf.cofruf:ref;oh.oK;qgrf:eif, tAefpSif:cldof:ulef:erf? at,aOawvh;vlduf; trmwf;
erf? at,cof;yAefrK:qgrf:? Orf.oK;rmef;erfsv; trmwf;rmef;coftofwD;bl,e[:
vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:oh.erfaOyldef;/ ulef:cldof:tefrmef;tlrftkdefO[,oh.avK:cldof:cof
eef. rD:oh.wif:erf/ qldof:vh;Ogefvmwf;uGmrf:rmef;aO trf,N.ckdef:uGmrf:qldof.cldof:tl;
sr; qof;uof,eef.auK; vh;cof;uGK,yK:Ohmrhmrmef;sv;N.uK; trmwf;rmef;erfbl,bof./
rldif:wh:eh.Orf. sevgif;wmif:ul;yldifyldifaO trf,rD:Nrf,vlrf;sv; trf,tofOhmrhmvh;eh
49
aO Oldif,Odrf:ySwf;Ohmrhm ulef:rldif:wh:wif:erf/ wh:trf,vh;yAefrK:trmwf;vkwf.awK,

ulef:rldif:erfvh; P;ayK:sc.cAif,cofckdef:rldof;tkyf,vmwf; vgif;eK;umefomef;rldif:/
bgef.trmwf;rmef;erfsv; awwmif,wkuf:bgef:wSyf:wwf:OifauK;bK, N.
cofbl,zhm,OK,bl,wK,aOeef.bof./ rldif:wh:Orf.pAwf:pkdofsv; awsy.ykef;tefcof
wSyf:wwf:eef;vh;bof.vK,J`/ ph;tofauK; qgif,q[;rAof:ref:pkdofJ`/ ugyf;eef
sv; wD;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:eef.auK; wkdef:trf,wSyf:wwf:yefrK:vh; vgif;tef
qSwf;qmif,wK,rldif:wh:sv; trf,yAefrK:wD;ulef:rldif:wh:vh;ykdif;tdifOifeif,uof,/
vgif;oK;Ohmrhm OAef;tAefpSif: qldof.cldof:erf? at,ehyAefoh.vgif;vrf,vgif;vlif
wK,rldif:? wK,cldof:sw.sw.oK;oK;eheef. awK,rldof;vAofwh:bif:yh,olef.? N.pefrSef;
aOpmif;pSef:y[.oh.vl:ugef,/ bgef.trf,N.Ogef,sv; trf,arKaO:vhmOhmq[qldof.cldof:
qof;uof,/ yldef;vkdyf;? vrf:? vlnf:? xkyf.? wmyf,? wlyf:? pSrf? zAof;? whm? rlnf.?
bl,oef:oef:ckdef:ckdef:auK; wkduf.Ogef,yldef;tkdef:egef:pof:rldof;udefauBK,bl,eef.
ulnf:/ Ndef:yof,? vdefvmyf;rD:auK;N.uK;yldef;rK:bl,bof./ ayK:pkdifuK,qkdifz[bl,auK;ref:
vh;aO? auK.awrh;vh;ph;bgef.pmrf:Ndef:? pmrf:rldif:Orf. awyAefqldof:qldof.cldof:pof:tef
vh;yhm;eDeef.bof./
OhmrhmtAefpSif:qldof.cldof:pof: bif:trf,yK:e[:rldif:? ugyf;oK;ulef:rldif:wh:bif:trf,
rD: ]]o[wlof(rSwfykHwif)}}aq:rkdof:/ bgef.trf,rD:o[,wlof? o[Ndef:sv;Ohmrhmtrf,yK:oh.e[:
rldif:/ ayK:eef qldof.cldof:pof:qldof:eh. yAefoh.ulef:rldif:v[J` ulef:pmrf:rldif:pK.J`
cofawvh; yAefq[z[ulef:z[vK,J` ayK:rSef;rldof;zgif:vlof,? pSif:rK:? pSif:Ohmrhmwgwf;
cSyf:umifq[wK,urf.xSrfeef. trf,tofqldof.cldof:qldof:eh.pAwf: awtmef:tofz[pAwf:`
rldof;vAofqgif,cofrD:oh. OhmrhmwK,rrf.xSrfpof:vh;J` qgif,cofrD:Okef,ulef:Jèh.qldof:
eh.auK;wh:xkuf,olef.oh.bl,sw.sw./ awygh,qldof.cldof:pof:pAwf:yAefulrf:rldif:oh.seJ`
bgef.trf,yK:avK:e[:Ohmrhmrldif:OAif;sv; O[,O[,rK:wh:vh;yAefqmof:cldof:tgef,qgefbl,
rldif:rmef;aObof.se,` rldof;vAofOhmrhmbmif:eef. cofbif:seoh.oK;erfaOwh:/ qgif,
awyAefvh;`/
vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:
50
wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof: 25 wD;Orf.yAefqof;'K.sv; trf,vh;cof;vlduf;yAef

trmwf;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:? wgef;wK,rldif:wh:wdkef:rD:vgif;wluf:Okrf:Okef,vh; Okef,
yAefwD,rlof,caI,OD,bl,sw.sw.bof./ Oifqldof.oK;wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef. trf,
yAefqof;'K.oh.vkrf:vkrf:aOulef:rldif:auK;vh;cof;vlduf;oh.yK:? trf,eefauK;OifoK;Okef,
sc.cAif,yldef;vh;bl,/ ulnf:eK,vh;wluf:Okrf:tAefpSif:trmwf;wK,sc.cAif, wkuf:bgef:acK;
c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.bgef.pof:eif,uefukrf,sc.cAif,uefbl,eef.bof./
bgef.pdrfwD;uefsv; tl:ekpAwf:rldefbl,zhm,I.y.vaOtrf,yefqof;'K.cof;
yK:e[:vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:aOyefulef:rldif:auK.vh;cof;vlduf;yAefrK:trmwf;ulnf:/ rldof;
sw,sw. I.y.vcofvSyf;awrSef;q[oh.bl,/ ohm:ref:rK:cofsc.cAif,yldef;trf,vh;vkrf:
vkrf:bof. qif,N.cdkef:oK; wluf:Okrf:nmef,yldef;/ bgef.ulef:rldif:wh:rldof;eef.trf,yh,
rD:ykdef.N.umefrldif:Oifsw.sw./ cofulnf:N.bkrf,brf,oh.eldof qof;'K.rldif:z[rldif:ref:
ulnf:/ rmef;Orf.rgwf,oh.Ohmrhmulef:rldif:wh:bof.sv; wK,awvlduf;wif;vh; trmwf;ulef:
rldif:wh:erfsc.cSif,rmef;vh;eef. auK;Orf.trf,yAefvh;eif,uof,/ trf,Okrf:trf,cmrf,
vh;bof./ pof:trf,N.rhmrD;vDvD? trf,rD:yldifpmif;pSef:P;cof;e[:cGmif,rhmrD;sv; awtmef:
tofrhmrD;aOsc.cAif,yldef;ckdef:P;vh;eef.sw. awyAef ]]rmuf,Omrfcefsc.rmuf,qgh.}}
ulnf:eif,uof,/
wgef;wK,awvlduf;Nofyof;(vlifygifqkdif;)rldif:wh:auK;ayK;trf,xkuf,q[cof? ayK:
trf,urf.xSrfz.O.y.vcofqkdif coftrf,bkuf.pAwf:yAef? ulef:rldif:uBLduf;auK;bK, ayK:cof
trf,uBLduf;qkdif trf,yAefrK:vh;Nofyof;rldif:wh: Nofyof;tefoK;eef.auK; cof;qkdof;ref:
rK:vhmvhm? vh;toftK,eK,acK;qdOif wD;qgrfzgif:rldif:(0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek)eef.rK:ulnf:?
rmef;coffeef. cofwkdef:cof;qdrfbK.uof:qgrf: Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:rK:bl,ul;yldifyldifqArf
rldof; 1950 eef.rK:bl,bof./
qof;Olnf,wSuf;vh;yAefqgrfygifqkdif;rK:auK;bK, trf,rD:tK,eK,Oifsw.sw.
eif,uof,/ vh;bll,rldefeif,zmif,pmif;wlofwhm sp.uif;oh.yefzhm,eK;coffee.ulnf:? cof
OGmif:O[,yefq[qif,vh;xlnf;? cofOGmif:yefOAifqif,vh;vmwf;? cofq[pAwf:qif,vh;pAwf:
eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ tefcofbkuf.qof;Olnf,wSuf; pAwf:yAefqgrfygifqkdif;eef.auK;
coftofP;yAefbK;acBK:omef wK,P;wh:tgefuef si;vgrf;vgrf;aO cof;zSofMwf;rK:e[:
wlif,pSof.cofeef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ rldof;sw.sw. trf,tofuefN./ urf;zgif;bif:tof
51
ukif,rkefbgef.qof;'K.wh:auK.vh;yAef qgrfygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;auK.tgefwmif:Okwf:ehvl:
ugef,/
wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef;
wD;rlof,caI,OD,rmef;tefoK;eef. rD:oh.eldofaq;ulnf:eif,uof,/ coftrf,
wgef.azK,erf.pmif;zmifqSwf;qmif,aOyguf;/ wD,rlof,caI,OD,tefoK;eef. awvh;rD:
vgif;xmif,pmif;olef.? xmif,pmif;wSrf;? xmif,pmif;vmwf;? xmif,pmif;pAwf:(e[:yldifrhmrD;)?
xmif,pmif;Olef:wkrfvh;ehaOwK.auK; wD,rlof,caI,OD,tefrmef;tgefeef.sw.trf,
yAefeif,eef? rD:vgif;pmrf;wwf:oh.bl, ul;qldof.ul;yldifeef.bof./
rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. rldif:wh:eh. qof;'K.coftofrhmrD;Odyf:ydlifaO tkyf.
yldif,rK:ulnf:auK; zl;vuf.? ulef:qlef? zl;vkuf.zkdef.tefoK;eef.auK;trf,wgef.rD:
rK:aOyguf;/ omef;rldif:uwf:bAefrK:bl,wK,aO,/ rhmrD;Odyf:yldifeef. I.y.vcoftgef
ulef:rldif:wh:oK; phm.eSef,ehawwK. bif:trf,yAif:rhmrD;wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef;eef.vl:
ugef;/ xkdifrK:ymefrmef;zgif:irf:rldif:eef.sw. cofzSefumefaOK,Olef:O[,sO;ulef:
rldif:wh:eif,uef vh;pefzdwf:uef? xmif,xldrf,qif:uefrK: sw.sw.oK;oK;bof./
rldefeif,wgif,Ol,? yvgif;? tcK,(tD,auK;)? o? rl:Oldof:qldof:eh. vh;pefyldif;
eldofuefrK:? ulef:arKumefrldif:tgef,tdwf:tdwf:tgwf:tgwf:eef.ulnf:auK; cofO[,
tguf:O[,q[yef P;pof:eif,uefqif:uef? zdwf:uef? xAifuef? pSrfuefbl,wK,aO,/
coftofvSof:O[,yef P;pof:zef:uefckdef:bl,wK,aO,/ eif,pkdofrldif:wh: Okuf.bkif;
tlefuof:bl,wK,aO,eef.auK; cofwkdef:pKvguf:vhm: bK.uof:bl,aO,aO,/ ayK:aw
yAefauK.tefxAifcof? trf,xgrf,acK;Oif,vguf:vhm:coffeef.qkdif wkdef:Mif.uGK,rgwf,
ySwf; Mh:wdefref:urf:vAofbl,bof./
rhmrD;yuf:yldif wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef;eef. vSuf;vhm;erfeSef,sv;tmef,yldif?
tmef,rAof:ref:ayK: trf,vh;bof./ ekdif;yguf;vhm;ekdif;yldif? ulef:rldif:wh: tefbl,uwf:
uwf:bAefbAefqldof:teftrf,wgef.Olefqdrfumefrldif:aOyguf;eef.auK; cofpdse:?
xmif,xdlrfoK; uyf:Okdyf,pAwf:auK. zl;cAefyAefq[ulef:phm.ehaO wdngyf:? xkyf.wmyf,?
pSrfwhmySwf;wif:erf/ q[.ulef:rldif:chm.omef;? ch.Olef? eif,pkdofawtlef;Orf. bK.uof:
52
ayK:tlefOrf.q[yhm;chm.? trf,yK:wlduf,ph;vguf:eK: rK.vK:chm.vh;qgrf:sv; pAwf:P;ulef:

