ၽူႈႁၵ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈ (ၸၢႆးၵၢၼ်းယွတ်ႈ)

zl;puf¤qmwf;
qmh:umef:bgwf;
i
zl;puf¤qmwf; qmh:umef:bgwf;
qkrf:bkuf¤bgif;zl;uwf¤cSef,ulef:cdlof:wh: cyf¤cdkif
pmif<ej;yyf¤
SLK
pmif<wmif:efG:
SMITH & SLK
pmif<vifyyf¤
SUN LIGHT
cyf¤vduf; ? pmif;cdlif;
BLACKARROW
xwf:vduf;
LOUIS HURN & MICHAEL VALING
Mif;umefydkefzmof,rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: (SSPC) ydkeftguf,

yguf;urf:ekdif; ? OSyf<xSrf<yldof< 2009
ii
acj;cgyf;qfG
yyfh ]zlj[ufq
h mwfj qmB;umef;,.wjf } eBh vBjyde
k n
f u. bf wlu;f vke
d ;f ao
nefnmifjnmef;OBheefh awhawhOMjOMjanMj/ ,.efhwmif;cwf;qfguOfcMjqkwfj
,.rf;tvj qifbvBjyAefeB,OfheB ,dkefwlOfokdOfjodkOfjofgofg,lbcMj/
wB;auMU nefq.BjxFrful@zmBbul@vmBbcOf nefnrfbqmif@wFrfjqdkOfj
rmBoAifofgbeefh [Of;cMj,def;qlrf;c.yfjqfgwmifbzdkefydkef;eMjnluf;OBh,lbanMj/
MICHAEL VALING, BLACKARROW, SMITH, SLK, SUN LIGHT
tvj ONE LINE cOf nefqkefhnAef[Fif; ndufb oa'beMjwMao q.BjxFrful@
cufhw.efjeefhauMj c.yfjqfgw.if;udkrf;OBh,lbanMj/
zl;qwf;umef
qkrf;,kufh,.ifjzljuwfhcFefbulef;cdlOf;wB;
iii
iv
vrf:efG:
1 ydkef:efG:cSyf:pmif<
26 ydkef:wlof
ref:sv;rdlif:
30 » pkdef:
bkrf,brfoh¤
32 » rdlif:vSif:
efG:wj
34 » wgif¤avj:tgef,
bgef:ch<vmwf;vgif;ref:qof;zgif;
36 » qmh:OSifpmh:
pmef,qdif, pmefqAif umef:bgwf;

46 » qof;crf:-zef:Oldof
wmif:yh,Mwf; umef:bgwf;vlef,
55 » bef,rdlif: (OSefoD)
v
vDaO:vmhrguf,Nif;qof¤
59 » qmh:cdlof:vldef (uAif:wkif)
62 rloferf¤egifauj;
» qmh:aej,ekrf,
ukdif,xlduf,bgif;abj:
63 » Dr. qmh:Omif,tmh;
70 qof;umef:bgwf;zmwf,ckefOj, zdwf:pdkofxkuf,
» ckdef:OfG
vh;xlyf:rdkwf;udkof:qof;umef:bgwf;
74 » qmh:ymef:pSif: (ayj;tguf,vmh:OfGwh:)
78 aO:vmhref:qof;cgh;pmh OmhuGmrf:zl;erf:urf;zgif;vmwf;
bgwf;ulef:ySef OSefemef:rD:
80 » qmh:OSifqkdef;
acj;bmef:qfG
88 » vldefidkef:qdkef;
Mif;umefydkefzmof, trf,eef wD;bl,uof,pdrf:cmh:

90 » vSif:Odrf, (OSefNof)
auj.pof:cofqdlof:rdlof:xj;rdlif:bAef
94 » ckeftl: (wlef;wD:)
vi
100 qldif:vmofvlef,'j.
» rguf,rlofOSif
pjauj.wSef:yh,pef
137 » ekrf,qmrfcmof
vdlwf;awvmwf;uGmrf:bl,
142 » qmh:qgrfolif:
Omif,rl:
144 » tmh;vSif:
trf,vdkrf:uGmrf:OD,acj;
150 » bdif:rlnfOSifvldef
ujbmif: sv; umef:bgwf;

153 » pdkef:-ujbmif:
vduf;tl;omuf,xkdifvkuf;
160 » vkif:qmif:xkef:tgif,
175 oguf:tefref:omuf,
200 vduf;tefref:wSrf;
203 uGmrf:tefref:Oif,
vii
viii
ydkef:efG:cSyf:pmif<
1
ymefyAefqof;Omif, ymefrmof,tgef, (auj.umif)

aOj:yD,w
ymefvkuf;pAef:qef¤Okif
2
ymefvkuf;pAef:qef¤qgrf
ymefauj.Okduf:
3
rldof;wif; wyf¤Odkuf:qldof¤qmwf;qkdif;wh:
4
ar:emif:auj.xD;ekdif; emif:elef:qdkef; pdkof emif:rlofegif
5
rdlof;ulyf¤ul;wif: emif:bdif:OD,wj,
Nrf;wif:ar:emif: emif:bdif:OD,wj,
6
qgrfpmefaw,odif,? qof;Odkuf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf; sv; qof;pmefOSifekrf,

uGj,Nyf¤ zl;emrf:efG:-1 (eow) qgrfpmefcdef,nkef¤
rdlof; 30.10.99 wD;Mif;cSuf,wyf¤Okduf: oAif:wj;ukif;
rdlof;vlif:vmh:rdkof: wj,Nrf;Omif;umefvlnf;wif:
Big M Group Services CO.,LTD
7
rdlof;tkyf,tlof:ukrfugifuefwif: ulef:vlifwh:wD;rdlif:eguf;
ymifygh:ydkwf,zknf, vkrf:rmuf;rD: ugif:rl:wlif; rl,aq<
8
qof;Okduf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf;? qgrfpmefOdlofxSef;? qof;Odkuf:uef,e

Nrf;cof;ygh:yD<rfG, 2094 eD; tlid ,f aq<tl ? aq<oAif:OSefoD
Nrf;wif:iof;ike:f aujvdu;f 'di;f wh:aO pAw;f yg:h yD<rf,G 2095 eD; wD;OD,ayj.
9
rdlof;Oif,vmwf;wD;ygh;vlif:ymifOgefvmwf;uGmrf:tAif:uvAwf; yD< 2001 cmh:Odrf,
rdlof;vlif:ulwf,xwf: Olefzkuf,Ogrf; wD;rdlif:Omwf,

10
rldof;uGj,bjwlofwD;wj;ukif; yD< 2002
rdlof;pyf¤xlyf: zl;emrf:efG: sv; qkrf:tgefNof tSef<tSrf<tSOf¤zD<

wD;iof;ikef:cmh:Odrf, yD< 2002
11
ej;awvlif:bjwlofwD;wj;ukif;yguf;urf;Ogif (10.02.2004)
emif:bgwf;bdif:cmof ? emif:bgwf;zgif:tgrf? tl;tl; qmh:umef:bgwf;?

emif:bgwf;zlnf:ymh sv; sr;sr; emif:bdif:OD,wj,
12
yD;egif¤rdlif:xh: qgh;uj<bjwlof wD;rldif:uguf,
zgif:wkduf¤yAefudef:bl,wD;Nif:bjrldif:uguf,
13
OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkef rldof; 14.03.2004 wD;iof;ikef:cmh:Odrf,
rldof;tofcmyf;wlofrdlof:Omif:uBLof, (20.03.2004)
14
ulef:vlifqdlof:rj:cof;Nrf;vl,wmef:qgrf: rdlof;Ogrf:Omrf
yD;egif¤xkif¤rmof: qdlof:rj:cof;Nrf;vl,wmef:qgrf: rdlof;Ogrf:qAwf:

15
auj.Okduf:sv;ulef:rldif: qldof:yfG.wuf¤brfOlif,Oif,urf:vdkef:Okwf:
yD;egif¤qmof:sc,erf¤vef; ph,ugifcdkef;Odkuf:aObgif;ukif,
16
wlif,rguf,rgifqfG iof;ikef:wD,rlof,caI,qD,qdlof¤cldof:wh:
OmhOkduf:emif:pmef qldof:qgrf:Olif,cmof:wmif:urf:vdkef:
17
Nofej; qkrf:NofOldofsv;ulef:vlif qldof:qgrf:Olif,cmof:wmif:urf:vdkef:
Nofej;rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: sv; Nofej;ulef:eguf;cldof:

qldof:qgrf:Olif,cmof:wmif:urf:vdkef:
18
zl;emrf:ej; qgrfpmefaw,odif,
qkrf:ygifumef iof;ikef:cmh:Odrf, sv; qof;Odkuf:vlif qmef:ykef¤

19
wmif:acj:clrf ar:emif: sv; idlef;yD;cdlof:egif¤
emif:elef:qkdef; sv; vkuf;bdif: emif:rkefODtgif:

20
qgrfpmefqmh:egif¤ vlvduf;rgifqfG
qof;Odkuf:vlifqmh:wl: vmwf;uGmrf:rgifqfG
21
zl;emrf:efG;vlifqkrf:NofOldof vlvduf;rgifqfG
qof;Okduf:crf:cdlof: vlvduf;rgifqfG
22
bdkof:ugif;bgif;ukif, qof;Okduf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf;
vkif:qmif:xkef:tgif, sw,qyf:'h:Omif;uBLof,cmyf;wlofauj.yAefvkuf;
23
wrf:qfGwmif:vifaO rdlof:uGj,xj;bof¤
wlofwmhydkef:trf,pmh tltmhzkif:rkefwdkuf¤vkdof:Ndif:
24
ydkef:wlof
qof;Odkuf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf; (1963-2004)
zl;ygifumeful<vgif;vgif; wyf¤Okduf:qdlof¤qmwf;qkdif;wh:
qkdOfj - qmB;umef;,.wfj/
qkdOfjrldOfjvAufh - qmB;[mefbqdifb/
udw
l bf [efeMj - yD@ 1963 vle d rf mcsUf 22 Oef;? Omefj[detf [j?
nldifbrldif;,mB;? aq@OAif;au;oD;/
qkdOfjnljtrj - vkif;qmif;xkef;n.ifb? yMjqmif;c.ifb/
yDje.i=hf rfjw.ihf - emif;crf;ilpbf ? emif;qdibf yke?hf qmB;[mefbqdibf ?
qmB;omBvFif;? qmB;q.rfOlif;/
26
eMj=def;tvjvkufjvmif; - emif;ele;f qde k jf (ulyuhf jl uef rlOd jf 1989 ao

zmwfbuefrOdl jf 1993)? rD;vkujf ,di;f
1 auMU qkdOfj+ifh emif;rkefoDn.if;/
- emif;,di;f oDbwMb (ulyuhf jl uef rlOd jf 1994)
rD;vkujf ,di;f 3 auMU- (1) emif;,.wjf ,di;f cmOf?
(2) emif;,.wjf z.i;f n.rf? (3) emif;,.wfj
zlpf;ymB/
v.ifjo.ef[Aef;ypfbpMb - yD@ 1969 twb[Aef;qefhiOfj wDjrldif;,mB;/
- 1970 ckdefj[Aef;qefhumif wDjOAif;ymifvlif/
- 1981 yleq hf efoh yd ;f wDj=if;[Ae;f qefo h ik f
rmB-4 OAif;v.Bvlif (w.ifbuD;)/
- 1982-1984 ckdefj[Aef;ymB;ykkdef; wDjqefhq.rf
w.ifbuD;/
oAifjurf@ - yD@ 2004 vldefrmcsfU 14 Oef; ,mrf; 19:15
rlif;? wDjiOfjikef;wyfhokduf;qldOfhqmwfjqkdifj
wB;? OmefjcmB;odrfb? nldifbe.ifauMj? aq@OAif;
oDbayMU? qkdifjwB;/
umefqldOfhqmwfj
yD@ 1977 cmOf;rBj vAyfj[Aef;umefymB;rldif; wDjiOfjikef;wyfhokduf;qkdifj
wB; (nFofhnFofhan@) v.BcldOf;/ vBj=yfhxlyf;wif; qOfjokduf;qmrfbrldif;? qOfj
olOd x
f eF jf ? qOfjaeMbrlid ;f n.ebf ? qOfjauM;vdibf w? qOfjurfch Odl ;f / vBjxly;f yM;ymif
wkduf; ]v.Brkifjrldif;} [drf;rldif;vM nefwyfhokdu;f qkdifjwB; tvj c.rf@rdOf@eFwfh
=rfjrdkOf;uef wkduf;avMbokduf;rmef@ c.ifrov/ 1978 q.BjumefwDjwyfhu.if 21
c.if (nFofhnFofhan@)/ 1979 vAyjf [Ae;f wDjudObf =uf;cM;[mef vFev f ed qf idk jf
wB;-xB;? vBj=yfx h yl ;f wif; qOfjqmrfuM;? qOfjqmrfbvAu;f ? qOfjpDb? qOfjoMb
,Mb? YoMbrcdefb? qmB;oFifqkdefj/ q.BjumefwDj+ifjumeffykdefzmOfb c.ifyM@wD@
c.rf@rwD@udOfb=uf;? yM@wD@rfgbokifqkdifjwB; (nFohn f FofhzD@zD@)/ ,OfhauMj
27
rdlOfjq.Bjo.efvdufj wDjymifo.efvdufjwB;]r}[MjwlOf OAif;=Ofymifb (arbrAOfh)/

