E acj;Oif,
E E
ulef:tefuofN.
E E
* ulef:pof:eh. bl,vlnf;yhm:olef.
ulef:pof:eh. bl,vlnf;Owf.qj,
ulef:pof:eh. bl,vlnf;wmif:cwf:q[
ulef:pof:eh. bl,vlnf;rAwf.wj,
bl,vlnf;arjOgef,zhm,yldef;arjOgef,zhm,pof:bof;/
* vldofaOeef. ulef:pof:eh.
bl,vlnf; vgif;bkrf,brf
bl,vlnf; vgif;pmef.q[aO
pjtofvgif;idrf:bAef rlef;auBj,
bl,vlnf; vgif;bldef.uef;
bl,vlnf; Ozj,oTwj:/
* vdlofaOeef.
ulef:pof:eh.
E E
bl,vlnf; Ohm;wSef:/
qof; oqD, ydu f.
* acj;uGmrf:ckduf.ckduf.
tefrD:oh.e[:q[vdkuf.vdkuf.qldof:eef.J
wj,awtoftguf, rguf,vmwf;ser[:
P;yAefuGmrf:rj: qldif.eif,rldof;eh.eh.
uofvh;olef.Ogef,bmyf,zkdwf,rj:wmef,v[eh
r[:c[;N. qif,awN.uGj; J
acj;uGmrf:tgef,qldof:eh. ekdif;acj;ekdif;v[
Oifoj; rD:zgef:vDwj,r[:bl,qkdif
ukdif,wmif:pj:vh;xlyf:nj:uef
e[:Orf,OIj,eh.bl,/ 1
qof; oqD, ydu f.
wlef;rh.xof;vlifpdrf:wmif:
* uofeh. yAefwlef;rh.xof;vlifpdrf:wmif:
Olqldof:eh. Orf.yAefulef:uGj,wj;yhwmif:
rldof;tef
qldof:Ol rj:vkdof;Oof:w[;Nrf;zlnf:iof:uofeef.
uofqlrf:Oldof:sw.sw./
* vmwf:cmrf;
wmif:rh;
wmif:Mef.
wmif:uwf:aO
cmof:bmrf:rlwf:uAif;blwf:OAif;uGj,bof.sv;
ayj:cmof:ref:xkdif
qkdifOlayj:ckdef:Okdyf,cmof:wmif:OluGj,bof;
atj: q[;bl,vl:
uofeh. yAefwlef;rh.xof;vlifpdrf:wmif:/
* P;Olumrf,vDrD:Okef,tkef,q[aOurf:
rmifyguf;rmifv[ cSef:awj; q[xkdifuofzgif;ej;
uofsw.
awj,ayj:bAef:yAef wlef;rh.pSif;vlifuGj,auj;
awj;aw Okdyf,Olif,rAwf.wj,yefOlbl,
qldof:Olulef:uGj,wmif:
P;umrf,vDrD:Okef,tkef,q[aOurf:
2 P;umrf,vDrD:Okef,tkef,q[aOurf:/ 3
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 ukif,rkefOkdof;blof:
E ref;edrfbAef
E
* tgefuefOkdyf,y[.xdif: ayj:bl,Oof:oh.
ukif,rkefOkdof;blof:sv;/ ref;ref;qkdif vh;idrf:bAeftldof;/
clof:cgiftefbdrfydlef;aO bdyf:wkdof:eef. ayj:bl,Oof:oh.
N.quf:oj; yAefclof:cgifbdrfwj./ edrfedrfqkdif vh;idrf:bAeftldof;/
wmif:Ndof;Ndif:wlofqof;uof,eef. ayj:c[;idrf:bAefqkdif
bj,ayP;ref:uGj,uSef:wjyldef;/ bl,Oof:ref;ref; P;edrfaO
qof; oqD, ydu f. edrfoh.ref;ref:wj./
eh.sw. yAefuGmrf:tgef,Omrfacj;ulnf:/
ref;
edrf
bAef/
qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
4 5

pj
tgif.si:
E E
* pj pj pj
* tgif.si:J
uldwf,rj: ykef;wj,pj
vh;oj;yAefOAif iof;ij,zovkuf;tgef,auj.ekdif; pjrj: wj,uwf:bAef
vkdif;zSofrj:e[:avj:uclif:umif zoekdif;bof. zoekdif;
thm;eh.J OAef;wmif:szrj,bj, rD:erfej,/
uoftofrj: cgifzmuf,ykef;wj,r[:tldof;J/ * pj pj pj
wD;e[:avj:ueh. tefvldwf, P;ayj:uwf:
uofawyefr[:bl,Oof:uGj, tefc[;vh; P;ayj:vh;
50J 60 yD trf,eef 90 J 100/ tofwlofcmrf,bmyf,aOpj
* r[:awpAwf:pkdofq[.wkdof:cmof:bmrf:uGj,eh tofzovSuf;aOpj pj pj pj/
uofawy[.wlnf:ugef,/ * pj pj pj
vDauj;bof. awvh;vwf:cmrf; erf.wjymif,vhm,pj.
qauj;bof. awvh;vwf:cmrf; vhgMuf,vmyf,OSrf:Owf.bl,pj.
cmof:bmrf:tefuofyefoh.eef. awvwf:cmrf;tefsp.uif;wif:OAif;aO pj pj pj
r[:q[.wkdof:uGj,wArf"xlef;"w/ * ykef;wj,ulef:wif:erf c[;yAefyAef
vdlofaOeef.J ykef;wj,wlofqof;uof, c[;yAefyAef
qgrf:eif,zgef:vDzgef:qumrf, uofwkduf.vh;pjbl, ugyf;oj; uofyAefulef:auj.ekdif;/
rD:eif,pkdofehauj; * oef:tefbkuf.rkdof:omif:umef.yef Orf,OIj,J
qgrf:eif,olwf;omwf;wmif:pAwf:r[:eef.aO oef:tefq[c[;pj rlwf:uAif;blwf:OAif;uGj,J
qmwf;eh.c[;yAefyAef oef:tefMwf;zSofuGj, wD;trf,c[;pjeef.
qmwf;ej; tgif.si:xSif;vhmyguf;auj; c[;yAefyAef yAefbldif:rhmuofbof;/
r[:cmrf, r[:qmrf,wj./ ulnf:uj; bmrf:vAofsw. J

E E
qof; oqD, ydu f. 6 pj pj pjJ 7
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 wkduf.pSif:
E qldif.eif,
E

* rmifyguf;rmifv[
trf,ukdif,vDrh;q[aOw wmif:uwf.cSef,qdlif.eif,
uofrh;q[bgef.yldof; wlef;rmuf,rguf, wD;w[;eh.auj; uoftrf,rD:/
tefuofzkuf,oh.eef.bl,/ wmif:cyf:rhmqldif.eif,
* wlef;tefuofzkuf,oh.eef. wD;w[;eh.auj; uoftrf,N./
yduf.Orf.oj; whmuGj,ckdif;vhgekdif;aOwj. clof:cgifqldif.eif,
wkduf.ukdwf:bl, ckdif;ekdif;vl:/ wD;w[;eh.auj; uoftrf,rD:/
* wlef;tefuofzkuf,oh.eef. OAef;rhmulef:phm.
yduf.Orf.oj; whmuGj,wif:vhgauj; qldif.eif,wD;w[;eh.auj; uoftrf,yj:/
qmif;yAefOifJ/ OAef;rhmulef:vD
* uofawckdef:sr:zkuf, qldif.eif,wD;eldofeh.auj; uoftrf,yj:/
P;ayj:wArfvhguGj,bl,/
* ugyf;Oifayj:ehJ ugyf;Oif ayj:ehqkdif
Oifoj;auj.zkuf,Ogrf;qldif.eif,uof uofeh.
wkduf.rD:Ohmq[bl,qkdif yAefauj.tefvgwf;oh.
tAefpSif:uofauj; e[:su;umif

E E
wkduf.awOkdyf,rD:pSif:xSif;bl,/ 8 wD;w[; wD;eldofqldof:eef.eef.bof./ 9
qof; oqD, ydu f. qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
vduf; vSof:Twj:

* bj,aycmef.vlvduf;
bj,aycmef. wSrf;vduf;
bj,aycmef.wSrf; vduf;rhmoef:
vgif;tefwSrf;rhmqldof:eh.
yAefacj;ruf:ref; zor[:tldof;/
yAefOl:vmyf;vlif zor[:tldof;/
ayj:ySwf;oh.qldif.eif,ehqkdif
N.wuj; awyAefvAuf:apjulnf:tldof;/
awqmif;pAwf:pkdofyAefvh; vSof:vDrmuf;ekdif;/
wj,awyAefrj: vSof:vDrmuf;ekdif;eef.
awvh;cmrf,zofzh:wif:erf J
awvh;cmrf, xkyf.wSef,wif;erf J
awvh;cmrf, vyf.wif:erf J
* ulnf:uj; vSof:tefoj;eef. J
trf,q[;sv;oj;
awvh;uGj,zef:zdef:vlifuGj,ul;wD; J
Oifzef:zdef:vlifuGj,ul;tefqkdif
awyAef vSof:tkdof.ulnf:tldof; J/
* ulef:zef:vSof:uwf.cSef,tefoj;eef.
ref:wef:xgefvSof:tguf,aO
zef:uGj,rldof;v[eh
ydlef;bif:trf,wef:pefulnf:/

E E
yAefuj;cefvlif zor[:tldof;/ 10 qof; oqD, ydu f. 11
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 OAef;wmif:yh auj.qkef.
E E
* r[:Ndof.rhg;bl, e[:su;umif
Meferf.avj:uvlifbl,pj.
rj:egef:vdkof;Ndof.wD;uof uSyf.ekdif;sv;
vyf:wj
bj,olef. tefylef.rj:
uofaw tofuGmrf:omef tkdef:vhg:vhg:
egef:aO xgrf,OAifpmif;vDavj:uugef,sv;/
* uofc[;yAef clofvlif
tefuhm,cmrf; Mif;erf.aOj:uvlifeef.sw.sw./
uofaw bAwf,vifOldof,yefoh.bl,
wh,cmrf;uGj, eldofvifuofeh.sv;
bj,ay vwf:cof;e[:erf.Mif;aOj:u/
* auj.qkef.rSif,yldef; tefoj;eef.
rldefeif, vh;vwf:e[:su;umif yhmrdwf;yhmzehbof;
zj,nj:yhmrdwf;yhm zwmef,v[auj;vhm:
yduf.Orf.oj; zrdwf;rmwf,wif:wlofauj;bof.
wrfwSif:zSofxkdif rmuf,Nofq[auj;bof.
uofwkdef:trf,eSif
wmif:OAef;eh. yAefOAef;wmif: auj.qkef.rSif,
tefuofwif;q[vlduf;oh.vl:/
* ckdef:odef,wlnf: qldif.eif,uGmifvAofvifeef.vl:
vgif;vSwf,qkef.rSif, vgif;vldefqkef.rSif,
vgif;vlrf:qkef.rSif, J qldof:eef.
z[ ruf:ref;cof
wkdef:oj; wAwf,bAefoh. trf,wuf:OAif/
* bj,ayiofrkdifOifbl,
omif:wlof omif:q[aO
egef:tdrf,tdrf,sv; auj.tldnf:J
uofawMif.uGmrf:aO tkdef:r[:bl,
uofawrD:oh. pdrf:r[:
uofawrD:oh. pdrf:r[:
zotefoj;eef. yAefehulnf:tldof;/

E E
12 13
qof; oqD, ydu f.

ayj:trf,J`
E E
bl,P;auBj,

* wD;e[:zoeh.
* ayj:r[:trf,N.oh.xj;
Oifoj; Odyf:ej;rldif: vyf:Odif,wefwduf:
r[:awuGj,pjOgefyefz[`
trf,rD: wmif:rkif;rgif:aOtdwf:ehqkdif
ayj:r[:trf,rD:pSif:
clofrif OAifvifvifw/
r[:awuGj,Myf,z[`
* vldofaOeef.J
ayj:r[:trf,rmuf;rD:
ulrf;aOpAwf: tefqof;uof,xmif,oj;
r[:awuGj,Ogefz[ vhm:yAefOax:`
awauBj,eef.w
ayj:r[:trf,uwf:bAef
q[;tldof;J
r[;awuGj,Ogefz[ cl:vhm:uwf:bAef`
zotefoj;eef.
Oifoj;
yAefymif,uGmif;wmif:bmyf,zkdwf,tldof;J/
rkdof:r[:trf,zkuf,yAeftgefwmif:qkdif
ulnf:uj;
r[;awpAwf:pkdof
zotefoj;eef.
uGj,Ogefyefyldef; vhm:zkuf,Ogrf;
awvh;bl,uGj,rlef;rlef;Oldof:Oldof:tldof;/

E E
14 wj,awyAefOax:zhm,zkuf,Ogrf;/ 15
qof; oqD, ydu f.
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 auj.ref;udkrf:
E E
*r[:xmif,oj;
r[:ref;oh. wj,aO,
udkrf:oh.wj,aO, ehbl,pj.`
* e[:avj:u tefr[:bl,Oof:bl,oh.eh.
yAefurf,zj,tef ohm;yef,oh.e[:umifpmofbl,vl:/
* ulef:tefoj;eef. awvh;cwf:q[ awvh;O[,pSif:
ayj:N.oj; vgif;qldof:eh. trf,ref;ukdrf:ehqkdif
wmif:cwf:q[cofwif:OAif;eef.
yAefykef;wj,ulef:erf
yAefykef;wj, ulef:yj;egif;yj;viftldof;eef./
* bl,wD;e[:avj:u teftrf,ref;ukdrf:eef.aO
wmif:cwf:q[ auj.q[uSef,eef.
cofaw Okdyf,cwf:q[wj,aO,aO
wj,awwhmeef.auj;
awj;wlof;wef:oh.bl,bof./
qof; oqD, ydu f.
caIj:
* eldofumifpmof
vmoftgef,tmef,OSef,tmef,vmef.
yAefwmif:pmif;vDwif:OAif;/
* wj,awwSrf;oguf:umifcrf;
ayj:trf,yj:Ol pkdofawuGj,yAefvh;vj,
vmoftgef,wmif:OAif;tldnf:/
* awegef:ugef,uGj;
crf;vmoftgef, tkrf,vgrf.Myf;oh.eh./
* yduf.Orf. rguf,ukrf;ikdyf:Okrf,aOw
Olqldof:eh. rD:oh.bl,eh uofN.bl,vl:/
* q[;bl,trf,q[;pj.
acj;uGmrf:tefoj; auj.vAofwdif,wdof:eheef.
yAefuGmrf:ulef:bgif,cofulnf:tldof;J/
* uofawOkdyf,egef:vyf:
e[:su;tluf:Ol uwf:uwf:bAefbAefugef,
caIj:
caIj:

E E
16 caIj: 17
qof; oqD, ydu f.

auj.qkdof;q[;
cmof:bmrf:
E E
* cmof: bmrf:tefoj;eh. * auj.qkdof;q[; tefoj;eef.
rD:vgif;wmif: Oldofphm.vlifauj; ref:pwf:awj,Ol;bof./
arjpAwf:yAefyef ayj:Oldof Mif.ekdif;urf:
ref:auj; pwf:Mif.ekdif;urf:bof./
tefr[,aOw
* auj;qkdof;q[; tefoj;eef.J
tefu of,
bl,Oof:Okdof;Okdof;blof:blof:
teftrf,wSyf:wwf:vh;
trf,arjbl,Oof: pAwf:uAif;
uj;cefref:eef.auj; auj.tefc[;vh;ej;ej,eef.auj;
arjbj.ySwf; ref:wlnf:trf,xkuf,wj/
pkuf:pkuf:phm.phm.bof./ * vgif;qkdof;q[;Okdof;blof:eh.
qof;oqD,yduf. xkuf,vDoh.yefvkuf;vmefuGj,bl,
vgif;eh.yAefykef;wj,
avj:uOkdyf,bdkef:bmof:cmof:pkdifbof./
* auj.tefrD: yIdsb,erfrdlefeif,erf.
auj.tefqkdof;q[;Okdof;blof:
rD:erf.uwf.wmif:cSef,eef.
vh;oj;yAef pAifauj.qif,rD:ekdif;auj.ehbof./
* ugrf.ulnf: ykef;wj,pjvAif.vkuf;vmif:ar:emif:aO
Orf.tofvgif;Okdof;blof:qof;uof,
uGj,urf.oh. wD;e[:OSif,urf.clof:ehqkdif
awvh;oj; r[:wSrf;ydkef:r[:ehbof./

E E
18 19
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 Ohmihmzhm,ykef.
* bj,xwf:Omifqof.
zotefoj;eef.
ayj:xlyf:rj: qif,awN.tldof;/
* tefref:vh;cknf.pefbl,eef.
tofrj:O[,wlnf: e[:q[qof;uof,sv;J/
tofq[ref:
rj:O[,wlnf: e[:q[qof;uof,sv;J/
uGj,cof;wlnf: e[:zoref:sv;J/
* ayj:pAwf:eefvh; ul;auj.qkdif
avj:uclif:umifvlifeh.
E E
awuwf:bAefOldof:Oj,sw.bof./
qof; oqD, ydu f.
Nrf;iof:xj,oI
*qldif:tgef,Nofekdif;
tefsw,rj: wrf;wD;
zgifvkyf,ulef:whm
eldofzj,rkdof: ckefqhm:OD,xmwf;J/
* ugyf;Oif
uofvh;vgwf;apj:e[:q[uof
euf:euf:qlrfqlrfoj;
]]YkWfX> OIE> uqf!jrd}}ehqkdif
E E
uofN.vldofaOydlef;tldof;/
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E ykdef:
E
* r[:pAwf:vDaOw
bj,uldof:rmif,xmif,oj; awyAefydkef:pmif;vD/
* umeftefv[aOtrf,oj;
wkdef:rD:oh. ySefsy;Ogifzhm,tldof;
ayj:r[:vdluf; ySefsy;zhmtefvDehqkdif
ulef:rlduf;ulef:phm.cof awsO.se:r[:trf,pmif./
* ayj:r[:pAwf: tefqkdof;q[;rmef,rSef;qkdif
qdlof:tefpAwf:zdwf:bl,eef.
awOmefcwf:r[:bof./
* ayj:r[:pAwf:umef rkdof:ayj:trf,wef:eef.
ulef:bl,vguf,bl,vhmcof awsO.se:r[:tldof;/
* Okdyf,cwf:q[pAwf:uGj,sv;J bj,ayq[wluf:
ulnf:uj; c[;zmif.Owdacj;ekdif;
pAwf:vDbl,aOwj. bj,ayrkif;rgif:oj;
awyAefykdef:pmif;vD/
* qof;uof, awqkuf:ySefsy;zhm,v[eh
trf,q[;yldifvlifref:J
tefyAefyldifvlifref:sw.
qkuf:zhm,v[auj; bj,ayyefNdif;uldif:
vlof,vh;xkuf,rSef;
20 auj.tefrD:bl,zhm,r[:qkuf:ulnf:/ 21
qof; oqD, ydu f.
tukOlof,eh. trf,arjegef:vyf:
E E
* ayj:rD:ulef: N.wuj;rD: tukOlof,
ayj:rD:tukOlof, N.wuj;rD: ulef:/
* ref:wAwf,bAefyhm;rSyf:oh. e[:rmuf,Nofq[bl,J
ayj:rD:Okef,rj:qkdif
ref:arjseerf.uwf.ref:tldof;J
zhm,vif tefref:pAwf:yAefeef.
zowif:erf vh;vl.vSofrj:bof./
* z[auj; trf,pAwf:tukOlof,vh; wj,aO,aOw
ayj:oj; tukOlof,pAwf:qkdif
qmif;yef wkuf.cwif:zobof./
* wrf;wD; e[:uj,burf, oqD,urf, raej:urf,eef.
tukOlof,eh. rldefeif, ulef:phm.auj.ekdif;aO
vgrfvSrfy[.bj.uof:oh.bl,wj,aO,tldof;/
* z[c[;N.N. trf,N.N.
ayj:oj; ulef:wkduf.rD:bl,qkdif
ref:auj; awrD:bl,
ugyf;eh oh.OwdtukOlof,sv;
22
ref:eh. trf,arjegef:vyf:/
23
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 bmif;wdef
E ulef:arjuj;
E
* bj,ukrf,rkdif. * Oefvhgrldif:wh:pof:
c[;zkdif.bmif;uGj, zhm,ej;bl,wduf:wduf:/ tefrD:zhm,wmif:tguf,
* rmifyguf;rmifv[ xmwf;q[ auj.arjuj;auBj,rlef;wlef;q[/
bgef,q[Nefvif ekdif;bmif; Ogifbmif;sv; * c[;ph;aOw bkrf.aO
blofqmif;vh;pef uj;se pmif;vDpmif;imrf:
wgif.zj.Ogrf,Ogrf,uGmif;uGmif;vlif ulef:qldif.eefauj; bmrf;xlyf:nj:rj:tldof;/
* bl,wD;e[:su;umif wAuf:eAuf:tAuf:xAuf:aO
tduf,vlnf;
qkdef,vkuf. cmrf,wkuf.
ymif,vhm,uGmif;vlifeef.tldof;/
trf,rD: cwf:q[P;rD:
qof; oqD, ydu f. trf,yAef cwf:q[P;yAefaO zldrf.xSrfyefrj:
qldof:cof ulef:arjuj;pmif;vDpmif;imrf:/
* z[c[;wlnf:wlnf: trf,wlnf:wlnf:auj;bof.
bl,e[:su;umif yldef;xwf:OmifaO
qldof:cof ulef:arjuj;pmif;vDpmif;imrf:/
* Nofej;qmwf; TOj,Ogefuj; c[;vhm;vhmauj.auj;vhm;
cofqldof:eh.sw. yAefulef:arjuj;pmif;vDpmif;imrf:rj:bl,
crf;eh. awvh;uj;qmwf;OifJ wkdef:vh;bl,ulnf:
cofeh. yAefulef:arjuj;pmif;vDpmif;imrf:/
(P;vh;tof oguf:tgef, Nofeh. aO bgi f;ukif,rkef
ule f: arjuj;pmif; vDp mif; imrf: tefbmrf; xly f: rj:
rldo f;yle f. rj:eef. bl, )

E E
24 qof; oqD, ydu f. 25

aej; avj:u
E E
* tlofJ avj:u uofrj:eh.
* ulef:q[.ikdef:ehauj; awyAefvh;bl,uGj;aej;
wj,wluf:Okrf: trf,q[;
ikdef:q[.ulef:ehauj; awyAefvh;bl,uGj;aej;
wj,rBmwf;wgef: trf,q[;J
udefwj,bl,ehauj; awyAefvh;bl,uGj;aej; yAefykef;wj, rj:bkdef;yef
bl,wj,udefehauj; awyAefvh;bl,uGj;aej;/ wj,rj:yefrAwf.wj,sv; uofqif,rj:tldof;/
* bdkif;N.vgif;ulef:vdlof * tlofJ avj:u uofrj:eh.
bkdif;c[;vAif.rjvldofuGj;aej;/ wj,ukOlof,auj; awj;trf,q[;
* tefukdif,vDckuf:q[vh;eef. wj,tukOlof,auj; awj;trf,q[;
c[;vkdrf:auj; awqmif;vkdrf:bl,uGj;aej;/ ykef;wj, bl,wD;eguf;Nof.aO
tefukdif,vDvkdrf:eef. y[.wkdwf.qefcof qldof:vlrf.eef.sv;
c[;ckuf:q[vh;auj; awqmif;ckuf:q[vh;bl,uGj;aej;/ uofqif,rj: e[:avj:ueh.tldof;/
* rj.vDeef. uh.vh;cmrf,wmif:ydlef;cD,tdlof;aej;/ * tlofJ avj:u uofrj:eh.
ulef:vDeef. uh.vh;cmrf,yldef;vlvhmtldof;aej;/ trf,qmif;pAwf:P;
* zDumrf,vDeef. ulef:e[:avj:u cloful;auj.aOw
uh.vh;q[ rj.yef ulef:pwf:pmeftldof;aej; bgef.yldof; OAifclofuof
* ayj:tD:zknf,zuf:wlvhg:vhg:sv; trf,vh;qkdif bgef.yldof; wmif:bkrf.uofaO
tofwdefxdyf,rifuGj;aej;/ c[;P; ulef:pdrf:Mrf:uof Oldof:q[sv;
qof; oqD, ydu f.
uofqif,rj:tldof;/
* tlof avj:u uofrj:eh.
ykef;wj, rj:bgef:tof trf,q[;
ykef;wj, rj:egyf,yefsv; uofqif,rj:tldof;/

E E
26
qof;oqD,yduf.
27
 trf,rD: ulnf:rD:ulef:bgif,
E c[;vh;oh.e[:q[(trf,eef)bmyf,
E
* zhm,eguf; vgif;uldwf, vgif;whm
zhm,eguf; ukOlof, tukOlof,
zhm,eguf; vgif;vD vgif;q
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. trf,rD:qof;Ndef: zhm,eguf; vSif:sv;vyf:Odif,
ulnf:rD: auj.uGj,tgefwmif:sv; zhm,eguf; puf.sv;qif:
auj.rj:zhm,vkdef:ulnf:/ zhm,eguf; uhsv;qrf
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. trf,rD:yhm:eyf. zhm,eguf; pmif;vDsv;pmif;q
ulnf:vkuf.wD;Okefrj:aO ckdef:uGj,ql:Okefulnf:/ zhm,eguf; Okifsv;wSrf,
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. trf,rD:clof:cgiftefyAefcgifqof;uof, zhm,eguf; uj;b[,sv;uj;ayj:
ulnf:vkuf.wD; xmwf;OD,yldifrj:aO zhm,eguf; tlnf:vDsv; zl;cAef
ckdef:uGj,ql:xmwf;OD,yldifulnf:J zhm,eguf; N.sv; trf,N.
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. trf,rD:cmof:bmrf: zhm,eguf; Oldof:Oj,sv; wkuf.bmuf;
quBovj,teef,w uj,vteef,w zhm,eguf; pwf:pmefsv; ulofsp
tefulef:pof: rmwf;rmif,xmif,eef. ref:trf,rD: * auj.tefrD:oh. zhm,eguf;qldof:tefvmwf;rj:eef.
ulnf:rD: cmof:bmrf:ej,ID, yAef vkuf;tgef, tefwkduf.uldwf,rj:eef.bof./
tefyldef;ruf:ref;oh.eef.ulnf:/ * wj,awvh; erf.q[
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. trf,rD:qldif: qldif.eif, vkuf;tgef, tefwkduf.uldwf,r[,eef.
ulnf:rD: pmif;zmif yAef ref; vl.aO ykef;wj, ulef:ekdif;auj.eh.
rD:ulef:bgif, tefvrf:tofpmif;zmifeef.ulnf:/ vh;bmyf,sw.sw./
qof; oqD , ydu f.