rldif:wh:wkuf.cwluf:bmuf; zmefuSefcmefq[? whmphmrlnf.qArfrldof;cofsw,vh;vgwf;vSof:rK:
eef.bof./ qArfrldof;eef. ayK:zSofomef;rldif:wh: wD;v[rof,uK: cofbgef:uh,? rl? olof:?
uGhm:? rK.? vK:? q[.pKyef yK:ulef:cmef: ayK:ukdif.uif.trf,pKyefvh;urf:vAofOrf. xkyf.
wmyf,pArfwhmsv;wh:vh;whmphmvl. Okrf:bgef.Okduf:rmef;rlduf;vlduf;rK:eh. qArfrldof; 1948
eef.rK:bl,bof./
rldif:wh:eh.qArfeef.rK: yD;? egif.? vkuf;? ar:qof;uof,whmuGK, bgef.cofauK;
trf,pwf:Mif.pwf:ph;? trf,pwf:pSef:Ogrf: vl,wmef:qgrf:? ugyf;oK;ayK:cofN.Orf.xmrf
P;wgyf;vmwf;iof;pmuf;Omuf;aO z[tofwhm? whmwD;v[? rldof;v[? rldefcoftrf,uyf:uhm,
vlnf;OifaOqldof.aOydlif? ayK:vmwf;tefrmef,rSef;Orf. xkyf.pSrf? wlyf:wmyf,tof
whm? xSif;pAwf:eefrK:wduf:wduf:sv; tAefpSif:wh:vh;ughrlnf.Okrf:rK:bl, ul;Okdyf,ul;ymef
sv; tAefpSif:ul;yldifyldif blyf;bgrf:uGK,wmef,pdkofbof.eheef. bif:trf,eyf.Ogefvh;/
vgif;tefuef.qefvlvhmemif:bdif:auK; ehm:cmoftrf,ukdwf:? ulef:xof;? ekrf,?
su,? vAuf.? phm:trf,oK; cofuef.qefvlvhmrK:wK,aO,/ Okduf:rmef;urf;zgif;Orf. vSef
Mif.tofemif:bdif:wh:uGK,aO ayK:xkdifoAif:bof.Orf. tofuGK,chmudef? e[:ulef:Okduf:cof
Orf. xkuf,cmof,ykdefzmof,tguf,yefpSif:oh.oK; z[tofvh;rK: emif:bdif:wh:qkdifqgrf:vlnf;
qef.qldof.cldof:(cldof:qof;'K.? pAif? umif.? ulef:uK.)aO yefOl:vmyf;b[,erf? at,eh
xSif;rK:vl:ugef,/ vgif;xmif,xldrfeldofulef:rldif:wh:aOrofuK: eldofOif,cK,Ipmef:auK;rSef;
rldof;cofumef;ckdef;zSofuRif: vefwmif,rgif:ugif;xmrf,pKzl;cAef? ayK:wgyf,oK; trf,N.trf,
pefOrf. wd? rwf.? ayK.xkyf. qof;Oif,cK,Ipmef: rmifyK:tofayK.xkyf.whmxkdrf;wluf:
erf.auK; rD:rK:wif:erf/
acK;tefwluf:vlif:uefrD:oh.rK:qldof:eef. cofvdkrf:oh.ySwf;vkrf:vkrf:aO c[;
pAwf:qldof.pkdofauK;pAwf:? tofurf.umifq[cof/ vSeftofrldif:bof.rofuK: ulef:rldif:wh:auK;
cofayK.xkyf.wlyf:wmyf,tofwhm? bldif:rhmzAof;rlnf.ughqldof.cldof:rldif:wh: P;phmvhmaOtmef:
tofvdefrldif:wh: P;vh;vkrf:vkrf:? trf,tmef:yefrD:auK.xAif? auK.awcAif;rK,pwf:
vmwf; pwf:pdrftofckdef:P;vh;eef.aOauK.vl:ugef,/ ugyf;eefsv; OifoK;rD:vgif;
cgif.crfq[aOsv; zl;tgefNofwh: tgefueftofacK;ref;uSef,rD:oh.rK:eef. vmwf;
53
ql:]]tl:ek}}qkdif ref:Orf.wgyf,vwf;ckdef:oK; ]]auK.yefoh.acK;ref;uSef,wD;Oleef.

yAeftgif,Omef:vlif uoftrf,N.}}ehrK:vl:ugef,/
yhm:rmuf;rD:rldif:wh:rldof;eef.
qgrf:vlnf;qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef: yefacK;ref:uSef,oh.oK; idkef:q[.qhm,rldif:wh:
awtrf,yefP;bgrf:aO rldof;ymeftif:udwf.? awqmif;vldofwldof:rK:xSif;vl:ugef,ehaO
wK. ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.eef.sw. pAwf:rK:ydlifekdif;bl,bof./
e[:uK;rldif:tefcof;yK:avK: rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefwif:OAif;eh. rldif:wh:eh.yAefrldif:
tefyhm:rmuf;rD: cldif,crf.aOyldef;bl,bof./ yK,rh.? arK,sp;? ph;? eK:? Olef rofuK:cgif
xlduf;uK;b[,eldofvdef w[;vdefqldof:eh.yAefpSif:urf.xSrfwK,rldif:wh:vkuf:ref; vh;pif:acK
bl,sw.sw.? ulnf:eK,Okefyhm:rmuf;rD:teftguf,? tefvh;wD;rldif:wh:eh.rmef; tofuGK,
OAif;? wgef;wK,rldif:wh:sw. awK.sw.aqK.sq.vh;ulnf:/
yAefrldif:Nrf;wkrfuefsv; zmef,wK,rldif:eef. vh;oh.wD;vAofuefehaOidkef:
vh;wD;rldif:wh:eh. cofMyf;tofO[,uGK,e[:zmef,(Bank) rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef(jynfaxmifpk
bPf)bl,bof./ vkuf.wD;eef;qif, ckdef:qSuf,szyefrK:ckdef: eif,umifq[cofc[;yef
eef. cofbif:oK;cofvh;urf.xSrf? vAif.vlrldif:wh:vkrf:vkrf:ehvl:ugef,/
arK,sp;? OSif? qkdef:? idkef:? crf: teftguf,e[:rldif:wh:eh.auK; coftrf,
yefvlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh: rD:Okef,ckwf:? coftofrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:pmrf;wwf:oh.wK,Okef,vlif
ygifqkdif;wh:ckwf:? vldofaOvlifygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefeef. z[wuf:awtrf,vh;ckwf:
oK;eh/
vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:tmef:pAwf: Nif:vSef:bK;cmof(pD;u&ufpuf&kH)auK;Orf.oK;
awtrf,vh;chmcof;ql: e[:rldif:rmef;ehvl:ugef,? cofauK;trf,vAif.tdrf,? awpKudefpif:
ulnf:auK; trf,zgrf.? ygifoK;qif,q[cKiSef:uefP;whm? phmrlnf.? tlef;tgefuGK,wduf:wduf:
eef.ulnf:bof./
54
rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. arK,sp;erf.wl;ymifbkif:eef. uK;cefsp;tef

tguf,eef. rldif:wh:trf,vh;aOwK.auK; cgef,ref: 99|eef.sw.vh;bl,/ rh.? sp;
tefrldif:rmef;tofuGK,eef.auK; tif:udwf.ckdef:Ogef,cgef,ref:aO yefrldif:wh:ckdef:
vl:ugef,/ xkdifrK:ymefvlifygifqkdif;rmef; auK.bdyf:uSrf:rK:eef.sw. trf,vh;OifaO
tdwf:? uK;yAefvgef.? yAefcgef,ref:eef. rmef;tofuGK,OAif;/ rldof;ymeftif:udwf.
eef. bgef.oK;vh;cgef,ref:ulnf:sv; trf,zSif,yAif:? se:oK;cofqkyf,tkdefvldwf;rldif:
wh: trf,rD:Okef,vDwK,rldif:wh:eh.aOwK. xkdifrK:yefrmef;eef. cSef:eK,vldofeef.
sw.sw.bl,bof./ xmif,oK;]]cKeK;awvDaOcKvif }}sv;I.y.vqlof:tgefykdif;pSif:rK:
Orf. rAef;cKpmef;vldofuof,vl:ugef,/ Orf.yhmrD:auK.tD: P;wh:vlrf.tlyf,xlumef:eldof
vdef udefzkef,rkuf.bl,ulnf:? emif,pkdofawqAof:whmOrf. ckdef;bAyf,ekdwf;xSif;/
wgef;wK,yhm:zkuf,Ogrf;auK; ulef:rldif:wh:eh. wkdef:yAefulef:tefydkif;tdifyhm:
zkuf,Ogrf;vhmvhm? wK,udef? ekif;? oh? vl,wmef: vgif;bl,vDul;vgif;vgif; vh;tofe[:
Olef? ph;? eK:eh.yAefrK:vgef.vgef./ 1956 March eef. vlifygifqkdif;rmef;z.
O.y.vcof trf,xmrf,umifq[ulef:rldif:wh:? zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:aOqldof.aOyldif? tofumif
q[coftefvAofaO wSyf:wwf:oK; awtofvdefrldif:wh:]]at,uref;ekdif;vmef.({u
wpfoef;)cmwf,yefulef: - tdwf.qaI:(tZÆa&;)}}ehbl,bof./ at,uekdif;vmef.
tefoK;eef. wgef;vdeftefzkuf,Ogrf;vh;e[:rldif:wh:eh. uGK,ckdif;ekdif;bl,bof./
vgif;eh.vkuf;pAef:rldif:wh: zl;N.pefe[:rldif:wh:sv; qof;'K.cofqlof:uefOmefcwf:
aOwK.rmef;cofbl,rldeftrf,N.trf,pefeef.ulnf:/
idkef:q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:auK; coftrf,qgrf:rK:eif,yldifwluf:vlif:rD:oh.rK:/ cofbgrf:
vldofySwf;rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef.rK:bl,bof./
1951-52 eef. yefrK:bgrf:vldofaO rldof;ymeftif:udwf. 2,967,820
vgif;eh.ulnf:auK; N.vh;umifq[coftrf,qSwf;qmif,? trf,rD:uwdeef.bl,bof./
coftofuGK,idkef:tefvh;wK,clof:tguf,e[:rldif:wh:eh. vkrf:vkrf:bof.rof,uK:yefrK:auK;uK;
55
cgef,ref:ulnf: bif:trf,wArfxlef; qgrf:eif,xkuf,vh;cgef, trf,wArfxlef;eef.

aOrof,uK: rldof;]]ylof,cdef,rgif,uav:}}yAefzgif:rldif:vlif zhm,zmef,wK,idkef:wgif:eef.
ref:wmif,vmwf;rhmzkdefql:uSyf.ydeSwf.(Cabinet)eef. yhmoK;]]qgrf:vlnf;rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:
eef.sw. ayK:Ogef,wlnf:qkdif vlifygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;eh. trf,rD:eD;xkuf,yef vlif
ygifqkdif;rldif:wh:? vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh: bif:vlof,wSef:ckdef:ekdif; yD 50 OSef(pK;
vmef.)vl:ugef,}}eheef. bgef.coftrf,szyAefae, rldif:rmef;oh.pif:acK? idkef:q[.
qhm,wK,rldif:rmef;eef. coftrf,Ogef,pif:acK/ tofNrf;avK:oh. rldif:Nrf;wkrfaO c[;q[
qhm,wmef,pkdofauK; tofurf.q[cofq[. qhm,rK:? coftrf,Ogef,wlnf: vgif;rldif:rmef;cof
q[qhm,wmef,pkdofehaOyguf;/ wgef;wK,yefrK:rldif:wh:eh.Orf. cofOgef,oK;yAefikdef:vlif
ygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef vh;xluf:qgh;xSrfrK:yefvkrf:vkrf:sv; oK;rldif:wh:xkuf,eD;cofeh
bl,bof./
]]tl:ek}}auK;Orf.oK; ]]wD;e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eef. awvh;yefidkef:urf.xSrf
rldif:wh:Oleh trf,yK:oh.vl:? pof:c[;yefauK;vh; trf,yefauK;trf,yAefOif? pof:yef
Oleh. OlayK:vDwmif,ukifrkefpof:vl:ugef,bof.}}ehrK:xSif;/ wD;sw.auK; rldof;ymeftif:
udwf.(1940-42)eef. wgef;wK,rldif:rmef;xkuf,yefeD; rK:ql:rldif:wh:ckdef:rD: 6
vmef.qrfqrf? wgef;wK,rldif:wh:xkuf,yefeD;ql: rldif:rmef;Ogefvmef.OmrfOSefyhm
sv; rldif:wh:bif:xkuf,vh;eD;wD; rldif:rmef;ckdef: Omrfvmef.pK;OSefyhmvl:ugef,? tef
xkuf,vh;eh. yAefuK;cgef,teftofrh.? tofsp;uGK,q[.wK,rldif:rmef;coffee.ulnf:? uK;rh.?
uK;sp;? uK;qdif,? OSifidkef:crf: teftofuGK,uK;wlofvgef.ref:bif:yh,yK:vl:ugef,/ xkdif
rK:ymefrmef;eh.Orf. tofuGK,clof:cgif? vgef.? ylduf,teftguf,e[:rldif:wh:OAif;OAif;aO
Orf.yhmoK;wh:xkuf,eD;cofxSif;? ikdef:uK;wkrfeldof.ref: bif:yh,oK; ikdef:uK;cgef,ref:
ulnf: rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. wh:bif:xkuf,vh;ckdef:wD;rmef;bl, pAwf:pkdofOgef,sv;
oK; wh:xkuf,eD;cof/
Okef,vh;Okef,yAef vgif;OifauK; cofwkdef:trf,yefzAif,yAif:uef? bK,oK;
awyAif:cof bif:eK,vldofaO rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef.vl:ugef,? rmef;coffee. cof
wkdef:Ogef,rldif:wh:yAef rldif:vh;tdif,ykdif;cofvkrf:vkrf:aO cofyefwmef,pkdofawvh;
tofwmef,eef.ulnf:ehbl,/ ughyhmohm:rK:Ogef,oK; rldif:wh:vh;bgef:udefcof vkrf:vkrf:eh
bl,bof./
56
ohm:aO rmef;vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.tdwf:ekdif; 28-3-1948eef.oK; rmef;