1980 q.Bjo.efvdufjwB; ]r}[MjwlOf? wDjOAif;uRuf;tr; =rfjvlpfjarM
o.efyef[Fif; 400 auMUymB/
1981 vOfjwmifbcOfjefg; yM@wD@rfgbokifqkdifjwB;? ckdefjymifo.efumef
rdil ;f wDjqOfjolOd v f e
A ;f ef;g Omefj=pfjvkrd ;f xki=hf Ofridl ;f rlid ;f rfbg ? vBjxkubf ruf;refj
yAez f jl cOfjyM@wD@ wDjc.ebf c'Fuyhf M@wD@y.ujf urf;-2 c.iyf M@wD@rfbg okiq f idk jf wB;/
vBjnOfykefjz.ef; olef;wkrf efg;OAif; tvj vkufj[Aef;/
1982 ckdefjqefhq.rfw.ifbuD;? vBj=rfjwif; vkif;ckefusMbnl;ao yluf;
wifj rkufhqkrf;uFwfbtcqldOfhqmwfjwB; (wD@nFef@nFofhnlOf@) / 1982 n.ef
yM; qmB;y.icf Odl ;f ? qmB;crf;zlud bf ? qmB;qke d jf ylid ;f cOfao ugMb=yfx h yl ;f qOfjqmB;vAu?hf
qOfjauM;vdibf w wDjiOfjike;f yM@wD@rfbg okiq f idk w f ;B /
1983 cmOf;rBj? wDjymifo.efvdufjwB; ]r}[MjwlOf xkifhoeAef; ymif
vlif? [kdufhpM;v.ifj vlify.ifqkdifjrov zFefumefwkduf;iOfjikef;tz wyfhokduf;
z.rfh=rfjvkufhzkdefhqkdifjwB; (nFofh,l@nM@an@) ao vBjxkufbwdp.yf; =rfj
wif;arMo.ef 47 auMU vBjcrfc.ufjwDjv.BvFrf? w.ifbuD; [kdifvldefymB/
1984 cmOf;rBj wmifwlOfvkufj[Aef;qefhq.rfao cOfj=rfjymifukrf wDj
ymifrfgbokif iOfjqkdifjnFofh,l@nM@an@ yluf;wifj c.if@oD@qkdifjwB;vkufhzkdefh
(wD@nM@oD@) tvj wyfhokduf;qkdifjwB;vkufhzkdefh (wD@nM@an@) / 1984
usKef@ 5 Oef; n.efzljcOfjrkufhqkrf; wD@nFef@nFofhnlOf@ urfjz.ifjao cOfj
[myfbumefokduf; wDjqOfjuef;qAwf; efg;xkifhoeAef; ymifvlif/ [mifyD@1984
vBjcOfjo.ef umefokduf;? umefymB;rldif; wDjymifrfgbokif? ymifbodlOfxOfj iOfjqkdifj
wD@nM@oD@/ vlif;ymifo.ef,Ofh vBjnOfykefjz.ef; zmBbnkyfhyldifbiOfjqkdifj/
1985 xkufbvBj,kufhyAefckefokduf;vlifao [myfbykefjz.ef; zlju.e;f wyfu h i. f ZmBb
nkyyhf idl bf ole;f wkrf wlid ;f okud ;f 275 ? wyfo h udk ;f rlid ;f wB; (nFr@f wD@an@)/
1984 wyfhu.ifnkyfhyldifbolef;wkrf nefref;qOfju.ef;eBh cmBhvmBjyAef
wyfhu.if 99 cOfjyM;efg;wyfhqkrf; rmB-8 nef qOfjokduf;aeMjrldif;c.ef; yAefzlj
u.e;f wyfq h rk ;f / 1990 vBjxkubf ,kuyhf eA qf Ofj[mefao n.ubf ole;f wkre f ;gf eMjwDj
rldif;wB;y.wf;umif? y.wf;+ifb/ vBjnOfykefjz.ef;nkyfbnlOf; v.ifjz.rfh=rfjwif;
28
wyfo h udk ;f qkid jf wB; (nFon hf oF ahf n@) / 06.06.1995 vBjzke d n hf u. bf wDj wyfo h udk ;f
rlid ;f wB; (nFr@f wD@an@) nefqOfjckeo f Mbn.e=f Ofeefah o ylu;f wifj wyfh
okud ;f qlOd q hf mwfjqkid jf wB; (nFon hf oF nhf e
F @f an@)/ nOfye k jf z.e;f zljy.iuf mef
ul@v.ijf v.ijf ao vBjxkubf ,kuyhf e A qf Ofjokud ;f vli/f nkybf nlO;f v.ijf z.r=hf rfjwif;
wyfhokduf;qkdifjwB;ao rdlOfj 1996 vBj=rfjyluf;wifj rkufhqkrf;irf;,AefqkdifjwB;
(nFofhnFofhzD@oD@) ? vBjnOfykefjz.ef;zljemrf;efg;/ nFofhnFofhzD@oD@
wif; iOfjike;f wDbrlObf ca'qDbqlOd chf Odl ;f wB; =rfjrdOk ;f uefyul ;f wifjauMuyf;omef/
OmB;rM;vFufjvmBjyAef auM=rfjomifjqkdifjwB; (nFofhnFofhaus@an@oD@) ? vBj
nOfykefjz.ef; zljemrf;efg;/ v.ifjz.rfh=rfjwmifbrlbwmifbqkrf;auMj rldefeifb-
qkrf;ukdwf;okduf;efg;rldif;wB; tvj e.ufjrldif;wB;? qkrf;ZBbyMbwDbymB;rldif;wmifb
qkr;f vfag uMj =yfx h yl ;f nkybf nlO;f ? =rfjuefye dk z
f mOfb wmif;[efxidk e f Odl uf mefridl ;f
vfg? umefyluf;y.ifefg;eMjwDjvfgauMj n.ef=Of[Awf;omifjrM;qArfZmBbvdufjvmB;?
ZmBbole;f wkr?f ZmBb,lbvD/ wFrjf n.ubf yyfh vmB;n.e=f Of ylid cf w . bf z.wjf oAejf wmif;
eMjumef? yyfhZmBbnkyfhyldifb? yyfhrmBrDjulef;rldif; tvj nOfykefjz.ef;ukrf;xwf;
zkdefvdufjqkdifjwB;? yyfh[ufh+rf qldOf;eBh/
¾ ¾
ydkifjefg; qkdifjwB;? o.BU-6, rmB-1 vldefqAwf;? yD@-2098, (May, 2004)
29
ref:sv;rlid :f
pkdef:
30
wDjawhauMj wmif;wmBref;eBh
yAefwmif;udlwfb[Of;[M;ndlOfj
yM;qArf zef[ufhcldOf; awMb cgef[ufhrldif;
v.ifjarMcD; ndufb v.ifjarMwmB
nefvDulOf tvj xkufb[wf;[Awf;
ykefjz.ef;zO ao wlifbOlif;ulef;
qdlOf;eBhC qldOf;eBhC
OAefhOBhyef[Of;,Ofhvl; vlpfjref;vFufjwif;wmif;wmBao/
nrfbcfgjte;OMj
qkdiforfhu.pf;rM;vldufjnOfulef;uwfhugMbvMbeB
wDjcOfauMj =UcfgjvBjeefheMbulef;uwfheBh
zkduf;OBhqfgvDeifbref;uBh[Awf;aeeefhao
uOf wuf;awudlwfbrfgbykefj ]ref;} ,Ofh
eBh y.ifbOMj [Of;,efbqfgzkufb,fgbykefj ]rldif;} ndlOfj
u.yfjydlOfj ref;[mefqdkefj tvj rdlif;rmefcdkefjeBh yAef+BjvAOf/
31
bkrf,brfoh¤
rldif:vSif:
32
zMjOmif;v.ifjvldwfbrBj
=OfcBjqfgqMU
zO[myfbumefcdlOf;ao
awrdlOf;odlOf;,lbrldif;umif[mOfykefheBauMj
cMjnrfb,krfb
,.efhnefcfgj[Awf;cfgjyAef
nrfbwef;ukrfbxlefjtvj
wdkef;awcdkef;rM;efg;tujcdlOf;[Of;eBh,lbeB
yM;wlOfqArfqfg
,krfb,rfOBhcMjanMj/
33
efG:wj
wgif¤avj:tgef, (vghqmif¤)
34
zfgyAefzfg efg;odkuf;
zfgyAefzfg efg;qkdifj
zfgyAefzfg efg;wB;
oifOMj
odlOfwmB odlOfwFef;? vFef;wmB vFef;ykwfj eBtwh ]cFrfh}?
oifOMj
odlOfwmB odlOfnrfbwFef;? vFef;wmB vFef;nrfbykwfj eBqkdif ]u.B}
ulpf;uMj rdlOfjvAOf
odlOf ]nrf} auMj uwfhuMj vFef; ],rf}/
35
bgef:ch<vmwf;
vgif;ref:qof;urf;zgif;
qmB;oFif[mB;
pof:eh¤ trf,qfG;wyf¤Odkuf:udefqmif;?
yAefwyf¤Odkuf:vkuf¤zdkef¤ wj,qdlof¤qmwf;ylwf:ygh,sv;
vlof,arjqgh;xSrfumefayj;sr;ulef:rldif:?
vlof,arjpuf¤Mrfulef:rldif:
qOfjumef;,.wfj nrfbeef qOfjokduf;vlif qmB;umef;,.wfj eBh zlj

wFrfjtwb=Uquf;rkdwfjukdOf;rM; rldOfj 1983 wDjokrfhcmBwmif;udef [Mikdef;u.ifumif
auMvdufjvmB; tvj ZdifjtijwB; OAif;w.ifbuD; nefykdwfbcmB wDjeldOfoAefjwmif;
zmBbqmef;umwfbvlif (rldOfjvAOf) cmOf;y.B;vldefodyf;o.ifrlef;/ rldOfjeefh vBj=U
quf;rkw d jf ukOd ;f OMj yDjqmB;[mefbqdibf nOfye k jf z.e;f zljemrf;ef;g auMvdujf vmB;
tvj Zdijf tijwB; OAi;f w.ibf uD;? vlOd e f efh vBj=Uquf;rkw d jf ukOd ;f yM; yDjqmB;omBcOdl ;f
(rlOd jf vAOf qOfjokud ;f vliq f mB;wl;? iOfjike;f oFiuf OF )hf ? yDju.ecf OA f (rlOd jf ymef nFr@f
xD@an@ yAecf e k of udk ;f vlif xke;f vFi;f ) cOfqOdl ;f eB?h cMj[Of;vBjugMbq.jB xFrrf M;
wDjokrfhcmBwmif;udefeefh 2-3 Oef;,lb/
1983 qrfoAifj cMj[Of;vBjugMbokdyfbckdefj[Aef; wDjqefhq.rfw.ifbuD;
36
qof;pmef qmh:umef:bgwf; rdlof;yh,udkwf:Okduf:

37
(rlOd jf eef+h ifh w.ibf us;D auM;vAu)hf tvj vBjxly;f ref;qOfjcke d ;f xFijf / rlOd jf eefh
cMj[Of;orfhvBjnOfykefjz.ef; zlju.ef;ZmBbvdufjvmB;? OmB;rM; cMj[Of;wif;ref;
vBj,lboOf;wDj =if;rkufhqkrf;vdufjwB; (rldOfjvAOf auMvdufjvmB; tvj Zdifjtij
wB; w.ifbuD;) eefh =rfjuefaockdefj[Aef;/ ugMbyefikdef;vldefofgbudefcOfj wDj
=de;f arMo.ef ef;g Omif;=if;[Ae;f qefo h ik yf mB;qmufj awMbeMjuefwif; wyfZ h mBb
uyf;okdyfbomBvlrf;- 212 eefh) eefhq.rf;uef/
qOfjumef;,.wjf eBh qMbwDz h if=ufjt[b yAeOf mefjuRi;f ? [detf [j? nlid bf
rldif;,mB;? aq@OAif;au;oD; Omefjqmrf? yAefvkufjqmB; vkif;qmif;xkef;n.ifb
tvj yMjqmif;c.ifb? rD;yDje.ifh=rfjw.ifh[MjauMU? ref;qOfjyAef auMUxlefjomrf?
rldOfjauMUvAufh ckdefj=if;[Aef;qefhiOfj wDjOmefjuRif;[defa[j? OmB;ylehq f efhoDb
okdyfbckdefj=if;[Aef; wDjOAif;ymifvlif/
1977 rldOfjw.yfbqefh 7 ,Ofh cmOf;vkdOfjnkdwf;=if;[Aef;cmOf;rBjeefh
ref;twbn.ubf ugMbvAyjf [Ae;f umefvuk z hf edk ,hf yd ;f u.ijf umifb? ugMbvAyjf [Ae;f umefymB;
rldif; wDjqOfjokduf;qmrfbrldif; efg;eMjwDjwyfhokduf;qkdifjwB; (nFofhnFofhan@)
v.cB Odl ;f ? rlid ;f clOd ;f / vBj=yfx
h yl ;f yM; qOfjolOd xf e F jf (q.r[f mefoOdl x f e F jf zljemrf;
eMj nFofhnFofhan@? =OfyOfjvlif rkufhqkrf;irf;,AefqkdifjwB;) qOfjaeMbrldif;
n.efb rldOfj 2000 rM;xmrf;umefrldif;ckdef;wDj nFofhnFofhnFef@an@ iOfjikef;
cmB;odrbf oAijf urf@ rlOd jf 2001)? qOfjauM;vdibf w (zljy.iuf mefoudk ;f nFon hf o F hf
an@ oAijf urf@ rlOd jf 1988) ? qOfjurfh clOd ;f (rlOd jf 1984 rM; =rfjwif; nFo, hf @l
nM@an@ ao ylu;f wifj wD@nM@qD@ ymefnrF @f wD@an@ yAez f jl u.e;f wyfh
qkrf; 273 ? OmB;Omif;cdlifj 1996 ,Ofh ugMbukdwf;vkdOfj,lboOf; Omefjvuf;wFifb?
nldifbyAif;vlif)/
1980 cmOf;rBjwDjymifo.efvdufjwB;]r}[MjwlOf? aq@OAif;uRuf;tr;
nefrD;arMo.efyef[Fif; oDbymufbymBeefhauMj ref;qmB;vBjugMbq.Bj[Awf;arM
o.ef/ rdlOfj 1981 vOfjwmifbcOfjyMbwDb nFofhnFofhzD@zD@ao ugMbckdefjymif
o.euf mefridl ;f wDjymifoOf; Omefj=pfjvkrd ;f [dr;f =Ofridl ;f ? rlid ;f rfbg nefqOfjolOd f
vAef; (Omif;vmufjemufjao rldOfjvAOf,lboOf;OBhwDjvMjoAOfj) ,lboOf;OBh/ ymif
o.ef ,if;yBbwef;,Ofw h Ol jf vD vBjcmBUrM;wDjrlid ;f rfbg ([kid o f mrfve dl yf mBqifb ymif
38
o.e, f Ofw h Ol jf ugMb/) ,mrf;eef wDjxki=hf Ofridl ;f ? rlid ;f rfbg eefh Omefjule;f yBbuke d ;f
oif? yAex f edl bf yAe, f rk ;f urfjyMjerf/ wDjc.e@f c'Fwyhf u. jf urf;o.if c.in f o F nhf o F hf
zD@zD@ efg;yD@eefh ref;qmB;vBjyAefvkufjqkrf;yMbwDbao [yfhnOfykefjz.ef;
ZmBbefg;OAif; tvj olef;wkrfvkufj[Aef;/
1982 yleq hf efo h yd ;f ,Ofh ugMbokyd bf cke d jf [Ae;f wDjqefq h r. w f i. bf uD;/ yD@
eefh wif;vkif;ckefusMbnl; (wB;nl=dif;? oAifjumrfbugMbwDj OAif;trjomB rldOfj
1995)? yDjomBcldOf; cOfao =rfjtwbwifjrkufhqkrf; uFwfbtcnOfqldOfhqmwfjwB;
(xD@nFef@nFofhnlOf@) wDjw.ifjuD;/ 1983 cmOf;rBj auMvdufjvmB; tvj Zdifj
tijwB; aq@OAif; tvj qefhq.rfcOf n.efz.rfhuefugMbq.Bjylifo.ef vdufjwB;
]r} [MjwlOf nefawykdwfbzkpfbq.rf; xkifhoeAef;? ymifvlif/ rldOfjyBbvBjtz
ykejf z.e;f vli;f o.ee f ;gf Omefj? wyfv h il yf i. q f idk jf rmef@ [mifjokud ;f cke
d jf wkud ;f wyfh
okud ;f z.r=hf rfbvkuz hf e dk qhf idk jf wB; (nFo, hf @l nM@an@) iOfjike;f tz wDjxkio hf
eAef;tvj arMo.ef 47 auMU yM;wif;ref;qOfj xkufbwif;okduf;rmef@cOf wDh
p.yf;cif/ vBj,lbefg;c.ufjcif wDjv.BvFrf? w.ifbuD; ekdifjvldefymBao qifbvBj
v.wfjn.ufbrM;ckdef;okdyfbckdefj[Aef;/
1984 cmOf;rBj ref;qOfj tvj wB;auMU vBjwmifue l ;f ekrbf ef;g OAi;f ao
ugMbcked jf ymifurk f v.ijf z.r=hf rfj nef=OfyOfjvlif qOfju.e;f qlid ;f (nFo, hf @l nM@
an@) n.ef=rfjcyf;ckdif[Awf;omifj wDjiOfjqkdifj ymifrfgboki/f qOfju.ef;qldif;
tvj nFofhnFofhan@ wldif;y.wf;qmef; nefqOfjqmrfrfgbn.ef=Of? z.rfh=rfj
ueftwbwifj c.i@f oD@qkid jf wB;vkuz hf e dk hf (wD@nM@qD@)? vkuw hf jD ymifurk e f efh
ao y.ufjrM;ckdef;,Ofh okdyfbn.ufbugMbwDj rldif;wB;y.wf;+ifb? vBj=yfhxlyf;wif;
qOfjokdu;f auM;vdifbw wDjOmefjoAOfj? Omefje.if? rldif;wkif/
1984 usKef@ 5 Oef; n.e= f rfjwif; wB;auMUvkujf [Ae;f wDjqefq h r. f
w.ifbuD;? =if;rkef;vFif; ndufb efg;OAif;cOfao ugMbcOfj[myfbumefvmB;vkufhzkdefh
,dyf;u.ifjumifb wrfjwDj qOfjuef;qAwf;? qOfjomifbrlef; efg;xkifhoeAef;?
okdyfbcOfjugMbwDj iOfjqkdifjymifrfgbokif/ vBjckdefj=if;zkduf;o.efumefokduf; zljrD;
qefh nefqOfjaeMjrldif;c.ef; ylifo.efzkduf;o.efyef wDjymifoOf; ymifboldOf
xOfj/ OmB;vlif;=if;zkduf;o.ef,Ofh vBjnOfykefjz.ef; ZmBb=rfbvlrfjiOfjqkdifj/
39
uSrfNofyof;-1 qkrf: rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: qgrfpmefvghrmof: sv;

zl;emrf:efG: qof;Odkuf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf; pyf¤tkyf,
zl;ugef:wyf¤ugifzmh,qgyf,rmh-2
Nofej;rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: sv; Nofej;qkrf;ac<tmh<tlof< cof

udefcofNrf;rl,uef wD;iof;ikef:cmh:Odrf,
40
1985 ref;qOfjvBjyM;q.rf;wif; qOfjqmrfrfgb? qOfjauMbZMU? qOfj