E E
28 qof; oqD , ydu f. 29

Orj,xd cmof:zmwf,bmef
E E
* wD;eldofvhgvkuf;ekdif;eef.
rD:oh. uRif:xldef,tgef,vifekdif;J/ * bkdif;tj,bkb[,rj:
wD;trf,qrftrf,uh pdrf:uRif:xldef,eef. bkdif;N.oj; qrfawvh;zmwf,rj:J
rD:oh. qIgyf;ehm:cmof tefrkif:vAuf:oh.vifekdif;/ tefqof;uof, rD:oh. Mrfoh.
wD;wdefvhg Orf.rD:oh. wlif;ej:sv; N.oh. wif:rlwf:eef.
xAifej:tgef,vifekdif;/ uhg;bl,uhg;iSofpof:rj:vhg:vhg:bof./
* qof;uRif:xldef,eef. * c[;yAefukdif.umif.ckduf:cmuf:auj; qmif;yAefbl,
eif;vyf:wjtofOrj,xd w[;wlef;rh.wlef;ekdif;bl,/ c[;yAeftofvhg:vhg:auj; qmif;yAefbl,
* ehm:cmofcofauj;
ulnf:uj; tefawwhmeef.
xgrf,cSyf:Twj: TOj,qof;vlifqof;ekdif;bl,/
* trf,rkif;trf,rgif: rguf,ukrf;Okrf,vrfrj:zkdwf:zkdwf:aO wSwf;eSwf;oh.bl,bof./
zlefvlifwluf:rj: pj,b[,pj,vlif * ulef:NofNnf;pmof:vhgeh.
* qof;tefeif;umefOrj,xdeef. OAifvgif;aOw
eSwf;vSef;cof;e[:uRif:ref:qof;aO arjvmwf;
ygif.xj.zlefbl,/ tefqkdof;q[;rmef,rSef;ref:ulnf:tldof;J
* ehm:cmofqldof:xgrf,cSyf:Twj:auj; OifN.oj; wmif:vmwf;qof;uof,
bgef.yldof; OAifzlefwluf:O[,eldofrkif:vAuf:sv; ylef.ySefuGj,aO
trf,vh;idef:acj;Twj:aO bgef:wgif:ymef,ckdef:
ygif.xj;zlefbl,/ wrf;wD; ulef:qldof:eef.qkdif
* zgif:eef. zgif:eef.J awtrf,bof.trf,wlof;vh;?
wrf;wD; e[:ej:sw.
cmof:bmrf:auj; awtrf,ukrf,xlef;vh;/
qof;ej:Ogifauj.zlofar:

E E
Ogrf;ej:aO Mif.uGmrf:oh.bl,bof./ 30 31
qof; oqD , ydu f.
 E rAwf.wj,awseOAef;wmif:uGj,bl,
* ayj:oj; uofeif;aO
ckdef:vgrfwlnf: wlofqof;uof,qkdif
uofeh. qgif,q[;uofpkdofeh
yAefO>,ao,uvlifbl,sw.bof./
OAifuGmrf:auj; pmif;trf,rj:bgef;Oif
cof;rkef:omefauj; pmif;trf,wldof.bdef.Oif
rmuf,wjauj; pmif;rldefeefrldefedefoh.J
* rldefeif, vgif;cknf.pef
vkuf;pAef: tefbof.Nif:pAef:aO
Odrf:clof: awyguf;rldof:eef.
vgif;cknf.pef ulef:udefydef,qdef,
Odrf:clof:aO awvh;yguf;rldof:eef.
Okdyf,bl,xSif;auj; awj;trf,vh;bof.vl:
cmof:bmrf: zmwf,bmeftefoj;eef.
awzSofrj:bof.
cmof:bmrf: zmwf,bmeftefoj;eef.
awzSofrj:bof./
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E E
32
pkif.eh.wkdef:rdefOkif
E vldefrlef:e[:at:OBj:
* pkif.eh.wkdef:rdefOkif
pkif.eh.rD:rmuf,wj
arjpjpefwlofbldof,
tefuhbmefekdif;vuf:yhmyhm/
* ref:rD:Olyf:vSrf
tefarjOuf:umyf;
* ref:rD:yduf.cSif
tefq[.rdefvh;z[:zmh
* ref:rD:eAyf.
tefarjbuf:ouf.vh;wef:q[
* ref:rD:acj;wSyf:wwf:z[:cef
tefarjq[.wlofref:bl,zAif,
* ref:rD:rAwf.wj,sv; ykef;zgef:
wrf;wD;eldofej;Ndef:ref:
* pkif.eh.wdkef:rdefOkif/
E
34
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E
* bj,iofrkdif ayj:cmof:ref:xkdif
rAwf.wj,awseOAef;wmif:uGj,bl,?
* bl,oh.wAwf,bAef yAefq[rkif;rgif:
ul;zgif:ul;cmof:aO wj,pmif;zmif'j.rSyf;tgef,eef.
bj,iofrkdif ayj:cmof:ref:xdkif
rAwf.wj,awseOAef;wmif:uGj,bl,?
* ykef;wj,auj;trf,vh;idef:
OAefpdif,qrf"eef.
* ykef;wj,zlefOdif:vlif
tefwluf:O[,eldofNdef:cj:zif.eef.?
* ykef;wj,wdef tefvlrf,wluf:uGj,
e[:Mif;zgifOmh: ekdif;urf:ekdif;tdwf:eef.?
bj,iofrkdif ayj:cmof:ref:xkdif
rAwf.wj,awOAef;wmif:uGj,bl,?
* ykef;wj,auj.tefarjbof.bguf,
pAwf:P;vkuf;tgef,ph;eef.
* ykef;wj,auj.tefbl,Oof:
e[:vkuf:cmef:wdyf, rldif;zgif:vldefvSif:eef.?
* ykef;wj,auj.tefrD:q[bguf: c[;bj.uof:yldef;aO
pAwf:uAif;bkrf.bl,eef.
bj,iofrkdif ayj:cmof:ref:xkdif
rAwf.wj,awseOAef;wmif:ref:uGj,bl,/
33
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E
* trf,rD:vldefvgif; rgif.ugif;igif;
trf,rD:vldefr[, wkduf.vlof,b[,
vldefrlef:O[e[:at:OBj:eh.
wkdef:uwf:bAefoh.wj,aO,/
* z[pefauj; awj;vh;bAefq[
z[idef:auj; awj;vh;bAefq[
ayj:tofO[,oh.e[:q[
vh;r[,O[ bAefq[awj,qlof;
* ref:yAef
vldefrlef:e[:at:OBj:pof:
* ayj:wkdof:urfsw.qkdif
N.wuf:vh;
wD;at,Okwf:ref:
wuf:vh;vgif;idrf:bAef
* vldefrlef:O[at:OBj:eh.
rD:rj:wmif:pdkif vmhvkuf;vmhNnf,bof.
* vh;oj; ulef:at:OBj:pof:
pjpefrj:tldof; vldefrlef:O[e[:at:OBj:/
E
qof; oqD, ydu f. 35
 E E
bj,ayoj; yAefugyf;sr;ehej;vkuf;
sr;Ozj,o * Nofq[uofwgwf,vifpSif:aO
* wif:OAif; yAefrj:]Ol,ej,rD,}eef.sw.
vh;yAefqldif.eif, umifq[sr;Ozj,o sr; wgif:ymef,bl,
* ref:eh.yAef * sr;eh. yAefauj.Myf,vkuf;oh.e[:tluf:
emif:zDOzj,o r[:c[;bl,auj;bl,
* uofyAefauj.bl,e[:su;tluf:ref: r[:c[;wmhauj;wmh
ayj:uofbj.ref: uofawzdwf: wj,r[:awudefbSrf.uGj,eef.
* zlefauj;ref:yAef edloftluf:uof rD:rguf,rmuf,pmuf;Noful;ydlif"
vlrf:uwf:vlrf:bAefauj;ref:q[; * bl,e[:su;umif
* Omhvyf:Odif,auj;yAefref: Olidef:qmifvgif;cmif:
Omhoef:vSif:auj;q[; wmif,wmif:zdwf:aO
* vmofeldofumifpmofauj;yAefref: ayj:rh;auj;oj;rh;
vdeferf.'h:vlrf: tduf,wlef;rmuf, ayj:uwf:auj;oj;uwf:
umifymif,sv; vghqldof:eh.auj; c[;oj;pdkofoj; uofsw.yAef
yAefOzj,owif:OAif; sr;Ozj,owif:OAif;/
* rmifyguf;rmifv[
vmh;vmwf;awj,sr;aO ref:oj;
]]auj.tefpAwf:P;uofrh;q[auj; yAefr[:tdlof;vkuf;}}
* bgef.ydlof;bj.yj,xldef,aO
vlrf:vSif.vlifyAefrj:eef. qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
36 37

vlrf:
E avj:ubj,ph;wmif
E
* qof;uof.bl,Oof:
pdrf:Mrf:pof:
vlrf: qof;awuGj,wmif:v[`
* vguf:wD;v[blyf;
uofqdrfO[,
wD;v[vldofvlef. uofrlef.tguf,
wj,xlnf;q[auj; awj;q[.uof
wj,ulef:Mef.rh; * ulef:pmh.ulef:rdluf;
uofvh;uwf:yef wlduf;wD;ckefiImh:ayj:ulofauj;
* rguf,ukrf;'j.zlefqldof:eef. avj:u bj,ph;wmif/
uoftofbAef:yAef sr;qmif;uj;aO * ulef:uBj.ulef:vD
seyefvgif;trf,ref;udkrf:bl, tefzDcofayj:wlyf:rkdof:qgrf:auj;
* rguf,ukrf;wj,awbAef:yAefzlefeef.
avj:u bj,ph;wmif/
uoftofrj:wD;uh"aO
* umifoef:sv;umifcrf;auj; rD:wD;r[:
eif,pdkof avj:uawuwf:bAef
vyf:Odif, sv;vSif:auj; rD:wD;r[:
uoftofpAwf:yAefpj,zlefbof.
* wrf;wD;eldofOAef;wmif:xrf:auj;rD:uof zdwf:sv;q[;auj; rD:wD;r[:
* eldofOAef;wmif:zoauj;rD:uof Orf,OIj,auj; rD:wD;r[:
ayj:oj;bl,qgrf:uofeh * ykef;wj,ulef:pof:
ygif,oj;Odkyf,Omhq[ tefvuf.vgrfaOrj:
ayj:oj;zmwf,bmefuofeh tefvuf.vgrfaOrldof:eef.auj;

E E
Mif.oj; ]]wmh}}ehbof./ 38 avj:u bj,ayph;wmif/ 39
qof; oqD, ydu f. qof; oqD, ydu f.
 ulef:sv; oj,Oej, Nrf;Mrf:
E E
* ]]wj,odef,}}vmwf;oj;J
ulef:eh.vkuf;rj:wD; vdif:eheef.
q[;trf,q[;sw. uoftrf,N.
* tefuofN.eh.
ulef:eh. rD:oj,Oej,Nrf;Mrf:
* tofODtefeef. tofODtefeh.
rj:Nrf;Mrf:uefaO
wSrf;yAef cSyf:pmif;ymef:OD
* tofwlef;tefekdif;sv; tefekdif;
rj:Nrf;Mrf:uefaO
y[.wlnf: awyAefwlef;Oifehbl,
* tofrSif:tefeef. rSif:tefeh.
rj:Nrf;Mrf:uefaO
y[.wlnf: awyAefwlofOifehbl,
* tofOAiftefekdif;sv;tefekdif;
rj:avj:uefaO
pAwf:yAefOAifuGmrf:bl,
* tofvduf;wlofekdif;sv;wlofekdif;
rj:avj:uefaO
wSrf;yAefoguf:bl,
E E
40
cmof:wmif:bmof:
E tofpAwf:yD;egif.
* yDumhrl dof;r[:vwf:cmrf;erf.
erf.tefbrf: wdefr[:eef.
wdkuf.Odkyf,vhbl,
wkduf.Odkyf,yh cmof:wmif:uhbl,/
* cef,xj, teftrf,q[;r[:
ulef: tefr[:trf,N.quf:eef.
r[:yAefcef,xj,ulef:vmhqmwf; vmhymef
r[: teftrf,q[;r[:
OAef;wmif:zo
teftrf,q[;OAef;wmif:zoeef.
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:bmof:rj:oh.bl,/
* vSwf,vlifauj;
awj;Odkyf,cmof:rj:
yDbmof:cmof:pdkif/
* vldefvmofeuf;cmwf; sv; urf,zj,
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:bmof:
e[:tj,uj,Ooh.bl,/
* wmh"udlwf," trf,pSif;Ndwf,
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:bmof:vlifoh.bl,/
* Nyf.xlyf:zoul;ydlif
E E
Nyf.xlyf:ulef:ul;ydlif 42
* toferf.ref: tefedkif;sv;tefekdif;
avj:uefaO
y[.wlnf: awuGj,uhwmef,v[ehbl,
* ]]xdwf.OBL:}}tgef,tefedkif;
tofvmh: ]uvlif:}aO
pAwf:yAefwlef;wmif:erf
pAwf:wlofwmif:erfbl,
* abj;J
rj:xSif;bof.
awtofOmhvSif:'h:'j.sv; Wave
Omhbgef,avj:uefoj,
awtofwmif:z[:zmh OmhvSif:aO
awq[.qgrf: tdef,xdlof,eSwf.ehoj,
rldof:ej;rj: Internet awz[:
wmef,OmhvSif:'h:'j.ehoj,
* pyf.wgef;bl, auj.zl;clifOmif;wmif:OAif;
ugyf;oj; awpAwf:P;avj:upmif;vD
* ulnf:uj;J
rD:xSif;vgif;edkif;
vdif:tefoj;eef. qdlif.eif,wloftef
arjvAyf;pAef:qgyf,pjauj;rD:
qldof:tefarjbj.uof:
tefydlef;pAwf:oh.eef.auj;rD:/ 41
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:uhoh.bl,/
* Nyf.xlyf:zoul;ydlif
Nyf.xlyf:clof:cgiful;ydlifbof.
qkef.ySwf;aO
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:bmof:oh.bl,/
* bl,e[:su;vldefyD teftrf,q[;vldefyD
vmwf:e[:su;OAif
tefxkuf,q[ teftrf,xkuf,q[aO
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:bmof:oh.bl,/
* Ndof.rgh;bl,auj;
awj;vh;Odkyf, cmof:wmif:bmof:oh.bl,/
* c[;vkdof;aOwj.auj;
awOdkyf, cmof:wmif:bmof:oh.bl,/
* wD;cmof:wmif:bmof:vlifOkwf:OAif;sw.
yAefywf.ql.ymef,bmrf:vAof
* wD;yqf.ql.ymef,]rldof;vAof}eh.
aOj:uauj; trf,qmif;uldwf,
Okcauj; trf,qmif;uldwf,
cmof:wmif:bmof:auj; trf,qmif;uldwf,/
qof; oqD, ydu f.
43
 TOj,wD;wAwf,bAef
E urfqkdef:
E
* wj,awwSrf;Mh:pmif;zmifvldif:
* zo ref:awrD:q[rj:/
trf,q[;Oldof;clof: tefbAyf.bof./ * ayj:wSrf;vdlofauj;rgwf, ayj:ygwf:auj;Odkyf,
* cmof: bmrf: ayj:zdwf:auj; rgwf,vh;
trf,q[; tefqmif;Nefvif/ P;vDaOtgef wgef:aOuof,wj,aO,
* Orf,abj:qef, teftofurfqkdef:wSrf;eh.
pAwf:P;aq;tgef,rD:uj;cefwldof:wgef:rj:pdkof`
trf,rD: vguf:ydlifwmh/ * urfqkdef: wj,awwSrf;vh;eef.
* tej,umwf; vh;cmrf,odwf.tgefwmif: tofrdwf;aOodwf.
trf,q[; pmif;zmifedlofrmuf,pdef/ tofqmuf;aOodwf. wSrf;ekdif;yguf;
* ywf.ql.ymef, odwf.ekdif;yguf; pAwf:eefaO ygwf:uGj,/
trf,q[; wD;xlnf;q[vlif/ * rldof;pof:vAuf.eef.
* xrf,r urfqkdef: tefudkwf:rguf;puf:rkdof:
wj,awwkdof: pof:Okyf:vgwf,rh.yluf,aO
yAefTOj, wD;wAwf,bAef/ bmrf;wSrf;rj:bof./
qof; oqD, ydu f. * cmof:bmrf:vSuf;vmh;uGj,aOwj.
tofvmh:r[,aO odwf."OArf;"wef,v[aOwj.
urfqkdef:eh.sw. wdkuf.rD:oh.bl,
ugyf;Oif wdkuf.rD:oh.bl,wduf:"`
* ugyf;wD;e[:cgif.qefr[:sv;Oif
wD;eldofzldefr[:eef.sv;Oif
urfqkdef: tefyh,vh;odwf.aO
rkif;rgif:y[.wmif:odwf.eef.

E E
44 rD:xSif;wmif:erfeef.bof./ 45
qof; oqD, ydu f.

ulef:ayj. Golf uwf.cSef,

E egef:vyf:e[:ygh:
E
* tofcgef.zwf.ayj.
vldofaOeef.
trf,vgrfwlnf:aO * rh;ej, Mef.ej, vldwf,ej,
Odkyf,yhuGj, eifvdefrldif:wSuf,cmyf,aOtrf,uj:
tmyf;trf,uyf:umh,Oifoh.auj;vlofvlof J ulef:auj; ayj:c[;wSuf,cmyf,bof./
* uofN.bl,vl: * eif,pdkof awtrf,vl.pmhwmh
ref:wkdef:awcof;N:/ Omhq[awtrf,cmwf,eef.sw.
vlof,cwf:q[bl,/
qof; oqD, ydu f. * wmif:uwf:bAefrD:wD;v[
tofwmif:rkif;rgif:aO Odkyf,Omhq[
wD;ymifygh:zoulef:eef.
qhm:OSif: c[;uj;qmwf;Oifuj;/
* yAefehulnf:bof. avj:utldnf
vgif;Omif,xkuf,trf,Omif,xkuf,tefoj;eef.
trf,uyf:umh, ]]wmif:egef:}}
* z[c[;uj;qmwf;Oifuj;
ref:sw. egef:vyf.oh.bl,e[:umifygh:
rmifurf:auj;idef: rmifurf:auj;trf,idef:
egef:oh.bl,/

E E
46 qof; oqD, ydu f. 47
 ayj:ayj;trf,rD:awpAwf:pdkof`
E E
* ugwf,wlofwmhauj.yAefayj;aO * tgif;wD; ugef:'h:rkdwf:rlof:
P;yAef vlrf:uwf:bAefaOurf:/
vgrfvmwf;tguf,e[:q[vgh:"oj;
]]ayj:ayj;trf,rD: awpAwf:pdkofbl,}}
ymif tgif;wD; vdefwSuf,cmyf,
P;yAef erf.Mif;vh;aOurf:/
* e[:Ntmyf;idef:oh.bl,auj;rD:" rguf, wrf;wD; pmwf,Omh:
]]r[:rD:bldif:rmhbl,vl:
r[:cwf:q[ P;xkdifbldif:rmhsv; zlduf, P;yAef yj,xldef,aOurf:/
avj:uvliftldnfJ
auj.trf,rD:bdlif:rmheef. P;vSwf,tguf, pmif;vD"aOurf:/
uGj,wmif:ekdif;bof. uGj,wmif:ekdif; * tgif;wD; OAifxj.vj,
trf,zSofwD;v[ zSofauj;ref:emef:zSof}} P;yAef OAifuGmrf:omefaOurf:/
* tmyf;idef:oh.auj;rD:" tgif;wD; OAifugif;wSuf,
ayj:ayj;trf,rD: awpAwf:pdkofbl,ehpj.` P;yAef OAifwlyf:rkdof:aOurf:/
]]rD:qldif.pdkofauj; bl,uGj,qldif.eeftldof; tgif;wD; arj:cmif:eef.
bj,aybl,e[:'ef P;yAef OAifuj;rlef;aOurf:/
umeftefrD:oh.eef. pAwf:P;ref:vDaOvD}} avj:uvliftldnf
* tmyf;idef:oh.auj;rD:" P;vSwf,tguf, pmif;vD"aOurf:/
]]wif:oef: trf,vh;wmif:bkrf.z[auj; * P;eluf.wl;tgef,cof
r[:sw. awvh;bkrf.awj,ul;auj.}} rdefvh; pdkif"aOurf:/
* tmyf;vh;idef:oh.auj;rD:" P;eluf.ugef,cof
]]e[:avj:ueh. r[:auj;yAefulef: Mif.cefvh; pdkif"aOurf:/
erf.wjedlofeifvdefrldif:
uofauj;yAefulef: wj,r[: uofyefoh.clof:rgef,bl,
P;bAef:yAef rguf,zdluf,tgef,aOurf:/
eef.yAefJ wj,awOdkyf,qkdef.wlif.ekdif}}
avj:uvliftdlnfJ

E E
qof; oqD, ydu f. 48 P;vSwf,tguf, pmif;vD"aOurf:/ 49
qof; oqDy duf.

urf,zj,tefrSwf.wj,Nrf,oh.
E E
* ayj:vyf:Odif,qkdif
* eif,pkdofpof:awtrf,vlrf. tgefuefOlif,rAwf.wj,
eifvdefrldfif:Mif:qefoh.yef urf,zj,rlef:oh.sv;
vlrf:auj; awj;Myf,tkrf;oh.yef rD:umifoef:wj,aO,
pdrf:Mrf:pof:auj; rguf,pmif;vDtgef, rD:umifckdef:wj,aO,
OAifcefomefeluf.tgef, rD:oh. rD:iof:vSif:wj,aO,
umifoef: vSwf,vSif:yef ayj:rD:vyf:Odif,qkdif
umifcrf; vh;pefvldefvmoftgef, yldef;tgefuefOlif,rAwf.wj,bl,bof./
rkif:Okrf,oh.yefpof:/ * urf,zj,zmuf,ekdif; vyf;Odif,oh.wj,aO,
* Ozj,oTwj: trf,eef awvh;oj;
tofrAwf.wj,zAif,yAif:uefaO rAwf.wj,Nrf,oh.urf,zj,ehbl,/
tkrf,vgrf.yefpof:oh.bl,/ * rldof;auj.vAuf. wdkof:urfbl,e[:xldef,
* rAwf.wj,tefeh. rmifyguf;rmifv[ bl,e[:xldef,vkduf.
pof:vh;oh.qArfrldof; auj.vAofaO J
wdkuf.clwf:tgif.ugif.e[:wgif.sr;/ * rmifyguf;bl,Oof:eldofqduf:vghvkuf;ekdif;
* awj,xdkifOmhq[urf:vkdef:cmwf, ekdif;vldefOgifvldefauj.vAofaO J
rAwf.wj,eh. awvh;oh.uGj,bl,/ uh.tguf,q[xmif,xldrfoj;
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. wlofuofeh. Lonely auj.vAofwdif,wdof:ej,ehbl,
Oifr[:cknf.pefoj; ulnf:uj;
uoftrf,vh;rAwf.wj,Oifehqkdif ayj:oef:crf;rj:

E E
tguf:atjr[:vl.oh.aOteftefbof./ 50 51
ul;Ndef:"
 E rmif"tgef,ulnf:
E
oh;Tzj:Olif,rAwf.wj,aO
* vkuf.wD;ymh:olef.pkuf:pmh.aO
OAifrAwf.wj,bgef;xkdif
odef,omh,ql: yhm:olef.vDeef.
zjquf.uBj,ovj,bl,
awj.sw. cSef;uef tgef,rmif"ulnf:/
awj,xkdifumife[Nofrldif:O[ wkdef:rD:
* vkuf;wD;ymh:olef.ckdifygifvl.aO
auj.tefOlif,rAwf.wj, wldif,umof,
odef,omh,ql: ymh:olef.clifOmif;eef.
atj:J trf,q[;uofauj.vAofwdif,wdof:
awj.sw. cSef;uef rmif"tgef,ulnf:/
uoftrf,yAef Lonely
* tefeluf,ejwkdofwefeef.
wD;uofzSofoh.bl,eh.
Oifoj; bl,zmh,vDaOolef.qkdif
yAefurf,zj,tefrAwf.wj,Nrf,oh./
qof; oqD, ydu f. odef,olef.uSyf.ekdif;auj; ygif,q[bl,
awj.sw. cSef;uef rmif"tgef,ulnf:/
* ulnf:uj;
wj,r[:wif:qmwf;
teftrf,vSuf;vmh;vh;tefekdif;
r[:awNyf.pefbl,/
* vgif;qdkef,pAwf:eef. q[.zmh,auj,Omif;wj.
bj,ayq[.zmhbj.vSof
qkdef,pAwf:eef. tofudkuf:Owf.qj,wj.
awj,qlof;Okwf:ymef r[:awtrf,tkdyf:
ayj:tkdyf:sw. ugyf;ydlif;aOtef"
bj,ayuGj,qD.se:ydlef;

E E
52 awj.sw. cSef;uef rmif"tgef,ulnf:/ 53
qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
bl,e[:su;tluf:r[:aO
cmof: pAwf:umefzj,oej,/
* rldefeif,vkuf;tgef,
wh; egef:vyf:e[:tluf:sr;ref:eef.
uofeif;buf.umefTwj: e[:su;tluf:r[:/
'h: * vyf:Odif,tldnf
* vyf:Odif,tldnf yAefcmof:bmrf:wh;'h:auj;bof.
qArfrldof;bl,e[:wgif.sr;eef. trf,wh; 'h:auj;bof.
r[:sv;uofN.quf:uefrj:bof.aej ayj:xdkifcmof:bmrf:uofyguf;rj:Ndef:
ayj:xkdifcmof:wh;'h: r[:sw.wkdef:rD:Owf.qj,aO
r[:rj:ql:uofwj,aOaej/ rj:y[.xj;uofbl,eh
* ej;wj,r[:teftofzgifOSifzguf:oh.eef. uofN.bl,/
yAefwmif:pmif;vDe[:avj:uydlifekdif;/ qof; oqD, ydu f.
* tofwmif:qgh;xSrfr[:aO
uofbmrf;pj
auj.tefpmhuGj,eef.bl,/
* zgif:umifoef:rh;vldwf,qlrfpmhuGj,
cmof:bmrf: wh;'h:eef.
uofoh;Tzj:qgrf:r[:bof./
* uof:Olif,rAwf.wj,xkdif teef,wquBj,ovj,

E E
uwf:"bAef" 54 55
 Owd
E E
* umife[Nofrldif:O[
eluf.tgef,cof
tgefuefyefOAifcefrif,uvj,aOwj. * ayj:oj;yh,xkdifcmof: cof;zj;egef:
* rldof;eh. rldof;eh. qof;uof,yAefulef:vDbl,eh
wif:oef: trf,oj;vh;/
awyAefrif,uvj,wif:OAif;eh * zgif:rldof;yh,xkdifcmof:bmrf:
trf,oj;vh;/ Omhq[cmwf,eef.
* uif;qgif;bguf:tgef, ul.Olof,wmif:vDr[:wif:OAif;
e[:zozlefvlrf:aO ref;udkrf:tldof;eh
Odkyf,cmof:wmif:bl,eef. trf,oj;vh;/
awtrf,rD: rldof;vSwf,eh * avj:uteftrf,oj;vh;eef.
trf,oj;vh;/ auj.teftofTwj:O[,q[sw.
* bl,wD;OkifaO Okdyf,cmof:wmif:uGj,
qof;uof, trf,ckdef:vlif:eh ref;"edrf"
trf,oj;vh;/ uwf:"bAef"bl,/
* bl,wD;wSrf,aO * avj:uteftrf,qmif;oj;eh.
qof;uof, trf,ckdef;vh;eh auj.teftrf,tofTwj:O[q[sw.
trf,oj;vh;/ rj;xmif;xmif;

E E
56 rh;zmif;zmif;oh.bl,bof./ 57
qof; oqD, ydu f.

tefyAefrj:wif:OAif;]]vDbl,vl:}}
E erf.tefoj;eef.
E
* zlefwluf:bl,
wif:oef:wif:ckdef:aOwj.
uofvh;pefvldefeldofumifpmof
ekdif;urf:Ogifurf:bl,vl:/
* oh.tkyduf.cj,ugifvifyefuefaOwj.
uofwkduf.vh;pefej;bkrf.pmif;vD"tgef,
rldof;xlyf:uefeef.bl,vl:/ * erf.tefoj;eh.
* avj:uwif:OAif;
O[,e[:uguf:auj; yAeferf.ulnf:
Okrf,ukrf;idkyf:wefoh.aOwj.
O[,e[:tkrfauj; yAeferf.ulnf:
zmh,ej;uof wdkuf.rD:'h:wAef:vSif:bl,vl:/
* vh;pAwf:Omif; vh;pmif;ygif O[,e[:wof;auj; yAeferf.ulnf:/
awj,Okwf:oef:aOwj. * erf.Orf,rkuf;Twj,vlif
qlof;uj;ekdif;rgif: cgef;vkrf:uefb[,ckduf.vkduf.bl,eef.
uofvh;eif;pAwf:umefTwj: ugyf;erf. arjbl,oh.wSrf,"eef.bof./
uwf:"bAef"bl,vl:/ * erf.eh.tlef;tgef,aOwj.
* wlef;cj:tefvh;cmrf,'h:rh; tofcmof:bmrf:wmif:pdkif
rldof;cmof:rh;eef. vhtrf,udkwf:trf,xmwf,sv;
ayj:xkdifrj:cmof:Nofzlef bif: wwf:cmwf,vh;
awckdef:wkdif;tguf,bgwf;cAofvSrfrj:bl,/ rmuf,pdefuSef,vlifbof./
* cmof:bmrf:sv; tefv[tefeef.
* erf.tefoj;eh.
ykef;wj,ulef:pof:
ayj:arjtoffqkdif
yAefOifrj:auj;

E E
awj;vDbl,wif:OAif;/ 58 yAefTOj,arjOgefpof:qof;ekdif;bof./ 59
qof; oqD, ydu f. qof;oqD,yduf.
 vmh:rkdof:
E zosv;cmof:bmrf:
E

* puf.zobl,pj.
ayj:puf.zoqdkif puf.cmof:bmrf:wj.
ugyf;Oifayj:ehqkdif
* vlif:vmh:rdkof:urf:ekdif;tefoj;eh.
zotefoj;eh.
qmif;tofr[:Mwf;vh;rdlif:zDaOwj.
tdifydkif;edlofcmof:bmrf:tgef,
qmif;tofr[:vrf,Nofwluf:iImh:ugef,bof.
tefekdif;eef.bof./
bj,ayvkdrf:aOyguf;/
* ekdif;yDrD:(365)oef:
* wlnf:pefxkdifqof;auB:ql:r[:
Odyf:yDrD:(3650)oef:
wlnf:pefxkdifej;bkrf.tgef,ulef:Ndef:r[:aO
ymuf,yDrD:(36500)oef:
qif,ugh;vlif:vmh:rkdof:wj.
pAwf:tefeef. pAwf:tefeh.
* bgef.vmh:rkdof:qof;uof,tgef,tefekdif;aO
ohm,wmif:eef. ohm,wmif:eh.aO
bj,ayP;zoqof;uof,vl.
cmof:bmrf:rlwf:uGj,oef:ekdif;bof./
bj,ayP;zoydlef;vl.
* qof;uof,rlwf:cmof:bmrf: rj:vmhoef:bof.
vmh:rkdof:tefoj;eef.
rkif;rgif:udkwf:xSif;vmhoef:
ref:bk defse
cmof:bmrf:tefukdwf:oh.eef.
OAef;wmif:
qof;uof,awq[.wkdof:eif,pdkof`

E E
tefqof;uof,vlduf;eef.bof./ 60 61
tl : auBj,vke f,
qof; oqD, ydu f.

tedwf.q
E vkuf;auj.teftrf,vlofszukOlof,
E
* uGj,bof.aO
ckdef:trf,rj:/
* egef:bof.aO * zgif:rldof;emif:baOj,
ckdef:trf,wkdef,/ ckyf.oh.wrf;wD;zj,wdefqof;
* vlrf.bof.aO vgrfpSefwlnf:ej;qof;eef.
ckdef:trf,vkuf./ e[:q[uofcknf.pef
* vSef;yhm;auj; yAefao,wej,qAyf:bAef/
awj;trf,vgwf;/ * zgif:oh.ySwf;auj.yAefqof;vkuf;
qof; oqD, ydu f. zmh,vifOAifcD;wgef.ph;
vh;rD:vgif;Nrfqlrf:tofukif,rkef
e[:q[uofcknf.pef
yAefao,wej,qAyf:bAef/
* zgif:idef:cmof,qof;vkuf;tofedyf.ymef,
erf.wjsr;tefqdkrf:wArfNnf,
vkuf;auj.trf,vlof,szul.Olof,
e[:q[uofcknf.pef
yAefao,wej,qAyf:bAef/
* wef,pj, Orf,abj:qef,
tefrmifaOydlef;eef.auj;
yAefao,wej,qAyf:bAef/

E E
62 qof; oqD, ydu f. 63
 E ulef:pmyf,ulnfbldof,
E
* ayj:bkrf.awj,ydlef;urf:ekdif;qkdif
awqmif;tofulef:tefphm.aOydlef; bkrf.
ulef:tefrlduf;aOyldef;eef.
rdkifuGj,urf:ekdif;bl,eh tgef,
r[:awvh;pefbl,/
* ayj:bkrf.awj,yldef;urf:ekdif;qkdif tef
vh;wwf:vwf:OAef;wmif:pkuf:pmh.
wmef,v[auj;vmh: ekdif;
wuf:awyAefOAef;wmif:Odlof,rguf,uGj,eh
r[:awvh;pefbl/
* wmif:bkrf.tefoj;eh. * aOvhmaOtrf,pwf:ySwf;
auj.tefsy.q[ qif,pAwf:vh;tldof;
auj.tefN.ygif,zoeef. qif,pAwf:vh;tldof; clof;cgiftefMrfoh.Odrf:oh.
auj.arjoh.q[bAefeef. qif,pAwf:vh;tldof; ayj:oef:ref:erfrj:
auj.arjolef.Omif;eef. qif,pAwf:vh;tldof; yAefrj:ugifbkyf:bmyf:vlifaO
wmif:bkrf.ekdif;tefeef. bj,xmif,vAuf./ urf:vkdef:rj:auj;
* ayj:bkrf.awj,urf:ekdif;qkdif awj;vh;ySwf;ulnf:eif,uof,/
awj:Ovlrf:uBmrf:vlifeef. * bdkif;aOvmhaO Odrf:oh.
qmif;udkwf:bkdwf:NefvifuGj,bof./
* bkrf.seurf:ekdif;sv; bdkif;bkyf:bmyf:erf
bj,ayyAef ygrfbkrf. Oifqkef.ySwf;qArfqof.awvD
bkrf.sw."sv; bgef.acj;wSyf:wwf:trf,cmwf,
bkrf.eh. yAefwmif:wkdof:vDzobof./ vh;pmyf,bkyf:bmyf:aO
* wj,awbk rf.eef. yAefulef:vSef;xof,bl,e[:avj:u/

E E
bmyf,ej,pj.awj;oj;` 64
qofo qD, yduf.
65
qof; oqD, ydu f.

* rD:vgif;OifaOauj;bof.
E E
rldif:wD;vdefuldwf,eef. wkuf.cdw
bj,aybj.Owf.qj,
yduf.Orf. bldof;tguf,eldofvdefauj;bj,
bj,aycmhudef/
* ugyf;Oifayj:oj;eh
wD;rldif:eh. r[:auj.vAofuldwf,rj:trf,q[;/
* rldif:wD;vdefuldwf,r[:sv; zor[:rldof;vAuf.eef.
r[:wgif:bl,uGj;
r[:awpwf:qkef.yhm;bl,pj.`
r[:awpwf:cmhudefbl,pj.` rldif:
r[:trf,rD:q[puf.aOwj. * wrf;wD;
bj,ayrD:q[bj./ eh. pmif;zmif
* rldif:wD;vdefuldwf,r[:eef.
yAefrldif:Odlof:Oj,auj;bof. yAef OAif
yAefrldif:wkuf.ej,auj;bof. tIOj,
r[:awvh;ulrf;NofaO wD; tefxD.wldof.
tefckuf:clef.qldof:eef. J/
pmif;cldif;yef rldif:wD;vdefuldwf,bl,/
* ulef:vDul;auj.eef.
r[: * bj,ayuGj,wD.wgh,
trf,rD:yBOej,eh uldwf, ayj:r[:uGj,wD.wgh,qkdif
z[awoj;vh;/ wuf:yAefwkuf.cdwbof./
* tefr[:vlof,pAwf:eef. * Oifoj;r[:c[;yAef
vloftofpSif:wlof pSif:nmef,
zmef,yefrdlif:wD;vdefudlwf, q[wkuf.cdwauj;

E E
P;pmif;vDeef.ulnf:/ 66 tofr[:oj;vj;/ 67
qof; oqD, ydu f. qof; oqD, ydu f.
 E urf,zj,rldof:ej; ymuf,yD
E
ukef
* ayj:wkduf.q[qyf:ySef:wD;bArf;
* eD;ySif;'j.(Ij,OD,)awvh;rh;vldofwgef:
rkif;pmif;vDbl,qkdif
ulef:awsz;wldef:erfvldof
r[:awtrf,zmwf,vh;ukef/
wD;vdefrmifteferf.awxlrf;uGj,
* ayj:wkduf.rkdwf;bl,qkdif
Mif;erf.pmif;vDtgef,awpmhuGj,/
r[:awtrf,zmwf,vh;ukef/
* pmwf,Omh:vlifawuGmif;rj:
* ayj:wkduf.q[qyf:wmif:pmif;vDref:bl,qkdif
erf.awpSif;Mif
r[:awtrf,zmwf,vh;ukef/
ulef:awtdkyf:clof:cgif
* ayj:yh,ylwf:yh,vlwf:qlduf;
pdrfqdif:uefawygif
r[:awtrf,zmwf,vh;ukef/
rSwf.wj,awpSif;Mif
* ayj:wkduf.ulofvlrf:vSif.qdkif
Owf.qj,awuRuf:tgif/
r[:awtrf,zmwf,vh;ukef/
* yl,xof;bgrfauj.edkif;awoj;
* ayj:yh,zmh:Ndof:ylef.Orf,rkTwj,qkdif
rldof;uofauj.vAuf.
r[:awtrf,zmwf,vh;ukef/
uofyAefulef:yD:yuf.ehbl,/
* vldofeef.
* auj.tefbj.ySwf;
r[:awxmrfoj; vlof,vh;zmwf,tguf,
wmif:pmif;vDurf,zj,
bmefukefeh.bl,pj.` ehqdkif
yAefyl,rgef,pof:cof/
awvh;wgyf,oj; ]]vlof,tldof; }}ehbl,
* auj.teftofurf,zj,Odlof:rlef;pof:
ugyf;Oifeh
bAef:yAefiImh:vlifauj;
ukefeh. yAefukefulef:bgif,bl,Oof:vl:/

E E
qof; oqD, ydu f.
68 yAefyl,rgefpo=f:cof/ 69

awj:O
E E
* q[tefc[;vh;c[;yAefz[:"
q[tefc[;vh; yAefykwf:yAefwSif; * uguf:uSof;tgef,vkuf;ekdif;
pof:tofOmhq[Ogiftefeh.aO Odkyf,Omhq[xSif;/ sw,tofwD;ymuf,ref:
* uoftrf,bmrf;pef wSuf,zS ofwD;ulef;ref: bof.sv;
rdwf.pj;ymuf,aOwj. trf,qmif;ar:ckdef:
tefuofvh;pefbl,eh. trf,qmif;wSef:ckdef:/
yAefurf,zj,rh;vldwf,/ * vkuf.wD;acj;vDOAifomefaO
* pof:awvh;bl,wD;v[ bAef:yAefuGj, uGmrf:vj,qluf.N
y[.cmof:bmrf:v[aO vmwf;tguf,uGj,bof.sv; tofckdef:trf,vh;
ckdef:egrf:wgif:ymef, pAwf:eef yDbmof:cmof:pdkif
qgif,qof;uof,pyf.oj; zmh,vifOofvAuf:cguf;vAuf:eef.
rD:ykef;zgef:vlof,wgif:ymef,ehpdkof` rD:oh.ulef:pmh.sv;ulef:vD/
qof; oqD, ydu f.
* ulef:pmh. trf,pmh.uGj,awj,qlof;
bgef.ydlof;vh;pmh.uGj, ekdif;uSyf.ekdif;urf:ulnf:/
* vldofeef. awj:OpAwf:yefvgif;vDOif
ulef:pof:tgefueftguf,awj:Obl,
iof;pmuf;ref:sw.
* tefuofc[;vmwf;eef. Oifvh;vmwf;ugef,
* tefuofc[;pAwf:eef. Oifvh;pAwf:ugef,
bgef.qldof:eh.bof./

E E
70 qof; oqD, ydu f. 71

zmh,ykef.rgif
* zefq[olef.tgef,eef.olef.zefoj;
tofOmh:zgifauj,pAwf:Ndef:tkwf,
vkdof;Oof:oh.e[:ref:/
* ylifomif:ySwf;pmyf,euf:vlif
tefpmyf,pmrfrj:yDbmof:cmof:pdkifaO
vdkof;Ndof.uSyf.ekdif; pdrf:zif,wmif:/
* uofawOdkyf,uGj,wmif:v[
zmh,ekdif;Orf.rD:oh.
Omhegif,tefzgwf;rj:
yDbmof:cmof:pdkif
xSif;zmhekdif; Orf.rD:oh.
OAef;wmif:uGj,Mwf;wD;rgifq[/
* zmh,ykef.vgif;rgifq[eef.
Orf.awrD:OifxSif;
uofc[;Odkyf,pjwlnf:xSif;ugef,/
E E
72
qof; oqD, ydu f.
* auj.tefwluf:Okrf:ugj,eef.
urf.erfymh:olef.cof
ugyf;cofO[,oh.e[:cgif.qefeef.bof.
vgif;sy.vgif;Okrf:tefoj;eef.
cSef;uefoh.rmifxSyf.bSyf.tgef,ulnf:/
* wD;e[:avj:ueh. zefrlduf;r[;trf,rD:
ulnf:rD:zefpAwf:trf,pAwf:eef.ulnf:
vkuf.tofrldof;uldwf,tguf,wgif.sr;rj:
awj,xkdifoef:rldof:eh.
vh;wwf:vwf:rj:wif:erfbof.vl:
ayj:rD:zef ayj:rD:ymh:olef.qdkif
ckdef:qmrf:pAwf:wlnf:xSif;urf:ekdif;sv;
pAwf:qmrf:wlnf:auj; qmif;awyAefOif/
* trf,zSofwD;bldif:rmhaOwj.
uBj.vldofaO
trf,pAwf:Oifsv;wluf:Okrf:eef.bof./
* ymh:olef.qof;uof,eef.
bj,Odrf:oh.e[:cgif.qef
Odkyf,uGj,zmh,ej;sv;
urfref;"yef;uSef,"/
E E
qof; oqD, ydu f.
ymh:olef.===e[:
E E
* pAwf:uGj,bj,ayvkdrf:
toftguf,uGj,bj,ayvkdof;
ayj:ngyf:vh;urfref;" yef;uSef,"
ymh:olef.ckduf.vkduf.
bj,Odrf:oh. e[:cgif.qef/
* auj.tefvh;ekif;clof:qyf:eldof.aO
cwf:q[pjMrfwgrfqksv;
rmuf;rD:vDyAef uwf:bAefOdlof:Oj,rj:eef.
bgef.ydlof;cofurf;ref;"yef;uSef,"eef.bof.
cofpAwf:qgrf:eif, ymh:olef.cofeef.bof./
* tefqof;uof,c[;pAwf:eef.
ayj:tj,bl.b[,rj: qif,ugh;pAwf:ehpj.awj;`
* zdwf:tdlof;
ugyf;Oiftrf,pAwf:rldof;vAofvj,`
ymh:olef.ckduf.vdkuf. bj,Odrf:oh.e[:cgif.qef
ayj:rD:ymh:olef. bj,ukrf,y[.bl,
ayj:zefvD bj,ukrf,y[.bl,
ayj:rD:bldif:rmh bj,ukrfy[.bl,
bj,ayOdrf:oh.e[:cgif.qef/
73
E E
rj:
* wD;idkef:rD: ikdef:rj:
wD;crf:rD: crf:rj:
wD;uSof;rD: uSof;rj:
wD;ynf,nj,rD: ynf,nj,rj:
wD;avj:zrD: avj:zrj:
wD;qif:rD: qif:rj:
wD;rSwf.wj,rD: rSwf.wj,rj:
* yj,pAof;eh.sw. yAefwD;ulef:rj:
wD;tef tD;Oifauj; trf,rj:eef.
rD:wD;ekdif;
wD;auj. teftrf,sc.cAif,ydlef;eef.
z[auj; awtrf,rj:sc.cAif,ref:/
74 75
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 ckefoef:
E E
ref:b[,ckduf.wmef,v[
awj;ref:bif:ckdef;bif:vlif:
bif:tguf,bif:pmhbl,
* tgefuefy[.ckefoef:sv;
qof;uof,Orf. xmif,qof;uof,yAefOif`
ckefoef:tefqlrfvghuGj,eef.
* ckefoef:eh.
rldof;zkuf;awtguf,rj:ckdef:bl,vl:
vSif:sw.vSif:oj;
zgif:eef.
pSif:sw.pSif:oj;
wD;e[:urf,zj,
rh;sw.rh;oj;
tgefuefwlif.ekdifcof;q[rj:aOJ
ulnf:uj;
* zoulef:pof:eh.auj; awj;rldefckefoef:
umifcrf;ulef:vmwf;cldof:ref:
wluf:"tguf,"
at,sw."/
wSrf,"Okif"
* yduf.Orf. pSif:b[,ckduf.wmef,eh.auj;
pef"pmh"
bif:vh;rgwf,bAefuGj,bl,vl:
trf,ref;udkrf:aOydlif
y[.oef:r[,xSif;sv;/
trf,edrfaOcSuf:
* zotefoj;eh.
e[:avj:ueh. wD;ayBj,rlef;wj,aO, trf,rD:
rldefckefoef:tldof;
e[:avj:ueh. wD;Okuf.q[wj,aO, trf,rD:/
c[;Ndof.rgh;wmef,v[Ndof.
* oef:auBj,Odlof:bkrf.clofeef.
* wmif:uGj,wefwduf:auj;vmh:
pof:awukrf:xdif:vh;xSif;pkdifwmef,pdkof`
awvh;y[.oef:r[,bl,
* vgif;cDrh;acj:clrfeef.
* ayj:ckefoef:tguf,rj:
awpdkifvh;xSif;wmef,v[`
awckdef:pefOAef;wmif:bl,/