uGefjrLepf cof;xldef,uGK,eheef. trf,qkdof;zSefumefcof tmef:vrferf.buf:rkdof:uef
ughrlnf.rldif:wh:eh z[awoK;vh;? ugyf;Oif 0g'wkdufyGJ coffeef. coftrf,bl,rldif:cofaO
wkduf:uef/ tgefuefvefckdef;zkdwf.rK: rldif:wh:P;yAef zSefvdefeK;Okduf:bl,wK,
aO,eef.ugyf;OifJ`vldofaOeef. &JabmfjzL/ KNDO? ytlof:? rgef:? rluBK,pdwf.
cofauK;vkuf.zkdef.cofrK:oK;eh/ cofse:O[,qof;'K.cof Mrf:uefwif: KNDO(bmif:)
aO tmef:vkuf.zdkef.cofeh.auK;oK;/
cofzSefumefP;rldif:wh: Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:yAefOkduf:yAefOldofP;vh;whmvh;cmrf
wmrf,Okduf:aO P;Okrf:Okef,vh; Okef,yAeful;vgif;vgif;eef.bof./ bgef.xlyf:wmrf,
Okduf:vlifeef.rK:sv; vkuf;tgef,? ulef:rldif:wh:vh;pmrf:Ogefvduf;vhm:yhm:pefaOwluf:
wSrfuGK,wduf:wduf:? bgef.yhm:N.wluf:wArf,sv; yhm:bl,vD? rmuf;rD:auK;wluf:Okrf:sw.sw./
eif,pkdofrldif:awOkuf.cofsO,bK. ayK:Okuf.Orf. pmrf;wwf:vduf;vhm:? 'dif;xkif:wh:/
trf,yefOgef? vmwf;? pAwf:Omif;? 'dif;xkif:wh:/ ayK:pAwf:Orf.oK;yAefzl;urf.xSrf
ulef:phm.ehaO wd? ngyf:? wlyf:? wmyf,? iSef:vguf,P;wh:vmyf,/ ayK:vmyf,auK;trf,
pwf:pAwf:umefOifaO vh;idlof;iof? phmvhmuGK, ul;rkdof.ul;bmrf:sv; tAefpSif:wh:auK;vh;
tlef;tgef,? wSrfabK;rK:wduf:wduf:eef.bof./ yhm:rmuf;rD:wh:auK; bgef.ukrf,vh;vAif.
vlpSif: Okduf:tefrK:xifOof:oh.bl, e[:rldif:wh:ulnf:sv; rldof;vh;cSef:q[? rmuf;rD:rK:
eef. trf,wgef.rD:rK:aOyguf;/
ymefvlifygifqkdif;rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,rmef; ohm:vh;vgwf;vSof:bof.eef. wh:
trf,rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;OifrK:aOyguf;/ ayK:yAefumeftefcofc[;pAwf:sw. coftrf,wgef.
xmrfumifq[z[aOyguf;? cofpAwf:uGK,pif:ulnf:cof/ OifoK;yAef eK;umefwgef;wK,rldif:wh:
sv; vgif;tefcoftrf,c[;pAwf:yefeef. Orf.oK;]]yAefumefe[:rldif:wh:Olsv; pof:
trf,udkif,vDcofqdrfqgrf:Oif}}eheef.qgif,yAefrK:qgrf:eif, acK;wluf:vlif:uefrD;oh.rK:/
57
ckdit
f mef:vgwf;vh;
bgef.ymefrmef;tgefNofrldif:Nrf;wkrf yldifwD,rlof,caI,OD,ohm:cofvgwf;vSof:bof.
eef. trf,rD:vgif;zAif,yAif:? trf,yAefrK:qgrf:eif,acK;wluf:vlif:tefrD:oh.rK:eef.
aOyldifeh.sv; qof;'K.cofqif,olef.pefrSef;oK;]]Odyf:yDauK;qrfxkdifbof.? pof:xkuf,
pmif;pSef:wK,yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acKvkuf;ekdif;ulnf:bof.}}ehaOwK. I.y.vcofOrf.Ogef,
olef.oK; ]]bgef.qof;'K.cof tofoh.wD;trmwf;vkwf.awK, qmof:cldof: 25 wD;aO
Orf.trf,rD:Okef,ckdef;vmwf;vh;wD; vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:sv; rldif:wh:vh;wluf:Okrf:
Okef,ul;vgif;vgif;rK:ulnf:? qof;'K.xkuf,qkef.tK,eK,aO vSuf;vhm;yAefulef:rldif:ckdef:?
wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef.auK; vlof,yAefP;ulef:rldif:vlduf;tofwD;oh.ulnf:}}ehxSif;
sv; awukdifpAwf:pkdofuGK,rldof:eK;eheef. wK,tkyf,ukrfueful;vgif;vgif;sv; rldof;
1954 awK,xkdif 1957 qof;'K.cof tgefNofpAwf:ymifukrfwD;rldif:bh Omrfyguf;/
wD;ymifukrfqldof:eh. qof;'K.cof olef.Ogef,rSef,oK; rldif:wh:eh. ukdif.uif.vSuf;
vhm;urf:vAof yh,vSyf;vh;? wkdef:wkduf.xkuf,tofymefqof;'K. zgif:irf:oh.xSif;uSyf.ekdif;
bl,? Oifqldof.oK; trf,rD:qof;'K.bof.aO tofulef:rldif:eif,uef zgif:irf:uefckdef:
qkdif ulofulef:rldif:wh:eh. trf,vSuf;vhm;bkrf,? xgrf,urf:vAof? zhm,ekdif;Orf. ayK:rldif:wh:
trf,rD:iof;rD:ugef:bof.qkdif rmef;awckdifphm.aOehpkdofJèhsv; qof;'K.cof yh,c[;
ylwf:ygh,tK,eK,ql:ulef:rldif:urf:vAof? ulef:rldif:tefckdef;ymifukrfqgrf:eef.auK; tgef
uefwSyf:wwf:ruf:ref;qgrf:sv; rldof; 1954 eef. coftgefuefwSyf:wwf:rK:oK;-
1.rldif:wh:eh. wK,P;qof;'K.ylwf:omif:tK,eK,eef. yh,xkdifcmof:bmrf:?(trf,ylwf:omif:
trf,oK; - ayK:xkdifcmof:bmrf:rK: awylwf:omif:bl,/)
2.eK;umefwgef;wK,rldif:wh: awwSyf:wwf:pAwf:Omif;pif:acK?
3.awyluf:wif;rldif:wh: tefqkuf:ref;pif:acK?
58
4.awzmwf,tguf,ckdef: e[:rldif:Nrf;wkrfrmef;/
rldof; 28-12-1956 eef.auK; qof;'K.sv;zl;puf.qldof.qmwf;omef;rldif:cof
pAwf:xSif;ymifukrfwD;rldif:bh/ rldof;eef.qkrf:rldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef(&. y. n. z)coftgefNof
pAwf:Omif;ymifukrf? wD;ymifukrfeh. cofvh;acK:wSyf:wwf:oK;]]awzmwf,tguf, vkrf:vkrf:}}
ehbl,bof./ vgif;oK; awzmwf,tguf,eef. bgef.oK;-
1.rmef;cof;qdrfbK.uof: qgrf:yhm:tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:? aOK,Olef:tD:yefP;I.y.v(I.y.v.
z)cof rdyf,P;q[.qof;'K.cof qkef.tK,eK,wduf:wduf:?
2.vgif;idkef:q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:eh. qgrf:eif,vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif wluf:vlif:uefeef.
rmef;trf,pAwf:rK:qgrf:? trf,yefzAif,yAif:ckdef:rldof;ymeftif:udwf.?
3.qgrf:vlnf;idkef:tefxkuf,vh; wD;clof:cgif,tguf,e[:rldif:wh:eh. vlifygifqkdif;rmef;trf,
yefP;wArfxlef; cofNyf;Odrf:tofuGK,OAif;OAif;?
4.vlifygifqkdif;rmef;bgef:uAyf:cgef,ikdef:cof;ikdef:tguf,ulef:rldif:wh:?
vgif;qldof:eh.yAefrK: vgif;tgefwkduf:Olef:yefP;rldif:wh:rD:vgif;c[;zmwf,tguf,
rK:bl,wduf:wduf:eef.bof./ ulef:rldif:wh:auK; tgefuefygif,q[rK:bl,vgif;trf,zAif,yAif:
uefeef. ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ vldofaOeef. rmef;cofOrf. rK:cD;emyf,sy.ydefbl,wduf:
wduf:aOrof,uK: vdefrldif:wh:auK; tmef:cmwf,udeftofyAefidkef:cof;wK,rldif:cofehsv;
ulef:rldif:wh:vh;rD:Mh:qAyf:qwf.tK; rK:bl,e[:rmuf,Nofq[ul;rkdof.ul;oef:bl,wduf:wduf:bof./
7-2-1957qof;'K.sv;ulef:rldif:wh:cof tgefuefpAwf:ymifygh:]]oef:wh:}}wD;
rldif:bhsv;rldof;eef. ulef:rldif:rkdef,yhm,ckdef;Mwf;aO tgefuefwkuf:bgef:rK:oK;]]qof;
'K.trf,xkuf,qkef.tK,eK, ayK:pkdifOdyf:yDbof.? rldif:wh:P;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:}}bgef.
Okef,trf,zAif,yAif:uefsv; vh;oK;yAefrldif:vgwf;vSof:ehauK;bK. wgef;wK,rldif:wh:
sw. vh;oK;eK,aOyAefw[;tif:udwf.eef.sv; vgif;wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:eheef.
erf.q[pSif:eK,aO Olef:aOK,pAwf:ymifukrfxSif;sv; xkdifrK: 20-4-1957 eef.
ckdef:vh;rguf,ymif: qof;'K.sv; ulef:rldif:wh:cof ckdef:pAwf:ymifukrfxSif;? qof;'K.sv;
59
ulef:rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,? ygwf:qmef: ul;wD;wD;tgefuef tkyf,ukrfwSyf:wwf:vh;rK:rldof;

eef.oK;-
1.bgef.yh,xkdifcmof:bmrf:sv; qof;'K.trf,yh,xkuf,qkef.tK,eK,?
2.ayK:xkdifOdyf:yDrldif:wh: awzmwf,tguf,?
3.vgif;tefvlifygifqkdif;rmef; Mif.tdwf.qaI:rK:zkuf,Ogrf;e[:vdefrldif:wh:wK,at,u
ekdif;vmef.eh. awyAefrK:vgif;wkrf.wldof.eldof.vldwf;qldof.cldof:'dif;xkif:ulef:rldif:wh:sw.
sw.sv; eh.yAefyldifvliftefwkrf.wldof.vl,vhmrldif:wh:?
4.arK,sp;sv; clof:cgifcefxdluf;uK;b[,e[:rldif:wh:eh. vlifygifqkdif;rmef;Nyf;tofoh.
OAif;OAif;aO trf,szyefrK: wK,ykef;rldif:wh:eh. trf,udkif,vDyAef?
5.ikdef:wSef:tefuBymef,yefrK: bgef.vh;bK.rSef;rldof;Okduf:yguf;Ogifeef. tofqkdof;
rldif:Nrf;wkrfaO vh;rK:auK;bK,wK,rldif:wh:sw. yhm:ydif,nK,? yhm:bl,vD? yhm:rmuf;rD:? yhm:
Okef,vh;Okef,yAef ulef:rldif:qldof:eh. rmef;cof trf,tofrK:q[.wkdof:yefOifaO
tdwf:?
ymifukrftefpAwf:wD;rldif:bh yguf;eh.eef.yAeftefwlif.wdkef,pmof.pSif:? yluf:
wkdef,yefrK:erf.q[puf.qldof.cldof: omef;rldif:wh:rK:bl,sw.sw.? xkdifymefeh.rK: I.y.
vcofurf;zgif; qldof:tefpuf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif: qof;uof,sw.aOpAwf:rK:eef.N.vgif;
tefcofvh;pAwf:zdwf:? Ogef,olef.zdwf:rK: sv;vh;eSifckdef:rK:auK;bK, coftrf,arK
tgefOmif;? tgef,bmif;tguf,ckdef: P;ylef.chm:bgyf,blef; teftkdefulef:bl,ul;rkdof.ul;
oef:eef.vh;bof.eif,uof,/
qArfrldof;ohm:aO 1946eef.rK: qof;'K.cof ygif,q[vgif;tefxkuf,uldwf,tguf,
oh. zl;rD:ydif,nK,qldof:awOkdyf,ykwf;yAefrK: vh;zl;tgefNofvDrldif:wh:sv; yefpSif:urf.
xSrful;vgif;vgif;aO P;vkuf;pAef:rldif:wh:cof Ogefydif,nK,rK:bl,bof./(tefqof;'K.
cofqgh;xSrfsv; vh;yAefzl;rD:ydif,nK,uwf.cSef, awK,rldof;vAofwkduf.yAefoh.bl,zl;b[,
ulef:vlifbif:wkduf.rD:bl,/) bgef.zl;rD:ydif,nK, udlwf,tguf,erfrK:sv; ekdif;cSef:arK
qAyf:OSyf,vgif;trf,zAif,yAif:uef? vgif;trf,rmef,rSef;? vgif;rmef;wkdef: vSefvdif,
60
ulwf.bofrldif:wh:yAefeif, rldif:cK;coffeef.sv; xSif;pSif:P;ulef:rldif:wh:cof;q[ eK;