cgmefridl ;f ? qOfjaqM;pkechf Of nkybf nlO;f v.ijf z.r=hf rfj wD@nM@qD@ tvj wyfh
okud ;f wB;=rfj+rf; (nFo, hf @l an@) nefqOfjckeo f Mb n.e[f w A ;f wDjrlid ;f awMU/
OmB;ao o.ifqkrf;=rfj+rf;uef,Ofh qkdOfjqkrf;umefrldif;twh ckdef;nOf wD@nM@
qD@? qkdOfjwyfhokduf;orfh+ifhOMj nFofhnFofhan@? OmB;rM;nrfb[kdif ckdef;vmBjyAef
wyfo h udk ;f rlid ;f wB; (nFr@f wD@an@)/ OmB;eefh vBjnOfye k jf z.e;f zljqwf;umef
ZmBbnkyfhyldifbiOfjqkdifj/
1985 qrfoAifjeefh ref;qOfjvBjckdefjqefhckefokduf;vlifao nOf
ykefjz.ef; zlju.ef;wyfhu.ifZmBbnkyfhyldifbolef;wkrf (ymef nFrf@wD@an@ +ifh
wyfuh i. yf mB;rlid ;f ) cOfjyM;ef;g wyfw h rk ;f ) 275 nef qOfjokud ;f vlio
h idl ;f (wyfq f mifb
rlef; yAefzlju.ef;wyfhqkrf;? ukrf;xdif;OBh efg;eMjwDjaq@OAif;v.BvFrf? =Ofylif;?
v.ufjq.ufb? rldif;ukdif? vmB;cMj? au;oD;/
1989 wyfu h i. yf mB;rlid ;f nefref;qOfju.e;f eefh cke d ;f vBmjydebf yAew f yfh
u.i-f 99 ? vBjnOfye k z f e . ;f ZmBbnkyyhf idl bf ole;f wkrf tvj wkud ;f awM;ao cOfjyM;
ef;g wyfq h rk ;f 8 nefqOfjokud ;f aeMjrlid ;f c.e;f yAez f jl u.e;f wyfq h rk ;f / vBjn.ef
=OfzFefqwf;wkduf;awM;[kyfj,kdwf; eMjwDjc.rf@rdOf@edwfhrldif;rmefj (Auy)
efg;eMjwDj rldif;wB;y.wf;umif awMbxkdif 1991/
1992 vBjcOfjrlO d ;f cke
d ;f wDj iOfjqkid jf =Ofridl ;f ? vBjrlOd ;f [myfbumef uFrz f jl
u.ef;+ifjumefymB;rldif;? zlju.ef;+ifjumef yAefqOfjcgmefrldif; (rldOfjvAOf =OfyOfj
qkr;f nFr@f wD@an@uOfb Omefjolpbf ysbD an; [dr;f OAi;f zmBce k bf )/ 1992 qrfoiA jf
xkubf vBjwmifbyAeq f efq hf Ofj[mefao n.ubf rlOd ;f wmif;wlu;f cli;f q.r;f qOfjuef;
qAwf;? rldOf;efg;eMjwDj oDbayMU? v.BcldOf;/ vBjnOfykefjz.ef; zlju.ef;omBokduf;
ef;g wyfq h rk ;f 16 wif;ckeo f udk ;f vlif vFi;f ymifbZMU (rlOd jf qOfjumef;,.wjf zmwfb
n.ubf nFr@f wD@an@ vBjxkubf qOfjokud ;f ,Aybf rlid ;f qkOd jf tcb+ifh ,mifo h id ;f a[Mb
zlju.ef;wyfhqkrf; 8 nOfwmB)/
v.ijf z.r=hf rfjuefwif;wmifbrlbwmifbqkr;f nefqOfjckeo f Mb? qOfjZMU
vifcOf nOfvmB;umefokduf;ao tujvdwfj[Awf;omifjeefh +B;OMj nrfbxkufb
rFefjvmB;umefeB qOfjumef;,.wfj ,mrfjwmifbteyefwmif;[efxkdif/ cOfckdef;
41
yefykefjz.ef;ref;qOfj {jnkyfbnlOf;wif; nFofhnFofhan@/

zljn.e=f Of nFr@f wD@an@ qOfjckeo f Mb? qOfjZMUvif cOfehB nrfb
OBuh mefridl ;f yAe, f bgf ? OBuh mefrmufjrD;yAe, f bgf ? qFubf tzqmOf;clOd ;f wB; tcb/ yefeMj
vDtcb wAuf;wAifcMj[FrfwmBwB;? nOfulef;vlifwB; eAyf;q.ufh,mifjcMb? umefrldif;
nrfbcOfjvBjef;g vkrjf ZMU ,.eq hf Odk jf oAie f Ofjvlpjf ,MjrOf;urf? vlOd af ozmwfb
n.ubf twbwifjvmB;rfbg nrfbrD;vmB;vf, g Ofth vj qOfj[mefumef;,.wjf qifbvBj
n.ef=rfj=pf;wkrfwif; zlju.ef;wyfhzljrD;qefh ndufbokduf;[mefefg;wyfhqkrf;
16/ 8/ 9/ 275/ 19 qdlOf;eBh zmwfbn.ufb nFrf@wD@an@ rldOfj 1995 usKef@ 6
Oef;/ nkyfbwif;vlify.ifqkdifjokduf;rmef@ao ukdwf;,kdwf;v.ifjykdwf;,kdOf;uef/
OmB;eefh nrfbayM;[kdifwyfhqkrf; 6 nefqOfj[mefqmB;,Djn.ef=Of ndufb wyfh
qkrf; 11 nef qOfjuefbe oFefOD n.ef=OfauMj ckdef;rM;=rfj+rf;xFifj nFofh
nFofhnFef@an@/ ref;qOfj,mrfjcB@tecMjOMj rldOfjeefh qkdOfjwyfhokduf;eBh
nmifjwmifbOMj wyfo h udk ;f qkid jf wB; z.r=hf rfjvkuz hf edk hf (nFo, hf @l nM@an@ qkOd jf
wyfhuOfb nefqOfju.ef;qldif; n.ef=Of) eBvl;u.efb/
OmB;twbwifj nFon hf o F n hf e F @f an@,Ofh ,ku, hf i. jf ayMjxOfjq.r[f mef
awbOdifb yAefzljemrf;eMj? ref;qOfjnOfykefjz.ef; zljy.ifumeful@v.ifj
v.ijf ? qOfjqmB;,Dj nOfye k jf z.e;f zljy.iuf mefoudk ;f / OmB;rM; cwf;qfn g yk bf nlO;f
z.rfh=rfjvBjqfguefwif; nFofhnFofhan@ao auMbwifjrkufhqkrf;irf;,Aefqkdifj
wB; (nFon hf o
F zhf @D qD@)? ref;qOfjvBjnOfye k jf z.e;f zljemrf;ef;g ? Omif;zFef
yluf;y.ifyef zOulef;rldif;efg;eMjwDj {jckdefj,fgbuwf;,Aef/
2002 Zdyf@ydOf@O'D@ rdlOfjref;qOfj tvj ulef;vlifurfjz.ifj n.ufb
wmif;ugMbwMbckdefjymifrmBw.if; Oef;rldif;=rfjwkrfc.yfjclyfb wDjwMjukifj nefvlif
y.ifqkdifjokduf;rmef@r.ufbrM;eefh vBjxlyf;az;vlwfhydefjwDj OAif;yvAufh/ wldOfh
pM;nAefqfg=U (nMb\lifb) tvj wdefc.efcgMnrfbrD;[Fif; nrfbyBwmif;vBj/ vBj
ckdefj=if;,M wDjOAif;vldOfb? wMjukifjao ,lwf;,MqkdefjcFef;rM;wmefbwmefb
qifby.ufjckdef;[myfbumefykefjz.ef;/
2003 elO@ f OFr@f ylOd @f u.yjf nrfbayM;,lbvDce dk ;f tvj vli;f ugMbulwbf xwf;
wlp;f wlOf wDjOAi;f vlOd bf ? vBj=UOMj yAew f mif;yAew f yf;rFi;f (uFe@f olOd @f wyf;)?
42
okdyfbvlif;ugMb,lwf;,M wDjwMjukijf ? okyd bf ugMb,MwDj OAi;f vliuf ik ;f xAyjf (rlid ;f

u.ubf ) rldif;xB;/ ,.efhvBj=U[efwmif;yAefeBh wluf;vkdef;tvj nrfbayM;qkdefj
cFe;f rM;vD? nmifjcke d ;f ugMbtewDjrlid ;f xB; eifbarM,Mvlicf e d ;f OBe
h efth vj vli;f
rM;wMjukifj/ ulpf;uMj wmif;yAef[mBUeMbvldOfrM;tvj vBjrOf=dOf;rdefy.ufjrldOf;
ckdef; vMjoAOfj? okdyfbcDbvlwfhrldOf; iOfjikef;cmB;odrfb? awMUtwhwef;+wfjzFOf
cmB;odrfbao oAifjurf@okwf;rkefugMbrldOfj 14/3/2004 ,mrf; 19:15 rlif;eefh,lb
,Ofh/
z.i;f cmOf;nefcMjvBjrkw d jf ukOd ;f q.jB xFr[f w A ;f umefqr. ;f ref;qOfjao
v.ifj[Awf;omifjvmwfjqMref;qOfj nefvDrmBw.if;eefhauMj cMj,.ef;cB@
texFifju.efb/
1986 cmOf;uwf; rlO d jf cMjugMbxly;f ref;qOfj wDjxkihf ukeyf e . o f eAe;f ?
vBjugMbvkdOfje.ef; wDjefg;Omefjvkufjekdifj/ rD;crfjekdifj cMj[Of;wif;vkufje.ifh
ref;qOfjo.iaf uMU ugMbnFObf =de;f nefcmBwmif;udee f ;gf Omefj/ okOd uhf e
d wf mif;udef
wmif;,Frfh n.ufhyM;erfhwMrlef;? udefwlpf;cfgjerfyFwfjndwf;ekdifj rldefeifb
ugmrf;qmB;rl;OMjeefh/ nkyfb[kefhvmwfjausMb oAifvifylefh=def;xkdifvkduf;wAifj
cke
d ;f qifbn.euf efyu. jf rlOd ;f e.e;f / umifergf M; ref;qOfjvBj=Uv.ijf [Of;yAecf rfjOM;
eefhao +ifhoifbo.efyefoazM;YwM;OMj ulef;efg;OmefjeBh yAefulef;[Awf;
umef[B@umefoleftvj =dOfhr.Bjcfgje.ef; umifcrfjnrfbvDnFOfbvkduf;/ vlOfbarM
y.ibf qf=g Uxkid f v.ijf zOyle d jf / [Of;eBh nrfbqfjg wyfo h udk ;f udeqf mifj? yAew f yfo
h udk ;f
vkufhzkdefh wMbqldOfhqmwfjylwf;y.Bbtvj vlOfbarMq.BjxFrfumefayMjtrjulef;rldif;?
vlOfbarM[ufh+rfulef;rldif; eefhqifb ulef;rldif;aw[ufh[Of;? q.BjxFrfumef[Of;?
umef[Of;qifbqmif@vBjn.ifby.B;? [Of;,.e;f vkdOfje.ef; [Awf;cFufb=def;yldefjeBh
,Mb[Aw;f {jqOfj=de;f cfjg vkyd jf vrf;[Of;rlOd ;f ? rlOd jf [Of;y.ujf rlOd ;f auMj {jqOfj=de;f
q.rf;ao;vmB[Of;u.efb oifbvmwfjeifbeB/
1988 wDj=Ofri dl ;f ref;qOfjtvjckeo f udk ;f auMUekid jf nefnOf=rfbvlrjf
qrfwlOfqOfjckefoMbrM;yD@,mOf;cmOf;[kdif nkyfbnlOf;uef? ref;qOfjxmrf ckef
okduf;eefh v.ifjOMjwyfhu.ifvfg zfgyAefzlju.ef;wyfhu.if? uFrfzlju.ef;wyfhu.iforfh
yAefzfgeBtvj vBj=UOMjefg;wyfhu.if nFrf@wD@an@ urfjyMjerf zlju.ef;wyfh
43
u.if yAeq f mOf;tcb? wB;orfh u.p;f yAeuf rF rf ef;vmBvmB/ ref;qOfjcke d ;f okyd bf OMjwDjcMj
wMbzlju.ef;wyfhu.ifqldOf;eefhyAefwB;eBh olauMjrD;ykefjz.ef;nldOfj/
1995 OmB;ukw d ;f okud ;f ,Ofh xly;f nkybf uefwif; qOfj[mefce d bf aqMb zlj
u.ef;wyfhq.yfbokduf;rmB-2 w.ifjuD;eefh qOfj[mefeefhOMj ]qOfjumef;,.wfj
yle
d jf rM;wmifbvmwfjwDj[Of;OMj ule;f okud ;f oluyA ;f cmef;,.e;f ike d ;f ,lb q.r;f wmif;
vliq f Odl ;f eefh eBOMjC vDvmwfjyefcOf ,Mbay{juAy;f } eBtvj ref;qOfjcke d ;f
w.ybf OMj ]ayM;yAev f il yf i. q
f idk jf uAy;f twh OMjyAef c.ebf Omefjrlid ;f ? ayM;ule;f vkuhf
zdkefhuAyf;twh OMjyAef ikdef;,.ef;ikdef;cmef;? wDjawhref; rldefuefu.pf;eifb
uOfb} eB,Of/h qOfj[mefeefch e dk ;f OMj ]qfjg twhqjgf ,lb? ulp;f eMb wlp;f wlp;f ao
[Awf;tvj} eB,Ofh/
1995 qrfoAifj rldOfj[Of;cMj ugMbnkyfbnlOf; v.ifjz.rfh=rfjwif; nFofh
nFofhan@ wDjiOfjikef;oFifuFOfh/ rldOfjugMbq.rf;wmif; wDjeldOfvlwfheefh ref;
qOfjvmwfjtecMjOMj v.ifjz.rfh=rfjwif; nFofhnFofhan@ eBh [Of;awcwf;
qfg[Awf;{jvBj? {jyAefrlbekdifjqkrf;vAOf/ qkrf;wB;[Of;vlOfbz.rfhuefn.efwmif;?
ayM;[Of;z.ruhf efqifb nef[Of;nAe;f nmef;OBe h efh aw[Aw;f vBjy.iv f jB eB,Of/h
eBhyAefnefteOMj ref;qOfjOBhv.ifjz.rfh=rfj ckdufhvkdufhyAefyldifvlif/
2003 ef;g vle d o f yF @f xFr@f ylOd @f Oef;ekid jf okud ;f rmef@qkr;f ekid jf rM;[M
o.ufjwOfwDhp.yf;rBhouf;q.rf; Omefjymifrldwfb? ymifedOfh? e.ifauMj? orfhxFifj
,.ef;cgmifhcgjf cOfj ulwfbo.ufjwlpf;yM; efg;wyfhiOfjikef;cmB;odrfb/ ref;qOfjOMj
wkdef;nrfbyefcOfjvBj? ayM;cOfnrfbx.rfbaocOfjrM;auMj ,kdOf;urf;vAOfvMj/
cfgjyAefoifyAef,Ofh/ v.ifjukdwf;okduf;[Of;vlUvFOfauMjvFOfvMj nrfbyAefoif/
qkrf;,mif;vFif (ac@nFef@zD@zD@) cOf nefv.ifjirf;,AefcOfvlUeefhauMj
,.efhu.yfjrBhu.pf;eifbuOfb/ yFufhorfhOMj ref;qOfjnrfbyBwmif;vBj? v.ifj,lbvD
nrfbwArfxlefjauMj erfhqfgtwh wkdef;OMjuFefbcFifwMbaob,lb wMb,.rf;umefh
yefzljcAefeBh wkdef;nrfbrD; eifbOMjeefh,Ofh/
uAObf vlpjf umefvuk z hf e dk ,hf yd ;f u.ijf umifbauMj ref;qOfj,mrfjvmwfjwDj
cMjOMj ]umef[Of;vkufhzkdefheBh aw,OfhrldOfjvfg? awvBjn.ifby.B;rldOfjvfgeB nrfb
qmif@vmrf;vBj wFwjf wFwjf awM;awM;? ulp;f eMb yAeyf e k jf z.e;f yke
d ;f [Of;yef
44
rM;tvj wke d ;f awvBj[Aw;f ,lbawMbc.jB wmB,Of/h ylid e