E E
* wlnf:ckefoef:sv; 76
qof; oqD, ydu f.
77

qSif; pwf:yhwmif:ul;OAef;
E E
* ayj:pefqSif;"ugef, * zotefoj;eh.
qif,awqmif;vmwf;qSif;"/ trf,vgwf;vh;vgif;uGj,wj;yhwmif:
* ayj:pefqSif;"ugef, zmh,ej;eef.
qif,awqmif;olef.qSif;aO wmif:szwif:erf y[.pyf.r[:oh.bl,/
Odof,qAef;vh; pmif;zmif;bof./ * c[;yhwlnf:wmif:OAef;v[auj;vh;bl,
* Odof,qAef;uGj,wD;v[ urf:v[auj;
N.quf:wD;ygif,ref:bof./ rmifOAef;Odkof;OSwf.
* wj,awpefvh;qSif;"eef. rmifOAef;vkuf:vmuf:ckuf:cmuf:
vlof,rD:q[c[;pjugef, rmifOAef;pefauj;ayj:trf,c[;uGj,/
vlof,vh;N.yj: * rmifyguf;qmif;yAef
pefyj: ayj:trf,c[;qmif;vlduf;wmif:OAef;v[
quf:szyj: * e[:zoqof;uof,wmif:erf
vgif;wmif:ref:bl,/
* vgif;nmef,rmhwgif:vDtefoj;eh. crfq[aOawOdkyf,yhpdkof.` awNefvif`
yAeferf.uwf.zl;tgefNofbof./ * OAef;wmif:tefvh;uef;q[uef;acj:
* ayj:yh,arjpj P;pefqSif;"qkdif erf.wjOrf.ayj:bgh.
bj,xmif,oj; teftrf,c[;uGj,auj; vh;uGj,rj:erfej,bof./
OAef;wmif:zor[:awOkdof;/ * yAefpdkofyAef
* rD:uwdOwf.qj,ulnf:auj; yh,ukrf,xlef; c[;yAefwmif:OifyAef
rD:q[pwf:pmef rD:q[uh.auj; yh,ukrf,xlef;
OAef;wmif:teftrf,yefwgef;Ogef
rD:wmif:cwf:q[ rD:nmef,auj; yh,ukrf,xlef;
vlof,vh;arjpeffqSif;"bof. tefoj;eef. trf,rD:/
* wmif:OAef;v[

E E
r[:awuGj,bgef.ydlof;Oif` / 78 79
qof; oqD, ydu f.
 qof;ymh:rgef:
E E
* OAef;wmif:tefyAefvkuf:yAefxmiferfaO
ayj:wluf:uGj,trf,ckdef:ckdef;vh;eef.auj; * oh.Owd Mh:cef,wSrf;tefiguf:iSuf:wj.
awj;trf,rD: oh.Owd Mh:xwf:Odkof;wj.
r[:arjauBj,vlnf;e[:cofbl,pj.`
* e[ :zoeh. qgif,r[:N.quf:vgif;OD
wmif:OAef;v[aOtrf,oj; ayj:eh r[:yAef qof;ymh:rgef:bof./
vlof,pwf:yhulnf:/ * qgif,r[:bkrf.aO arjxgrf,OAifxj.vj,
* zldof,wj.awxgrf, qgif,r[:arjeyf.brfOAif wlyf:rkdof:
tefydlef;awtkyf,vmwf;seeef. qgif,r[:arjySuf; acj;cj.cmh
wlofqof;uof,yhwlnf:wj. qgif,r[:arjqSuf,sz OAifcefuh,sv;eluf.wgif.avj:
yAefwmif:Odlof,rguf,oh.aOwj. qgif,r[:arjbkyf:eAwf:OAifrjpof,
ayj:oj;qof;uof,yh,bmrf;yhwlnf:qkdif ayj:eh r[:yAefqof;ymh:rgef:bof./
* c[;ph;aOwj. qgif,r[:arjbkrf.
wj,qof;uof, trf,rD:wD;ygif,Oif/ c[;bkrf.aOwj. qgif,r[:arjph;
qof; oqD, ydu f. c[;clofc[;ph; qgif,bmrf;yAef
puf.bl,aOw qgif,arjqif:
qif:bl,aOwj. qgif,arjpuf.
trf,yj:q[aOwj. qgif,arjpAwf:
ayj:arjeh r[:yAefqof;ymh:rgef:bof./
* c[;oj;Oifoj; ulef:e[:avj:uwif:OAif;eh.
rmifyguf;rmifv[
yAefqof;ymh:rgef:trf,ayj:vuf:eef.ulnf:vl:/
qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
80 81

ayj:eSwf;ej, uGj,qArfrldof;oj:
E xof;
E
* uj:z[:tgef,vrf:ekdif;
apj;vlif:rj: * wD;e[:avj:ueh.
cmrf;auj;trf,qmif; auj.tefawvh;bl,uGj,
ydlof;wmif:uSyf; 36500 oef: P;ayj:qkuf:vh;
* uj:xof;vlifvrf:ekdif; edlofwdefqof;uof, bmyf,sw."/
wmif,ukef,wArfyduf: * tj,bl.auj; b[,rj:bof.
rD:oh.zmh,ej;sv; trf,qmif;cmrf; tofq[zdluf,qkdef;cmofO[aO qgrf:wj.
* zmh,vifuj:vlifeef. wSrf;oh.oj; tofq[zlduf,qkdef;cmofO[aO olef.wj.
]]ayj:eSwf;ej, uGj,qArfrldof;oj:avj,}}/ tofq[zlduf,qkdef;cmofO[aO wSyf:wwf:wj.
qof; oqD, ydu f. tofq[zdluf,qkdef;cmofO[aO vmwf;wj.
* rlef;q[qgrf: wD;owf.wD;uRif:wj.
tofcmof:bmrf:aO vlyyf.xrf:wj.
eif;umefTwj:eyf.rmuf, pAwf:uGj,aOtef"wj.
tefyj:oj,Oej,eef. Odkyf,pAwf:wj./
* tj,bl.auj; b[,rj:bof.
tefvh;Okrf:rj:eef. vmwf;pwf:"wj.
tefvh;sy.rj:eef. Ogefyefydlef;wj.
wgef;Ogefzoeef. vmwf;seoh.wj.
pAwf:pdkofvwf:cmrf;rj:eh sewmif:oh.sv;/

E E
82 83
 E E
* tj,bl.auj;b[,rj:bof.
pmif;pSef:wlof;wef:oh.xj;
wj,awvwf:cmrf; zuf:wlckefwmhwj./
* umefvkuf;vmef oh.ySwf;urf:ekdif;wj.
cmof:bmrf:eh. trf,q[;ykef;uofykef;r[:
cmof:bmrf:rD:uj;cef awrlwf:uGj,bof./
* tj,bl.auj;b[,rj:bof.
wD;Tzj:eef. oh;uGj,pwf:"
wD;Twj:eef. oh;uGj,pwf:"
wD;Oif,cj,eef. oh;uGj,pwf:"
wD;qof;auB:ql:eef. oh;uGj,pwf:"wj. /
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E E
84
E E
* oef:tefawj.sw. trf,ph;
clof:auj; trf,q[;clof:qof;uof,
cmof:bmrf:auj; trf,q[;cmof:bmrf:qof;uof,
Oifoj; q[.vlduf; wlofrldof;ylef.rj:sv;
wlofrldof;vAofqkdif
awvdluf; wlofrldof;ylef.rj:eef.ulnf:
wD;ygif,zoulef:tefoj;eh./
qof; oqD, ydu f.
E E
86
auj.sy.wj.aO,
* rldof;yh,tgif,sy.aO
cwf:q[P;tgif,sy.eef.
yh,bmyf,ugef,
tefbmyf,vldofaOeef.sw.
yAefvgif;xdif:oh. P;tgif,sy.cmof:pdkifbof./
* bgef.ydlof;trf,q[; OAef;wmif:Odlof,rguf,
bgef.ydlof;trf,q[; vlrf:uwf:vlrf:bAef
bgef.ydlof;trf,q[; oef:vSwf,Ndof;vSif:
bgef.ydlof;trf,q[; OAifuGmrf:omef
bgef.ydlof;trf,q[; oguf:ckduf.wgef:wArfxlef;/
* tefulef:wif:erf pefxkdifoj;
yAefvgif;tgif,sy.eheef.
wD;sw.ref:
wdkuf.yAefNof,vlof,pmif:vmif:
Odkyf,yhwmif:ej;bl,/
85
omef;tgef,qldof:pmhuGj,
* rldof;ul;yguf;ul;zof,
rldof;ref:wD,ph; uofuGj,qgh;
rldof;uofwD,ph; ref:rj:qgh;
qgh;uef awj,cof;xkdifbgifxkdifab:
trf,vh;OAif;idkef:aOay:/
* tofclof:cgifref: vSuf;udefclof:cgifuof
tofclof:cgifuof vSuf;udefclof:cgifref:
yDekdif;bof.yDekdif; ylef.uGj,aOwj.
trf,rD:ikdef: wkdef:trf,yAefOif
umefrlduf;r[;auj; vAuf.au,at,rmif/
* umefcSuf,vDymifqj.auj; vh;rlef;Odlof:
vh;oj;yAefygh:auBj,rlef; ykef;rmof,Omof
z[trf,vh;qmif;z[
ugyf;oh.q[rldefyD;tguf,egif.yAefuef/ 87
 r[:cmhOif
E E
* Ndef:uofauj; cofrj:qgh;pAwf:
Ndef:cofauj; uofuGj,qgh;pAwf: * wj,awOdkyf,Omhq[bkdef:bmof:
wrf:vAif.Oifauj; udeftefeef./ cmof:pdkife[:avj:ueh.
* z[trf,bl,vDehauj; awvh;uj.cmhaOydlif"tldof;
qhg;uefvlpefvkrf:vj: r[:cmhOif`
z[wmhauj; qgh;uefy[.yj: * cmhpSif:pj.`
trf,vlof,qmif;yldef;rj:ph;/ cmhymh:olef.pj.`
ayj:acj:clrfauj; ph;rmuf,uefsw." cmhwmif:arjpj.`
* ekdif;ulef:erfrj:wduf:" chmOlyf:uGmrf:pj.`
vgif;bAef,si;ulef: Orf.pmhuGj,wduf:" * wj,r[:awOdkyf,Omhq[uGj,eef.
atj:J r[:awvh;cmh aOydlif"bl,
vgif;bAef,si;ulef: r[:awcmhOif`
erfrj:wduf:"vlif * vldofeef.
]]ulef:qmuf;tefoj;eef. trf,rD:q[ulef:}} r[:cmhbgef.Oif`
qof; oqD, ydu f.
r[:c[;cmhOif`
tefr[:chmeef.
ayj:yAefykef;wj,bkrf.ehqkdif
vh;oj;r[:yAefulef:sw.ulef:oj;bof./
qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
88 89

uyf:"wmrf:"
E ulef:zmh,wluf:vghykef.
E
* pmif;zmiftefr[:wSrf;eef.
ref:cSrf.vSyf;wmef,pdkofeh * vkuf.trf,pdyf;trf,eSwf;
rldof;eh. yh,qmif;wSyf:wwf: uj;cefref:
pkiftrf,pdyf;trf,eSwf;
tefawwSyf:wwf: uj;cefref:eef.sw.
awsw,yAef udeftrf,pdyf;trf,eSwf;
r[:pAwf:pdkofwSrf;eheef.bof./ sw,e[awj,Nofcrf;/
* oguf:tefr[:wSrf;eef. * tefzkuf,qrf. zuf:umwf,
ref:cSrf.vSyf;wmef,pdkofeh teftguf,qrf. eD;rmwf,
rldof;eh. yh,qmif;wSyf:wwf: uj;cefref: bgef:Ol:vD" oh;zD
oguf:vmhNof pAwf:pdkofsw,rj:eheef. wSef:eD;bof. rdkof:yof,
awwSyf:wwf: uj;cefref:uGj,tdlof;/ qdkuf:xSif;eD;r[, wj,yDej;
* Olef
ulef:zmhwluf:vghykef./
Oleftefpefbl,bmrf:vAofeh.
trf,yh,qmif;wSyf:wwf:vh; uj;cefref: * bj,rj:vmwf;cldof:pAwf:umef
rldof;yh,yAefOlefrj:eif,eh r[:awNdof.ulnf:
vh;zkuf,Oifrj:vmhvhm ayj:uguf:Nofwldof.rgef
tefeef. awwSyf:wwf: uj;cefref:bof./ OAifclefref:tguf,urf:vAof
* ulef:uwf.cSef, tefoj;eef. ulef:zmh,wluf:vghykef./
ayj:zdkuf:uyf:"wmrf:"uefqkdif * ymh:olef.z[,ymh:olef.ref:
yAefulef:uwf.cSef,rj:bof. wkdef:trf,Okuf.Ouf.Oif
ulef:vDtefoj;eef.sw.
ulef:zmh,wluf;vhgykef./
uyf:umh,vlnf;wlef;q[coftldof;/

E E
qof; oqD, ydu f. 90 qof; oqD, ydu f. 91
 tefwSwf;eSwf;
E trf,vh;
E
* vSwf,tefyAefwD;q[b[,
* ekdif;oef:rD:(24)qlof;rgif:
tguf,rj:bof.cof;uGj, r[:bgef:pAwf:umef(26)rgif: trf,vh;
tefv[auj; trf,wSwf;eSwf;aOwj. r[:auj; awj;awtrf,pAwf:vh;/
tefwSwf;eSwf; rD:tefekdif; * bj,bgef:Ol:vldof
eef.sw. uofwkduf.xlnf;q[bl,/ tefyAefvh;eef.
* vlrf:bAef tefyAefwD;q[b[, tefeef. trf,udkif,r[:eh
yof,uGj,wmif:Mif, ygif,wmif:qmef: oj;trf,vh;/
tefv[auj; trf,wSwf;eSwf;aOwj. * Mif.rj:auj.tefphm.ej, pwf:pmefeef.sv;
tefwSwf;eSwf; rD:tefekdif; Oifoj;pwf:pmefsw.qkdif
eef.sw. uofwkduf.xlnf;q[bl,/ q[.eif;edrf"(5)qlof;rgif:wj.
* ayj:Oj, awqgrf: trf,vh;/
* bj,aybgef,q[oj;olef.oj;
ayj:trf,Oj, trf,Mrf:
bgef.trf,xlduf;sv; uoftrf,vh;ehbl,
ulef:rmifqldof: rD:q[qldif.eif,eh ayj:cwf:q[sw."qdkif
trf,wSwf;eSwf; vgif;tgif,sy.eef.
tefv[auj; trf,wSwf;eSwf;aOwj. omh,ej;ySwf;trf,vh;/
tefwSwf;eSwf; rD:tefekdif; * auj.tefcmef.oj;
eef.sw. uofwkduf.xlnf;q[bl,/ teftrf,vh;eef. trf,rD:eheef.
* uoftofOwd udkuf:uyf:qyf:oh.aO wlofref:auj; awj;awyh,N.quf:
uofwkduf.xlnf;q[bl,/ tIOj,tefvh;eef.ugef,/

E E
qof; oqD, ydu f. 92 qof; oqD, ydu f. 93

E ydlif;
E
xmwf;q[
* ayj:ylef.ySefref:uGj,
* r[:xmwf;q[wluf:oh.bl,eh uofN.tldof;
edkif;qdef,wD,rD,wdlof,qdkif
wD;e[:avj:ueh. eef.ygif,oj; sy.ref:ehbof./
Oifoj; ul;tef"ckduf.cmh:oh.qkdif * olef.nj:bl,pj.`
yldef;trf,Mif. avj:ubof. teftgif,sy.sv; tefvkwf;pmrf:eef.
teful;tef" trf,ckduf.trf,cmh:eef. cofbmefuefwmef,v[/
ydlef;Mif.avj:utdlof;/ * cwf:q[qgrf:ngyf:P;vh;
* r[:xmwf;q[wluf:aOwj. bj,bgef,q[ tefbmefpmif,uefeef.wj.
oef:tefr[:bgef,q[eef. ayj:zkduf:ugj,wduf:"qdkif
vgefyluf,auj;awb[, rldefvghOofrldif:aO awuwf.cSef,rj:bl,
awcmrf;bmyf,bl,/ ulnf:uj;
* Oifoj; r[:cAif;q[oh.qkdif bj,aytofvmh:ulwf.iguf:/
vlrf:vSif.vlifeef. * ngyf:wlofxdlef,auj;bof.
ykef;wj,r[: ngyf:ymh:rmuf;rD:auj;bof.
awyAefvlrf:uwf:vlrf:bAefulnf:tldof;/ Oifoj;r[:ckdwf:vh; ngyf:vh;
qof; oqD, ydu f. tefbmefpmif,eef.qkdif
r[:awyAefulef:tgif,sy. auj.ekdif;bl,/
* qof;zl;vDcofsw.
cofeyf.Ogef,wlnf:
olif;umifvlrf:cof;vlrf:tguf,
iof; umif pmifeef.eef.bl,/

E E
94 qof; oqD, ydu f. 95
 E E
cmof:ujtkdof;zlduf, rdefrldof:Ndef:
* umifoef:awwluf:qlrf
rldof:vj;
wD;uwf:bAefwD;trf,rD:z[y[.xj;
cmof:ujtdkof;zdluf,rdefrldof:Ndef:/
* uGj,zSofoh.e[:su;ygh:wdkuf:pj.`
uGj,zSofoh.e[:su;az:cAefpj.`
uGj,zSofoh.e[:su;zdwf:uefpj.`
yguf;rj:sv; umifoef:awcrf;bof.
cmof:ujtdkof;zdluf,rdefrldof:Ndef:/
* wj,awrdefe[:quBj.ovj,eef. uhej, tykrf,tgef,sw.
rdefbl,e[:avj:upof:eh.ulnf:auj;
oef:ayj:qrfcrf;bof. yguf;rj:rldof:vj; rD:eif,ehulnf: J
cmof:ujtdkof;zlduf,rdefrldof:Ndef:/
* uofawseoh.edrdwf;tefekdif;
awqmif;pefiof:vldef qof; oqD, ydu f.
awqmif;pefiof:vmof uRif: xl d e f, Od e fx rf: uk i f: Oj, oAi f: uA i f: wki f
e[:vyf:Odif,auj; awqmif;pefbl,/
* wD;e[:tluf:e[:q[
uofawwguf,oh.edrdwf;tgef,tefekdif; qof;Okcrf: (wmif.bmef:) ydef,wSrf;
qof;cSuf,tdlnf
]]trf,rD:vgif;w[:rgif:Oif
cmof:ujtdkof;zlduf,rdefrdlof:Ndef:/

E E
96 97
qof; oqD, ydu f.

E E
qof ; qmif: ek r f, sv; ehm :xof;
umife[ vlif:Nnf;rguf;vuf:ekdif;aO uGj,pjrmuf,rh.
rmuf , wg u f , ayj:ck d e f : ck d ef ; rj:zS o f wD ; xrf ; auj;
cmof:bmrf:umife[ OAif;uGj,bof./ ohm:oef: wif:oef:
qif,vh;eif;pA wf: umefTwj:aO qA yf: ck def;wif:
wlofbl,/
pAwf:eef ayj:vh;rj: Omrfvldefqkdif qof;qmif:
tgef,eef. cmef.rj:sw.sw./ vh;rj: Nuf:vldef
wlofcdif:ref:qof; bgrfuGj,sw.sw.aO xmwf;q[ref:
yguf;ekdif; qof;qmif:ekrf,tgef,yj:ekdif; ckdef;
wluf:uGj,sw.sw./ Oifoj; tkwk tj,pj,I trf,wArf
uGj,eldofvghvkuf;ekdif;aO tmef:aw rldof:wkdof:urfe[:
xlef;qkdif awtrf,yAefvh;sv; ref:qof;wSyf:wwf:
xldef,ehbof./
q[ref: cmwf,cmwf,aO vlif:vhgrj:bof./
ref:wSyf:wwf:q[ref:oj; ]]yAefpkdofyAef ayj:
zgif: ref:qof;vl if: Mwf;zSofrj: umifvhgeef.
uofvh;Twj:uSof;ugef, uofqif,awvlif:vhg}}ehbof./
qif,rj:pef ehm:xof;auj.edkif; eif;bl,pdrf:zif,wmif:/
ayj:ref:zSofuGj,eldofvhgeh umrf,vDaO vh;uGj,
ehm:xof;eef. bdyf:wif:Muf,vAuf:rmuf;ekdif;aO eif;
pefxrf;vkuf;ekdif; wj,aweif;Twj:bof./ ref:
vyf.Muf,ref: wD;eldofrmuf,pdefbl,/ qof;qmif:tgef,
qof; vkdof;Ndof.urf.ekdif;aO olef.oj; ]]ayj:bl,wD;
xmrf ]]ehm: bl,wD;v[`}}ehsv; ehm:xof;wgyf,oj;
eh;pkdifpkdifqkdif awvh;rD:erf.}}ehsv; uGj,pjtgif;wD;
]]bl,wD;pdrf:Mrf:eh.atj;qof;}} wrf;wD;e[:xldef,vdkuf.
tefawrD:erf.sv; qif,uGj,pef erf.rgwf:tgef,
vlifeh. bgef.Oif Orf.rj:rD:ehm:xof;eif,eheh qof;
wD;yArf.vhgqef:wD;ekdif; tefuhxrf;rguf;vuf: ekdif;
qmif:tgef, tmrf:sw.sw.aO ]]ugyf;Oif ehm:pof:
eef.bof./
Orf.yj:q[yj:acj: rj:vyf.Muf,vAuf:vlifeh. sw.sw.
ref:qof; bl,Oof:e[:xldef,pif:ulnf:/