umefqldof.cldof:omef;rldif:rK:bl,bof./ vgif;tefqof;'K.cof urf.xSrfuldwf,tguf,yefrK:zl;
rD:ydif,nK,e[:rldif:wh:erfrK:ehauK; vlifygifqkdif;rmef; z.O.y.vcof trf,pefxkdif
yAefvgif;vD? trf,uBLduf;? trf,vlof,? trf,c[;yefzl;rD:ydif,nK,wh:erfrK:sv; qif,q[
pdse:oK; qof;'K.cofvAif.pSif:wK,awwkduf:awK:cofckdef:ehvl:ugef,/
1957 qof;'K.qldof:puf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:tefyAefq[vAof? acK;bldif:tmef:
vAofuefaO tmef:Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:Omif;eK;umefwK,yluf:ygifrldif:wh:yAefrK: rldif:pif:acKvh;
eef.qkdif-
1.qof;'K.OD,ayK. qof;uBK,OSif?
2.qof;'K.rldif:bh qof;OldofNrf,'K.?
3.qof;'K.rldif:Ol; qof;rmef,'K.?
4.qof;'K.wgif,ySif, qof;ckefymef:qdif,?
5.qof;'K.au:OD: qof;Olnf,rkif,?
6.qof;'K.rif:vldef: qof;rif:vAuf:?
7.qof;'K.bgifNnf; qof;Olnf,wSuf;?
8.qof;'K.vhm:cK; qof;ekrf,?
9.emif:'K.bgifNnf; qof;emif:Ndef:crf:
10.zl;wmifwlof qof;'K.OSefoD rpKoef:?
11.qkrf:ygifumef rldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef I.y.n.z(15)auK.?
cofqof;qldof:eh.qif,tgefuefwlif.wkdef,rK:wK,cldof:wh:rldif:wh:bl,sw.sw.
bof./ rldof;zgif:tefcofqof;qldof:eh. wlif.wkdef,bl, 1957 eef. tl:xkef:at:
61
(erf.crf:)zgif:wSef:yK,vDrmef,(qkrf:I.y.v.z)sv; tl:xkef:rBdef.(vmif:cldof:)cK
Orf. wmif,sewD;vkwf.awK,oK;]]qof;'K.cofxkuf,qkef.tK,eK,urf:vAofsv; pkdifOdyf:
yDbof.auK; rldif:wh:eh. trf,xkuf,yefzmwf,tguf,ckdef:}}ehbl,bof./
rldof;eef.qkrf:Oefvghrldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef(&. w. p. n. z)tefqof;'K.rldif:
rdwf; qof;ckefcAoftgefNofoh.eef. Orf.wmif,bgef:vgif;wK,rldif:wh:P;vh;zmwf,tguf,
ckdef:/ bgef.qlof;bl,qgrf:uefrK:eef. acK;tefpmef.q[? yAif:q[? Okef,vh;Okef,
yAefyAif:ayK:uefeh. trf,bmrf;rD:rK:aOyguf;/ ulef:rldif:wh:Orf. yhmvh;xlyf:az:cAef
aO vlphmwhmbl,ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ eK,vldof,aO rldof;ymefOkduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogif tefuB
ymef,cof;rldif:rK:eef.sv; qgrf:eif,rD:oh.acK;wluf:vlif:uefoK; ayK:pkdifOdyf:yDbof.sv;
Oifqldof.oK;trf,pmef.q[? trf,yAif:ayK:eif,umifq[qkdifzmwf,tguf,vh;bl,ehsv; qof;
'K.tduf,vlnf;ulef:rldif:wh: qldof:puf.qldof.cdlof:omef;rldif:eef. qif,tgefuefwlif.wkdef,
rK:vgif;zmwf,tguf,eh.pmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:bl,bof./
Odyf:yDauK;wArfbof.? qof;'K.sv; ulef:rldif:wh:tefpuf.qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:
auK; wkuf:bgef:P;vh;zmwf,tguf,ckdef:sv; rldof;eef.vlifygifqkdif;rldif:rmef;tef]]tl:
ek}}tgefNofoh.eef. qif,pKvguf:vhm:ildif.so;ySwf;bl,bof./ wK,qefcmof:bmrf:P;vh;rD:
zgif:pmif;pSef:sv;qif, tofvgif;wmif:tefoK; qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;z.O.y.vcof trf,
rSef;uefwSuf,yAefrK: Ogifqkrf:]]wnfNrJ}}sv; ]]oefY&Sif;}}/ omef;rldif:auK; ulef:Okuf.
bkif;tlefuof:erfrK:eSef,bof.? vlifygifqkdif;auK; vh;wSuf,yAefOgifzmuf,? uGefjrLepf
auK;pSif:rK:? zl;vkuf.zkdef.wK,qmof:cldof:cofauK; rD:rK:erfeSefehaO trf,ukrf:xdif:
vh;rldif:bof.? xkuf,pAwf:ckdef:ygh:vlduf;wif; vlifygifqkdif;r[,ulnf:bof./ qlof;yh,vh;vlduf;ql:
tofckefy[.rldif:ukrf:xdif:xK;tofehaO 26-9-58 eef.]]tl:ek}}qif,wSrf;vduf;ql:
]]qof;Okduf:vlifae,odef:}}q[.P;tgefwyf.Odkuf:ref: ckdef;ukrf:xdif:y[.rldif:yefehsv;
xkdifrK: 29-9-58 eef. qof;Odkuf:vlif ]]ae,odef:}}qif,ckdef;yAefckefy[.rdlif:rK:bl,
bof./
ymefckefy[.rldif:
62
ymefeh.yAefymef]]qgrfOdkuf:ae,odef:}}tgefNofaO ukrf:xdif:rldif:/ ]]tl:ek}}

sevgif;wmif:oK; rldif:Okuf.eSef,? qkrf:rmef;cofeif,uefauK; vh;wSuf,uef? uGefjrL
epfauK; tguf,rK:erfeSef,sv; trf,ukrf:xdif:rldif:vh;bof.? cofeif,uefauK; trf,
pefvDuefbof.sv; qlof;yh,vlduf;ckefrldif:xSif;eh. q[.P;]]qgrfOkduf:ae,odef:}}ckdef;y[.
rldif:ehaOwK. ayK:Ogef,olef.vDvDsw. cofulofwh:bgef:zmwf,tguf,vkrf:vkrf:sv;
vdif,vSefySwf.zmrf:wK,wh:? bK,P;wh:qmif;wkuf:bgef:tguf,sv; qif,se:oK;rldif:bkif;
ehbl,eef.bof./
ayK:oK;xkdife[:ymefckefy[.rldif:bof.ehauK;]]qgrfOkduf:ae,odef:}}eh. sezmif
pmif;? rD:aq,weK,eldofulef:rldif:aOsr:wK;? sr:wmif:? zAof;oAif:? wSyf:wwf:rl,yldifP;
cefukef,blyf;bgrf:vlif:? q[.wyf.Odkuf:uGK,pKtofyKaO rK:chmuK;cefxkuf,yefulef:rldif:?
rldof;ymeftl:ekpmrf;wwf: trf,yefchm? udefeldof.olof:eef. xkdifymefref:rK:yefchm?
yefudefrK:ckdef:? pAwf:ehaO pAwf:P;ulef:rdlif:pefvDxkdif qkrf:ckefy[.rldif:coffeef.rK:
bl,bof./
wgef;wK,rldif:wh:auK; pAwf:yhm:Olef:wkrfwD,rlof,caI,OD,qSwf;qSwf;qmif,qmif,
aO ikdef:wgif:zmef,wK,? wK,q[.qhm,ykef;rldif:wh:auK; yefukrf,xlef;wArfrK:? rldefpmif;
eyf.brfxkdif vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:rK:? wSyf:wwf:yefrK: P;Okef,vh;Okef,yAefzAif,
yAif:uefwif:rldif:rmef;rK:? pAwf:yAefbldof,ugif.oAwf:bguf, tofyKwlofb[,ulnf:ehsw. rldof;
eef.wh:trf,tgefuef'mif. rkif;pefrSef;rK:/ bgef.vhm;pAwf:vhm:Omif;]]qgrfOkduf:ae,
odef:}}eh.yldif;ySuf,vDwgef:aO tl:ekrK:sv; qof;'K.tduf,vlnf; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:
cofauK; pefvDxkdifeldofref:rK: sw.sw.oK;oK;bl,bof./ bkrf,brfoK;ref:eh. aw
pAwf:yAefeif,rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD, qSwf;qmif,vldofaO ymeftl:ek/ ymifvlduf;wif;ckef
zgif:irf:rldif:urf:awrK:eh. pAwf:pdkofauK; wkdef:awvlduf;vh; ckefvDtkyf.yldif,rldif:wD,
rlof,caI,OD,tefqSwf;qmif,eef.bl,sw.sw.bof.ehaO tgefuefbkrf,brfoh.euf:
euf:eK,eK,bl,bof./
bgef.awyAefrldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD, qSwf;qmif,rK:sv; qof;'K.coftgefuef
Ogef,olef.pefrK:]]vgif;ymefqof;'K.eh.auK; trf,ukdif,vDrD:bof.? tK,eK,rldif:wh:auK;
xkuf,vDrD:e[:rkdof:ulef:rldif:wh:sw.bl,bof./ rldof;ymeftl:ekeef. bgef.yAefqof;'K.
sv; vh;wD;trmwf;qmof:cldof: 25 wD;aOwK. trf,rD:Okef,vmwf;Oifqgrf:vh;wD;
63
vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:sv; Okef,rldif:wh:wluf:Okrf:uGK,wif:erf? ugyf;eefwK.awtoftK

eK,Nrf;wkrfwD;vAofaO Okdyf,cof;vlduf;yAeftrmwf;eef. udkifvDolef.bof.}}ehaOqof;
'K.cofauK; bldif:tmef:qkef.tK,eK,bl,bof./
zhm,ekdif;Orf. qkrf:I.y.v.zteftl:xkef:at:tgefNofoh.eef.auK; wkuf:
bgef:P;qof;'K.cof qkef.tK,eK,wduf:wduf:? xkdifrK: 17-3-1959 eef. tl:ae,
odef: qif,ydkefzmof,bK.ySwf;rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:ySuf; 154(2)tefyefoh. qof;'K.yAeft
rmwf; 25 auK. wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef.bl,bof./ bgef.bK.ySwf;rhmrD;eh.sv;
ayK:Okdyf,yAefqof;'K.bl,sw. wK,awyAefrK:vh;trmwf;wif:OgifwD;(vkwf.awK,qmof:
cldof:sv;vkwf.awK,ulef:rldif:)eef. wkdef:trf,yAefvh;? wK,awyAefvh;rK:trmwf;
eef.vldofaOtofeK,eK,omif:tmyf;yefvlifygifqkdif;wh:eef. trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdofbof./
vgif;tmef:toftK,eK,oh. e[:rkdof:auK.vAofeef. qArfrldof;1945eef.rK:qof;
'K.cof wkdef:olef.oh.bl,aOwK. bgef.ul;yldifyldifaO trf,yh,qmif;omif:vh;sv; rldof;
vAofsw. xkuf,vDomif:tmyf;tK,eK, vSuf;vhm;yAef ulef:rldif:aO ckdef:cof;vlduf;wif;
yAefrK: trmwf;tefrD:Okef,tkyf.yldif,? pAwf:Omif;eK;umefwK,rldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;bl,
bof.ehsv; xkdifrK: 29-4-1959 eef. qof;'K.cofqif,omif:tmyf;tK,eK,ql:vlif
ygifqkdif;rldif:wh:tefqof;Nrf,'K.(qof;'K.OSefoDMif,)yAefNofyof;eef.bof./
bgef.tmef:vSuf;vhm;rl,yldiftkyf.yldif,rldif:sv; qif,tgefuefomif:cBK:tK,eK,
qof;'K.aO vSuf;vhm;pAwf:ckdef:ulef:rldif:blof:blof:rK:bl,bof./ tK,eK,rldif:wh:tef
qof;'K.cof szykef;uefbdyf:oh.wD;tdwf:tdwf:eef. xguf,cgef;oh.wD;vAofuefckdef:
eef.bl,bof./ xmif,oK; rmef;cofawOdkof;blof:aO rD:aq,weK,sw.bl,sv; qof;
'K.cofqif,cmrf,yAefulef:rldif:bof. tmef:cof;vlduf;wif;Okdyf,pAwf:umefuGK, wK,ykef;rldif:
wh:ckdef:bl,eef.bof./
bgef.omif:tmyf;tK,eK,sv;vlof,yef]]ikdef:vkdof;Oof:umefySef,qdef,Pension}}
(bgef.trf,Okdyf,pAwf:umefaOvkdof;uGK,sv; vh;ikdef:urf.xSrfuK;cef tAefpSif:tef
bmrf;vh;pAwf:umefrK:eef.)idkef:rldif:Nrf;wkrfeh. rldefeif,vmwf;rK:zhm,eldofeef.aO
rD:oh.e[:zmef, rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef? ikdef:rldif:wh:auK;cofrD:oh./ xkdifwD;vlof,yefySef,qdef
(ikdef:qkdof;Oof:umef)qldof:qof;'K.cofeef. qif,vh;tofikdef:wD;zmef, rldif:Nrf;wkrf
64
uefeef. Olif,yefrK:sv;vgif;eh. I.y.vcofOrf.Olef:aOK,se:oK;qof;'K.cofchm

udefrldif:/
qof;'K.cofauK; awvh;cof;vlduf;wif;yAeftrmwf;sv; awvh;yAefvgif;sc.
cAif,uefwif: I.y.v.zcof/ ulef:rldif:wh:Orf. pmrf.erfwkdef:rD:erf.q[ bkrf,brf
eyf.xdkifoh. qof;'K.z[ref:sv; I.y.v.zcofOrf. uloftrf,sy.vh;qof;'K.aO
eif,pkdofulef:rldif:awpefxkdifqof;'K.zdwf:/ bK,P;urf.xSrfqof;'K.? P;tgefuefqif:
qof;'K.bof. urf.xSrfqkrf:I.y.v.zcofvlduf;yAeftrmwf;eef.sv; qif,aOK,Olef:
wkrfulef:rldif:oK; qif;'K.chmudefulef:rldif:wh:bof./ chmyefrmef;bof./ ehaOulef:rldif:
auK;qif,vh;pefzdwf:eldofqof;'K.rK:bl,bof./
tefqof;'K.cofvh;ikdef:vkdof;Oof:eef. auK.tefvh;at,aOyldef;yAefqof;
'K.ymifrDsv;uBKif:aO vh;auK.pK;rkdef,tefvh;erfaOydlef; yAefqof;'K.uAif:wkifvh;
(5,061,305 Ks)aOqgrf:eif,eifvdefrldif:uGmif;uSyf;? clof:cgiftguf,erfat,? wgef;
wK,cofawvh;uAyf:cgef,e[:rldif:z[ref:eef. trf,vh;Okdyf,uAyf:bof.aOrof,uK:tefvh;
pldof.rhg;ukrf:xdif:rldif:rK:qldof:eef. qif,yefidkef:uK;cofvkdof;Oof:umef/ ikdef:urf.xSrfeh
auK;oK;? qof;'K.(34)qof;eef. wif:OAif;cofqof;Mrf:uefvh; 25,863,029Ks
(Ogifymuf,pK;Odyf:ySwf,OSef puf:rkdef,OmrfpAifyhmOof:uof;)ulnf:qgif,cofqof;awukdif,zgrf.
chmrldif:wh:pkdofeheef.vDtgefuefOgef,olef.xkdifuefbl,/ bgef.qof;'K.tmef:c[;yAef
rldif:wD,rlof,caI,OD,qSwf;qmif,rK:qArf 1945 eef.oh.bof.sv;Oif? yldef;auK;pKvguf:
rdyf,? Nwf.sv;Oif? pof:eif,uefumifpSof.awKuef wduf:wduf:sv;Oif qof;'K.cof
qif,tgefuef vh;qkef.tK,eK,uGK,bl,bof./
wK,awwgwf;cSyf:umifq[ ulef:rldif:vlduf;wif;yAefckefzgif:irf:rldif:eef. qgrf
Okduf:ae,odef:ykdefzmofoh.oK; awyAefrldof; 6.2.1960 ehsv; qof;'K.sv; ulef:
yhm:rldif:e[:rldif:wh:eh.auK; pmif;pSef:oh.wK,vlduf;wif;yAefckefbl,wD;z[wef:ref:/ 29.
2.1960 eef. yAefoef:vh;vlduf;trmwf;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:/ xkdifoef:tefvlduf;
wif;bof.uGK,bof.eef.sw. tl:ekckdef:sy.aO yAefrK:cdkef:qgrfzgif:rldif:xSif;rldof; 4.
4.1960 eef.bl,bof./ qof;'K.sv;qkrf:umefrldif:rldif:wh:cofsw. trf,rldefeif,t
65
xmif,trf,yAif:ayK:eif,umifq[rK:aOqldof.aOyldif/ trf,vh;cof;yK:wD;tK,eK, wK,aw