f idk jf auMj [Of;ulw
d bf rM;yAew
f ;B
,Ofhtvj wkdef;OMjawvBj[Awf;eefh,Ofh} eB/
rlOd jf vAOtf wh eMjumefnefref;qOfjcfjg [Aw;f cfjg omifjeefh nrfbwef;
,Ofwh Ol jf ? Omefjrlid ;f nefref;qOfjcfjg [efeefah uMj nrfbwef;vBj[efao u.if
vifOmBbyFwjf n.ubf ,mef[Of;ugMb,Of/h umefimef;nefref;qOfjy.io f mifj nrfbyBb
,OfhwlOfj? nrfbyBb+wfjwDj,ldif;rmBeefh [Of;cMjqldOf;ukdwf;wmif;e.ifjwmif;vif
n.e=f rfjuefoydk bf cwf;qf[g w A ;f omifjugMbtwh yAevf uf;xmef (omufjaob) nef
OMj [Of;cMj,.ijf a,M;nOfuik bf rkef [ufyh iF ;f ao;vmBqr. ;f ref;qOfj,lb ,krbf ,rf
eifbeBanMj/
qmB;oFif[mB;
45
pmef,qdif, pmefqAif umef:bgwf;
qOfjcrf;-zef;odlOf
vgif;ql.Omoftrf,uj<pkdof (rdlof;eef¤)?
vgif;idkef:wgif: trf,OfG,qfG?
ej;umeftefrkuf¤qkrf:yefoh¤eef¤ugh:
tefulrf;ej;pAwf:bl,
wif;qof¤xdkifcrf;eef¤/
yAefqldifheB 1
rlOd jf yD@ 1981 zljwFrjf (qOfjcrf;-zef;olOd )f wif;nlp;f auMU qBm;
cFefrldif; (oFefOD-oAifjurf) tvj qOfjqmif;vlifrldif; (uAif;wkif-wkdufhrD;,lb)
ugMbtvbvmOf;xkid Of iA ;f trj+ifjo.ef (rlid ;f xB;)? u.yjf rD;umefwjD qOfjcgmefridl ;f tvj
vBjcke
d jf ugMbtvbxkid w f jD =Ofridl ;f -rlid ;f rgbf nefye
A x
f mefrefj tvj wDjOMjumef
wyfhokduf;rldif;wB; rldOfjymefckefoMb (1986-1996)/ rldOfjeefh yAefxmefrefj
c.ifwyfhokduf;qkdif;wB;- y.wf;+ifb nefrD;qOfjoldOfvAef; (qBm;vMUn.ifb) yAef
zljerf;egf;tvj ykdwfbwDjOMjumef,lbwDjrldif;rgfb/
ugMbpM;tvj=Uquf; qBm;oFifqkdefj wDjeldOfv.BudOfb=uf; nefrD;nrfb
ayM;qrfayM;uB OmefjcM;[mefeefhao ylefhrldOf;[MqOfjcgmefrldif; wDjrldif;rgfb/
46
qof;crf:-zef:Odlof (auj.umif) sv; qmh:umef:bgwf; (auj.wdkuf¤vmwf;'lef:)
tl;tl; sv; bgwf;Omrfbdif:
47
qOfjcgmefrldif;twh ykdwfbwDj[Awf;umefref;qOfj egf;c.ufjrMU qOfjoldOfvAef;

(ayM;zljwFrfjnrfbw.if;zdwf;twh wDje.ef;auMj vFyfjyAefwDjc.ufjrMUeefj)/
wDj[dr;f qrfeefj rD;okrchf M;vifeidk jf wMbw.ejf [yfch uF bf ? rlOd jf qOfjcgmefridl ;f qlO;f
zljwFrfjcOf cOfjugMbeifjegf;okrfheefh rD;vkufjn.efbqBm;ekrfbauMUekdifj e.ef;
ulrfzMj,lbegf;umifokrfhcM;eefh (z.if;eefh yAefz.if;umifOef;wAifjtvj nBm
vFwfbauMj rBj[OfhxlefjayboBj)/
qmB;ekrfbauMUnefe.ef;ulrfzMj,lbeefh wlpf;[mif@Zmif ,.rfokif?
zdOfeifrD;oDvldifqmifOBhtvj yAefulef;nrfb,lbvDeBeefh wlpf;n.ufburf;vAOf
,lb/ zldOfb[efcFufbcOfjokrfhrM; rD;wif;rkefqOfjt[eefh qBm;ekrfbauMUeefh
zkwfbvkufhrM;ckyfhOBjrkefqOfj tvj wlifhwufhcFufbuFOfj/ qOfjcgmefrldif;qifbokdyfb
rkw
d jf yefOMj eByh e A qf mB ;[mefbqdibf yAev f uk jf [Ae;f wDjw.iuf jD n.e=f Ofvuk jf [Ae;f
eg;f OAi;f wlie hf idk o
f el ;f wkruf e
l ;f ekrbf tvj vli;f o.ev f ud jf wB;rlOd jf cmOf;rBjq.r;f
ykdefhwDj vBmvBmwDjegf;rldif;wB; eB/
vBj=Uquf;qmB;[mefbqdibf wDjeefjyAeuf rf;=Ofw;D ? vBj=UwDjref;qBm;
OMj ref;qBm;rM;wDjiOfjqkid jf wyfo h udk ;f qkid jf wB;eBjeBh rM;vAyjf [Ae;f wlp;f ayM@
voD@tvjeMjumef wmif;ulef;egf;xldefb (rldOfjz.if;eefh) OMjyAef,lbqldifh[kdOf
tvj rD;oifvBmvBmnefvD=UvDj,ldifjeefh/ ayM;ckdefjymifvAyfj[Aef;umefrldif;
,Ofh awrldOf;ckdef;? orfhrM;qyf;emOftvj vBjvkdOfj,lbOBhxkdifrldOfjvAOfeBh,Ofh
eB/ wif;zljwFrjf awvBjOMj ,lbeg;f qMbwMbvAOuf ef nrfbeef xkubf oyAuuhf ef
[kdOf nrfb=U? vBj,lbq.rf;uefwDjrldif;rgfbeefj vBjyBtvbq.rf;=Of rldif;clifjvlif
q.rf;uef? vBjnkyfbnlOf;uefqlOfjuFyfhu.B;auMj rldefyAefwB;auMUuefrM; [kdifyAef
odyf;odyf;yD/
OBm;aozmwfbuefwDjrldif;rgfbeefh,Ofh xFifj 2-3 yD@ awyAefyD@
1982-83 eBh vBj=UcmOfb wDjwB;auMUwmif;rldif;wB; y.wf;qmef;rM;vmwfjOMj
qBm;[mefbqdifbwif;nlpf;auMUref; =rfjuef 47 auMU qldOf;yM;uefckdefjugMb
o.efvdufjwB;yefulef;Omefj y.wf;eldOfv.BoeAef; (ymifvlif) z.if;[yf;=if;
[Ae;f cmOf;rBjeefh vBjxkubf wif; vliyf i. q f idk jf rlid ;f =rfjwkrrf mef@cOf xmifbzdw;f
ao wDp h y. ;f ugMbogbf c.ujf cifwjD v.v B rF ef tB vj zljwFrjf ,if;vmwfjOMj ayM;xmifb
48
zdw;f wmifbqlOd w hf mifbylid e f hB nrfbuM@[kOd ?f xmifbzdw;f wif;umefridl ;f twh cgjf ,myfb