E E
98 oj;oj;bl,cj;vj,`}} ehm:xof;ckdef:wgyf, 99
 E E
]]cj;aw tmef:vyf. P;yAefcArftgef,vSrf;ekdif;
ehatj;}} qof;qmif:tgef,ckdef:oj; ]]ehm:J wj,aw
vh;cArftgef, rmuf;ekdif;eef. trf,wmyf;vlof,rj:
cmrf,bmyf,eif,ehs O; ayj:uGj,Ok dof. e[ : umwf,eh
cArftgef,ekdif;rmuf;eef. uj;ref: trf,b[,Oifulnf:}}
ehm:xof;ckdef:vmwf;oj; ]]trf,q[;qldif.eefeif,uof,
ayj:vh;ihm;eh pkdofawoh. uj;cefOifcj;vj,J cArf
tefwlofqof;uof, pA wf: yA eftofp if:ulnf: eef.
qof;pof: yh,bmrf;q[.wkdof:aO awyh,bmrf;N.erf.q[.
ref:cj;uGj;}} ehm:xof;vmwf;eif,eefaO Okdyf,ulrf;
vyf.Muf,ref:bl,/
qof;qmif:tgef, eif;olef.w[;olef.eldofbl,aO
Orf.wgif.rh;erf.sv; qif,xmrf ]]ehm: pdrf:Mrf:eh.
qgif,rD:erf.cj;pkdof`}} ehm:xof;qif,ckdef:vmwf;oj;
]]qof;J zhm,eldofugif:vhgtgef, wD;uhbmefrguf;
pj;Odyf:bmif;eef. rD:erf.wluf:wmwf,tgef,tef
ekdif;atj;J vh;idef:OAifref:bl,cj;vl:? ayj:qof;
pof: uGj,wD;eef;aO yguf;rj:eh ykef;wj,cj;wsy:
awvyf.Muf,eef. toferf.rj:yefzgif;cj;sv;}}
ayj:oj; qof;qmif:tgef, uGj,wlnf:auj;
E E
vh;uGj,pef erf.wluf:wmwf,pmif; vDvD 100
sw.bof.J vldofaOeef. qgrf:pdrf:
E E
zoeh. yA efp k dofoh.
oef:pmif;vDoef:ekdif; rldof;cmof:rh; zgif:tkwkOj,
bj, qkdef;O[/ Owf.woj,wif:vhm tgefuef vkdof;
Ndof.vkdof;q[ Okdof;z[wef:ref:bl,/ zgif:eif,eef
eluf.tgef,wlofekdif; Mif.cefoj; ]]zoeh. yAefpkdofoh.}}
ehbof./
urf:eef. rguf,ref:rlnf tefuD;vSifcgif,MrfNnf:
eef. qif,oj; ]]zoeh. yAefOazj:Twj: tefvSuf;
vhm;tldof;}}ehbof./
umyf,rldof;tgef, tefrdefvAef;bl,e[:su;rguf,pmif;
vDvDeef. Orf.wgyf,oj; ]]zoeh. yAefvgif;bl,Oof:
ukduf:vgif;pmif;vD w[;iof:vSwf,tldof;}}ehoj,
rlwf.tgef,wlofekdif; wAif,tofwmif:udef tefb[,
aO wlofref:Odyf:ykef;eef.sw. Orf.oj; ]]zoeh.
vdlofaO vh;pjudefpjbSrf. udkuf:Ndof,vhch:bhg.eef. trf,
rD:wD;ygif,Oif}}ehxSif;bof;/ acj;wgyf,cof ekdif;auj.
yAefekdif;yldifbl,/ urf:eef. umrf,vDaO zleftgef,
wluf:vlif:rj:sv; zlefOrf.oj; ]]zoeh. ukduf:Mrf:
qgrf:erf.wjtldof;? vldofaO zleferf.wj trf,rD:
Oif}}
pkif.vlifwlofekdif; rdefrj:eldofyhmrh.Okif
E OkifaO Orf.vmwf;oj; ]]zoeh. yAef 102
Mrf: vh;pefrmuf,rh.rmuf,wguf, ayj:ylif: ylif,
vlifoh.bl,/
qof;qmif:tgef,auj; Okuf;ej;vmif.wj udeferf.
tdrf,tdrf,bof. toferf.O[,e[:Oydwf;ref:aO yguf;
rj:ql:ehm:xof;eef.bof;/ ulnf:uj; wD;eef; trf,
pefehm:xof;/ ulnf:vh;pef Muf,zhmzhmrmuf;ekdif; rD:oh.
eldofrmuf,pdefvyf. tefehm:xof;vyf.oh.eef.ulnf:/
qof;qmif:tgef, eif;wD;ehm:xof;eif;eef.aO
olef.iofrkdifbl,wif:pkdifbof; urf:vkdef: ref:qif,wSyf:
wwf:q[ref: tefekdif;bof./
xSif;oef:ekdif;
ohm :eef. tg if;wD;tef ehm :xof; eif;aO
vyf.Muf,eef. yAefuRif:xldef,tgef,uGj,aO wD;e[:
uRif:tgef,eef. vh;pefqof;qmif:tgef, rD:wif: ej;
bkrf.aO eif;umefzj,oej,Twj: trf,wlif.trf,ekdif
bl,bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
101
ykef;wj,rdefckdef;OkifOkiftldof;}}ehbof./
pAwf:ehaO crf;vyf:Odif,rj:bl,bof./
yl,xof;vlifauj.ekdif; bdyf:wif:ihg:zh: yhtldif,tD;
tldif,tmif yguf;rldof:Ndef:eef.Orf.vmwf;oj; ]]zoeh.
pjtofwmif:rlef;Oldof: ykef;wlofqof;uof,bl,aO urf:
vkdef:Ok wf:rj: vh;acj:clrf vh;wldof.q[sv; vh;
zmwf,bmefuefeef. bof. }}
cmof:bmrf:umifcrf;vyf:Odif, ylef.uGj,aO ayj:oj;
Mwf;xkdifrj: umife[auj; wjoef:vliftguf,rj: pmif;
vDvDaO vmwf;oj; ]]zoeh. sw,wif;r[,wj,aO,
aO tofoef:r[, ydkwf,yef Nofe[ul;e[eef.bof.}}
ehbof./
zgif:bmrf:eif,eef qof;Ipmef:tgef,qof;ekdif;
tefbl,Oof: wrf;wD; uRif:xldef, pdrf:zif,erf.Mif;
uwf:qkdef;bAefq[ eef.sw. Olif,rAwf.wj,yef
Owf.woj, e[:quBovj,oj;
OYfaYOwfwj taoIjapmefwk
tYBjyQfQjapmefwk
teDCjapmefwk
OkcDtwfwje> yIdpIefwkJ J ehbl,/
E tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J 103
 erf . Mif ;
E E
yguf;ekdif;J wD;eldofyhmvgh w[;iof;Nrf;rh.tgef,
tefekdif;eef. rD:erf.rgwf:tguf,rj:aO bAef:yAef
erf.Mif;uGj,bl,/
erf.Mif;tgef,eef. Okdyf,vh;vlif:aO rmifyguf;
rmifv[ vh;wwf:vwf:nj: rmuf,pdefrmuf,zjauj;rD:?
vh;zj,nj: awjrh.wkrfrh.auj;rD:? rmifyguf;vh;bmyf,q[
aO vef;cof;w[;vdef w[;pdefauj;rD:bof./
pAwf:eh Okdyf,vwf:vhvlif:rj:aO oef:ekdif; qif,
rj:vh;pef pmwf,Ohm:vlif sp.oh.zhm,ej;ref:bof;/
ref:qif,olef.oj; ]]pmwf,Ohm:vlifeh.auj; uofawj;
awvh;wwf:vwf:cmrf;ySwf; qldif.eif,rmuf,pdefrmuf,
zj wlef;rh.wkrfrh.bl,}}ehaO toferf.ref: uGj,
xgif:O[, pmwf,Ohm:vlifbof;/ ref:toferf.ref: xgif:
xdyf,O[,urf:v[auj; vh;pef erf.ref:phmuGj,e[:pmwf,
Ohm:bl,bof./
erf.Mif;tgef, uhg;bl,uhg;Ndof.tlef;elef:rhg;rj:wduf:
wduf:bl,/ zgif:eef. vh;pef vlrf:vSif.vliftefekdif;
xgif:yof,rj:ql: pmwf,Ohm:vlifaO cmrf;ylef.uGj,bof./
erf.Mif;tgef,eef. qif,olef.oj; ]]awj;uj; vlrf:
vSif. bif:vwf:cmrf;uGj,vh;bl,vlif uofauj;
E E
awj;awcmrf;vh;bl,uGj;}}ehaO tof 104
pSif:erf.ref: avj;O[,pmwf,Ohm:bl,/
E E
bmrf:vAof pmif;zmiferf.Mif;r[:eef. ayj:
qrfaw ohm:phmwD;eh;bl,bof.vl:? ayj:r[:ukrf,tof
pSif:erf.r[: zmif;O[,uofaO avj;O[,e[:pmwf,Ohm:wduf:
wduf:qkdif uwf.sw.auj; r[:awawj.sw.yAef Mif;pSif;
tgef, egifpSif;tgef,ulnf:tldof;/ Oifoj; r[:vSuf;vhm;
pmif;zmifr[: pAwf:yAefzgiferf. thmerf.bof.aO yef
P;vlrf:bgif;tofr[: cmrf;ylef.uofuGj, ckdef:uGj,bAef:yAef
zlef wluf:O[,eldofvdefqkdif r[:awckdef:Okdyf,yAef erf.
Mif;ckdef:ulnf:eif,uof,ej,}}ehbof./
erf.Mif;tgef, olef.iofrkdifbl,wif:pkdif/ vgif;tef
vlrf:vSif.xgif:yof, cmrf;ylef.pmwf,Ohm:auj; ref:bmrf;
pefrj:bl,/ tefpmwf,Ohm: vmwf;seeef.auj; awj;
wluf:cgif.wluf:tSuf,bl,sv; ref:bkrf,brfrj:bof./
ugyf;eef erf.Mif;tgef, qif,tofcl:vhm: pmwf,
Ohm:yefref:eef.bof./ ref:qif,cmrf,tof erf.ref:
bAef:yAef zgiferf.thmerf.tgef, tdifykdif; pSif:vlrf:
Myf,Mif;xgif:yof, cmrf;eldofpmwf,Ohm:vlifuGj,aO uGj,wluf:
O[, eldofvhgOkifvlif ckdef:bdkif;yAefzlefuGj,bof./
vkuf.wD;erf.zlef wluf:vlif:yAeferf.Mif;tgef,?
vhO[,e[: au:erf.vlifaO cof;Mwf;xkdif
erf.Orkwf.wIj,uGj, rlef;"Oldof:"bof./
E
106
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
erf.qldof:eef. phmerf.phmOhm:uGj,ySwf;sv; ref:
cwf:q[olef.pjcl:vhm:vwf:aO tlef;elef:oh.bl,/
urf:vkdef: erf.Mif;tgef, qif,uGj,xmrfpmwf,Ohm:
vlifeif,eh ]]uofwuf:awvh;vwf:cmrf;r[:aO Okdyf,
cmof:wmif:bl,bof./ cSef:awj; yefcl:vhm:vwf:cmrf;
r[:aOurf:cj;}} pmwf,Ohm:wgyf,oj;
]]ayj:r[: ukrf,q[.vhm:uof,aO vwf:e[:pmwf,Ohm:
uofsw. r[:awtrf,cmrf;vh;aOyguf;/ cl:vhm:tefr[:
vwf:cmrf;Nnf;cmrf;vgheef. tofrj:q[.cmrf;pmwf,Ohm:
eh. wkdef:trf,vh;/ N.wuj; erf.r[:awpSif;ySwf;
vhmvhmulnf:/ tefuofc[;yefwmif:c[;q[eef.sw.
r[:awvh;ykdif;tdif vlrf:tldof;J/ tofpSif:vlrf: Myf,
tofr[:aO cmrf;uGj,eldofuofeef. yAefcl:vhm:vD vdlof
aOydlef;bof.}} erf.Mif;ckdef:xmrf
]]vlrf:awpAwf:pkdof bgif;sy.vh; Mif;erf.`}}
pmwf,Ohm :ckdef:oj; ]]r[: awvh;cmrf,bAef:yAef
zgiferf. thmerf.tldof;? zgiferf.thmerf.tgef,
eef. vlrf:awqmif;tofcmrf;uofuGj,tldof;}}
erf.Mif; wluf:q[v[wkdef,aO ]]P:J eef.
sw. trf,yAefvh;/ ayj:pAwf:eefeh ]erf.Mif;}
tefoj;eef. awphmuGj,avj,}}
105
pmwf,Ohm:ckdef:Okdyf,oj; ]]yAefpkdofyAef
Oly f: oj; wl ofp A wf:
wrf;wD; yArf.vhg? eldofqIgyf; pdrf:zif,wmif:eef.
rmef;? wh:? sc, sv; tif:udwf: cofOD,auj. tofuguf:
erf. oh.e[:umifcofaO xAifuefbl,/
rmef;tofedof.qD.ref: qD.uguf:erf.aOvmwf;oj;
]]ab,}}ehbof./
wh:ckdef:vmwf;oj; ]]trf,q[; yAef ]erf.}}}ehbof./
sc,auj; trf,bgrf:aOvmwf;oj; ]]Olnf.}}ehbl,/
tif:udwf:auj; trf,c[;cmrf,aO ]]oj:xldof:}}ehbof./
pAwf:ehaO zgif:cofwkduf.xAifuefoj;
]]ab,}}J ]]erf.}}J ]]Olnf.}}J ]]oj:xldof:}}
]]ab,}}J ]]erf.}}J ]]Olnf.}}J ]]oj:xldof:}}
bl,eef. vj:pl,auj.ekdif; vkuf.eldofvhgvlif:rj:xkdif
wD;qIgyf;cofeef.bof./ bgef.ydlof; ref:Ndof.ej,aO
wgif.rh;erf.ej,sv; trf,wuf:OAifOif ouf.tofuguf:
erf.e[:su;umifcofOD,auj.eef. tkduf.udefuGj,awj,ayj:
OAif;bof./ cofOD,auj.auj; tgefuef vlduf,wjaO
wlnf:ref:oh.bl,/
vj:N,auj.eef. vmwf;oj; ]]erf.eh trf,q[;wj,
xAifuef yAefwj,tkduf.udeftldof;}}ehaO tguf,uGj,bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E
107
 zl : xwf :
E E
qldif:tefeh.sw. yAefqldif:tefbmrf;vh;vltmef,
rj:Nofekdif;/ yAefqldif: tar,Idumef, tefyAefrj:sw.
sw. rldof;yD 1900 yhmeef.bof./ zgif:eef. yAef
zgif:aIj:uj,erf tdkyf:bmuf;aO ulef:whmwif:erfbof./
zgif:cmof:uwf: pSif:uwf:rD:zhm,w[;Okef oef:ekdif;
eef. wD;vkrf: awwSyf:wwf:wmif:zdwf: ehm:xof;
vuf.]]cof;rkef:bkrf;}}ydlef;eef.bl,/ qof;cof;rkef:
vmwf;se vgif;ehm:xof; vuf.cof;rkef:bkrf;ref:aO
bof. zl;xwf: qif,ckdef:xmrfsv; ehm:xof;wgyf,oj;
]]vkuf;bdif:cj;pof:auj; emofpSif:ej,/ vmefbdif:
tgef,cj;pof:auj; tdkdyf:bmuf;qrfawwhmbof./ ugyf;yldof;
tl;cof yhm;ySwf;cofeef.bof;}}
qof;cof;rkef:bkrf; qif,wkuf:bgef:oj; ]]eif,pkdof
ehm:xof; awtrf,pwf:vuf.xSif;eef. awvh;yef
wmrf,ref: seyefydlef;bl,}}ehbof./
zl;xwf: xlnf;q[vlifurf:ekdif;bl,/ umifq[ref:
trf,c[;yefwmif:zdwf:ehm:xof;eh./ ulnf:uj; ayj:tof
Twj:tkyaw,oj; ref:trf,qmif;vlduf;wmif:OAef;v[/
ugyf;eh zl;xwf:qif,oj;
]]uyf.uhm,vlnf; vgif;eh.aO cj;yAefq[
E E
trf,vDqgrf:sw.sw./ ulnf:uj; uofcj; 108
E E
yh g , zj;
rldof;ugef,ugef, wrf;wD;eldofvhg rD:omef;tgef, omef;
ekdif;/ wD;omef;eef. rD:yl,xof;auj.ekdif; bl,Oof:
uwf:uwf:bAefbAefaO pmef.q[vlnf; omef;wD;zif
Nuf;zifsp,ref:bl,/
omef;tefeh. ref:auj.tgefNofsw,oh.sv; ulef:
wif:omef;auj; yAefyD;egif.ref:wif:OAif;aO bl,qgrf:
uefuGj, qj.Nrf;cD vDNrf;Oldof: zgrf.zAif,uefoh.bl,/
oef:ekdif; yl,xof;N.oj; ref:awwhmbof.ehsv; qif,
P;vkuf;qhm:ref: tofref:tguf,rj: eguf;Ndef:aO q[.
P;tofref: eif;vguf;cgyf;(eif;vguf;Nofcof,)oh. zhm,
ej; Ndef:cj:tgef,ref:eef.bof./
ref:vgrfwlnf: erf.wluf:wmwf,sv;yj,xldef,cAof
iofwlnf: vkuf;vmeftgef, vSef;qgrf:vhg
vgrfwlnf: omef;wmyf;vhgtgef,ref:
ref:irftof vdeftgef,urfekdif;aO whmuGj,bof./
ayj:oj; ref:ckdef:N.wlofrj:eh ref:zSofuGj, zhm,ej;
zuf:wlrldif:zD wj,owdif,Oj,aO ckefzDcofauj; tgef
uefrj: pyf.wgef;ref:oh.bl,/ ckefzDcofoj;
]]rldof;bl,rldif:ulef:eef. r[:pAwf:umefwmif:vDrj:
erfej,aO pmif;apjr[:auj; rD:oh.wD;rldif:
E E
wj,owdif,Oj,eh.bl,bof./ pyf.wgef; 110
so;trf,vgwf;vh;? tkyaw,eef.yAeftky
aw,ulnf:/ ugyf;eh ehm:xof; awvh;Ohm;idkef:awj,
vj, 10 awj,vj,bof.}}
zl;xwf: wSyf:wwf:eif,eefaO ylwf:rmuf,Nof
ref:ydef;aO tofikdef:e[:xgif:ref: O[,yefuGj, 10
awj,vj,bof./ ohm:eef. ref:ohm,wlnf: ulef:qldof:
rj:xgrf,eef.aO
]]ulef:qldof:tefrj:wlnf:wif:OAif;auj; awvh;nj:
wmrf,O[,ikdef: ekdif;auj. 50 ySuf.bl,bof./ e[:oAif:
tefOlbl,eh. eif,pkdof vmefbdif:tgef,ref: aw
trf,whm eif,pkdof ref:awtrf,arjvuf.eef. Ol
wif:OAif; trf,rD:rAwf.wj, trf,arjwlnf:xkdifuefvl:/
ugyf;eh qof;ugef:rldif: cSef:awj; uAyf:idkef:wrf;wD;
cof ekdif;auj. 50 ySuf.wj./ qof;ugef:rldif:pof:auj;
O[, 50 ySuf.wj./ ayj:uAyf:bof.rlwf: idkef:qldof:eef.
wif:OAif; tofyef ehm:xof;eef.wj.}}ehbof./
pAwf:eef zgif:rldof; tguf,vkrf:rj:eef. ehm:xof;
vh;idkef: 42 awj,vj, yhm 50 ySuf.bof./
ayj:oj; ehm:xof;tguf,uGj,eh ulef:qldof:rD:e[:vkrf:
wif:OAif; tgefuef vkuf.qkuf: wkyf:rkdof: bkrf.clofawj,
zl;xwf:Twj:aO bgif;abj:uGj,bof./
109
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
bl,/ qgrf:pof:cof;rj: e[:rldif:zDcj;av;}}
yl,xof;auj; tmif;cof;uGj,bl,/ ulnf:uj; vh;pef
e[:rkdof:yl,xof;rD:oh. vdeftgef,urfekdif;sv; ]]yl,J
ayj:awcof;e[:rldif:zDeh tefurfoh.eef. awvh;yhg,
zj;ySwf;atj;? ayj:trf,eef trf,cof;vh;e[:rldif:zD
ulnf:}}ehbof./ yl,xof;ckdef:oj; ]]P:J pkdofawyhg,zj;
vh;/ yAefvdefqj,wduofsv; uofudef.rmif.tofrj:
vlif/ uoftrf,yhg,zj;vh;}}ehaO Okdyf,urfoh. uSef,uSef,
bl,/
ckefzDtgef,cof ckdef:wgif:ymef,oj; ]]yl, ayj:urf
oh.vdefeh.aO cof;rldof:e[:rldif:zDtrf,vh;cj;/ ugyf;
eef zj;ySwf;aOcj;sv;}} bgef.yldof; yl,xof; trf,
cmrf,zj;ySwf;sv; zDcoftrf,qmif;pAwf:pkdofaO rldof:
uGj,bof./
yDbmof:cmof:pkdif ylef.rj:xSif;wif:erfbof.sv;
ckefzDcof ckdef:tof wmif:udefzDaO zSofrj:wD;
zuf:wlxSif;bof./ yl,xof;eef. wkduf.rD:oh.bl,wD;
pdrf:zuf:wl wj,owdif,Oj,eef.bl,/ cofrj:vAif.ref:
wmif:udefzDaO acBj:ref: P;ref:yhg,zj;ySwf; vdef
e[:rkdof:ref:eef.auj; ref:awj;trf,yhg,zj;vh;sv;
zDcof ckdef:vh;yguf;rldof:uGj,bl,bof./
pAwf:eh cmof:bmrf:vSuf;vhm;rj:xSif; 111
 E E
xkdifrj:xSif; oef:ekdif; zuf:wl rldif:zDwj,owdif,
Oj, ckdef:zknf,rj:aO ckefzDcof ckdef:tguf,rj:xSif;
bof./ yl,xof;eef.auj; urfoh.vdefuSef,uSef,aO
wkduf.eif;wkuf:Okuf:oh. wD;pdrf:zuf:wleef.bl,/
rldof;eh. ckefzDcof awrj:y[.pyf. ehm:xof;auj.ekdif;
tefaw zSofrj: rldif:zDeef.ehbof./
trf,pkdiftrf,emef: ehm:xof;auj.ekdif; ukdif.umif.
zkwf:ayj,yAefrj: wrf;wD; pdrf:zuf:wlrldif:wj,owdif,
Oj,eef.aO ref:tmrf:aO vgrfwlnf: yl,xof;sv;
ckefzDqldof:eef.bl,/ vldofaOeef. ehm:xof;eef.
vmwf;oj; ]]yl, yl, cj;yAef vmefbdif:yl,pof:atj;J
cj;blofoj; yl,pof: ayj:cof;uGj, e[:rldif:zDpkdifbof.eh
ej:? ugyf;Oif Orf.ukrf.rj:eif;wif;wkuf:Okuf: wrf;wD;
zuf:wlrldif:zDeh.bl,cj;vj,}}ehaO vSef;uGj,ugwf, yl,
xof;eef.bof./ yl,xof;auj; qlrf:Oldof:vmefref:aO
vkdrf:wlof eSwf;yhg,zj;ySwf; zgifvdeftefurfoh.eef.
bof. rj:ugwf,vmefref:urf:vAofbl,/ urf:eef. cjOgif
auj. qif,qgrf:ckefzDcof cof;rldof:e[:rldif:wj,owdif,Oj,
eef.bof./ ayj:cmrf;ylef.zuf:wlauj; pmif;xof;cj
eef. phmvhmaO bAef:yAefpmif;ekrf,uGj,bof./
E E
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/ 112
E E
rjref:phmehaO qif,rj:pjpef e[:Mif;Ndef:
rmef,eef.bof./
rjtgef,wlofeef. ayj:oj; vh;pefqof;ref: cof;
rj:eh ref:auj; ulofej,aO eSwf;oSefuRuf:cof;e[:rkdof:
qof;ref:bof./ ayj:oj; tguf,rj: wD;eguf;bof.eh qof;
ref: c[;clofref:aO pkef.clofbl, pj. pj. bof./ rjtgef,
wlofeef.sw. ulofulofspspaO Oef,wdef:wdef:oh.
e[:su;tluf: qof;ref:bl,/
rjtgef,wlofeef. olef.oj;
]]rmifyguf;rmifv[ wD;e[:avj:uvlifeh.
vgif;vDulofvDumuf,vlifeef.
trf,yh,wmef, tefuofolef.oh.eef.sO;}}ehbof.
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E E
114
rjwl o f e k di f; sv; rmef,
yguf;ekdif;J qhm:iof:auj.ekdif; wD;Ndef:ref: e[:
Mif;Ndef:tefekdif;eef. ref:tofrmef,qrf; O[,oh.
wArfyduf: wif:OD,zhm,aO zkduf:pAwf:pmif;wlif.ekdifref:
bl,/ ref:Orf. rD:oh. rjtgef,wlofekdif;/
oef:ekdif; rjtgef,wlofeef. uGifwmif:aO cof;
uGj,zSofe[: Mif;Ndef:tefO[,rmef,oh. wif:OD,zhm,eef.
bof./ zuf:wlauj; ckdef:tkdwf:uGj, pif:ulnf:ref:bof./
ayj:oj; rjtgef,wlofeef. vgrfwlnf:zhm,cmif;eh
vh;pef rjwif:OAif; rldefref: awrD:rguf; ymuf,yhm
tgefuefvgrf.ref:oh.sv; ref:wluf:q[aO ohm,ej;
pof,cof yef,uGj,yef,ckdef:bl,/
tefref:wluf:q[ej,eef.sw. rjqldof:eef.auj;
bldif;ref:aO ckdef:tgefuef pof,ref:eef.bof./
rjtgef,wlofeef. qif,olef.oj; ]]ayj:yAefeh uofaw
clyf:cofySwf;}}ehaO tmif;uGj,clyf:cofsv; cofqldof:eef.
auj; tmif;rj:clyf:ref:bl,bof./
ayj:oj; ref:bkdwf:uGj,ehauj; rjqldof:eef.auj;
bkdwf:uGj,eif,uof,/ ayj:oj; ref:tguf,q[ulofaO eif;
edrfedrf pof,cofauj; cofauj; pmif;ulofaO tgefuef
eif;edrfedrf ckdef:pof,ref:bof./