wSyf:wwf:ygifumef omef;rldif:vh;eef.aOwD;/
66
Joef:ekdif;J
iof:vhm:rldif:trf,qkdof;q[;sv; xkdifwD;qof;'K.ayK:vh;omif:tmyf;tK,eK,xmif,oK;
omef;rldif:awvDwgef:rK:aOuof,/ ulnf:uK;tl:ekckdef:ckdef;rK:xSif;? qkdifoK;trf,ukrf:rldif:
vh;? rmef;cofeif,uefauK;oK;trf,uBKduf;? ugyf;OifOrf.vlduf;vh;ref:yAefckefrK:xSif;`/
ayK:oK;tl:ekckdef:ckdef;yAefckefrK:bof.auK; rldif:wh:eh. ckdef:rldefckdef:ymefohm:vh;vgwf;
vSof:eef.cdkef:ulnf:/ ildef:q[.qhm,wK,rldif:wh:trf,yefwArfxlef;? ayK:bgef:Orf.oK;
]]pof:trf,rD:ykef;zgef:xkuf,yefOl? pof:c[;yefOluK;pkdofauK;vh;bof./ Olbif:vDwmif,
ukif,rkefpof:vl:ugef,tldof:}}ehvl:ugef,/
Orf.yhmse:oK; qof;'K.cof trf,yAif:ayK:q[bgef.trf,rD:tK,eK,bof.sv;
vuf.vgrfurf.xSrfOkduf:wh:? se:oK;wh:rD:erf.q[uSyf;aO bgef:yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acK/
yAefnmef,qof;'K.c[;vh;tK,eK,? c[;pdrftK,eK,ckdef:ehaOse: vgif;oK;wh:sv;qof;
'K.trf,vDbl,wK,aO,/ coftrf,olef.Ogef,ckdef:bgef.oK;cofauK;c[;vh;rldif:yluf:wif;pif:
acKsv; wkduf:tif:udwf.? wkduf:uBymef,aObgef:P;vh;rldif:rK:/ yhmrK:pdrfvdyf:pdrfvSif?
vSefvdif. tofvdefrldif:wh:yAefrK:w[;cof/
zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:sw. rmif,uldof:awvDaOsv;qif,Nrf;Mrf:pAwf:auK.cofrK:?
bldif:tmef:pAwf:auK.qlof;uSyf.ulnf:/ cofse:ulef:puf.qldof.cdlof:omef;rldif:wh:pof:yAefqdlof.
'ef:yaw,OIdwf. zl;bgif,rof:tK,eK,? wh:phm.? wh:vldif:eh tmef,yldifref:ayK:trf,
vh;/ cofOrf.cSef:yAef 'Dzldof.phm.vlifvkrf:vkrf:sw. coftrf,Ogef,olef.aOyguf;/
coftrf,wlnf:eK;wlnf:vifOifaO tofumifq[coftefvAofwSyf:wwf:pAwf:Omif;uGK,
wduf:wduf:sv; vgif;tefwh:vh;wluf:Okrf:? qAyf:OSyf,bgef.cofeef. rD:rK:wif:erf/
vgif;tefvh;qAyf:OSyf,? wluf:Okrf:rK:qldof:eh. cSef:xSif;pSif: vh;yAefacK;tefwkduf:
Olef:P;wh:c[;yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acK cdkef:wduf:wduf:eheef. coftrf,olef.Ogef,rK:aO
yguf;/ coftrf,bl,zhm,wh:aOwlnf:? cofbl,zhm,coftefvAofaOwlnf:ulnf:/ awvh;oK;
yAefckefrD:wKcgefvAofeef.rK:ulnf:/
coftrf,sr:rl,yldifcofrK:vh;cdkef:/ cofvmwf;yldifekdif;pAwf:yldifekdif;/ coftofrl,
yldif]]tkdeftofyldef;phmvhmaOtmef:c[;yAefrmef;qmof:cldof:b[,}} eef.aOwAuf:wAifwh:?
sy.ykef;wh:? pdrfvdyf;pdrfvSifclof:cgifrldif:wh:uGK,wif:erf/ oK,wtefcofc[;yAefqmof:cldof:
67
vlifaO tmef:tkdeftofwh:phmrlnf.uGK,eef.sw. trf,Ogef,trf,sr:? yhmsO.se:oK;

wh:yAefcldof:erf.q[uSyf;? Ogef,wK,qldof.cldof:wh:ulnf:? yAefyabK:ueguf;rldif:tD:Olef:
yef P;wh:yAef'h:aO rh;cofwduf:wduf:ehrK:bl,wK,aO,bof./
tefcofse:uefckdef:oK; uGefjrLepf bK.uof:cofeheef.wD;seref: yAef
cofuefszumefuefaO pAwf:Ogifqkrf:bof.? q[.uefckdef;rK:rldif:wh:? rK:tlrftkdefwh:?
P;wh:phmOAif;aO tmef:tofcldof:rmef;cofyAefqmof:cldof:b[,aOyldef;eef.bof./ 0g'
uGefjrLepf rmef;eh. wkdef:yAef ArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g' qSwf;qSwf;bof./ bgef.eefsv;
coftmef:tofwh:qldof:N.pef vlif.vSif:ykdef:cldof:wh:? vgif;omef;rldif:wh:eef. whmphmuGK,
OAif;aO coftmef:oK;vldofaOcofz[,trf,yAefqmof:cldof:b[,? qldof.cldof:ulef:tefrD:e[:
rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefoh.eh. cofbldif:tmef:tofphmySwf;OAif;OAif;bof. oh.ukdwf:cldof:rmef;cof
ulnf:vl:ugef,/ qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:cof Oif,vmwf;cofoh.oK; ]]wh:ulnf:yAefqmof:cldof:
b[,}}eheef.coftrf,vlifvkdrf:aOyguf;sv; eif,pkdofawtrf,b[,rmuf;vh;eef. cof
zSefumefP;rlnf.bl,wK,aO,eef.bof./
rldif:Nrf;wkrfueftefzl;tgefNofrldif:wh:c[;yAefsv; Nrf;Mrf:rK:qgrf:eh.trf,
rldefeif,yldiftl:ektgefpAwf:eef.aOtdwf:/ teftl:ektgefpAwf:rK:eef. yhm:cgwf,
zgwf;rldif:auK; trf,qkdof;yldifref:? yhm:szykef;tK,eK,tkyf.yldif,auK; trf,zAif,yAif:?
trf,qkdof;q[;? ikdef:wgif:q[.qhm,auK; trf,rmef,rSef;? eK;umefauK;trf,yefrldif:wh:rD:
Okef,pAwf:vh;umefOifaOrAof:/ rldof;ymeftif:udwf.eef. vh;oK;yAefcK;bl,aOwK.auK;
trf,pmif;ph.wmef,ymefrmef;tgefNofeh.? vgif;qldof:eh. qof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofulef:
rldif:wh:cof tgefuefN.ygifqSif;vSif:vDrK:bl,ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ vSefvdefrldif:wh:sv;sc,
auK;trf,xmrfumifq[wh:aO uGK,ruf:ref;pif:cofrK:rldof; 23.1.1960 eef.bl,bof./
xkdifrK: October 1960 eef. qif,rD:rK:vgif;wmif:tefxkuf,vDrlef.sr:
cdkef:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:oK;ehbl,bof./ rldof;sw.sw. tl:ektmef:sr:ckdef:rl,yldifvSefvdef
(sc,sv;wh:)sv; awtofzK,OK,ykuf.xqof;yAefzK,OK,iof;rldif:ehaOwK. wh:? cmif?
cBmif:? bmif:vSifqmof:cldof:rldif:vhgwif:OAif;auK; ckdef:c[;rlef.sr:yldifrldif:z[rldif:ref:rK:
xSif;/ tgefuefN.pefxkdifrK:oK; Okef,vh;Okef,yAef trf,zAif,yAif:uef? yldifcgwf,
zgwf;rhmrD; trf,rmef,rSef;sv; c[;ckdef:sr: rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:uefrK:ckdef:OAif;OAif;bl,
68
bof./ vllifygifqkdif; qkrf:tl:ekcofauK; ckdef:cgwf,zgwf;qkrf:awsr:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:tef

a'gufwmOD;at;armif tgefNofeef.bll,bof./ qkrf:eh.tofzgif:rldif:vlif se,rldif:cof
cof;yK:aO cgwf,zgwf;oh.yAefqkrf:olef.Ogef,wgef;wK,se,rldif:ehbl,bof./ wK,aw
rlef.sr:eef. qif,bgef:yhm:olef.wif:pefxkdifrK:wD;ulef:rldif:ckdef:bl,bof./
wD;rldif:wh:eh.auK; qof;ckefcAof(Nofyof;vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:)tgefNofMif.tof
zgif:wSef:(trmwf;)rldif:wh:wif:OAif;? zgif:wSef:cSyf:wgwf;umifq[(rJqEúdk,fpm;vS,f)
OgifauK.? zl;wmifwlofyK,wDrldif:wh:OmrfauK.? zl;tefcof;q[eK;umefrldif:wh:? zl;tef
cof;yK:e[:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlifqldof:eh.aO qlof:uefpAwf:ymifukrfqldof.qmwf;rK:bl,bof./
qkrf:zl;ckdef;Mwf;ymifukrfwif:OAif;eef. trf,xkuf,q[vgif;rl,yldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947
eef.aOauK./ c[;P;yAefrK:rl,yldifrldif:bl,Mrf:uef(Federation)eef.ulnf:ehaO tgef
uefwmif,vmwf; pif:z[pif:ref:/ tgefuefc[;yluf:wif;yAef rldif:wif:OAif;Mrf:bl,qgrf:
uef tdiftlnf;rl,yldifzAifyAif:uefeef.bl,bof./
wK,awzmwf,tguf,eef.sw. oh.yAefurf:vkdef:Okwf:aO rldof;vAofsw.tgef
uefwkuf:bgef:P;vh;yAefyldifzAif,yAif:uef yAefeif,se,rldif:ySwf,(8)rldif:(rmef;? cmif?
cBmif:? bmif:zlduf,? bmif:vSif? rgef:? IcSif,? wh:)Mrf:bl,qgrf:uefeef.bl,bof./ qof;
'K.tduf,vlnf;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof qif,tgefuefwSrf; rl,ydlifrldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef
(Federal Law)tefekdif;bof.Okdyf, wkuf:bgef:xkdifqkrf:awckdef:rlef.sr: rhmrD;qkdif;
rldif:eef. rldof; 22-2-1961 eef.bl,bof./ cofvof;qldof: tefpuf.omef;rldif:qldof.
cldof:aO Mrf:vlif:vhm:rdkof:rhmrD;rldif:bl,Mrf:uefeh. wif:OAif;(32)auK.eef.qkdif-
1.oa&pnfol qof;ayB. qof;'K.rldif:ehm: zl;eif;qkdif;-cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:
2. qof;uBK,qkif, twGif;0ef-cgif,OD,rldif:wh: zl;rhm-cgif,OD,qkdif;wh:
3. qof;OldofNrf, zl;cof;yK: zl;cof;yK:
4.oD&dysHcsD qof;ckeftgif, I.w.p. n. z zl;cof;yK:
5. tl:sr. &. w. p. n. z zl;cof;yK:
69
6. qof;bgwf;rldif: &. w. p. n. z zl;cof;yK:

7.t*¾r[moa&pnfol t*¾r[moD&dok"r®
qof;Olnf,wSuf; qof;'K.bgifNnf; zl;cof;yK:
8.0PÖausmfxifqof;rmef,'K. qof;'K.rldif:Ol; zl;cof;yK:
9. qof;uBK,OSif qof;'K.OD,ayK. zl;cof;yK:
10.oa&pnfoq
l of;Olnf,rkif, qkrf:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef zl;cof;yK:
11. vkif:qmrf,rBK.(ymifvlif) qkrf:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef zl;cof;yK:
12. vkif:xkef:tkif, qkrf:wh:zgrf.Nrf;uef zl;cof;yK:
13. vkif:xkef:at: I.y.v.z zl;cof;yK:
14. vkif:crf: I.y.v.z zl;cof;yK:
15. tl:tgif,wmef: I.y.v.z zl;cof;yK:
16. tl:vkef: t. y. n. y zl;cof;yK:
17. tl:qlof:rgif, t. y. n. y zl;cof;yK:
18. tl:cBdwf.tl: t. y. n. y zl;cof;yK:
19. tl:zdof, y. t. r. z(ytlof:) zl;cof;yK:
20. tl:vK.az, y. t. r. z(ytlof:) zl;cof;yK:
21. tl:auBK,qdif, y. t. r. z(ytlof:) zl;cof;yK:
22. tl:xkef:az, wlofvAof(woD;yk*¾v) zl;cof;yK:
70
23. vkif:ckefxD:(ymifvlif) wlofvAof(woD;yk*¾v) zl;cof;yK:

24. vkif:xkef:rBdef.(wgif,uBD:-phm:Nof:) wlofvAof(woD;yk*¾v) zl;cof;yK:
25. vkif:ckefegif, wlofvAof(woD;yk*¾v) zl;cof;yK:
26. vkif:bD;bmof: wlofvAof(woD;yk*¾v) zl;cof;yK:
27. qof;rmef,'K. wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:
28.r[moa&pnfol vkif:uBK,yl. wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:
29.oD&dysHcsD vkif:ynmef, wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:
30.r[moa&pnfoq
l of;xkef:at: wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:
31. vkif:ckefqmrf,rBmwf; wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:
32. qof;auBK,cgif, wkd;csJUtzGJY0if(zl;cof;yK:) zl;cof;yK:
cofqof;qldof:eh.Mrf:vlif:vhm:rkdof:aO wmif,xkdifuGK,yldifrldif:bl,Mrf:uefeef.bl,
bof./ ydlifrldif:bl,Mrf:ueftefqof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofwh:cof wSrf;wmif,eh. rldof;iof;
sw,eef.tofykdef:wh:yAefiof;cmrf,ykdef.aO vmwf;serK:vgif;oK;qArfrldof; A.D 650
eh.wh:wkdef:rD:apKcrf:vmef.qof; tefrD:e[:rldif:sc bmrf:vAofeef.rK:aOwh:wkdef:
vh;bl,vgwf;vSof:pif:acKrK:bl,/ wkdef:yAefrldif:wh:Oof:acKrK:/ qof;'K.cofauK;tkyf.yldif,
rldif:z[rldif:ref:rK:pif:acK/ wkdef:trf,vh;yAefcK;z[rK:? vgif;tefuyf:Okdyf,pAwf:auK.apK
crf:rmef;eef.auK; yAefeif,rldif:tlnf:vDuefaOsv; Omuf;zmef,wK,clof:cgifql:uef
aO pAwf:auK.uefrK:ulnf:/ trf,qkdof;oK;yAefeif,cK;omef;cK;rldif:rmef;eef.rK:eif,
uof,/
wD;wgef;Ogifeef.wSrf;oh.oK;vgif;umyf;ymefrldif:wh: ohm:Okduf:vlrf;'K.yguf;Ogif
sv; vduf;udefuSef,tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,/ e[:tgif,Omef:tSwf,wvD,wD;wgef;(8)
eef. oK;oh.vgif;wK,rldif:wh:rldif:rmef;Mrf:uef? vgif;tefacK;wluf:vlif:vduf;Nrf;rhmymif
71
vlifauK; O[,oh.yK:wD;wgef;Ogifeh.aO Oyf:vSif:oh.yK:vgif;vh;wluf:vlif:uefoh.wK,aw

zmwf,tguf,ckdef:/
wgef;OmrfOrf.O[,oh. Okef,vh;Okef,yAefrldif:wh: rldif:rmef;trf,zSif,yAif:uef?
rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947eef. wgef;wK,awpAwf:qgrf:vh;eef. rldif:wh:rD:vgif;xlyf:wif:
bmyf,zkdwf,oh.bl,sw.sw./ Oifqldof.oK; rldif:rmef;auK;cgwf,zgwf;yAefse,rldif:rldif:vkuf;
ekdif; P;rD:qgrf:rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefehsw. wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,uyfudef:bgef.rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:
qldof:eh. awOgef,rSef;ckdef:wlofuof,vh;bl,/ wgef;wK,se,rldif:bK,P;pAwf:Omif;vh;
eK;umefeef. rhmrD;qkdif;rldif:eh.sp.uif;urfudef:oh.bl,sw.sw./ OifoK;vlifygifqkdif;rdlif:
rmef;cofrD:erf.q[rldif:Nrf;wkrfqSwf;qmif,qkdif N.awrD:erf.q[qgh;xSrfse,rldif:vDvDimrf:
imrf:bl,/ ulnf:eK,rldof;vAofOrf. vlifygifqkdif;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuefeh. bK,oK;awqgh;xSrf
bkdif;cSef:Nrfwlrf:sp.uif;oh. bK,P;se,rldif:rD:vgif;xmif,pmif;eef.vl:ugef,/ eh.wSrf;oh.
wD;yldif Federal wgef;Omrf/ rl,yldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947eef.ckdef:ukdif,vDrlef.sr:ckdef:
qldof:? ySuf; 8, 9, 23, 30(1)(2)(3), 31, 91, 92(3), 93, 94(1), 96,
122, 128, 131, 154, 160, 162(1)(2)(3), 164(2), 219, 222 eh.ehbl,
bof./
wD;wgef;OD,Orf. yAefvhm:cgwf,zgwf;rldif:Nrf;wkrfqSwf;qmif,eef.sv;-
(1) ydlifrhmrD;cgwf,zgwf;(Structure)
P;cgwf,zgwf;se,rldif:rmef;aO Mrf:yAefrldif:bl,Mrf:uef/
(2) tK,eK,sv;wgef;wK,aw szykef;yeftK,eK,(Distribution Power)
P;yeftK,eK,vkwf.awK,Ogifqkrf:zAif,yAif:uef/
(3) vhm:cgwf,zgwf;yK,vDrmef,
wD;vkwf.awK,qmof:cldof:eef. se,rldif:sv;wldif: P;vh;Olif, zl;wmifwlof
zAif,yAif:uef/
72
(4) cgef,rldif:Nrfwkrfsv; vhm:szikdef:wgif:q[.qhm,wK,serldif:eef. rD:vgif;blyf;

bgrf:oh.wif:erfsv; ukdif,vDrlef.sr:ckdef:bl,/
(5) se,rldif:wif:OAif;P;vh;rD:Okef,tkyf.yldif,rldif:qof;uof,pif:acK(Complete Auto
-nomy)
Mif;umefqldof:w[;eh.sw. oh.P;yAefw[;vlifygifqkdif;? vldof;aOeef.sw. P;

rD:oh.w[;se,rldif:z[rldif:ref:/
(u)yhm:wdwf:awK,eguf;rldif:/
(c)yhm:sp.uif;rdlif:(wyf.Okduf:)/
(i)yhm:zmef,wK,idkef:wgif:rldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef/
(q)yhm:pAwf:ikdef:q[.wkdof:rldif:/
(O)yhm:Olif,vduf;sv;Ohmvlrf:/
(n)yhm:vlwf.'h:? erf.? vlrf:uyf:Okdyf,uGK,yh/
(w)yhm:wwf:Odefqkdif;rldif:/
(x)yhm:uAyf:cgef,wK;erf.ymif,vhm,/
(e)yhm:qSuf,szikdef:wgif:rldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef zAif,yAif:uef/
zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofqof; tofyldifqldof:eh. wrf:omif:seaO wkuf:bgef:
wmif,xkdifuGK,aOwK. rmef;coftrf,pefvDaO bif:seoK; ]]rl,yldifyaw,OIdwf.? rl,
yldifumifq[qmof:cldof:uSyf;? rl,yldifc[;zmwf,tguf,}}ehaOrof,uK: ohm:rK:yhmoK;]]&Srf;rl}}(yldifwh:)
ehvl:ugef,/ qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;rmef;cofpdse:oK; yldifeh.yAeftefqof;'K.wh:trf,
pmef.q[bgef.vh;omif:cBK:tK,eK,sv; ckdef:tgefNofulef:rldif:cofwlif.wkdef,? tgefqlof:
73
bgef:vgif;zmwf,tguf,/ yAefyldifzmwf,tguf,sv; yldifeh.wkdef:yAefyldifbK.rldif:Nrf;wkrf

wSuf,bgh;eh se:O[,rAof:ref:ayK:aq:/
yldifeh.wD;sw.ref: trf,wkuf:bgef:yK:oh. vgif;zmwf,tguf,aOtdwf:/ yldif
eh.yAefyldifteftofrl,yldifwSwf;eSwf;cof;yK: ydif,nK,szykef;zSif,yAif:uefwArfxlef;
aO wkdwf.qefoh.sv; ref:trf,uGK,cof;qgrf:eif, umifq[cof;c[;pAwf:c[;Omif;? wK,aw
xAifckdef:auK; rmef;trf,qmif;tofrl,yldiftefv[ pmrf;wwf:pwf:sp.oh.sv; bl,rldef
trf,N.trf,pefaO wkdef:trf,wgyf,vmwf;OifrK:/ ohm:aOwh:wmif,zkdefydlifrldif:bl,Mrf:
uefeh.bof.? tl:ektofvgif;bkrf,brf, uldof:xkdifykuf.xOK,OeK,wmif,NofeK;aO
tmef:Nrf,rkif:tySwf;coffee.ySwf;vl:ugef,/
vldofaOrmef;trf,pefvDeldofwh:bl,bof. wh:tefbgif,rof:tK,eK,? wlnf:
wK,wlofuofauK.vAofeef. Orf.tdifykdif;rmef;aO rK:Omef;bK.ckdef:wh:/ yefildef;P;
yldef;wh,ckdef;rK:cD:Nof? qefbgh;wh:/ rldefeif,vkif:xkef:at:(trmwf;uof,-erf.crf:)
eef.ref:trf,wgef.Ogef,pefvDeldofqof;'K.rK:aOyguf;/ rldof; 1957eef.auK; cK
tl:xkef:rBdef.(vmif:cldof:)wmif,sewD;vkwf.awK,wK,P;qof;'K.cof qkef.tK,eK,oh:oh:
wduf:wduf:sv; yldef;qif,zSefumefP;qof;'K. qkef.tK,eK,uGK,oh:oh:bl,bof./
qof;'K.tduf,vlnf; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof wmif,oh.yldifrldif:Mrf:bl,qgrf:uef
(Federal)eef.bof. yh,ayK:pkdif xkdifrldof;17.4.1961wD;vK;OAof;/ tl:ekzSofMwf;rldof:?
rldof;eef.tl:xkef:at:eh.eif,uof, wmif,vmwf;seoK;]]vgif;ydlifzSwf,wsI, Federal
eef. yAefyldifyefcAefql:rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef/ rldof; 1958 ohm:aO qkrf:vlifygifqkdif;z.
O.y.vwSuf,yAefuGK,]]wnfNrJ}}sv;]]oefY&Sif;}}bof.eef. qkrf:vkuf;pAef:qef.qgrfqhm:
xkef:at:? qhm:vK.tgif,cKauK; q[.bK.qkrf: I.w.v.p aOMrf:qgrf:cof/ bgef.trf,
Mrf:sv;ygh,ulef:cofrK:tofwhm zl;cof;qkrf:uGK, 50 yhm/ qof;'K.auK; bgef.vh;qkef.
tK,eK,sv;trf,yAif:ayK:q[aO Mrf:ulef:rldif:tleftmefbK.uof:e[:rldif:wh:bl,ul;rkdof.ul;
oef:/ qof;'K.cofOrf.ckdef:Okdyf,ykdefzmof,oK; rldof;vAofrldif:wh:eh. Okuf.bkif;eSef,?
trf,uwf:bAefedrfOof:yAif:ymefqof;'K.bof.ehaO Olef:wkrftofulef:rldif:bl,wduf:
wduf:/ wD;sw.ref: yldifrhmrD;qkdif;rldif:uef; 10 wgef:zmwf,tguf,eef. O[,oh.oK;ayK:
pkdifOdyf:yDqkdif ayK:c[;zmwf,tguf,awvh;zmwf,bl,eheef. trf,O[,auK;vh;bl,/ bgef.
qof;Olnf,wSuf; urf:urf:wkuf:bgef:wduf:wduf:sv; vh;O[,yK:rK:/ rldof;vAofOrf.yldiftef
74
eh. yefwmif:uyf.udef: cmefq[? wkuf.cvlifql:ulef:rldif:wh:bl, ul;rkdof.ul;oef:/ yldifrhm

rD;zSwf,wsI,Federal eh.auK;yefvgif;wkuf.cwh:ulnf:/ yAefyldifc[;bgef:zmwf,tguf,
ulnf:? ayK:zmwf,tguf,auK; az:cAefeguf;rldif:awcof;rK:ulnf:/ rldif:wh:eh.auK; rldof;vAof
ukrf,yAef ymifawK,ymifvgif:bl,wduf:wduf:? ulef:uK.bK;vrfauK; wK,wmif,uGK,eef.cmwf.
tofNdof:rdef U.B.A aO vkuf.vK;OAof;wmif,uGK,uAif:wkifyAefvrf:yAefvrf:bl,/ vlifygif
qdkif;rldif:wh:rldof;vAofeh. trf,arKumefzgif:irf:rldif:Oifvguf;vhm:rldif:wh:Okuf.bkif;bl,auK;
cofbl,rldeftrf,uyf:uhm,uefwif:cofaO Okdyf,bl,oh.bl,pAwf:eef? zl;tefcof;yK:oh.bl,
e[:qkrf:tkyf.yldifrldif:wh:eef.auK; trf,rD:erf.uwf.OifaO yAefulef:qrfq[cofeif,
uefsv; tgefuefqefO[oh.ulnf: rmifwD;eef. yAefulef:teftrf,arKumefsv;
umefOifauK;trf,pAwf:aO ukrf,ySwf;vhmvhmoh.bl,ulnf:eif,uof}}
eh. tl:xkef:at: wmif,vmwf;sebl,bof./ rldof;eef.tl:ekOrf.oK;]]yAef
vgif;wgef;wK,eK;umefe[: rdlif:wh:ulnf:sv; uGK,Nyf.xlyf:tkyf,vmwf;wD;Nofyof;cgif,OD,
rldif:wh:tofvK;}}ehckdef:ref:/ ulnf:eK,vgif;wmif:tefvkif:xkef:at:wmif,vmwf;se
eh. vh;yAefacK;olef.ckdifygifuGK,wK,yldef;awOkdyf,zSefumefawK,Ol;wh:uGK,rldof:eK;eef.
wif:erf/ yldef;N.pefvguf:pof:qwf.oh.auK; N.awvefvSefqdrfcof;rK:P;wSuf,bgh;zgif
uGK,eef.ulnf:bl,bof./
bgef.cofpefxkdif vkif:xkef:at:eh. awyAefvh;cgef.wof. q[.vDcofsv;
ohm:aOqgrfOdkuf:ae,odef: tgefNofwyf.Okduf: Nyf;Odrf:tK,eK,bof.rldof; 3.3.1962umif
oef:? 12 rlif:eef.qif,bkuf.tofvkif:xkef:at:eh. ckdef;yAefrK:Nofyof;qkrf:tgef
Nofrldif:wh:(Ouú|-&Srf;OD;pD;)rK:bl,bof.(zl;cof;qkrf:eh.yAef tl:auBK,aqK:? tl:tlif:
az,? tl:wdef,ulof,? qof;Okduf:vlifrgif,Olnf,)rldof;ref:yAef ckefrldif:wh:eef. wkdef:
yAefcgef.wof.vDyldef;bl,sw.sw./ ugyf;oK;ref:yAefulef:tefcdkef:bK.Okef,vh;Okef,
yAefwh:bof./ cKtl:auBK,aqK:(OD,ayK.)eef. yAefauK.Nrf;Mrf:uef ckdifygifeK;umef
rdlif:wh:wluf:Okrf:rK:bl,bof./
cKtgefuefpmrf;wwf:vgif;Ogefvduf;wh:wlofzAef;? OAifwSwf;(vduf;wh:r[,)?
se:oK;ayK:Ogefvduf;wh:r[,qkdif yAefzl;cAefrldif:? xkdifwD;ayK:vh;yAefvgif;cgif.crfuef
wif:Oif,cK,? vkuf;pAef:? ulef:rldif:wh:aO Okef,Ogefvduf;wh:vh;wluf:Okrf:rK:/ rldof;
ugef,tefrD:Okef,Ogefvduf;wh: e[:Nif:pAef:? q[.wkdof:? vduf;wh:e[:vkrf:eef.auK;
75
vl.phmuGK,qlof;ymefcKeef.bof./ wgef;wK,P;rldif:wh:cldof:wh:ckdef;b[,sw. trf,pefpAwf:

Oifoh.yefrK:vh;aOrAof:/
1967-68eef. qldof.cldof:wh:qkrf:puf.OKzK,OK,? OK,OeK,wh:vSif:ykdwf,ymif,
uGK,rldof:eK;eef. uGK,bgef:vdefwK,awyAefrK: owf.Oif,cK,wh:sv;TOK,qof;wgif,uBD:
yefrK:bof.aOwK. bgef.tl:xkef:at:? tl:auBK,aqK: cKOrf.trf,ayK:yefpSif:wh:
aOrof,uK: uh.bK.uof:rK:wK,aO,sv; eif,pkdofcKawtrf,pmrf;wwf:bK.uof:eef. vh;
uGK,acBK:acBK:ogef:ogef: sw.sw.oK;oK;bof.qif, vh;yAefpAwf:rK:]]owf.olnf,vl.okef-oAif:
wgif,uBD:}}eef.rK:bl,bof./ tl:xkef:at:se:oK; yldef;trf,arKumef? trf,rD:erf.
uwf.rK:ehaO xkdifymefref:eef. wh:vh;Okrf:Okef, ul;qldof.ul;ydlifrK:bl,/ ref:yAef
ulef:pAwf:qgrf:P;xkuf,q[yldef;sv; bK,P;wD;eif;vkwf;ulef:ref:eef.rK:ulnf:? wD;
sw.auK;]]OifrofoK;trf,xlef;qlof;}}vh;eif,uof,? bgef.ref:eh.sv;vduf;wh:? Okef,
wh:wluf:Okrf:uGK,awK,qlof;cmof:bmof:bkdef:wif:pkdifbof./
qkrf:zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cof wmif,bgef:yldifrldif: bl,Mrf:qgrf:uefuGK,auK;rmef;
cofbl,rldefeif, trf,N.trfpefaO trf,wgyf,OifrK:/ bgef.iof:vhm:ul;yldifyldifsv;
ulef:rldif:wh:cofauK; wlif.wdkef,rK:? Okduf:wh:auK; tAefpSif:b[,rK:xSif;wif:erf? tdif
vlnf;iof:vhm:omef;rldif:wh:aO xkuf,vDsv.chm.vguf:bof.eh cofqif,olef.Ogef,rSef;
sv; xkdifrK: February 1962 qrfawOAif;eef. rmef;qif,Mif.ymifukrfrK:bl,bof./
wD;ymifukrfeef. qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofckdef;wmif,bgef:vgif;
yldifrldif:bl,Mrf:qgrf:uef(Federal Law)eef. ckdef:pmof.pmof.pSif:pSif:? rmef;coftrf,c[;
yef? awxAifOrf. trf,qmif;tofvguf:vhm:tefv[xAif cofpdse:oK;]]yldifeh.yAefyldif
erf.q[uSyf;? yAefyldifwh: tefvAofulnf:? yAefyldiftef wh:wkuf:bgef:Okef.wlofpif:
acKsv; trf,yefvh;/ ayK:yefauK; omef;rldif:awwSuf,? cAefeguf;rldif:qmif;cof;}}eh
wduf:wduf:bof./ bgef.eefsv; qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofqif, tgef
uefwmif,vmwf;oK; ]]ayK:trf,yefvh;qgrf:eif, yldif'Swf,wsI,auK; rldif:wh:xkuf,
zmwf,tguf,vkrf:vkrf:aO yluf:wif;rldif:pif:acK;tofbl,bof.}}ehsv; vgif;tkyf.ukrfuef
eef. wkdef:trf,ilyf.iduefvh;vK:vK:/ qof;'K.cofauK; wkdef:wrf:wmif:rl,yldifwK,
aw pAwf:Omif;eK;umefvgif;awzmwf,tguf,ckdef:eef. urf:vAofbl,bof./
76
ulef:rldif:wh: vh;wkuf.bmuf;? cmefudef:? xlyf:az:bl,oef:oef:ckdef:ckdef:

eef. rK:yAefvgif;tefOkduf:wh:vh;pSif:b[,rK:? qof;'K.sv;zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:cofauK;
vh;xkdifq[bgef.ulef:rldif:wh:rK:? wmif,bgef:Okef,OifauK; trf,vh;? qgrf:eif,acK;
wluf:vlif:rD:oh.aOrof,uK: yK:oh.e[:rhmrD;qkdif;rldif: 1947 eef.sv; zl;tgefNofwh:cof
tgefuef pmif;pSef:wgef;wK,zmwf,tguf,ckdef:qldof:eh. vh;yAefvgif;tefwgif;bgef:
wldof.rmuf,Nofq[qkrf:vK,rmuf;? tkdefeldof.vldwf;? omef;rldif:eef.sw.sw.bof./ ayK:
tofrl,yldif,vguf:vhm:tefqSwf;qmif,rmef,rSef;oK;sw. pAwf:pkdofauK;N.cofawtrf,sy.vh;
wh:bof./
ugyf;eefqif,pKvguf:vdif.vSef; tguf,eguf;cgyf,wlif,oldif:rhmrD;aO xkdifrK: 1.3.
1962 wAif;ckdef:qhm. 1 rlif:eef.(bAyf,cof;2.3.1962)qgrfOkduf:se,odef:tgefNof
wyf.Okduf: Nyf;Odrf:tK,eK,qkdif;rldif:eh.bof,bof./ umife[ 2 rlif: 2.3.1962 eef.
oSwf.wdngyf:tof qof;ckefuBD,? qof;Olnf,wSuf;? qof;'K.wif:erfsv; zl;tgefNof
wh:qldof:rK: ckdef;Mwf;ymifukrfaO rD:oh.bl,bef,ukif,eef.bof./ rldof;oSwf.wdqof;'K.
coffeef. oSwf.bkdof:wdngyf:tofsv; zl;y[.scwlofqof;ckefcAof vl.phmOmrfauK.? auK.
tefqAyf:OSyf,whmbgef. qof;Olnf,wSuf;auK;rD:? umrf,ymeftgefbif:vDsv; cofqof;
bif:trf,vh;vl.phmwhmuGK,e[:tldif,vldwf;urf:vAofvl:ugef,/
acK;bldif:tmef: wyf.Okduf:rmef;tefqgrfOdkuf:se,odef:tgefNof vh;Nyf;Odyf:
toftK,eK,eef.sw. ]]yAeftefwK,awbK.ySwf;vguf:vhm:rldif:wh:wmif,bgef:yldifzSwf.
wsI,sv; ayK:trf,vh;awzmwf,tguf,}}eheef.bof./ cofpefxkdifoh.oK;qof;'K.cof
ugif.Omefbkdef:rkdof:uyf:Okdyf,uefoh.wif: qkrf:OD:wlof: (South East Asia Treaty
Organization - SEATO)qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;ukdwf:Okduf:qAif,qmef: oef:tguf,ukefat:OBL:)
sv; OifoK;vh;zmwf,tguf,cofulof ]]OD:wlof:}}rK:Mrf:rldif:wh:eef.bof./ oef:2.3.
1962 eh. yAefoef:tefcoftoftK,eK,Okduf:aO Nyf;Odrf:rldif:wh:uGK, vdyf:vdyf:vSif
vSifeef.bl,bof./ cofruf:ref;oef:eh.yAefoh. oef:qof;ph;? qof;eK:ygif,oK;trf,
qkdof;cldof: qof;cdlof:ckefyAefcldof:ulef:pAwf:ph;eK;Odrf:tK,eK, ckdef;yAefckefrldif:ehbl,
bof./
rldof;eef. qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh: tduf,vlnf;Oif,cK,Ipmef:vh;whm
vh;phm bgef.rmef;pdrftK,eK,eh.sw.sw.oK;oK;rK:bl,bof./ qldof:teftrf,vh;whmphmurf:
77
vAofeef.auK; vh;wkuf.ccmefuSef:? bmyf,bAef:cmefq[ bl,oh.e[:xgif, 6 yDaO ygh,

tguf,rK:aOwK. trf,yefrldof:ckdef:omef;uof,rldif:vif? q[.xifbl,Oof:oh.wD;oAif:wgif,uBD:
awK,xkdif vl.phmwhmuGK,wD;z[wef:ref:bl,eef.bof./
tl:eksv; tl:se,odef:eh. cKwdkef:vrferf.buf:rkdof:uefaO vdif.vSef
wh:rK:ulnf:? rldof;tl:ektrf,arKygifumefbof.eef. q[.tl:ae,odef:ckdef;y[.rldif:aO
vguf,acBK:q[.P;qof;'K.qkef.tK,eK,/ ayK:qof;'K.qkef.tK,eK,bof. pAwf:ygh:vlduf;
wif;yefP;tl:eksy.aO ckdef;ykwf;wif,eif;/ tl:ekckdef;ykwf;rK:bof.auK; qof;'K.
sv;ulef:rldif:wh:cof clef.ckdef:acK;ref:uSefrK:qkdif tl:ekrdkifuGK, trf,qmif;ckdifqldif.pkdof
ugyf;oK;wh:tofydif,nK,? yhm:olef.umefrldif: tefqgrf:rhmrD;yldifTwK:eef.aO wkuf:bgef:/
ayK:awtofqgrf:eif,yldifulef:? yldifrhmrD; acK;ref;uSef,uefeef.aO wSyf:
wwf:pAwf:Omif;sw.sw.rK:qkdif pAwf:pkdofauK; zl;ulwf.N.awtrf,sy.zl;Okdof;blof:vh;/
bgef.coftrf,c[;Okdof;blof:awK,wh:rK:aOrof,uK: cofwkdef:c[;Ogef,oh. rldif:wh:eh. yAef
rldif:Okrf:Okduf:awK,cofsv; trf,tmef:yhg,zK;yefckdef:aO wkdef:awcD,emyf,wlyf:
wmyf,? sy.udefulef:rldif:wh:aOrof,uK: Okef,vh;Okef,yAefauK; cofyefwmef,pkdofNyf;
zAof;ySwf; zl;tgefNofwh:rK:bl,bof./
rldof;Nyf;wdtof qof;'K.sv; zl;tgefNofrldif:wh:uGK,bof.eef. ]]AkdvfrSL;csKyf
wifaz}}yefyhm:olef.oK; ]]P;tofqof;'K.cof uGK,wgwf;wluf:erf.ymif,vhm, ughrlnf.zAof;
ySwf;urf:vAof}}ehvl:ugef,/ ulnf:eK,]]AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;}}Orf. Omefcwf:vgif;eh.
aO sevgif;wmif:oK; ]]ulofukdwf:ykdef:pmif;phm.vlifoh.rldefeif, rif;BuD;&efaemif tofwhm
Oldofpmef'K.aO ughrlnf.yK:zgif:rldif:vlifwh:ymuf,ekdif;(rwfwIK,=rwå&m)rldof;ymeftK,o
eef.}}ehsv; coftrf,tofwhmOAif;aOwK. xgefySwf;iK:vkrf:vkrf:bl,bof./
qof;'K.OD,ayK.qof;uBK,OSifsw. cofwkdef:bdkof:whmref:qof;ySwf;pdrf:vguf:
qguf,eef.bl,bof.? qof;Olnf,wSuf;Orf. vh;nK:bK;bKilef.wD;e[:xgif,aO vl.phmwhm
uGK,? vkuf;qhm:? egif.qhm:sv; tduf,vlnf;aeK,OSifwkdef:crf:qof;'K.auK; rmef;tmef:
wdngyf:sv; vh;eDyhm;zmwf,bmefomef;rldif:auK;rD:? qldof:yhm;cof;uGK,pAwf:Okduf:bl,oh.e[:
xldef,auK;rD:rK:/ Okduf:wh:tefrD:oh. e[:xldef,urf;zgif;Orf. yAefaIK:uK,I.y.vqyf:
wdwf:oh.sv; se:oK;qof;'K.chmudefrldif:aO tgefuefqif:aeK,OSifwkdef:crf:qof;
78
'K.? tofwhmphmrlnf.ySwf;xSif;/ qldof:trf,tofwhmauK; trf,yefeK;wD;vDvDaO urf;