,lbeB [if;qBm;cFefrldif;/ egf;yD@eefhurf;vAOf wif;vkif;ckefusMbnl; (zljauMb
wifj uOfih Ofjokebf vBjule;f qkid jf wB; rlOd jf 1990) ao auMbwifjrkuq hf rk ;f uFwbf tc
qlOd q
hf mwfjqkid jf wB; (wD@nFe@f nFon hf Ol @f ) wDjOAi;f vliw
f i. uf jD tvj wlie hf idk f
ole;f wkrw f Mb umefqOdl q hf mwfjrM;eB vBj=UOBm;ref;qBm;cOfjrM;,lbq.r;f qOfjrlOf
=dif; wDjyAif;vlif,Ofh/
yAefqldifheB 2
rldOfj 1984 qOfjcgmefrldif; {jqBm;oFifqkdefj (zlj w.Bb+ufj ,mrf;vAOf)
rM;[yfhzljwFrfj wDjqOfjqmif;eefbwMb OwfhyMbyOfj (uAif;rBb) eifjuM;ckdefjv.B
ymifwi. ;f ugMbyAi;f vlif nefr;D eg;f aq@OAi;f uAi;f vmOf ,mrf;vAO/f vkuyhf iA ;f vlicf mrfj
vFefvdef (xB;-rmef@) wDjOmefjvuf;wFifb,Ofh ugMbvkdOfjoOf;wDj=def;qOfj
cgmefridl ;f wDjymifrbfg oki?f ymifrbfg okie
f hB yAew
f jD OMjumefci. @f oD@vkuz hf e
dk q hf idk jf wB;
nefqOfju.ef;qldif; (rlOf=dif;) n.ef=Ofeefh/
xFifjOef;ekdifj OBm;aoqOfjcgmefrldif; yM;zljwFrfj ugMbxlyf;uMb'O
qOfju.ef;qldif;,Ofheefh ref;qOfjorfhn.ef rldOf;tvbwDjymifboldOfxOfj nef
yAew f jD zkud ;f z.euhf mefyef okud ;f [mefcOfeefth vj rD;qOfjaeMjrlid ;f c.e;f (vkujf
qOfjZMU rldif;e.if) rM;[yfhw.efj? u.yfjref;qOfjyAefzlju.ef;=if;zkduf;umef,lb
rldOfjz.if;eefh/ ,lburf;ekdifj rD;qBm;,.rfokif zdOfeldOfhqkdwfbqmifauMUekdifj yM;
wif;u.ijf ,mOf;ao cOfjrM;eg;f okr[hf yfch uF bf ? ,Ofrh M;qku;f qef;wlOaf o wuf, h rf
qOfjaeMjrlid ;f c.e;f wif; qOfjcgmefridl ;f / u.yjf ekijf clO;f cAOf rD;uMqkrjf oDviF uf rfb
wDj=Ofce F wf if;o.iz f mB bOBth vj nrfbw.i;f ule;f ? eifb[mif@,mrfj[efauMjrD;rD;/
zlOd bf rM;eifjqrfao vmwfjawMbuefqifb=UOMj eBh qBm;[mefbqdibf / rlOd jf eefh
vBjidef;cOf +ifhyAef auMUokduf;[mefqAif eB,Ofh/
vBj=UwDjqOfjcgmefrldif;OMj qBm;[mefqAif wif;auM wD@nFef@nFofh
nlO@f cOf nOfqOdk jf auMcOfao rM;cOfj=rfjwlie hf idk f eg;f wyfo
h udk ;f vkuz hf e dk q hf idk jf
wB; rlOd jf wlejf yD@ 1984 eBh r.ujf 20 auMU? awrM;q.r;f wmif;vifxiF jf wif;erfetB vj
49
zljwFrfjvufh,.ifja,M;,lbegf;qgfOMj vkufjn.efbekrfbegf;OAif; qldOf;yM;qgfumef

ulef;wif;erfqldifheBeBh [M,myfbtwhtwh/ eBh ,.rf;rM;cmrfbwkufhcmrfb,mufj,lb
q.rf;yldefj egf;xldefbegf;cldOf;eBh vBjOMjyAefulef;=Uquf;wlOfuOfbeefhtwhtwh/
zljwFrfjvBj[myfbumefegf;+ifjumefykdefzmOfb =rfjwif;qBm;oFifqkdefj
wif;qOfjcrf;[mefZMU (oBmcldOf;ckefomifbwlefj[kif; nefyAefiOfjcldOf;qOfj
ZMUoFeOf )D nefr;D qOfjcgmefridl ;f yAez f jl u.e;f +ifjumefzi. ;f eef/h wif;auMU
okud ;f qBm;[mefqiA f tvj wB;auMUref;qBm; qBm;y.icf Odl ;f ? qBm;u.ecf OA ?f qBm;vmOf
rlid ;f ? qBm;oFO;f [mef? qBm;rlid ;f qke d jf (OBm;rM; yAeq f Ofjokud ;f rlid ;f qke
d jf ? cOfj,lbeg;f
vFi;f - rlOd jf vAOo f iA jf urf? ayM;zljwFrjf nrfbw.i;f zdw;f ) tvj wmifbauMUxFijf
vBmauMU urf;urf;vBjpM;uefao nkyfbuefvmwfjv.ifjumefueftvj OBm;rM;
rkdwfjuefcOfjcD;uefvDtwhtwh/
OBm;ao vlif;=if;Zkduf;umefqkyfjeefh,Ofhnrfb[kdif egf;yD@ 1985 ckef
okduf;[mefqAifauMj vBjckdefjqefhyAef ckefokduf;vlifao yAef+ifhqkdOfjOMj qOfj
umef;,.wfj eBrM; (ayM; zljwFrfjw.if;zdwf;auMj ,.ef;w.if;ymefbv.ifjeBh)/
OBm;eefh vBjckdefjyAef zlju.ef;+ifjumefnkyfhyldifbz.if;irf;iOfjqkdifj c.if@oD@
qkdifjwB;vkufhzkdefhtvj vBjrM;e.ef;,lboOf;vFif;okduf;ulef;rmOfb =rfjwif;zlj
wFrfj/ wDjymef;wmyfjv.B eMjwmif;qmef;+ifjerfhymifrgfbokifeefh rD;=def;oOf;
(vFif;okduf;) o.ifvif/ vifzBmbeldOfwmyfjv.B yAefvFif;okduf;ekrfbqBm;/ vif,lb
yMjwgjf wmyfjv.o B rfh yAev f iF ;f okud ;f ekrbf ,di;f / rlOd jf eefh +ifOh Mj vFi;f okud ;f qBm;[mef?
vFi;f okud ;f emif;[mef eB/ vFi;f okud ;f qBm;[mef rD;qOfjumef;,.wjf ,lbyAe=f Ofye A f
uef;? qOfjcrf;[mefZMU? qBm;r.e;f [mef tvj zljwFrjf (yke d cf rf;) auMj vBj,lb
q.r;f uefwif;qOfjumef;? u.yjf z.if;eefh zgaf uMjwkud yhf e A rf mOfb,lbeefth vjOMj
,Ofh/ vFif;okduf;emif;[meforfh rD; emif;rlOf[mefcrf; ,lbyAefzlju.ef;wFOf;/
vBj=Uerfuh wfh wif;erfq h [fg ufq
h Odl q
hf mwfj tvj wmif;okOd jf ,lO;f qBm;
[mefbqdibf - qBm;[mefqiA -f qOfjumef;,.wjf wifjtwbwDjeefjrM;,Of/h v.ijf
qlUomOfnrfbuM@[kOd f (rlOd jf eef)h ? v.ijf ike d ;f w.i;f nrfbogbf qg?f eMjumefnefruk hf
qkr;f yefOe hB efuh ;B. nefurl jf eMj[Aw;f ,lb wifjqOfx h idk cf rfjeef/h ule;f eg;f vFi;f
wif;vFi;f ,di;f tvjvFi;f qBm; zgz f afg uMj eyf, h rferfqh rfg ef;qOfjul@auMU/ olif
50
nmefbvdujf wFrjf O.u;f tvj wFrfjugmrf;uAOfbuyf; v.ifjzOulef;ndufbwif;umef

vkuz hf edk rhf M;qArrf Odl jf eefah o ugmrf;ymefrbfg nefvOdk ;f qkOd jf eg;f wlibf Oli;f umefvuk hf
zkdefhz.if; 1986-87 eefh yAef ugmrf;nef qkdOfjOMj ]umifqgfauMUvkufhzkdefh }
=Ofe/hB eifbzljwFrjf nrfb,mrfjvBjelOd uhf mg rf;wB;ymefrbfg okw;f =Ofaoy.ujf ,if;
+ifhugmrf;=OfeBhvBjwif;rlwf;? awMbrldOfjvAOfauMj,if;vBj,lb/
OBm;ao qOfjumef;,.wjf vBjcke d jf qefyh e A cf e k of udk ;f vlif nefrmef@
cOf+ifOh Mj ylObf us;D eBeef, h Ofn
h rfb[kid f vBjn.ubf wmif;ugMbq.r;f qOfjokud ;f vliuf ef;
qAw;f ,Ofh vBjugMbyuf;vuf;trbrke;f yke d w
hf jD ,lb wmif;rlid ;f wB;y.w;f umifye k thf vj
ukdwf;zljwFrfjndufbwif;nlpf;vD 4-5 auMU [Awf;umef,lbOBhwmif;vif/ egf;yD@
1993 qOfjumef;,.wjf vBjcke d ;f rM;iOfjqkid jf wDj=Ofridl ;f tvj vBjxly;f [efuef
xFijf / z.i;f eefh zljwFrjf vBjcBmuh mefrM;,lbwmif;vFev f e d f y.w;f uAi;f [Bm; wMjcDj
vAu;f ,Of/h rlOd jf cke d ;f xly;f uefxiF jf urf;eBh vBj[efref;qOfjcke d jf qefyh eA f qOfj
[mef (ylObf rl;) ,Ofah o rD;eMj=de;f wif; emif;ele;f qdibf (OBm;rM;yAebf +ife h mif;
elef;qkdefj) tvj rD;vkufj,dif;n.efb auMUekdifj (,dif;rkefoDn.if;) ,Ofh/
qlUqOfjumef;,.wfj nefvBj=U ekdifj- ,dif;aeMbcrf; (wmifh,mef;)? o.if-
emif;=def;crf; (yAif;vlif)/ ar;emif;qOfjumef;,.wfj nef=U auMUekdifj-
emif;elef;qdifb (vBm;cMj) rD;vkufj,dif;vlpfjuefauMUekdifj,Ofh ,Mb[mifhuef?
auMUo.i-f ,di;f oDbwMb (OAi;f oDbayMU) rD;vkujf ,di;f vlpjf uef 3 auMU (,.wjf
,dif;cmOf? ,.wfjz.if;n.rf tvj ,.wfjzlpf;yBm)/
u.yjf qOfjumef;,.wjf vBjcgmif;vkOd jf oOf;nOf[iF ;f tvj zljwFrjf wif;
qBm;+if (uAif;rBb) vBjqlOf;ref;qOfj rM;tvbvAefjvkdOfj=dOfhxkdifOAif;trjoBm
wDjvFev f e d x f ;B -rmef@ wmif;OAi;f wMjcDjvAu;f 4-5 Oef;,Ofh qifbnOfuefce dk ;f
rlOd ;f wDjiOfjqkid jf / OBm;eefh vBjcke d ;f cOfjrlOd ;f wmif;rlid ;f e.ujf / eg;f wlibf Oli;f umef
vkufhzkdefh olif+ifhrldif;wB;OMj rldif;e.ufj? ayM;vkufhwDjvFefvdefrldif;xB; cOfjugMb
eg;f rlid ;f wB;eefh +ifOh Mj ugMbrlid ;f e.ujf eB/ (rlid ;f e.ujf wif;e.ujf rlid ;f nrfbqgUf rle d f
uef? ayM;e.ufjrldif;eB yAefwmif;e.ufjrldif;wB; qldifheB)/
51
omh:aO qof;umef:bgwf; tgefNofzmwf,tgufuGj,