uwf.uj;vj; zgif:eef. qof;ref:oj; 113
zh: sv; arjzh:
rldof;urf,zj,Nofykdif:eef. eef.J
crf;cmof:uwf:ckdef:ekdif; ulef:auj.ekdif; zSofrj: wrf;
wD; ymuf,xrf;bof;/ wD;e[:xrf;eef. ulef:wif:erf
uwf:ej,aO tgefuef zkdwf.zmwf.eif;tdifuef P;
ayj:tkef,wlofcofbl,/
ulef:auj.eef. trf,eif,pkdof wD;eldofulef:qldof:
tefuwf:e[:xrf;eef.Oif? ref:uGj,uAyf:tofrh.pSif;?
r[rh.pSif; rj:ugifuefoh.bl,/ ohm:eef. pjtofrmuf,pdef
Ogifvkuf; yhm,uef vhmurf:vhmurf: P;yAefzh: qyf:O[,r[rh.
pSif;sv; ugef:zh: rkdwf:tguf,rj:aO ohm:rj: yAefrkuf.
zh: vkuf.pkef;pkef;uGj,bof./
ulef:auj.eef. tofrh.pSif;pdrf:Mrf:eef. xkdrf;O[,
e[:zh:wduf:wduf:sv; ohm:rj: bAef:yAefrkuf.zh:ukdef:
vlifuGj,rkuf.ekdif;/ ref:ckdef:uGj,pj udif,rh.pSif; cj;rh.pSif;
rj:O[,e[:rkuf.zh:eef.wduf:wduf:sv; zh:vkuf.pSif:rj:
aO ulef:e[:xrf;eef.auj; vh;thmtkef,zh:sv;
qif,tgefuef tguf,xrf; rj:ql:wrf;wD;rkuf.zh:bof./
cofqldof:eef. ulofzh:aOtrf,uj: auj.tefrj:Okrf
zh:eef.auj; cofxmif,oj; yAefckefzDehbl,/ rkuf.zh:
auj; uhg;bl,uhg;vkuf.rj:wduf:wduf:sv; e[:
115
xrf;auj; tkef,uGj,wif:OAif;bof./
 E E
vkuf;tgef,cof auBj,rlef;Oldof:q[ej,sv;qif,
tgefuefrj:tkrf,vgrf. rkuf.zh:aO uj;uj;oSefoSef
bl,bof./ vkuf.wD;eef;aO ulef:vlifcofauj; trf,bl,
vh;sv; tgefuefvkuf.uj;yef,ugifzh:bl,/
xSif;oef:ekdif; ulef:wD;uhauj.eef. qif,Mif.ulef:
e[:xrf;rj:wkrfuefaO vmwf;oj; ]]qldif.eif,Olxmif,
eef. uofeh. trf,q[;ckefzD/ awvh;pAwf:pkdof qyf:zh:
eh ayj;uofcj; Ogefyefrj:oh.atj;/ uofawOgefyef
Olbl,/ zh:eh. arjyef xmwf;tkef,/ wD;e[:xrf;sv;
Oif e[:vyf:Odif,sv;Oif arjyef iof:vSif:bof./
ayj:yhwmif:umifcrf;auj; qmif;tofumef;zh:aO uGj,wj;
yhwmif:bof./ bl,wD;uhauj; rkif;pefvh;bof./ ulnf:uj;
zh:eh. ayj:trf,arjq[.eh ref:rD:az:cAeftef,w
sI, b[,sw.sw./ qmif;yef wmif:vl.b[,Okrf:vlifugef,
bof./ ugyf;eh awvh;oh.Owd zh:bl,bof.}} oj;eef
aO ref:Ogefyef vhm:O[,zh: wrf;wD; ulef:e[:xrf;
eef. ul;auj.bof./
trf,pkdifOif cmof,imof: arjzh:eef. qgwf,Mwf;xkdif
uGj, xrf;ekdif;bof.xrf;ekdif; omef;ekdif;bof.omef;ekdif;
aO tgefuefrj:zdwf;rguf,ref: P;uGj,Ogefyefcof
sv; ref:auj; uGj,Ogefyeful;xrf;
E E
116
ul;omef;bof./
ul;ej;omef; ul;ej;xrf; awvh;bldif:ql:
E ul e f: ul do f
arjzh: aO pA wf: yefwD;rhm wg if: vuf: Oofpdef
ekdif;wD; ekdif;tefehbof./
ulef:wif:OAif;auj; tgefuefqlrf:Oldof:aO pAwf:vuf:
Oofpdefyef arjzh:aO ayj:xkdifrj: umifcrf; tgefuef
Okrfzh: tgrf,zh: uj;yefugifzh: rlef;rlef;Oldof:Oldof:
bl,bof./
yhg:uj;yefugifzh:eef.
wrf;wD; xkif.Oefvhg
rD:rj: awj,xkdifoef:rldof;eh.bl,J
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:/
E E
118
ulef:wif:OA if;auj; N.pefvgif;zh:rj:sv;tgef
uefeyf.brf arjzh:eef. rldefeif,ckefzDqof;ekdif;
bof./ cmof,imof:ref:eef. sz;qgwf,uGj,wduf:wduf:aO
qif,Mwf;xkdifuGj,wrf;wD; Nofqkrf:qmof:cldof:bl,bof./ cof
qldof:eef. qif,oj; ]]thm;auj.eh. ayj:awOkdyf,oh.qldif.eh
eh trf,yAefbof./ ulef:pof: awyAefq[ref:OAif;bof;
ayj:eef pof:awtrf,ugef:vh; ulef:pof:aO awbmyf,
vldofrj:tldof;}}ehaO qif,ngyf:ref:aO tofwhmySwf;
bof./
ohm:eef. cofylifuGmrf:euf:oj; z[auj;awtrf,vh;
O[,zh:ehbof./ ulef:qldof:eef. tgefuefxgrf,uGmrf:
Nofej;cofaOw ayj:oj; xkdifrj: crf;ckdef:uwf:ej,
eef. coftgefuef ckuf:q[vh; arjzh:eef.bof./
xkdifrj: umifcrf; cmof:vyf:Odif,eef.auj; cofckuf:q[
vh; arjzh:eef.bof./ wD.ngyf:vh; wlofOwf:aO
zgif:vh;clyf:umyf;udef eldof.vdyf:eef.auj; cofckuf:q[;
vh;arjzh:eef.bof./
pkdifrj: pkdifrj: zl;tgefNofqmof:cldof:qldof:eef.auj;
N.wlofrj:bof. vgif;oj; trf,rD:zh:trf,yAefehsv; qif,
ckdef:teknmwf;yef wj,awO[,zh:bof./
vldofaOeef. ckdef:ylifacj;ylifoj; 117
E
rldof;ugef,ugef, rD:ulef:uldofauj.ekdif; tguf,sv,omef;
sv,rldif: w[;zj.Ogrf, ayj:qgwf,uGj,ul;wD;bl,/ oef:ekdif;
ref:Mwf;xkdifuGj, wD;zif,erf.ymif,vhm,aO bgef.yldof;
ref:trf,wgef.pefaOyguf;sv; yAefteftmrf:vlif
tmrf:vmifoh.bl,/ ygif,auj; ref:trf,ygif,q[/
wD;eldofvdef tefulef:uldof qkuf:oh.eef. ref;
uSef,eSef;ejedrfOof:oh.aOwj. erf.ymif,vhm, tef
rD:oh. zhm,ej;ref:eef. ekdifbkuf:bkuf:oh.bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:
bof./ trf,ref;trf,edrfOifaO vSyf;awrD:az:cAef
vlifoh.bl,/ vldofaOeef. vh;idef:OAifMeferf. xdyf,
zmif; ayj:tlefyef:vlifoh.sv; clefwkrf,eldof.ayj:c[;
bkuf.bl,bof./ ykef;wj,ref: ymif,vhm,eh. yAeftef
vmuf,vhm:vlifoh.sw.sw./
ugyf;eef ref:qif,Mif.xmrfoj;
]]cSef:awj; vmwf;yeftdwf:ekdif; r[:yAefz[`}}
]]uofyAef ymif,vhm,}} wgyf,uGj,ygwf:ygwf:eif,eh/ ulef:
uldofckdef:xmrfoj; ]]r[:yAefOifeh uoftrf,ygif,q[ eif,pkdof
uofawygif,q[eef. trf,rD:cl:vhm:Oyf:vSif:sepj.`}}
ymif,vhm,ckdef:oj; ]]ayj:c[;N.auj; wldof.wlnf:uofsv;}}
ulef:uldofauj; tofwdefref: qkrf,wlnf:
e[: erf.ymif,vhm,eef. vhg:vhg:bof./ 119
 E Ode f p j;
vgif;oj; ymif,vhm,tefoj;eef. qmif;xD.
wldof.vh;bl,eh ref:pmef.q[oh.bl,/
ulnf:uj; zgif:rldof; ref:ckdef:qefwdefref: tguf,rj:
eef. wdefref: qldrf;phmuGj,e[:erf.ymif,vhm,bof.sv;
ref:wluf:q[uGj,sw.sw.aO ]]P:J wdefuoftrf,rD:
bof. r[:pAwf:OifwD;uof,eh.}} ymif,vhm,ckdef:wgyf,oj;
]]ayj:c[;vh;wmif:N.tgef,ekdif;tefehqkdif N.wuj;
wkdef:awvh;yef aOtefteftldof;}}
pAwf:ehaO ymif,vhm, tlrftkdeftof ulef:uldofvhg:
vhg:aO ulef:uldofauj; N.wD;ygif,ymif,vhm, vldofwgef:rj:
bl,bof./ ulnf:uj; ]]ymif,vhm,tefoj;eef. yAefOif}}
eh ref:yh,N.vD/ ]]ymif,vhm,tefoj;eef. yAefOif}}
eh xmrfbl,cldof:cldof:b[:b[:bof./
urf:vdkef: ayj:oj; ulef:uldofqldrf;yAeferf.ymif,vhm,uGj,
wif:OAif;ehauj; ulef:uldofeef. qif,Mif.OSef,oj;
]]wD;sw.ref: uofeh.yAefymif,vhm,tldof;}}ehbof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E E
120
E umefomef; umefrldif:tefoj;eh. rmifyguf;
wSuf,tguf,udif,ckdef:vAofaO e[zkuf;rj: rmuf,
urf:vAofcj;bof;}} ref:ckdef:Okdyf,vmwf; ]]Oifoj;
tofwhmuofcj; ayj:ehqkdif ynf,nj,wmif:arjtefvkduf.
vrf, tefeh.auj; awphmqgrf:uofuGj,bof.}}ehsv;
zl;y[.cguf; trf,yh,tofref:whmaO uGj,vof;vmwf;se
qof;apjcrf:bof./
qof;apjcrf:auj; cof;q[eldofacj;uGmrf: zl;y[.cguf;
eef. sw.sw.aO qif,awMif.tof thm;zl;vuf.
eef. rj:ql:ref;qof; wD;apjbof./ ayj:oj; zSofrj:
zhm,ej; qof;apjcrf:auj; zl;vuf.eef.qif,oj;
]]qof;pof:wD;cj; ynf,nj,wmif:arjtefeh. cj;c[;
seyefsw.sw.cj;atj;/ ulnf:uj; wmif:arjtefeh.
sw,tofrldof;vAuf. awj,ayj:b[, Oifoj; yAefulef:Odef
pj;ref;ukdrf:ugef, qif,awqmif;sevh;atj;/ qldif.eif,
qof;pof:N.eef.wD;cj;bof; cj;qof;eh. bmrf;yAef
ulef:vuf.aO Odefpuf:bof.atj;/ ugyf;eef wrf;wD;
e[:apjeh. sw,tofvAuf.awj,b[, Oifoj; rD:zl;Odef
ref;ehqkdif cj;qof;awOgefyefref: wmif:arjtef
eh.atj;}} qof;apjcrf: qif,ohm,wlnf:zgif:rldif:vlifaO
]]ckefzgif:rldif:vlif r[:awpAef:tofvh;bl,pj. wmif:arj
tefeh.}} ckefzgif:rldif:vlif ckdef:vmwf;oj;
E ]]cj;qof; trf,yAefvh;cj;J ulef:pAwf: 122
E
rldof;ugef,ugef, wrf;wD;rldif:rldif:ekdif; vh;xlyf:az:
tkdyf:az:bmuf;bl,bof./ ugyf;tkdyf:bmuf;sv; zl;vuf.
ulef:qlefauj; vldif,erfrj:wduf:wduf:bl,/ qof;apjcrf:
vlifrldif:eef.auj; ylifacj;uGmrf: wj,awzAof;rlnf.ySwf;
zl;vuf.ulef:qlefbl,/
oef:ekdif; ulef:e[:apj ngyf:tof ulef:vuf.cof;
Omefurfekdif;aO Mif.cof;rj: wrf;wD; zhm,ej;qof;apj
crf:bof./ qof;apjcrf:auj; P;ayj:yAefwD;seej;wldof;
yldef;ehsv; ]]vuf.cof;Omefekdif;urfauj; nj:wmrf,
whm}}ehaO ylifacj;ylifuGj,bof./
zl;y[.cguf; tofzl;vuf.O[,oh.e[:cguf;ckdef:ekdif; ayj:
wj,awtofwhmref:eef. xkdifrldif:vSif:rj: qif,toftguf,
cguf;rj:aO xmrfoj; ]]thm;zl;vuf. xkdifcmof:bmrf: wj,aw
tofwhmr[:bof./ urf:vkdef:Okwf: r[:c[;vmwf;Oif}}eh
bof./ ulef:wluf:cguf;eef.auj; ckdef:vmwf;oj; ]]uofcj;
rD:acj;uGmrf: wj,awvmwf;atj;/ cj;rD:acj;uGmrf: wj,aw
rguf,vmwf;xkdif qof;apjcrf:atj;/ wrf;wD; uofcj;eh.
rD:oh. ynf,nj,wmif:arjckduf.vdkuf. yldifekdif; tefcj;vh;
pAef:Ogefrj: wrf;wD; ayj;pof:eef.atj;/ wmif:arj
tefeh. qldof.cldof:pof: qAwf:Okdyf, tgefuef
y[.yj:rj:aO yAefwmif:arj tofrmuf,rlif; 121
zkuf,aO qmif;arjrmuf,tguf,yAefwlef;
E
rmifv[ vh;ySwf.vh;vSefcj;atj;? rmifyguf;rmifv[ ayj:
yguf;rldof:Ndef: wluf:vdkef:ehqkdif vh;ySwf;vSef sr;qof;
Ndef:cofatj;? ugyf;eh cj;qof; pAef:toftrf,vh;cj;}}
qof;apjcrf:ckdef:oj; ]]O[, NofOkduf:vlif pAef:tofwmif:arj
eh.sv;}} ckefOkduf:vlifauj; eSwf;wgyf,oj; ]]cj;qof;
auj; xmif,aw trf,yAefvh;cj;? ykef;wj, uSwf,scomef;
rldif:eef. cj;qof;vh;zef:vh;wkduf:rj:bl,wj,aO,sv;
pAef:tofwmif:arjeh. trf,vh;cj;}}
qof;apjcrf:vlif xmrfwlnf: ulef:e[:vkrf:e[:apj
auj.v[auj; awj;trf,pAef:Ogeftofvh;/ urf:vkdef:
Okwf: ckefzgif:rldif: ckefOkduf: Nrf;vlnf; ulef:e[:apj
qif,buf.wlnf:qof;apjcrf:sv; qof;apjcrf: trf,bkrf,
wlofref:aO ckdef:vmwf;oj; ]]uofqof;auj; awj;aw
trf,xmif,awyAefvh;eif,uof,/ rldof;uofvAuf.eef. uof
bmrf;vuf.udef cof;rkef: qof;ayj;pof:tldof;? b[,rj:auj;
awj;rD:wmif:zdwf:wif:erfvl:}}ehbof./
urf:eef. zl;vuf.qif,ckdef:oj; ]]qof;pof:wD;cj;J
ulef:e[:apjeh.ul;auj. awj;bif:rD:oh.wmif:zdwf:sv;
trf,yAefpAef:tof wmif:arjyh,nj,eh.vl:/ wmif:zdwf:
cj;qof; tefvh;vuf.cof;Omeftgef,
E ekdif;urfeef. xkuf,vDoh.q[tD:vlaO 123
 E E
olef.yef uGmif;uGmif;bl,atj;}}ehbof./
urf:vkdef: ref:qif,Ogefyef qof;Omif,tgef,
yj:ekdif;tefOdefref;eef.aO qof;Omif,tgef,eef.
pAwf:seqldif.eif, zl;vuf.vmwf;eef.sv; wlef;
rmuf,rlif;eef. ukdif.umif.tguf,yAefwlef;vlifrj: ukdif.umif.
rguf,rmuf,Okuf:vldifrj:sw.blbof./
qof;apjcrf:sv; ckefzgif:rldif:cof vh;pefeif,
eefsv; qif,yhg,omif:cGmif.yef wmif:zdwf:zl;vuf.aO
yefref: Ol:vmyf;wif:erfbof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E E
124
E E
wD;zjzlduf," tefyldef;pefihm;eef.sv;
qhm:Owf.qj, tduf,ulef:wif:erf tgefuefcof;q[
wlnf: ref:oh.bl,/
pmif;tefref:wSrf;eef. yAefeluf.bmif:cmoftgef,
wlofekdif; qyf:oh.eldofudif,rh. Orf.ayj:wmef,rD:q[sw.
sv; ulef:wlnf:ref: ayj:vkdrf:zSyf.wjbof./
qhm:ynf,nj, cgwf,bgwf; vgif;wSrf;pmif;ref:bof.
qif,ohm,ej;ql: qhm:Owf.qj,aO ]]yD;Owf.qj, zgif:rldof;
uofcj; rj:pAef:vduf;wD;eh;eh. r[:qhg;xSrfuofrj:wif:erf
bof;/ udefOifauj; trf,tofuj;ref:sv; auB:ql:qldof:
eh. b[,erfsw.sw.aO wgyf,ayj:trf,bof.vh;bof;/
wj,awwgyf,yefauB:ql: yD;Owf.qj,eef. cj;qif,
wSrf;oh.yef eluf.bmif:cmoftgef,wlofeh.bof./ ugyf;Oif
ehqkdif ayj:xkdifrldof;zkuf; cj;awyguf;rldof:bof.}} ref:
ckdef:Okdyf,vmwf;oj;
]]eluf.bmif:cmoftgef,wlofeh. ayj:wlnf:sw. aw
xmif,oj; yAefOj,rnehulnf:/ ulnf:uj; ayj:vkyf;ref:
Omrfurf:ehqkdif ref:awvkuf.uj;aeatj;}}ehaO qif,
awtof rkdof:ref: ygwf;eluf.bmif:eef. Omrfurf:se
ydlef;bof./ eluf.bmif:cmofauj; rD:q[rj:aO uj;se
pmif;vDpmif;imrf:bl,bof./
E qhm:ynf,nj, uGj,ugwf,acj: qhm:Owf.qj, 126
el u f. bmif: cmof uj;
rldof;ugef,ugef, wD;oAif:tgef,tefekdif;eef. rD:
oh.Nif:pAef: Ogefyefyhm:rgef:sv; vkuf;pAef:ul;rldif: tgef
uefrj: ckdef;pAef:aO vAyf;pAef:tof wmif:arjbl,/
oAif:tgef,eh. yAefoAif:pmif;vD rkif;Oj,oAif:ekdif;aOtrf,
uj: Orf.nj: wD;OAef;wmif:rj:chg;uefsv; cSuf,auj;
trf,xmwf; ulef:uj.auj; trf,zmwf, udkef:oh.wj,aO,
bof./
vkuf;pAef: wD;Nif:pAef: yhm:rgef:eef. rD:qhm:ynf,
nj, ulef:zmeftgef,auj.ekdif;bof;/ ref:qhm:eh. arj
bl,Okdof;Okdof;blof:blof:aO trf,ayj:rD:wh:auj.erf/ wh:
auj.ref:auj.ekdif;sw. qkdof;oj; qhm:Owf.qj,ehaO
zknf,OSif,erf.eAif; wD;pdrf:qAif,umwf,eef.bof./
ohm:aOpAef:vduf;bof. cmof:bmrf:wlof;wef:eef.
qhm:ynf,nj, uh.uGj,eif;wD;OSif, qhm:Owf.qj,aO rmif
yguf;auj; uGj,wSrf;pmif; rmifyguf;auj; uGj,wkdif;yD,bl,bof./
qhm:Owf.qj,auj; tofwmif:udefwmif:bSrf. wrf:yef
qhm:ynf,nj,vhmvhmbof./ rmifyguf;rmifv[ cjOgifauj. eif;
wD;OSif,eef.aO udefcof;Nrf;rl,uefvl:ugef,/
pAwf:ehaO cj;Ogifauj. rkdwf;uefrj:sw.sw./
xkdifwmrf:crf; crf;ekdif; qhm:ynf,nj,
125
trf,wSrf;pmif;eldofaq;aO uGj,wSrf;pmif;
wlif.wuf.urf:vkdef:aO vmwf;oj; ]]yD;Owf.qj,J
eluf.bmif:cmofeh. ekdif;oef: uj;vh;ekdif;yguf;ulnf:
tldof;ej;/ ayj:q[.ref:uj;Ogifyguf;qkdif ref:awrdef
yhm;uGj, uhuhbof./ ugyf;eh oh.Owdej;}}ehaO yguf;rldof:
uGj,bof./
ayj:oj; ckuf:q[;vh; qhm:ynf,nj,qkdif qhm:Owf.qj,
uGj,vgrfwlnf: eluf.bmif:cmofe[:OSif,eef.aO tof
rkdof:ref: ygwf;vkyf;eluf.bmif:eef. Omrfyguf;bof./
eluf;bmif:cmofeef.auj; ekdif;oef:ekdif;yguf; uj;ae
yIdOwf; qldof:rj:Okdof.udefwmif:udefwD;OSif,eef.bl,/
pAwf:eh cmof,imof:auj.ekdif;sv;auj.ekdif; Odkyf,uefaO
yldef;tgefuef rj:wlnf: eluf.bmif:cmofeef.bof./
ulef:pof:eh. Orf.tgefuef Olifwlnf: tefvmuf,
tefvhm:sv; tgefuefrj:wlnf: eluf.bmif:cmofuj;
ul;oef:oef:aO OSif,qhm:Owf.qj,auj; ukdef:sw.sw.
aO idkef:cof;ref:auj; erfrj:sw.sw.sv; tof
qhm:Owf.qj, yAefOax:uGj,bof./
xkdifrj: wmrf:crf;crf;ekdif; Oax:vlif e[:oAif:
vlif zSofrj: e[:oAif:tgef,eef.aO vh;idef:cmof,imof:
eluf.bmif:cmofuj;sv; qif,tgeftoftvkrf:tvmif:
ref:aO zSofrj;wD;OSif,qhm:Owf.qj,bof./
E
127
qkrf:cof zSofrj:e[:OSif, wkif.wkif.
 E E
qkwf,ySwf;OSif,ehqkdif eluf.bmif:cmoftgef,
wmif.wmif.aO ]]z[yAefqof;OSif,}} qhm:Owf.
auj; awrh;qgrf:uGj,sv; urf:vkdef:rj: trf,qmif;
qj,bl,wD; pdrf:qguf.wD;ekdif;aO wgyf,oj; ]]cj;atj;
pAwf:pkdofaO qhm:Owf.qj, qif,uGj,vkyf;eluf.bmif:cmof
yAefqof;OSif,}} ehbof./ Oax:vlifeef.qif,oj; ]]uof
tgef,eef. vhg:vhg:Omrfurf:bof./
bmrf;idef:oj; eluf.bmif:cmof tefwSrf;oh.eef. ayj:
urf:eef. eluf.bmif:cmoftgef,auj; qif,vkuf.rj:
vkyf;ref:Omrfyguf;eh ref:arjuj;ehbof;/ pAwf:P;ref:
uj;se rgifq[rgifacj:bof;/ yIdOwf;qldof:rj:wl nf:
uj;seuof wD;vAofsv;/ vh;yefidkef:uj;pkdofauj; uof
eef.auj; Orf.ayj: wrf,ehg.rgifq[qgrf:aO erf.wj
awyefvh}} Oax:vlif vmwf;eif,ehaO tofyluf.
ayj:wluf:bhg.qgrf: wmif:uj;rgifq[ eluf.bmif:cmofeef.
crf:ref:yluf.ekdif; xkdrf;O[,eldofzldefbof./
bof./
urf:eef. qhm:Owf.qj,qif,oj; ]]qldif.eif, qof;
ayj:oj; eluf.bmif:cmof uj;bof.wlof;uGj,aO zgif:
Oax:vlifidef:rj:eef. rSef;bl,wD;cj;atj;/ ulnf:uj;
ulef:e[:OSif,tgefuef wAwf,bAefayj:trf,idef:OAif
eluf.bmif:cmoftgef,eh. ekdif;oef:ulnf:uj;vh; ekdif;yguf;
Oifeef. ulef:qhm:tgef,auj.ekdif; cof;rj:e[:OSif,bof./
ulnf:cj;atj;/ rldof;eh. uj;bof.uGj,bof.sv; OifyAef
zldof,yIdOwf;vgrfwlnf:eh yAefzl;arjwSrf;pmif; qhm:
vh; qof;Oax:vlifpof: y[.rj:wlnf:rldof;zkuf;cj;sv;}}
ynf,nj,bof./ qhm:ynf,nj, trf,wuf:OAifawj,z[?
ehaO wgif:ymef,uGj,bof./
ref:cof;uGj, Myf,tkrf;tofeluf.bmif:cmofeef.aO ckdef:
Oax:vlifvki:f azj:u qif,vguf,ildwf;oj; ]]uofc[;
tguf,eguf;OSif,uGj,bof./ ref:bkrf.se qhm:Owf.qj,
wlnf:wD;vAoftldof;J vh;yefidkef:uj;pkdofauj; uofawyef
urf:ekdif;aO Myf,tofeluf.bmif:cmof zmwf,bmefcofuGj,
tldof;J Oifoj; r[:trf,pAwf:se qldif.eif,uofoj;eef.
bof./
qkdif uofawwD.ngyf:vkuf;vmif:emif:ar:r[:aO OSif,r[:
sw,tofoef:rldof;eef.rj: z[auj;awj;trf,vh;
auj; uofawtofzh:qkwf,zofySwf;tldof;}}
pef qhm:ynf,nj, tduf, eluf.bmif:cmofeef.xSif;aO
qhm:Owf.qj, pAwf:pkdofwgif:ymef,auj; awj;trf,vh;
yguf;bof./
sv;yldifekdif; ayj:oj; ref:wD.ngyf:vkuf; 128