zgif;Orf.pof:eif,uef tofuefcrfxgif,oh. 7,8 yDauK; bif:yAefrK:eh. yAefwmif:
zdwf:tefpof:trf,arKcgwf,zgwf;pSif:uefsv;qif, wluf:Okrf:rK:bl,bof./
rldof;ymefqof;'K.tgefNofaO pAwf:Omif;umefwK,rldif:wh: zgif:cwf:q[tof
vgwf;vSof:eef. -
1.qof;'K.cofpmrf.erf rD:ydif,nK,? rmifqof;vh;cl:(M.A)? rmifqof;vh;cl:(B.A)? rmif
qof;qef.ySwf,(qef.ySwf,ymefeef. uwf.cSef,aO ulef:vh;cl:bmrf:vAof)
2.tK,eK,tkyf.ydlif,rldif:wh:rD:oh.e[:rkdof:?
3.ulef:rldif:bkrf,brfpuf.OK,?
4.zhm,vifrD:tif:udwf.urf.xSrfoh./
rldof;eef. zl;tgefNofzhm,rmef; qgrfOkduf:tgif,Omef:? tl:ekcofeef.trf,
vh;cl:/ ugyf;Oifzl;tgefNofzhm,wh: wArfxlef;oh.aOcof ul;yldifyldifauK;bK, qkdifOrf.
vh;wluf:Okrf:yefuGK,J` ayK:olef.Ogef,sw. ugyf;trf,arKumefyhm:rldif: tefrmef;arK
eef.bof./ wK,awsc.cAifyldef;eef. N.xkuf,vh;arKydif,nK,tefyldef;arKoh.aOq[.
wkdof:awK,pof:bl,eef. ckdef:q[.wkdof:awK,yldef; xkuf,tofrdwf;yldef;cK;yldef;ckdef:qif,
awsy.vh;yldef;ckdef:bl,bof./ umefrldif:qldif.eef qof;'K.coftrf,arKrK:/
ymefrldof;vAofeh.wh:pof:-
1.qgif,ydif,nK,wmif:N.arKpof:yAif:rldof;ymefqof;'K.?
2.tK,eK,qkdif;rldif:wh:qgif,rD:oh.e[:rkdof:pof: wArfxlef;rldefrdol f;ymefcof?
3.ulef:rldif:qgif,puf.OK, urf.xSrfpof:vh;bl,wK,aO,?
4.zhm,vifpof:rD:z[rD:Oifoh.?
79
5.qgif,pof:yK;arKydif,nK, tefzl;cAefpof:arKaOsv; q[.wkdof:awK,pof:bl,ul;rdkof.ul;

oef:/
qldof:eh.yAefacK;pof: xkuf,olef.clef.oh.bl,/ bgef.trf,yAif:ymefcofqof;sv;
pSif:erf.q[wluf:? trf,pwf:pAwf:Oifsw. trf,xkuf,yAefeif,uof,/ pof:ukdif,vDcwf:q[
P;ylef.vldofcofqof;eef.bl,/ pof:xkuf,vDykduf.zdkuf:arK? rD:rK:qldof:qldif.eif,cofqof;rof
uK: pof:xkuf,rD:yK:? arKyK:tefzl;cAefpof:arKrD:oh.bl,eef.aOvh; yAefvgif;sy.ykef;
cofqof;rK:eef.yK:vl:ugef,/
]]umefOkduf:? umefyhm:rldif:? tefoK;eef.z[ulwf.? uSuf:? pwf:? bguf:? vdif,
vSef? sv.vSwf:? pmif;vguf:? Nuf.qef? ouf.vh;eif,c[;vh;c[;yAefeef.vh;auK; N.
ref:awsy.awvh;bl,bof.? trf,yh,wK.ugef,? trf,qgrf:yldifTwK:vlif}}eheef.oK;trf,
vh;/ wD;sw.ref:vlof,sy.sv; vlof,vh;ulnf:/ ugyf;eef ]]ayK:r[:c[;vh;sv; c[;sy.
auK; r[:vlof,arKvgif;trf,TwK:sv; vlof,wef:xK;wK.oh.bl,tgefwmif:yldef;wK,aO,
eef.bof./
qlof;cmof:tefylef.rK:qldof:eef.sw. wh:ukrf,tgefuef]]Okdof;blof:? tlef;
tgef,? tK:eK,? bkrf,ihm;? zlduf,qkdef;? cmofO[? trf,tkdwf:? xAifuef? zdwf:uef?
edif;uef? uldef.uef? pdrfuef? xldrfuef? qSuf,uef? xSuf,uef? wSuf,uef}}eK,ylef.
tK:vK:zSofsv; wh:trf,yh,wgef.wef:wK.xK; z[wD;v[rK:aOyguf;/ wluf:vkdef:bl,
wK,aO,eef.bof./ awudefeldof.vdif:auK; ukrf,rkdif.wlnf:eK;vdif:rK:bl,sv; trf,
wgef.pwf:udefrK:/ OifoK;toftAefpSif:pwf:? imefawK,Ol;uefulnf:sw. wh:awsy.
vh;bl,auK;bK,rldof;vAofyldef;toftguf:vSef;sc.uef ugyf;eefayK:pof: trf,rkif;pef
vguf:ylef.yldef;oh.tgefwmif:sw. N.awqmif;Fymwf;wluf:vkuf:vofvlifxSif;bl,/
]]tAefpSif:yh,wArfxlef;}}tefoK;eef. c[;tgefuefoK;pSif:Oif` ]]ydif,nK,
sy.pSif:ukdrf:}}eheef. trf,xkuf,vkdrf:ySwf;/ tAefpSif:erfwmef,pkdofauK;bK, ayK:trf,
tofydif,nK,acK;olef.qgh;sw. qmif;wluf:Olrf:yldef;bl,/ rldefeif,oK;]]rh.Omof:oK:vkwf;
ckdyf;}}eef. qmif;yAefxSif;bl,/ cAefpof:yAefOif`JyAefz[eheef. pof:xkuf,olef.
clef.Oguf;pK P;vh;tgefwmif:/ rldof;ugef,rK:eef.sw. pof:bif:trf,N.quf:cAefpof:rK:?
80
pof:yD;egif.eif,uef ukrf,pSrfudefeldof.uefrK:bl,ulnf:sv; vh;yAefrK:eif,]]pmif:OK,

uof;rkdef,-vh;phmvhmuGK,OAif;}}sv; xkuf,q[yldef;rK:ulnf:/
iof;ykdef.trf,uSef,qkdif Ndef:qmif;yif:/ vifb[,wmef,pkdofauK; cSef:qmif;yif:
ihm;bof./ ugyf;eef Ndef:pof:bK,P;yif:eef. ykdef.ref:pof:awtofOifpAwf:Jèh.
sw. tdifeldoftef pof:c[;azK,pmif;wlofNdef:pof:eef.bof./ pof:awpAwf:Ndef:vif
b[,wmef,pkdof? P;pof:yD;egif.ayK:bl,pif:ulnf:eef.ulnf:se,-trf,eef tmef:Mif.
ulef:wif:omef;bl,qgrf:se,`Jtdifvlnf; bldif:bl,vlnf;uefeif,uK; bldif:tmef:
eef. awvh;pKP;ykdef.Ndef:pof: uSef,eSef;vDeef. tgefwmif:Okwf:bof./ ayK:
ykdef.trf,uSef,sw.Ndef:yif:bgh;eef. qmuf,ref:qmif;zlif.wluf:zwf.pof: whmvl:ugef,
tldof;/ pof:yD;egif.pSrfuef? zdwf:uefuK;pkdofauK; N.awxkuf,q[yldef;ulnf:? eif,pkdof
awtrf,rSef;uefauK; yldef;aOK,Olef:O[,'h:yef P;rh;yK:Ndef:pof:bl,wK,aO,/ ugyf;
eefNdef:auK; trf,yAefpAwf:rK:vh;aOyguf;/ bgef.trf,rD:ykdef.uSef,rK:aOyguf;sv;
yAefNdef:teftrf,ukdrf:vh;aO urf:urf:sv; uh.nK:qmuf,ref:zwf.nK:rK:ulnf:/
]]vh;N.vgif;rldof;ugef,qldof:eh.rK:? yldef;qmif;pdse:uef eSef,eK,? rldefpmif;
wdefrkdof:ayK:tlef;uGK,OAif;? wK,awpAwf:umefuGK,xSif;eef. ayK:trf,rD:pSif:bof.}}eh
sw. z[oK;auK; ref:zdwf:bof./ awpAwf:pkdofuefvK,`JawtgefuefOkdyf,bl,e[:
OK.yldef;oh.bl,pK.`Jyldef;c[;udeftefv[? rldof;v[auK; urf.q[yldef;vlduf;tofse,J`
ayK:trf,c[;udefbof.auK; yefyldef;tofuGK, xguf,wluf:erf.ymif,vhm,aObof.se,J`
]]rwf:uRuf:trf,yAefvguf:}}bof.sv; awcmrf,yef P;wgwf;wluf:'h:se,` trf,eef
awolef.? clef.? uguf:? vSwf:? zhm? uSwf:OK.yldef;cmwf, ymwf,cSefyldef;aOpAwf:P;
tgefuefylef.vgwf;seJèheef.sw. urf.umifq[wh:wif:OAif; tgefuefwSyf:
wwf:eef.ulnf:eif,uof,/
awpAwf:Oif? pAwf:pdkofvlifauK;bK, trf,xkuf,vkdrf:ySwf;vgif;oK;]]uof}}trf,cdkuf.
yAif:]]pK:}}? ]]pK:}}Orf.trf,uwf.brfyAif:]]pof:}}eh.eef.aOyguf;? ayK:ukrf,tgefuef
rkdifrkdif.qgrf:'h:yldef;wh:vSif:bguf,tofquf:eef.ulnf:sw. N.yldef;awwdngyf:tofrldof:
clof;udefauBK, Nef.clofvlnf;Nrf;uefbl,ulnf:bof./ awcmrf,yefyldef; wdtofrldof:udef
auBK,aOse,`/
81
vhm:pAwf:? vhm:Omif;? vhm:bif;? vhm:uGK, trf,rldefuefauK;bK, trf,xkuf,tof

rh. Ogwf,cwf:cKuefaO? tofpSif:pof:vlrf.puf:? uSif.? whm? phmuGK,ySwf;vhmvhm? qlof;zgif:
wkduf.rD:bl, qgrf:wK;qgrf:wmif:/ ughyhmulofvh;yAef bldof,yldef;xSif;OAif;OAif;/ yAefpkdofauK;
ayK:N.ygif,oK; ]]wD;bldif:rhmyAeftefvAofuefbl,}}eheef. wK,aO,aOsv; yAefvh;
wmef,pkdofauK; qgh;pmyf,? yK:? aq:? qkif? qefuefbl,sw.sw.cAef:bl,/ yduf.Orf.
trf,qhg;auK; awK;bK,tD:vlrf.ySwf;ulnf:auK; N.awyAefvh; zgef:vDwK,wif:OAif;bl,/
puf.vkuf;ar:auK; ulofvkuf;ar:vh;udeftdrf,? egef:omef? rD:wmif:N.yAif:yldef;?
puf.Ndef:ab:auK; ulofNdef:pof:yif:? bmwf,? Nof;/ ayK:eefpefbl,cldof:pof:whm? rldif:
pof:bguf:ughbl,sv;Orf.wlnf:vh;? udefbl,rlef;auBK,vh;bl,eef.qkdif awvh;oK;puf.
OifJ`
ykdef:tefoK;eef. ref:trf,qhm,phm? Ouf.Ohm,auK;wkdef:trf,rlwf:/ auK.
pAwf:vkdrf:auK; auK.N.pefrhmwgif:oh.rD:bl,sv; z[awtrf,vkdrf:vh;aOyguf;/ whmphmuGK,
bof.auK; rhmzkdefsw. wkdef:awukduf:rldif:uGK,awK,qlof;bl,/ ugyf;eef z[aOrof,uK:N.
wkdef:trf,c[;P;qkdof;wl,eof;qof;uof, udkuf:oh.ykdef:? ukdwf:oh.yefvkuf;vmef? vdef?
vSefvh;Okdyf,Okwf,elrfuGK, rldof:eK;eif,uof,/ bK,P;rD:zl;wSrf;ykdef:wl,eof;Okdyf,qyf:
yefqldof.cdlof: vh;wl,eof;ylnf,vmef:rlnf.phmuGK, qgrf:xSif;aOurf:eheef. wh:wif:
OAif;tgefuefwldif,umof,bl, euf:euf:eKeK/
OifoK; Okdyf,oh.yefthmMrfNdef:qkdef;OK, zkdwf.ymuf;yefwmif:uGK, wK,qldof.cdlof:
ckdef;b[,xSif; Odkyf,ekdif;bof.Okdyf,ekdif;? qef.ekdif;bof.qef.qkdif;? rlwf:O[rkef:r[,rK:
wduf:wduf:qkdif trf,pkdifN.awzSofMwf;wD; Nrf;tefuwf:bAef vgwf;cAefsv; pof:yD;
egif.vh;bkrf.clofrlef;auBK,vlnf; Nrf;uefbl,oef:ekdif;Jeef. yAefoef:ekdif;Jrkif;
rgif:xkdifvh;Mwf;wD; oef:ekdif;Jeef. oef:ekdif;J
zmuf,wgef;xkdifauK.-puf.wh:-wif:OAif;aOsv;JJJ
(cldof:OSef)
82
ykdif;tdif
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3. wGJa&;cGJa&;jyóem / 1957
4. &Srf;jynfepfemcsufrsm; / 1957
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8.Nyf.xlyf:wgif;xmrfvh;rK:wD; zl;N.pefrK:qgrf:rldof;ymefeef. (1945-1962)
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ၸဵတ်းသွင်ဝၼ်းၼိုင်ႈ (ၶိူဝ်းသႅၼ်)

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ေꨟဳမူိင္းꨡꨯꨤꨳလꨤဝ္း ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတꨤဝ္း ꨁꨤဝ္းတꨯးလꨯꨳတူꨀ္းယꨤꨀ္ꨳ

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