tofirf:bAefwif:vlifygifqkdif;bof¤auj; wyf¤Okduf:rldif:wh:
tefqof;ckefOj,tgefNofbl,eh¤ rdlefwlef;rh¤pdrf:'if,
tefnj:vlrf:vAif¤ywf¤xdyf,tD:zmif;eef¤aO wdkef,zmef;
ohcgef:uef? qSuf,uefyAefrl,yAefqkrf:? zfGtrf,bkrf,zfG
yAefqldifheB 3
rlOd jf umify@D 1995 wmif;iOfjqkid jf vmwfjrM;wDjzljwFrjf OMj qOfj[mef
umef;,.wjf n.ew f if;okud ;f 4-5 wyfuh i. af o zmwfbn.ubf wyfo h udk ;f rlid ;f wB;,Ofh
eBtvj rldOfj=OfwD; u.yfjzljwFrfjnrfb=Uq.rf;iOf;vBm;twh nefyAef,lbwDj
ref;qBm;yke?hf orf=h UOBh erfq h [fg ufq
h Odl q
hf mwfjref;qBm;rM;qArv f tfg vj nrfb,krbf
v.ijf zmwfbn.ubf eB/h zgrf M;vmwfjv.ijf eBah uMj xAiw f MODbwMumef/h nrfb[kid o f if
ref;qgUf {jule;f qrfqrfg ef; qBm;oBmvFwbf -xkiyhf il ;f rM;ql;zljwFrjf ? qifbvBj=U
tvj ,krfbOMj v.ifjzmwfbn.ufbeefh yAefv.ifjtwh/ rD;wif;qOfj[mefuefbe
(rlid ;f ,.e;f )? qOfj[mefuefbe (oFeOf )D ? qOfj[mefqmB ;,Dj? qOfj[mefacbrdebf ?
qOfj[mefuik bf clOd ;f ugMb=rfjq.r;f ref;qOfjtvj vBjwifjyAef wyfo h udk ;f qlOd q
hf mwfj
qkid jf wB; (nFon hf oF n
hf e
F @f an@) yuf;iOfjqkr;f wDjOMjumef,bl wDjOmefjcBm;odrbf
[dr;f v.cB Odl ;f eg;f aq@OAi;f oDbayMUao nOfirf;,Aew f if;vliyf i. q
f idk jf okud ;f rlid ;f =rfj
wkrrf mef@,Ofh cwf;qg[f w A ;f umefyul ;f y.if yked whf jD cBm;odrbf nmef;{jyAeOf iA ;f rgbf vkujf
ekdifjeB/ zljwFrfjauMj vBjnOfvdufjvBm; nefqOfjumef;,.wfjyefxkdifue l f;
vliw f jD iOfjqkid jf eefh olibf ugMbyef qOfjcgmefridl ;f wDjiOfjqkid jf ? u.yjf qOfjckeo f Mb
yefykefjz.ef;qOfjcgmefrldif; {jwdwf;awMbqOfjumef;,.wfjurf;okdOfjeBtvj
OMj,Ofj/
OBm;ao qOfjumef;,.wjf n.e=f Ofzmwfbn.ubf ugMb nOfirf;,Aew f if;
vlify.ifqkdifj,OfhauMj wyfhokduf;rldif;wB; nefqOfjckefoMbn.ef=Of,lbeBh rldef
wlejf rB[h rd ;f Zifb nefpM;vlr;f vFiyhf wfx h yd bf nD;zmifjeefah o wke d bf zmefjOB
c.ef;uef? qFufbuefyAefrlbyAefqkrf;? zgfnrfb,krfbzgf? ulef;okduf;egf;rldif;auMj
52
yBmjueferfvliferfvmif? ymifwkduf;[drfeMjvdefuefwif;wyfhokduf;rldif;OMU ,l@

WVvlno F ahf n@auMj [mOfj[Fi;f vlOd f uOfbrM;ul@rkOd uhf @l Oef;/ wmif;vliyf i. q f idk jf
rldif;nar@'dcldOf;cOfauMj n.ufbuM@=OfqOfjckefoMbwif;ayMjuMU,Mj 11 auMU?
auMUvgf 2 vmefah WM@vlOd @f OBth vj ckeo f MbeBh e.e;f nrfbvyf; ulOaf z;rM;xkid f
wlOrf edl cf ek yf mB jtcb (w,luahf ys;rde;f ) rlid ;f yl;urfbeef, h Ofh yM;nOfwyfo h udk ;f rlid ;f
wB; Omif;cldifjcOfje.rf;ql; vlify.ifqkdifjrldif;=rfjwkrfrmef@ugMba[,Ofh/
OBm;aorlOd jf ref;qOfj (qOfjumef;,.wjf ) wifjrefjvBjiOfjike;f wDj
cBm;odrbf ,Of?h =rfjwif;wyfo h udk ;f qkid jf wB; y.w;f +ifb (nFon hf o
F ahf n@-nFe@f )
ylu;f wifjrkuq hf rk ;f irf;,Aeq
f idk jf wB; (nFon hf o
F zhf @D qD@) ,Of?h vBj=rfjauMbwifj
auM=rfjomifjqkid jf wB; (nFon hf o F ahf us@an@qD@) ,Ofh r.ujf eg;f yD@ 2001 eefh
wif;ar;emif; ,dif;oDbwMb (ulef;OAif;oDbayMU) tvj vkufj,dif;auMU,gfb cmOf
cmOf (emif;,.wjf ,di;f cmOf) rM;tvbxkid f OAi;f wMjcDjvAu;f ? OAi;f trjoBm wif;uAi;f
[Bm;tvj wif;zljwFrjf vBjcke d ;f pM;uefxiF jf / ayM;zljwFrjf nrfbvkrd ;f twh vBj
xlyf;wif; nM;qmefcrf;qrfj? qOfjcrf;[mefZMU tvj arMugmrf;oFifcOfj[Fifj
wDj=de;f zljwFrjf ,lb/ xly;f uefurf;eBah uMj wkud [hf efref;qOfj rD;zdOe f Odl q hf mif
[Fifj rldefrldOfjxlyf;uefwDjrldif;rgfb egf;yD@ 1981 eefh,lb nrfbyldifj/
yAefqldifheB 4
xkdifrM;rldOfjyBmyD@ 2003 vBj=UOMj ref;qOfjwif;ar;emif; emif;oDb
wMb wif; qBm;okrmef OdefrM;,MwlOf,lb wDj=if;,M:uKif@xAyfh wDjrldif;u.ufb
(qkdifjxB;) eBtvj zljwFrfjwif; qBm;oFifqkdefj? qOfjcrf;[mefZMU tvj
qOfjy.ifcldOf; vBjvlif;rldOf;olbqgf;yef[Fif;qgfref;qOfj/
rlOd jf zljwFrjf cOf xkid uf Mg bwDj=if;,Meefh vBj[efref;qBm; e.e;f clw;f
vkdOfjwMbzkdefhemOf,lbeldOfulbe.ef;tvj zljwFrfjckuf;qgfvBj rldOfjxlyf;uefurf;
n.ew f mif;okw;f wDjrlid ;f rgbf (rlOd jf yD@ 1981) eefuh rf;vAOaf o u.yjf vBj=UcmOfbOBh
vlifjeMjOMj ref;qOfjqyf;wmif;yAefrmufb[Fif;egf;rAwfhvldwfjeBtvj vufhv.rf
ol;Omef;,lbegf;qgfOMj xlyf;uefurf;eBh ,Mb{jyAefxlyf;uefurf;vkdef;okwf;
53
aourf; eB,lb/
xFijf Oef;ekid jf zljwFrjf ? oFicf Ofj[Fijf wif; qBm;okrmef ugMbxly;f arM
,Mb auMUnef,Mref;qOfjeefah o vmwfjtearMOMj ref;qOfjyAez f jl n.ef
=Ofumefridl ;f zljvrfbv.ijf wMbrlid ;f wB;auMUekid jf tvj wmif;yAerf ef;qOfjeBah w
,lwf;,M[BmvBj nrfb[BmvBj eBeefh cgfj=UyAefugmrf;vyfheBtvj arM,M (nrfb
w.i;f qkOd jf ) qifbvmwfjteokOd jf okOd jf OMj ref;ylev hf e
F w
f Mb,M[Bm,Ofe h /B v.ijf
eBh nrfbvBjvmwfjteref;qOfj=U? ar;emif;ref;qOfjauMj nrfbvmwfj? cke d ;f
rM;vmwfjte nM;qmefcrf;qrfj wDjuAi;f rgbf auMUvAOuf ;B. ? u.yjf nrfbcgjf {jul@auMU
qgfwluf;eefhtvj OMj,Ofh/
xFifjOef;ekdifj qOfjr.ufbu.ef (zljn.ef=OfqkdifjwB; nefvrfbv.ifj
auMUekid jf )auMj +wfjrlOd ;f olbqg;f ref;qOfj xkid =f if;,M/ Oef;eefh oFicf Ofj[Fijf
vBjxmrftvjwDo h iA n
f Ofwmif;[efxidk rf ef;qOfj nefuOA bf wif;umefridl ;f ? umef
okduf;egf;qkdifjrldif;=rfjwkrfrmef@tvj neMbuwfjrldif;wB; [kdifr.ufjqlOfjrlif;yBm
wif;r.ufbu.efauMj eifjx.rfbref;qOfjvmwfj awMbayM;okwf;/ [Fif;wlOfcdif;
nrfbwArx f el jf rle
d e
f ifbqgaf oauMj oAiv f mwfjwmif;[efxidk tf wh [Mule;f wFujf
nefrldef rD;aubtwhtwh [efxkdifeifbeB/
acMjvlyf;vif yAefqldifheB
yduOhf Mj wlOrf ef;qOfj qOfjokud ;f vliq f mB;umef; ,.wjf vBjoAijf urfuMg b
yFwjf [Of; ,.ew hf mif;yAecf e F @f olOd @f (rmufb[Fi;f )eg;f rAwv
hf w
dl jf ,Ofah uMj umefnef
zljwFrjf wif; qkr;f qlOd ;f wif;vBm [Aw;f omifj,lbrlOd jf vAOe f hB vBjOMj yM;yBm;[ef
tvj zFefumefref;qOfj,lb rmify.ufj rmifwDj rmif,mifb eBeefh ,krbf ,rfOMj
Odp;f pmef;ref;qOfj aw[yf=h Uxkid , f bl eBa,@/
umifqafg uMUvkuz hf edk hf ugmrf;=OfehB wkud ahf rM;=efjvifui. jf ,lb eg;f nlu;f
egf;qgf qldOf;[Of;,lb/
qOfjcrf;-zef;odlOf
54
wmif:yh,Mwf; umef:bgwf;vlef,
,efbrldif; (oFefOD)
trf,cfG;zuf:ugif;ygwf: tefydlef;yefrj:qgrf:ej;umef
zl;ugef:ymifOof:eef¤auj; tgefuefwAuf:pwf¤yef
wD;tSofref:qof;aO tD:tguf,zuf:wlvlif:vghuGj,/
ndie f Odl rf ;D acMjwku;f ,.e;f rM; {jwFrjf yefyi. jf ugmrf;wmif;[efxidk f uAObf

vlpjf qOfjumef;,.wjf eBtvj zljwFrjf qifbvBj,lbwDj yAen f p l ;f auMUnlp;f
aojuOfbauMUekid jf nefvjB ,lbeku;f xku;f xluefrM; qlOjf uFyuhf rf;ekid jf ef;g cmOf;
wmif;umefqldOfhqmwfjeefhao cwf;qfgwFrfjy.ifjugmrf;n.efby.ifjeBh {jvBjyAef
v.ifj,kufh,.ifjnOfukifbrkef erfhqfg tvj erfhuwfhref;qOfjaourf;/
qOfjumef;,.wjf vBjvyf;wMvkrd ;f rlid ;f ugMb u.yjf a'M;uMbnefnrfb,MvBj
eefh yAen f efvaD o;vmBye k jf wMbumefqOdl q hf mwfj[Of;twhtwh/ u.yjf ref;qOfj
yAefulef;rD;erfhuwfhokiftvj nMb,k,if;wkdufhekrfb? orfhyAefzljerf;vDauMU
ekid jf tvj xkubf vDvjB [myfbukw d uhf mefqOdl q hf mwfjugMbxFijf wif;[kid /f ulp;f uMj nrfb
vldOfyFefvBj yldifyAefavM;uxrfb (avmu"r®) eefhvfg[kdOf/
rldOfjzljwFrfj vBjxlyf;[ef qOfjumef;,.wfj n.ef;wmif;okwf; efg;
iOfjyD@ 1985 eefh yAefrldOfjzljwFrfjwkdufhyFwfjwdefyFwfjrkdOf; uRuf;cOfjrM; efg;
wlibf Oli;f umefqOdl q hf mwfj? orfrh e F jf rlOd jf qOfjumef;,.wjf cOf wkud v hf il ;f =if;zkud ;f
o.efumefokduf;,Ofhao rM;,lbiOfjqkdifj/
yFuo hf rfv h jB [myfbeMjumefye k jf z.e;f wDjiOfjqkid jf aowMUauMj u.yjf yBj
rD;wDj,lbwDjoOf;tvj qOfjumef;,.wfjndufb[Of;ulef;rfgb 6-7 auMU qifb
,.ef;nOfwDj=def;wDjekdifj,Ofh [Awf;=def;n.efbvifekdifao ,lbq.rf;uefvBj
55
56
cmOf;wmif; yD@,.rf;,.rf;? awMbayM;vBjzmwfbuefugMb auMU=;auMUwmif;q.rf;