E E
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/ 129
vmif:emif:ar:ref:aO tofzh:zof

wmif: arj
E E
rldof;ugef,ugef,J wrf;wD;rldif:rldif:ekdif;J
qof;apjcrf: tofwkrfrh.vlifekdif;wkrf uGj,yefulef:
omef;cof ul;omef;omef;aO q[.P;pAwf:rj: clof:cgif wj,
awq[.wkdof: yldifekdif;bof./ wD;omef;ekdif;sw. yl,su,cof
Mif.tofulef:omef; rj:wkrfuefaO ref:ckdef; qkuf:eldof
wkrfrh.eef.bof. vmwf;oj; ]]qof;apjcrf: yefrj:wkrf
rh.ekdif;wkrfaO q[.P;ekdif;omef; pAwf:yAefclof:cgif ekdif;ykdif
ehoj, ugyf;eh omef;pof:eh. awpAwf:Oif}}
ulef:omef;cof tgefuefrj:vAyf;wlnf: wkrfrh.eef.
aO ]]wkrfrh. b[,ayj:yAefwmef,eh. OifpAwf:Ndof:eh
awvDatj;}}ehsv; cofvh;q[uefaO wSyf:wwf: wj,
awpAwf:Ndof:bof./
xSif;oef:ekdif; ulef:omef;ulef:Olefcof tgefuef
tofzj. Odof, wj,rmwf,rj:aO yj:q[yj:acj: xmuf,wkrf
rh.vlif pAwf:Ndof:bl,/ ayj:oj; bof.bof;eh yl,su,cof
qif,ckdef;wlnf:eldofNdof:qkdif wD;Mif:Ndof:eef. yAefN:
vlifygif,oh.bof./ yl,su,qif,oj; ]]bmyf,bof.J Ndof:vlif
Orf.ygif,oh.umifref:eh awOkdyf,pAwf:pkdofvj,}}
ulef:omef;ulef:Olefcof ekdif;auj.oj;ekdif;tefaO
auj.ekdif;qif,oj; ]]wkduf.pAwf:vh; zldefsv;
wif,bof./ ayj:oj; pAwf:bof.eh yl,su,cof
qif,ckdef;eif;wlnf:eldofwif,aO tmif;eif;vkdof;
Ndof.ehbof./ ayj:oj; ref:ckdef;eif;eldofwif,auj; Orf.
tofwif,puf:vSofySwf;bof./ yl,su,qif,oj; ]]bmyf,bof.
urf:eh. pof:awOkdyf,pAwf:OifxSif;vj, qhg;uefolef.
zgif;vl:}} ekdif;auj.oj;ekdif;yldifaO qif,oj; pAwf:yAefvh;
]]cAif}}ehaO qif,tgef,uef Okdyf,pAwf:P;yAefcAifbl,/
ayj:pAwf:bof.uGj,eh cAifcof Orf.yAefcAifrdef;oh.bof;/
yl,su,wkduf.olef.uGifaO awOdkyf,vh;pAwf:Oiftrf,
N.sv;vkuf;tgef,qhm:tgef,auj.ekdif; wkduf.sO,cAof;aO
rj:xmrfref:oj; ]]yl,su,pof: awOkdyf,pAwf:Oifcj;}}eh
sv; ej;wjyl,su, ukdif.umif.qlrf:Oldof:uGj,aO vmwf;oj;
]]uofolef.vh;bof. wkduf.pAwf:vh; ]rh.sO,cAof;}bl,}}eh
aO tgefuef pAwf:rh.sO,cAof;bof;/
ayj:trf,rD:ynf,nj,wmif:arjqkdif wkrfrh.b[,vlifauj;
qmif;yAef rh.sO,cAof;uGj,bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/

E E
wif,qkrf,ekdif;bl,vl:}}ehsv; cofqif, 130 131
tgefuefyj:q[yj:acj: pAwf:zldefsv;
 oqD, umrf, sv; xg i fO mrft ef
E E
rldof;ugef,ugef, wrf;wD; eldofvhgvkuf;ekdif;eef.
rD:oh. ugif:rl:Ol,ekdif;bof./ wrf;wD;eef; rD:oh. qof;
TOj,vlifqof;ekdif;sv; qof;Ipmef:tgef,qof;ekdif; bl,
Oof:Nrf;uef uwf: uwf:bAefbAefbl,/ qof;Ipmef:
tgef,eef.sw. uGj,wkif:Ogrf: wD;wdefvhg ul;e[e[aO
qof;TOj,vlifsw. bgef.yldof; tj,bkb[,bof.sv; pAwf:
umefywf:zAof; wrf;wD; pdrf:Mrf:sv; omif:ugif:rl:eef.
ul;e[e[bof./
oef:ekdif; qof;Ipmef:tgef, uGj,wkif:Ogrf: yguf;
rj: vh;rj:pef qof;TOjvlif wkduf.ywf:bl:wrf;wD; omif:
ugif:rl:bl,sv; ref:qif,uGj,ckyf.oh;aO ]]qof;TOj,wD;cj;
cj;wsy: c[;vmwf;se vgif;ekdif; tefcj;wsy: vh;
idef:rj:eef.wD;cj;atj;}}ehbof./ qof;TOj,vlif ckdef:
oj; ]]q[;bof. wsy:uofJ vgif;ekdif; tefr[:awrj:
vmwf;uofeef. qgif,r[:yj;tof xgifOmrftef xgif
wlnf:bof.bof;pj.`}}
]]xgif qldif.pkdofcj; qof;TOj,`}}
]]awvmwf;OifaOtrf,oj; wuf:awvh;tof xgif
Omrftefeh. xgifaO qif,ukdif,vDvmwf;bof./ ekdif;
yAef]xgiftefrmef,rSef;}eef.bof./
E E
tefr[:awvmwf;eh. qgif,r[:bkrf,brf 132
oj; ref:rmef,rSef;bl,ehp`}}
E OS ifa t sv; wmif: wkdo f: urf
teftrf,ukdif,vDvmwf;eef. Oifoj;
uGj,vmwf;yldef;wmif,auj.qkdif cmof,imof:phm.tefeh.
awsz;qgwf,uGj,aO auj.tefidef:eef.auj; aw
q[trf,Oldof: ugyf;eh vdkrf:ySwf;aOvj;}} qof;TOj,vlif
oj;eif,ehaO Okdyf,ulrf;Nof ywf:bl:bl,bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E E
134
qof;TOj,vlif xmrfeif,ehsv; qof;Ipmef:
tgef, qif,ckdef:wgyf,oj; ]]cj;wsy: uGj,wkif:Ogrf:
aO vh;idef:rj: wrf;wD; e[:umwf,ulnf:sv; rmef,rSef;
sw.ehauj; trf,pwf:oj;cj;}}ehbof./ qof;TOj,vlif
ckdef:Okdyf,oj; ]]vDbof. wsy:uofJ Okdyf,tofxgifrhmOgif
xwf:xgifwlnf:ugef,sv;J xgifrhmOgifeh.sw. yAef
]xgifvgif;vD}bof./ tefr[:awrj: vmwf;eh. oh.q[oj;
ref:trf,rmef,rSef;ehaOwj. auj.tefxgrf,eef.
qgif,awyAefvgif;vDpkdof}} qof;Ipmef: tgef,ckdef:wgyf,
oj; ]]yAefvgif;vDeh trf,vh;oj;cj;J bif:yAef tef
Omefcwf:vgif;vDugef,atj;}}
qof;TOj,vlif ckdef:Okdyf,vmwf; ]]vDbof. wsy:uof
Okdyf,tofxgifrhmOmrf xgifwlnf:ugef,sv;/ xgifrhmOmrf
sw. yAef]xgifqgif,ukdif,vmwf;}ehbof./ tefr[:aw
vmwf;eef. yAeftef trf,rmef,rSef;? trf,vDehaO
wj. oh.aOugef,sv; qgif,ukdif,vDvmwf;eh olef.wlnf:
vl:J}} qof;Ipmef:tgef,auj; ckdef:vmwf;oj; ]]trf,
ukdif,vDvh;vmwf;eif,uof,cj;}}ehbof./
urf:eef. qof;TOj,vlif ckdef:oj; ]]ayj:ehauj;
wsy:uof vkdrf:ySwf;aOvj;/ vgif;wmif:qldof:eh. xgef
tguf,ySwf; e[:tguf:atjr[:wj./ acj;uGmrf:
133
teftrf,rmef,rSef;? teftrf,vD?
E
yguf;ekdif; wD;rldif:tefekdif;eef. rD:oh.Nif:wlnf:
vduf;b[,vlif Nif:ekdif;/ crf;ekdif; trf,rkif;trf,rgif:aO
Orf.tofzh:rh; Nif:wlnf:vduf;eef.sv; yyf.uj;b[,cef
vlif yj:uGj,e[:zh:rh;eef.wif:OAif;bof./ ulnf:uj; Orf.
vlduf;vlduf;ukdwf:oh. yyf.tgef,yyf.ekdif;/ yyf.tefeef.
Orf.wSrf;oh. vgif;rmuf,pdefvkuf;ekdif;ulnf:sv; trf,rD:
uj;cefOifaO ulef:trf,arjvduf;vDvDeef. vh;yef
ymuf,ekdif;aO Okdof.tofuGj,bof./
oef:ekdif; qif,rD:ulef:qhm:ekrf,auj.ekdif; vAyf;pAef:
vgif;rmuf,pdefOSifataO qgyf,pjyyf.tefeh.bl,sv;
qif,uGj,pjpefyyf.eh.bof./ ref:qif,chmySwf; Ndef:ref:
tefref:vh;clof:rgef,oh.eef.aO uGj,Okdof.tofyyf.eef.
bof./
e[:yyf.tefeef. wSrf;oh.oj; OSifateef. ayj:
wrf:oh. eldofvdefwD;rD:crf:eef.eh uj;yAefcrf:wuj.
crf: tgefuef tguf,rj:ql:OAif;OAif;ehbof./ vgif;vmuf,
vhm:OSifateef.sw. ayj:bdyf:wlnf:eh trf,uwf:?
ref:Orf.rh;oh.ehbof./ OSifateef.sw. rD:oh.wrf;wD;
pdrf:zif,erf.ymif,vhm, e[:su;ruf,pdefwD;ekdif;ehbof./
qhm:ekrf,auj.eh.auj; uGj,ql:wD;rD:OSifat
eef.aO uGj,pAwf:Okrf.tgef,bl,oh. wD; 135
 E E
rmyf,r[ckdef: wlofqof;uof,bl,aO
eef;bof./ ayj:xkdifrj: umife[qof. ref:
Okdyf,pjrmuf,pdef OSifatauj; awj;trf,pef/
qhm: uAyf:tofrmuf,pdef rj:ugifuefoh.aO urfwlnf:
xk difrj:oef:ekdif; zgif:wkdu f.vrferf.bl ,eef.
rmuf,pdefqldof:eef. ul;vkuf;bl,/ ayj:uwf:eh ref:qhm:
wgif.rh;cof;ej,aO ref:qif, olef.vh; yldifekdif;bof./
tofxkdrf;wluf:erf.ymif,vhm,wduf:wduf:/ pAwf:eef pkdifrj:
]]rmuf,pdeftefuoftofodkwf.ySwf;uGj,eef. Oifoj;
olif;ekdif;bof. vldefekdif; vldefekdif;bof. yDekdif;bof./
yAefOSifatsw.ehqkdif w[;ref:N.awrD: crf:trf,
vdlofaOeef. pkdiuf Gj, OgifyDauj; xmwf;q[ref: trf,
pmif.}}olef.ygif,q[eif,ehaO qif,uGj,ckwf:wlnf: wD;w[;
wluf: Okdyf,vdluf;tofrmuf,pdefeef.bl,/
tefref:tofrmuf,pdefugifoh.eef. vh;pefcrf:rD:oh.
oef:tefpkdifxlef;OgifyDeef. bdyf:urfnj: rmuf,
wif:erfbof./
pdefuwf:vkuf;v[auj; ref:Okdyf,tofxkdrf.ySwf; e[:erf.
qhm:ekrf,tgef,auj.eef. trf,Okdyf,vrfpj rmuf,pdef
ymif,vhm,bl,aO zldof,bdyf:xSif;vkuf;ekdif; qif,uGj,bdyf:
OSifatOifaO wAif,tofcrf:wif:erf yguf;rj:rldof:bof./
nj: rmuf,pdefvldwf,rh;vkuf;ekdif;bof./ ugyf;yldof; ref:
ugyf;OifehJ yDawrj: tgif;wD; ref:tof rmuf,
bmrf;tof rmuf,pdefxkdrf;wluf:erf. wif:erfsv; vkuf;
pdefOSifatokdwf.xkdrf;oh.eef. N.wuj; awyAefcrf:
eh.auj; ref:vkdrf:aO tofxkdrf;wluf:erf.uGj,pmrf.uhuh
wif:OAif; rj:rD:oh.w[;ykdef. ymif,vhm,eh ref:N.oh.bof.
bof./
vl:/
ohm:aO xdkrf;ySwf;bof. ref:qif,ckdef:ckuf:q[vh;
sv; ]]Nof,J tefuoftofxkdrf;ySwf;uGj, rldof;uh;eef.
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
yAefrmuf,pdefOSifattldof;eef.J}}ehaO qif,eSwf;
uGj,vrfpjrmuf,pdefOSifateef.bl,bof./ ulnf:uj; vrf
pjwmef,v[auj; ref:trf,pefckdef:/
uofOrf. tofxkdrf;ySwf;pAwf:Oifaej:J
uofeh. trf,rD:Owdaej:J

E E
136 137
uofeh. trf,vDvlifaej:J ehaO

E E
ql d o f. zef:
rldof;ugef,ugef, rD:qof;Ipmef:qof;ekdif; c[;pjP;pef
tgif;wD; uwf:qkdef;bAefq[ehsv; tguf,cmof:wmif:rj:
bl,bof./
cmof:wmif:ref:qof;eh. pkdifuj;pdkofayj:ehqkdif cSyf:
wdef tefref:wkdof:rj:eef.auj; cmwf,uGj,OAif;aO
zj,wdefOlef;wdefref:qof; ayj:wSuf,cmyf,oh.bl,bof./
cmof:wmif:tefref:uGj,eh. pSif.pkdifpD:ej,sv; pmif;zmif
ekrf,ekrf,tgef,ref:qof; ayj:xof;uGj,bof./
ref:vh;vwf:rj: tgif;wD;wif:erfaO wD;tef
ref:vwf:wh,rj:eef. trf,vh;pefvgif;Oldof:Oj, idrf:
bAefOif/ ulnf:vh;pef ymifOkduf: ymifwkduf:aO xlyf:nj:
ulef:rmwf,qAyf: wdefpuf:rkdof:puf: aIj:uj,wmif:yAefvldif,
auj.ekdif;sv;auj.ekdif; zdwf:uefzef:uef vj,uef
xj.uef udefqduf:wguf,qguf:uefulnf:sv; yAefvgif;q[
vksw.sw./
]]ulef:qldof:eh. rkif;rgif;vgif;idrf:bAefaO tgefuef
pmif;Okduf:bl,oj,J ulef:qldof:eh. rkif;rgif:rAwf.wj,aO
zhm,edkif;Orf. ckwf:cl:pAwf:wyf.cofbl,aO auj.ekdif;sv;
auj.ekdif; trf,bkrf,uef ulofuefoh.bl,oj,J ulef:qldof:
eh. rkif;rgif:vgif;rD:q[aO Orf.pmif;pSef:
oef:ekdif; qof;Ipmef:yj:eef. Okdyf,
cmof:wmif:aO vh;uGj,pef OSif,tgef,tefekdif;
bof./ zgif:rldof;ref:vwf:uGj, zhm,ej;OSif,eef. tmyf;
ej,aOteftef wkdwf.qefref:oh.auj;vlofvlof/
zgif:rldof; ref:vgrfwlnf: e[:OSif,eef. vh;pefOhm
vSif:tefekdif; rmyf;Ndof;O[,ref:oh.bl,sv; ref:qof;
qif,cof;uGj, e[:Okrf.OSif,tgef,eef.bof./
wD;e[:OSif,eef. vh;pef ulef:yguf:tgef,auj.ekdif;
eif;oh.wD;zldefuAyf:idkef:eef.bl,/ ulef:yguf:tgef,
eef. oh.OAifuwf:"bAef"aO xmrfoj;
]]qof;pof: c[;vh;Oifcj;}}
]]wD;OSif,eh. chmOifulnf:ulnf:}}
]]qof;pof:c[;vh;Oifauj; wD;OSif,eh. chmyeful;yldif
bl,cj;atj; vmwf;cj;sv;}}
qof;Ipmef:tgef,eef.auj; qgrf:eif,ref:qof;
vh;tguf,cmof:wmif:rj:aO ySif;eif,ref:xlyf:pefrj: ySif;
eif,tefref:c[;vh;eef. ref:vmwf;uGj,bof./
]]pof:qof; c[;vh; vgif;irf:bAef wrf;wD;eh; tduf,
vlnf; wif:urf,zj,bof.}}
]]pof:qof;c[;vh; wmif:udefwmif:bSrf. ykef;wj,
ulef:tkdyf:bmuf;wif:OAif;tldof;}}

E E
wj,awwhmbl,oj,J}} 138 ]]pof:qof;c[;vh; P;vkuf;tgef,wif:urf, 139
 zj, vh;pAef:vduf;tldof;}}
E aujrh. yl u f,
]]pof:qof;c[;pef ulef:wif:urf,zj,vgwf;vSof:tldof;}
]]pof:qof; c[:P;urf,zj,vlifeh. yAefurf,zj,rAwf.
wj, Nrf,wlrf:oh.tldof;}}
qof;Ipmef:wkduf.Okdyf,olef.oj; awvh;Okdyf,vmwf;
OifxSif;ehbl, zgif:eef. ulef:yguf:tgef, qif,Mrf;rkdof:
oh;aOoj; ]]qof;J cj;wsy: acj:clrfbl,cj;J wrf;wD;
OSif,cj;pof:eh. cj;pof: trf,chmrguf,ref:cj; cj;pof:ulnf:chm
qldof.zef:ref:ulnf:cj;atj;}}ehbof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E E
140
sv; qif,vh;rj:bgef:wmif:qhg;xSrfwD;r[:
E E
bof.}} aujrh.yluf,vlifauj; qlrf:"Oldof:"aOoj;
]]qof;zvlif Oifoj; wlcj;awqhg;xSrfvh;ehqkdif
ylifacj;uGmrf:rj:cj;sv;J cj;wlof;wef: wj,awqhg;bl,
wj,aO,bof.}} urf:eef. qof;zvlifckdef:oj;
]]tlnf:vD rh.yluf,tldnfJ uofawvh;zef:r[:ySwf;
bof./ uofawtofr[:uGj,q[.wkdof: wrf;wD;umefb[,ckduf.
vlif trf,q[.trf,yAefeef.bof.}} aujrh.yluf,qif,oj;
]]qof;zvlif awzef:uofcj;ySwf;ehcj;pj. ayj:
eef z[awrj:uj;aeqof;zvlifbof.cj;vj, ayj:qof;
zvlifNdof.rgh;rj:qkdif z[awpAwf:Nrf;yefqof;zvlifcj;
wD;e[:OlefOldof:vlifeh. z[awy[.xgrf, uGmrf:ydkwf,tluf:
qof;zvlifcj;vj,}} urf:eef.qof;zvlifckdef:oj;
]]tlnf:vD rh.yluf,vliftldnf:J ayj:trf,zef:r[:
aO tofr[:q[.ehqkdif ej;umefwD;eh; awtrf,qmif;
q[.z[wSef:wmifeef.bof;}} urf:eef. rh.yluf,vlif qif,
acj:clrfaOoj; ]]qof;zvlif ayj:ehauj; qof;pof:c[;pAwf:
Oifauj; tofumifq[qof;pof:oj;cj;vj;}}ehbof./
qof;zvlif qif,Mif.tofcj;omef;ulef:rldif: rj:wSyf:
aujrh.yluf,vlifbof.aO zj,pAwf:Ogifzmuf,ySwf; xmuf,
ySwf;wje[:rh.yluf,aO tofpAwf:yAef
E E
pmif:vdef:uhm,uef uGj,wkif:toferf.rj: 142
awj,ayj:Mwf;xkdif e[:oAif:sv;
E
rldof;ugef,ugef,J
wD;wdefvhgtgef,vkuf;ekdif;eef. rD:oh.oAif:uof,vlif
oAif:ekdif;aO pdrf:oAif:uof,vlifeef. rD:oh.OlefOldof:pmif;
vDvlifOlefekdif;/
wD;pdrf:OlefOldof:pmif;vDvlifeef. Orf.rD:oh. oAif:
qof;zoAif:ekdif;aO qof;zvlifeef. uh.yhwmif: Mwf;
zSofrj: wrf;wD; OlefOldof:pmif;vDvlif wj,aO,bof./
ayj:oj; ref:qof;yhwmif:rj:eh uh.rj:eif;vkdof;Ndof.
wD;pdrf:Nrf;aujrh.yluf,aO uh.rj:vgrfwlnf: aujrh.yluf,
uj;qgrf:vlrf: tldif,tmifuGj,uGj,ckdef:ckdef:eef.bl,/
xkdifrj:yDekdif; bgef.yldof; zj;vSif;zleftrf,wluf:
sv; cArferf(bmyf,erf.)ej,aO ulef: e[:oAif:sv;
Owf:wif:OAif; Orf.ayj:vh;uGj, awj.erf.wAuf:erf.
wrf;wD;wdefvhgrj:bof./ wl ef;rh.wlef;rguf,urf;zgif;
qldof:rD:e[:oAif:sv; e[:OlefOldof:eef. Orf.ayj:whm
pSif;uGj,bof./
xk difrj:oef:ekdif; qof;zvl ifej;wjtrf,vDaO
zSofrj: wrf;wD; pdrf:aujrh.yluf,vlifeef.bof./ ref:
qof;qif,oj; ]]tlnf:vDaujrh.yluf,tldnf:J uofqof;rkdwf;
r[:wmef,v[eh r[:N.aOyldef;bof./ rldof;eh. uofqof;
c[;vh;wmif:qhg;xSrfwD;r[:tldof;J 141
bgef.yldof; yAefumefvdyf: umefwhm
e[:OlefOldof:bof./
pAwf:eefaO ulef:e[:oAif:sv; Owf:wif:OAif;
vh;ylef.vgwf; vgif;tk dyf:bmuf;erf.eef. uGj,bof./
wD;wlef;rh.rmuf,rguf, tefwhmuGj,qldof:eef.auj; ckdef:
sr: pjrj:zkuf,Ogrf;r[,sv; e[:OlefOldof:vlifeef.auj;
wlef;rh.wlef;rguf,wlef;rmuf, ckdef:cAofrj:bof./
vgif;tefqof;zvlif vh;pAwf:uGj,eif,eheh. ayj:
awckwf:Mif.erf.auj; bgef.yldof;rh;ej,aO erf.aw
rj:phmySwf;qgrf:wmif: wif:erfaO awzSofe[:oAif:
tdwf:tgef,ekdif;ulnf:/ Oifoj; awpAwf:Mif;pdefehauj;
cmof:bmrf: awOAif;erfsv; qif,vh;tofrh.yluf, pAwf:
yAefpmif:vdef:aO Okdyf,toferf.rj:bof./
ayj:oj; xkdifrj: cmof:ydlef;ymwf,cof;eh qof;zvlif
Mwf;zSofrj: wrf;wD; pdrf:aujrh.yluf,vlifaO vh;rj:pef
aujrh.yluf, pkef;r[,b[,cAofvDaOtgef wgef:aOuof,
uj;bldif:elyf;uGj,elyf;ckdef: qgrf:eif, vlrf:xgif:yof,
eef.bl,/ urf:eef. aujrh.yluf,vlif qif,oj;
]]qof;zvlifJ bgef.yldof; vh;xlyf:pefqof;pof:
sv; cj;N.ygif,oj; vgif;bkdef;yefuefe[:avj:uvlif
eh. rD:zgef:vDej,eheef.bof;}} cjOgifauj. tkyf,
elofpkef.clofawj,uefbl,bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw.rD:eif,ehulnf:J/ 143
 auj.cmif: Og i f
E qof;bdif: cmrf;egifvlifeh.aO awrdef
rldof;ugef,ugef,J wD;rldif:tefekdif;eh. rD:oh.
vkuf;bdif:qof;apjcrf:qof;ekdif; ref:emif:eh. pmif;
vDoj;pmif;vDsw.sw./ oef:ekdif; zgif:rldof;ref:emif:
wkduf.eif;tgrf,vSwf, wD;eldofqmef:apjaO buf.rkif;
wlnf: wmif:pmif;vD pdrf:Mrf:bl,eef. eluf.vlifwlofekdif;
rdefrj:aO rj:udyf;tofqof;bdif:tgef, rdefckdef;umifpmof
uGj,bof./
ayj:oj; vh;idef:cmof,eif,eh ulef:e[:pmif;e[:apj
wif:OAif; tgefuefwluf:q[v[wkdef,uGj,aO qof;apjcrf:
vlifqif,oj; ]]ayj:z[ zlwf,tofvh; vkuf;bdif:uofqkdif
uofawtofulef:auj.eef. pAwf:auj.cmif:Ogifref:}}eh
bof./ cmof,imof:tefeh.auj; awj;qgwf,uGj,wif:rldif:bof./
zgif:eef. qof;ckefqhm:ekrf,tgef,OD,qof;auj; uGj,
pAef:tofwmif:arj bof.wlof;vDimrf:aO rldof;yguf;rldof:
rldif:z[rldif:ref:eef. vh;vwf:rj: rldif:eh.sv; qif,vh;
idef:cmof,vmuf,vhm:vlifeh.bof./
urf:eef.J ckefqhm:tefarjeyf.ay,wmif,uj,vj:
eef. qif,eyf.wlnf:aO vmwf;oj; ]]vkuf;bdif:qof;apj
crf:eh. yh,whmulnf:? ayj:xkdifrj: umifoef:Okdof;uguf:Nof
qkdif wrf;wD; uhbmefwD;eh; rguf;Ogifvuf:
E E
eef. eluf.vlifwlofeef. awtof 144
urf:eef. wj,awvlduf;tof auj.cmif:
E trf,pmif.bof./ ugyf;eh qof;bdif:tgef,eh.
Ogifyefqof;bdif:tgef,eef. yAefvgif;bmyf,q[
oh.sw.sw./ ckefqhm:ay,wmif,eef. qif,oj; ]]Oif
oj; uoftrf,eyf.Ogef,qkdif Olqldof:eh.auj.ekdif;auj;
awj;awtrf,N.? cmof:bmrf:v[ awvh;uGj,y[.wD;v[auj;
awtrf,N.aO awtrf,qmif;ydkwf:eluf.vlifJ ugyf;eh
qof;bdif:tgef,eh. ukdif,vDyAef emif:cmif:Ogif ykef;wj,
uoftldof;}}ehbof.
urf:eef. ckefqhm:bdkof:umif,eef.qif,oj; ]]r[:eyf.
Ogef,sw.auj;q[;bof.? Oifoj; uoftrf,ydkwf:eluf.eef.
whmqkdif bmrf:vAof qof;bdif:tgef,auj; ayj:vlof,egef:
az:ulnf:bof.? ugyf;eef qof;bdif:tgef,eh. xkuf,vD
yAefauj.cmif:Nofuoftldof;}}ehbof./
ckefqhm: tefvknf:erf.cSef,eef.auj; qif,oj;
]]cldofOgifauj. eyf.auj;q[;? bkdof:vh;eluf.auj;q[;bl,/
ulnf:uj; Oifoj; uoftrf,uGj,zlwf,tof qof;bdif:tgef,
wD;e[:umifegifeef.ehqkdif N.wuj; awegef:az:
trf,pmif.bof. ugyf;eh qof;bdif:eh. ukdif,vDyAefauj.cmif:
Ogifuoftldof;}}
urf:vkdef: ckefqhm:arjbjeef.auj;qif,oj; ]]Ol
Omrfauj. q[;ul;auj.bl,/ ulnf:uj; Oifoj; uof
E E
trf,blwf: bjyefehqkdif qof;bdif: 146
tgef,auj; N.wuj; awegef:az:
E
uGj, zhm,wluf:tldof;}}ehbof./ ckefqhm:OD,qhm:auj;
qif,tgefuefuGj,y[.oh.pdrf:egif wD;elu f.awrdefcmrf;
eef.bl ,bof./
ayj:oj; xkdifrj: cmof:umifoef: rD:Okdof;uguf:Nofauj;
eluf.vlifwlofeef. udyf;tofqof;bdif:tgef,aO rdefcmrf;
egifrj:sw.bof./
urf:eef. ckefqhm:auj.tef bkdof:umif,rSef;ej,
eef. qif,tofumif,bkdof:O[,eluf;vlifsv; wif:eluf.
wif:qof;bdif:tgef, olifwluf:uGj,e[:umifegifbof./
urf:eef. ckefqhm:xSif;auj.ekdif; tefarjvknf:
erf.uwf.cSef,eef. qif,vknf:cof;uGj,e[:erf.aO uGj,
tofqof;bdif:tgef,tguf,rj: bmyf,bmyf,bAef:bAef:bof./
zgif:rldof; zSofrj: eldofzif,erf.eef. qof;bdif:
tgef, rof:rdif:vdkrf:cdif: ayj:qrfawqhmbl,bof./ urf:
eef. ckefqhm:xSif;auj.ekdif; tefuwf.cSef,zhm,arjbj
eef. qif,blwf:bjyefref:emif:aO N.wlofbl,vDrj:
ckdef:bof./ ayj:oj; ckefqhm:OD,qhm: tofqof;bdif:tgef,
uGj,Olif,e[:oAif:vlifeh cj;omef;ulef:rldif:wif:OAif; tgef
uefqlrf:Oldof:aO Mif.ymof,yefpSif: wlyf:rkdof:pyf.wgef;
cofbof./ ayj:Mwf;zSofwD;apjauj; qof;
apjcrf:vlif rj:pyf.wgef;cofOD,qhm:aO 145
vAif.vloh.vDvDbof./
E
xkuf,vDyAefauj.cmif:Ogifuoftldof;}}
pAwf:eefaO qof;apjcrf:vlifauj; awvh;vlduf;
yefz[auj; trf,N. trf,qmif;wSyf:wwf:aO uGifq[oh.
bl,/
O[, J Oifoj; zl;vlvduf;yAefqof;apjcrf:vlifeh
qkdif qof;uof, awvlduf;ckefqhm:auj.v[J`
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
147
 E E
vh m :vh ; ydk e f
rldof;ugef,ugef, qof;apjcrf:sc,qof;ekdif; Okrf:Okduf:
aO vh;yhm;cmrf;erf.rj:bof./ wyf.zl;cAefcofauj; vrf:
rj:qgrf:aO rj:udkwf:oh. zmif,ykef.erf.bl,aO rldof;zkuf;
awtmef:cmrf;rj: wkduf:ref:qof;bof./
urf:eef. qof;apjcrf: qif,Mif.ckefzgif:rldif:sv;
ckefOkduf:cofrj:ql:ref:aO vmwf;aeoj;
]]qldif.eif,OlN.pefeef.bof. rldof;zkuf;rj: zl;cAef
cof awcmrf;erf.aO rj:wkduf:pof:trf,pmif.ulnf:/ cof
Orf.rD: pSif:Odkuf:ulef: OSefauj./ wj,awbkdof:cofeef.
Oifoj; ekdif;auj. awvh;bkdof:ydkefOmrfvSrf;eh pof:aw
vh;rD: ydkefOmrfOSefbof./ wj,awsp.uif;vh;zl;cAef
eef. bmrf:vAof eif,pkdof pof: ayj:awrD:ydk efOmrf
OSefeef. awvh;pAwf:pkdof`}}
ayj:oj; vh;idef:eif,eef e[:cmof:bmrf:ygwf:ygwf:
tgef, wj,awvh;ydkefumif,erferfeef. ckefzgif:rldif:
ckefOkduf:cofolef.trf,ygif,vh;/ omef;wD;cofzSofeef.
yAefomef;wrf,ij; tefrD:Ndef:ulef: rguf;ymuf,vifulnf:
sv; qArfulef:Okduf:ulef:rldif: ayj:Nrf;uefpAwf:ydkefumif,
wif:ckdef:auj; awj;awtrf,qmif;vh;ykdefumif, OmrfOSef/
ugyf;eh cofrh;q[olef.uGifoh.bl,/
E E
148
qhm:rmof,zl;rD:wmif:N.auj.ekdif; vh;idef:
E E
urf;zgif; tofykdefzh:bkdof:rj:qgrf:sv;
ulef:Okduf:eldofNdof:eef. tgefueftoferf.
Nwf:rgwf,ySwf;OAif;OAif;bof./ pAwf:eh zl;cAef Nrf;
uefykdwf:bkdof:cofsv; ayj:oj; cofckdef:zSofMwf;rj:zif,
eh.qkdif wD;wlofulef:Okduf:zldif:eef. ykdef;umif,wif:erf
yuf:O[,oh.bl,sv; ayj:oj; rj:xgeftofwif:OAif;auj; ykdef
umif,cof rD:rj:OmrfOSefvldofbof./
cofckdef:tofykdefumif,qldof:eef. ykdwf:bkdof:zl;cAef
cof qldof:cmrf;erf.rj:wkduf:cofeef. awj,ayj:tgif,sy.
bl,bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
E E
150
cmof,eef.aO qif,rj:bgef:xlyf: qof;apj
crf:bof./ ayj:oj; qof;apjcrf:Mif.xlyf:eh qhm:
rmof,zl;rD:wmif:N.eef. qif,oj;
]]qof;pof:wD;cj;J yefcj;pof: bgef:q[.wkdof:
Ndof:Okduf:qof;pof: tduf, Ndof:tgef,e[:omef;aOurf:cj;/
vldofaOeef. wj,awsczh:eef. Ndof:ekdif;vrf:
cSef:awj; yefulef:OD,auj.aO pmif;pSef:yeferf.
P;wArfxlef;aOurf:cj;sv; rldof;zkuf;umife[ ydkefumif,
OmrfOSeftefqof;pof:c[;vh;eef. awpAwf:P;ref:
vh;bl,atj;}}ehbof./ qof;apjcrf:auj; qif,vwf;
yef NofOkduf:vlif P;ckdifygifyef qhm:rmof,tgef,auj.eh.
wif:OAif;bof./
urf:eef. qhm:rmof,tgef,eef. qif,tgefcofpAwf:
pmif;ulef:Okduf:zldif:aO cyf.uefoh.vDvD P;rldefeif,
ulef:Okduf:tofwD;bl,eldofNdof:eef.bof./ erf.auj;
pjO[,oh. wArfwArfxlef;xlef;bof./
xkdifrj: umife[ zgif:ej;rldif:qrfvSif: cmof:rlnfehm:
wluf:ukrf;eef. ref:qhm:tgefNofaO apj;Ndof:vAyf;uGj,
pdrf:wyf.zl;cAef pdrf:zif,erf.eef.bof./
ulef:Okduf;zl;cAefcofauj; tgefuefMif.oj; ]]zl;
cAefrj:bof. zl;cAefrj:bof.}}ehaO tgef
ueftofydkefumif,ykdwf:O[,eldofNdof:bof./ 149
]Oj,rl , Ih m :xof ; }
rldof;ul;yguf;yguf; wD;rldif:uBymef,eef. bmrf;rD:rj: zl;
pwf:pmef ]Oj,rl,Ihm:}bof./ cofqldof:eh. wkdef:trf,cof;
zef:zhm,vifyldef;? wkdef:rD:erf.q[pwf:pmef qldif.eif,
]edef:uBj:}cofaO zef:uefawj,ej;awj,wj pwf:
pwf:pmefpmefbof./ Oifoj; rD:auj.cAif,wj.cofqkdif cof
wkdef:wkduf:zef:uef awj,ayj:whmbof./ vgif;tgif,sy.
cofeef. yAefvgif;tgif,sy. tefukduf:awj,Ol;zef:
wSif:vgef.vgef./
rldof;ugef, bmrf;rD:rj: Oj,rl,Ihm:auj.ekdif; qkdof;oj;
]bj,rj,ul,OBD,}ehbof./ rldof;ref:wkduf.ekrf,eef. ref:
yAefauj.pwf:pmef auj.qhm:imefaO zef:sy.vh; Oj,rl,
Ihm:qkdof;OAifb[, wif:OAif;bof./
vg if;tgif,sy.ref: eef.sw. vh;ck def;bA yf,eldof
OA ef;wmif:vldwf;bmifvS ifvlif tefrj:cAif,wj.ref:
eef.bof./
pAwf:eef ]bj,rj,ul,OBD,}xof;rj:bof.sv; vgif;
wkduf:zef:uefeef.auj; vDqmef;rj:bof;/
ayj:oj; Oj,rl,Ihm:ymefr[, qldof:wkduf.vAuf.eef. rj:
bgef:cAif,wj.ref:eh ref:ilyf.idcof tof
vgif;bkdef;rSif,? tofvgif;irf:bAef 151
 E E
aO ukdwf:bkdwf:vgif;sc.cAif,awj, yldef;bl,/ Oj,rl,Ihm:tgef, tefudkwf:oh. eldofukefeef.
xkdifrj:oef:ekdif;J yl,xof;Oj,rl,Ihm: ]rj,bj,ul, sw. Mif.xj.Mif.vj,bl,pif:ulnf:ref:aO ukdwf:oh.
ODB,} pAwf:uGmrf:aO zhm:Ndof:vgif;rj:qgrf: sr;erf. eldofukefeef.bl,bof./
uGmif;vlifsr;ekdif;bl,/
zgif:eef. Oj,rl,Ihm:tgef,qkrf:ekdif; bl,eldofzif, tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
erf.aO Mif.vj,ref:ykwf:ykwf:cmwf,cwf,aO rj:
bgef:cAif,wj.ref:bof;/ bgef.yldof; trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdof
so;vh;bof.sv; ref:qif,tofNdof:ref: tSyf;pdrf:zif,
erf.aO ]]ayj:oj; uofawckdef;sc.Ol eldofzif,auj;
OlOrf.awyAef ulef:erf owf.ulef:vAofsv; OaI,
Oj,rl,Ihm:Olawtrf,rD:/ pAwf;ehsv;J Nofej;Oj,rl,Ihm:
pj:Ogifauj. uGj,sc.cAif,uef pwf:pwf:pmefpmef wrf;
wD; e[:umif pmwf,Ohm:wmif:ykef.pkdof.`}}ehaO tofrkdof:
ref: qD.seuGj,bof./
Nofej; Oj,rl,Ihm:tgef,eef.auj; zgrf.aO uRuf:
ckdef;rj:bl,oh. eldofNofNdof: ]bj,rj,ul,ODB,}bof./
ayj:oj; Mwf;xkdif wD;ukefpmwf,Ohm: e[:umiferf.
auj; Oj,rl,Ihm:tgef, eSwf;uRuf:vlif:Ndof:aO y[.oh. eldof
ukefpmwf,Ohm:bof./ ayj:oj; vh;pef Oj,rl,Ihm:tgef,
uRuf:vlif:Ndof:bof.eh ]bj,rj,ul,ODB,}Okdyf,zhm:Ndof:ref:
vgif;vlif:erf.uGj,aO pAwf:uGmrf:bl,iknfiknf

E E
152 153
pif:ulnf: ref:bof./

Oj,wl : zl e f
E qif,rkef:uj,xj,yofO[, r[rh. tefref:
wD;rldif:tdef,wdbeef. yguf;ekdif; ulef:eguf;rldif:
rj:Okdof.vdef tmefNofpAifat,uaO rj:pAwf:umefzkuf,
Ogrf;bof./ vlduf;trf,sv, yDeef. zlefOrf.trf,rj:
sv; Oifoj; xSif;Ogifolif; zleftrf,wluf:ehqkdif tef
cofzkuf,Ogrf;oh.eef. awwhmrlwf:ehbof./
pAwf;eef qof;ukrf,yeD, qif,Mif.ulef:vlif tdef,
wdbcofaO rj:wgif;rj:xmrfeif,ehJ
]]wD;rldif:Oleh. uofbmrf;vh;idef:oj; rD:oh.Oj,wl:
tefarjMif.zlefeef.ehbof./ wlef;tefpof:zkuf,
oh.eef. ayj:oj; e[:Ogifolif;eh. trf,vh;zlefqkdif aw
whmrlwf:bof./ ayj:rD: Oj,wl:tefarjMif.zlefqkdif pof:
awyefref: awj,vj,OSefekdif;tldof;J ykdefcmof,yef
wif:rldif:sv;}}ehbof./
pAwf:eefaO cofauj; ykdefcmof,yefwif:rldif: vgif;
oj; ayj:z[Mif.zlefvh;qkdif awyefawj,vj,ekdif;OSef
eheef. bof./
xSif;Omrfoef: Oj,wl:tefarjMif.zlefauj.ekdif;
qif,zSofrj: wrf;wD; ukrf,reD,cofeef.aO vmwf;oj;
ref:arjMif.zlefehbof./
qif,rj:pAwf:Okrf. e[:umifymif,tefekdif;
E
tofrj: wrf;wD; vhgpdroef,wj,eef.aO ySwf;O[,
e[:ykif:wIrf,ygwf: tefpAwf:wD;O[,zh:eef.bof./
ayj:oj; rj:rkef:yof,uj,xj, rguf;qlof;rgif:ekdif;ehauj;
rguf,ukrf;Okrf,vrfrj:zkdwf:zkdwf:aO zlefvlifauj; rj:
sw.bof./
zlefeef. uhg;bl,uhg;pj,b[,rj:wduf:wduf:aO rj:trf,
xmwf,trf,ohm: crf;awj,e[sv; wlef;rmifqldof: tef
zkuf,oh.eef. vherf.uGj,bof./ Ndef:ydlef;urf;zgif;auj;
awj;vherf.uGj,bof./
urf:eef. qof;ukrf,yeD, qif,Mif.Oj,wl:aO
]]Oj,wl:vlif zlefpj,b[,ylef.ej,bof./ cSef:awj;
sp.pmrf;yefzlefzgif;sv;}} Oj,wl:ckdef:vmwf;oj
]]uofarjMif.zlefulnf:tldof;J uoftrf,arjpmrf;zlef
ulnf:}}ehbof./
zlefp j,b[ ,pj,vlif wlu f: vlif:vh;olif;ekdif;sv;
wlef;tefzkuf,oh.eefauj; vgif;erf.OAif;? Ndef:ydlef;
auj; vgif;erf.OAif;bof./ ohm:aO zlefxmwf,uGj, Oj,wl:
vlif qif,rj:bgef:uj;Mif.zlef awj,vj,ekdif;OSefbof./
qof;ukrf,reD,auj; qif,ckdef:oj;
]]trf,qmif;yef uGj,qgrf:zlefrlwf:bof.}}

E E
tofykif:wIrf,ygwf:tefekdif; wmif,oh. 154 tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/ 155
eldofref:bl,/ Oj,wl:vlifeef.
 wD,tl o f, ID, rj
E rjuofOrf. yAefrjtgef,ulnf:sv; Oifoj;
rldof;ul;yguf; zgif:cmof:uwf:eef. ulef:qhm:tgef,
auj.ekdif; yguf;rj:rldof:Ndef:aO vh;idef:OAifrjtgef,wlof
ekdif; Mif.bl,iSuf:iSuf:/
ulef:qhm:tgef,auj.eef. eSwf;vSef;uGj,Myf,tofrj
tgef,wlofeef. cof;rj:e[:Ndef:aO rj:tof zj;zSef,
yluf.oh.P;ref:tkef,ehaOwj. rjtgef,wlofeef. wkduf.
Mif.bl,iSuf:iSuf:/
qhm:tgef,eef. olef.oj; rjtgef,awwgif.rh;cof;
blof.eh eSwf;toferf.elrf:zgif xguf,O[,e[:omefaO
yefref:auj; rjtgef,wlofeef.wkduf.Mif.bl,iSuf:iSuf:/
qhm:tgef,auj.eef. trf,qmif;pAwf:pkdofolef.sv;
qif,Okdyf,zlef: xmrfwlnf:wh:auj.ref: qldof:vAif.rj
eef. ]]OltofOifvAif.rj}}ehbl,bof./
auj.ekdif;oj; ]]tofcof;zuf:elwf;avj:uefvAif.}}
auj.ekdif;oj; ]]tofcof;rkef:pSif;vAif.}}
auj.ekdif;oj; ]]wlrf;vkyf,aOvAif.}}
auj.ekdif;oj; ]]Okdof.wmif:udefrj Ready Made vAif.}}
ehbof./ qhm:tgef,auj.eef.auj; pAwf:wlnf:qgrf:eif,
cofvmwf;ref: eef. wif:OAif;aOw rjtg ef,wl of
eef. trf,udefOifaO wkduf.Mif.bl,iSuf:iSuf:/
E E
urf:vkdef: ref:olef.vh;vgif;ekdif;/ 156
]]rjtefcofvAif.eef. yAefrjvlif/
E E
aqj.bmof: vl i fs v; cof;pk i fv S o f
rldof;ugef,ugef, wD;e[:xrf;e[:xldef,wD;ekdif; rD:TOj,
wsy: Ogifqof; pjTwj:bl,/
oef:ekdif; wsy:qif,xmrfauj.yAefTOj,
]]TOj,J wj,awbl,e[:avj:ueh. pAwf:pkdofbl,Oof:
eef. awvDaOydlef;}}ehbof./
urf:eef. TOj,ref: qif,tofzkif:wef:clof: zmef,
pAwf:yAef Mif;cmef: OgifMif;bof./
ayj:oj; ykdwf,zknf,wlnf: Mif;rhmekdif;eh vh;pef
ulef:qkrf:ekdif; tgefuefeif;vgrf.arjcof;pkifvSofvlif
aO e[:rkdof:cof rD:oh. aqj.bmof:vlif pif:z[pif:ref:
bof./
ulef:qldof:eef. ayj:oj; cofwgif.rh;eh tgefuef
tofaqj.bmof:vlif ugef.tofcof;pkifvSofaO tmif;O[,
Olyf:cofbl,/ ulnf:uj; aqj.bmof:ej,sv; ayj:cofaw
ugef.O[,Olyf:cofeh ap;ySwf; xif,ySwf;wduf:" trf,vh;
udeftdrf,aO yAefvgif;trf,pmef.q[sv; bgrfySif,iSif;oh.
ul;auj.bof./
TOj,ref:qif,oj; ]]wsy:uof wlnf:oh.wgif:oh.vDvD
w}}ehaO ckdef:uGj,zknf,wlnf:xSif; Mif;rhmOgifbof./
e[:Mif;rhmOgifeh. Orf.yAefarj;cof;pkifvSof
E qldif.eif,ulef:qkrf:eef.rD:aqj.bmof: 158
E
uoftof wof;erf.el rf: tefegif.uofqky f,udef
eef. wkduf:yefref:erf.elrf:eh ref:vSyf;awudef
bl,J olef.nj: eif,eh/
pAwf:eef ref:qif,eSwf;tofwdif,erf.elrf:
egif.ref: uGj,vmif.z[:z[:/ toferf.elrf:O[,e[:ref:
aO rj:wkduf:yef rjtgef,wlofeef.bof./ rjtgef,
wlofeef.auj; qkyf,udefsw. qkyf,udefoj;aO egef:
vyf:uGj,bof./
wD;e[:tykrf,eh.J
1/ yefpj vgif;yAefrjtgef,J/
2/ vgif;pj acj;rkef:ref:J/
3/ vgif;pAwf:wlnf: wlofxlyf:J/
4/ vgif;olef.tguf,pif:ulnf:J/
5/ pAwf:wlnf:aO yefpjsu;vdwf;uGj,Jeh vh;pef
rD:vhmqef.vhmvgif;bof./ tofq[.wlnf:e[:zoj. qof;
uof,auj; awj;awvh;bl,/
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
157
vlifeef.ulnf:eif,uof,/ tefySuf,yldif;uef
sw. cofwif:OAif; yD:yD:tknf.tknf. rlef;rlef;
Oldof:Oldof:oh.ul;auj.bof./
ugyf;Oifsv; cofqkrf:eh. Orf.yD:yD:tknf.tknf.
rlef;rlef;Oldof:Oldof: ayj:oj;ehqkdif ugyf;coftofaqj.
bmof:vlif ugef.tofcof;pkifvSofaO Ogrfyefauj.tef
rD:zhm,ej;cof (Okdof;ej;cof)eef.bof./
e[:avj:ueh. ayj:ukrf,ugef.O[,wlofqof;uof,bl,
eh yAefvgif;wkuf.aO trf,tdrf,vh;aOyguf;/ Oifoj;
ugef.yefyldef;ehqkdif e[:avj:ueh. yAefvgif;Odlof:q[
zAif,yAif:uefeef.bof./
tykrf,tgef,sw. rD:eif,ehulnf:J/
(5.3.2009)
E
159
 E E

E E
E E

E E