eifbeMjumefykefjz.ef;zfgref; wluf;rM;yefeefh,Ofh/
ef;g cmOf;wmif;yD@qrfqrf qlOd ;f [Of;nefvjB ,lbq.r;f uefeefh vBj=U
vBj[ef erfhuwfhqOfjumef;,.wfjao n.efuef,.ifjnmrf;eyfh,rfref;
qOfjul@auMU/ yFuo hf rfOh Mj rlOd jf eefn
h Mb,kref;qOfj wkud v hf jB 22 (ayM;zljwFrjf
nrfbw.if;zdwf;twh)? zljwFrfjorfhvBj 35 ,fgbaoref;qOfj 10 yD@ymBauMj
,.rf;[yfhOMj erfhqfgtvjymB;Olefhwmif;[efxkdif wmif;acMj,krfb,rf nefrD;eldOf
umefqldOfhqmwfjeBh nrfbckdwf;yAif;ref;qOfjvBj/
u.yjf ylOd jf wmif;=UZmBbumefqOdl q hf mwfj? umefridl ;f qlOd ;f eBh ref;qOfjvBj
[M[Ae;f =U[efrM;wif;erf xkid af yM;xwf;omifiOf;vmB;vBjckw d ;f qef?h ckw d ;f wef;
q.r;f umyfjymefcmOf;,mrf;tvj zljwFrjf eyfOh Mjref;qOfjyAeYf oMb? yAecf ;l / ulp;f
uMjref;qOfjorfhOMj zljwFrfjnMb,k,fgbtvj eyfhxkdOfrldefyDjnmBjulpf;nrfb
uM; u.yjf zljwFrjf ,mrfjvBjrD;umefvyA jf [Ae;f ZmBboMboeMbykwx hf tvj zMboMb
nif;udwfhrM;z.ifjtvj eyfhyAefcl;eBao wkuf;,.ef;{jo.efvmwfjugmrf;nif;
udwfhyeftvj orfhayM;vBj[Awf;ymifo.ef ]vmB;n.ufboAifacMjugmrf;nif;udwfh}
n.efbvAufhvAufh efg;qkrf;[Of;cMj 7-8 auMU/
umefvAyfj[Aef;ypfbpMbwmif;arM ymB;=UymB;[efeBh ref;qOfjOBhckdufh? OBh
euf;twhtwheB vBj=U[efrM;qArfrldOfjeefj/ OmB;vifrM;auMj vBj=Uidef;q.rf;
v.ifjref;qOfjcwf;qfg,kufh,.ifjymB;ypfbpMb umefvAyfj[Aef;okduf;oM (odu©m)
efg;qkdifjwB;wif;erfulpf;nrfbuM; awMbayM;xkdif rldOfjvBjxlyf;[efurf;vkdef;
okwf; rdlOfjref;qOfjrM;,MwlOf wDjrldif;u.ufburf;ekdifjeefhauMj u.yfjwmif;yAef
tvj vBjeifjvBje.ef;,lbaowMU zkdefvdufjyyfhvmB;wMbvlnmefbvAyfj[Aef;
twh wke d ;f yM;qyf;wlOrf M;,lb/ yyfh Dictionary nif;udwv hf il f eMr.ujf zMbrkOd ;f
eefhauMj [efOmif;OBh,lbeldOf=OfwDje.ef;ref;qOfj/
v.ifjref;qOfjrD;qfg,kdef;,mOf;? wmif;,ldefhuefj tvj ,.rf;wkufh
,.r;f ,myfbq.r;f nlp;f auMUvkujf e.ie hf efah uMj wM[efwOl x f yl ;f rM;rlOd jf z.i;f ,lb
q.rf;uefeefheifbuOfb/ rldOfj[efrFufbrBh[mrfwkrf [Awf;=def;[Of;aonrfbOMj rD;
umefwmifbqldOfhwmifbyldifaonrfbOMj nefvfgwkufhnefvfg,myfbauMj ref;qOfj
57
wked ;f zFOnf e . wf mif;/ OmB;ao vBjxkubf ,.ijf yAez

f jl u.e;f (nkyyhf idl bf ) ymifoOf;
,OfhauMj nrfbyFufbyldifj? wkdufhOBhnlpf;auMUvkufje.ifh =OfrMbyAif;uefao q.rf;
[Awf;q.rf;omifjvlif,lbul@neftvj ulOfref;qOfjvkwfj[mrf;eMjumefykefj
z.e;f zlju.e;f ymifoOf;ao qkr;f qlOd ;f [Of;[M; orfah yM;vBjOMj qOfjnrfbwmyfj
[Awf;eefh[Awf;eBh eBuef,lb/
efg;qldOf;[Of;,lbq.rf;uefeefh auMUnef[Of;n.efuefeyfhxkdOfOMj
yAefyDjnmBjvlif[Of;wif;oAifj auMUyAefqOfjykdefcrf;auMj vBjq.Bj[mrfjq.BjoD;/
ulOfqOfjumef;wluf;vkdef;cmOf;,mrf;eMjumeftvj n.efuefq.Bj[mifj[Fef;zkdef
vdujf yyfvh mB; wmif;udew f mif;,Frahf o ayM;cmOf;,mrf;qrfrM;auMj [dyjf eFwjf {j
ref;qOfjugMb/ nrfbcfgjzuf;u.ifjy.wf; nefyldefjyefrM;q.rf;eMjumefzlj
u.ef;ymifoOf;eefhauMj n.efuefwAuf;[wfhyefwDjnFOfref;qOfjao nD;
n.ubf zuf;wlvil ;f v.uB Mg b/ [Aw;f eefuefrM;vBmvmBOef; awMbref;qOfjayM;OMj
]ayM;vMj? ayM;vMj? cMjawzuf;ugMbulp;f } eBao zuf;ugMb[if;ulp;f ref;qOfj
eefh,Ofh/
qOfjumef;,.wfjeBh OBheMjumefykefjwMbulef;wif;erfyAef,fgb? umef
qldOfhqmwfjZdifjtijvdufjvmB; yAef,fgbvldOfwmifbqldOfhwmifbyldiftvj vFyfj[mif@
ayM;nrfbrD;cmOf;,mrf;ykejf wMbwlOuf Ofb? vFyjf nrfbayM;nOfqo gf bgf v.ijf ,lbvDciF f
[Fif;wlOfuOfb/ nefeBh ayM;OMjyAefv.ifj,lyfj,.rf;ref;qOfjnefekdifjeB tc;
awnrfbzdwf;/ u.yfjeBhulpf;[kdOftvjnrfb=U wmif;yAefnefrD;rM;effg;wlOfefg;
cdi;f wif;[kid e
f efh nrfbvBj=UnrfbvBj,M/ zlOd bf =UrM;auMj orfah yM;ylew hf Odk w
hf mif;
w.efjwMb,MvBj,Ofhtvj ref;qOfjvBjzmwfb,mef[Of;[M;ugMb z.if;rldOfjumef
imef;nefwuf;[Awf;wuf;omifj nefcfgj[Aef;cfgjomifj wkdufhrD;wif;erfqldifheB/
OMj[kdOfauMjvD qOfjumef;,.wfjeBh yAefzljn.ef=OfuwfhcFefb? zlj
n.e=f Ofvw D ;B [Of;auMUekid jf tvj zljwFrjf eyf,
h rfnOfuik bf rke, f bgf erfao rkijf
r.if;{julef;ekrfb[kefjvif[Of;cOf cwf;qfg{jyAefzljn.ef=OfvD? zljn.ef=Of
uwfhcFefbqldifhref;qOfjeBh erferfaourf;/
,efbrldif; (oFefOD)
58
vDaO:vmh rguf,Nif;qof¤
qmB;cldOf;vldef (uAif;wkif)
efG:pof:Omrfauj.eh¤ qof;umef:bgwf;
yAefauj.tj,bl.vAuf¤Okwf: sv;
xwf:Omifvh;vDauj.ekdif;
q.rf;eifbugmrf;xkif;rD;OBh ]iOfjvmB;auMjymBvmifb? iOfjqkdefjqmifbauMj

ymBq.ef;i.ef;-nmBr.ufbugMbq.rf;vlrf;? nmBulef;ugMbq.rf;qkdOfj} ukdifbOMj,Ofh? rldOfj
z.if; auMvdufjvmB; tvj ZdifjtijwB; ul@OAif;OAif; [lrfjyM;qefhq.rful@wDjwDj
vku[hf edk bf wlie hf idk f ykw
d bf ymifoe. f ]r} [MjwlOe f efh auMUwFrjf vdujf auMj ,lbwDj
rkufhqkrf;wB;ekrfbuAif;wkifao vBjuyf;okdyfb zljn.ef[lOf [ufh+rfvdufjvmB;ul@
OAi;f OAi;f yduo hf rfw h Ol yf bB ,mrfjxly;f oly;f yBbvBjvmwfjf awMbuefauMj awMjqkOd jf
oAifymBurfvdufjvmB; cFyf;[mifj xkdifx.ifvFufjyAefbuef efg;zkdefvdufj omBqfgcldOf;?
iOf;wB;? oAefjwmif;? vFif;[mef qldOf;eBh,lb/
qmB;umef;,.wfj? [mefqAif? vFwfbvFif? vkif;umef;oFif? nmBj,DjwkdOf?
ylbYoMberfv h e d ;f qlOd ;f eBh yAeq f Odk jf ymBurf nefrw
dk jf [lve
dk jf wM acMjvkud chf udk chf rfb
]O.uf;} nefqOfjymBurfauMUvAOf? yAefulef;ekrfb[kefjrfgbZB;[Fif; rD;OFOf; (wkdOfh
wmif;) yAefzljerf; (n.ef[lOf) auMUekdifj efg;wlifbOldif;umefvdufjvmB;qldOfh
59
qmwfj rldOfjz.if;eefh yM;qmB;umef;,.wfjauMUekdifj/

,.efhacMjwkduf;olef; [Fif;nD; [Fif;xdyfb [Fif;qef nefvfgzfg+efb[lU
auMUwFrjf vdujf ydOcf Ofjxle d bf yD@ 1978 rM;[myfbumefvud jf vmB; wDjwyfo h udk ;f wB;=rfj
y.if; (v.BarMb) ulef;[Of;rldOfj+wfjxkdifwmif;tz =UuMjvBjvldufjyBoAefjvAOf
u.pf; zdwf;xkufb qrfuB,ldif;rmB OBhvl;u.efb? xkdifrM;yD@ 1984 vBjidef;cmOfb
qmB;umef;,.wjf n.e=f Ofvuk jf [Ae;f qefq h r. f 20 ymB cOfjrM;[myfbumefqOdl q hf mwfj
=rfjyluf;wifj wD@nM@oD@? wD@nM@an@ iOfjqkdifj ymifrfgbokif yAif;vlif
nFofh,l@nM@an@uOfb qOfju.ef;qldif;)/
rlOd jf eefh qkr;f okud ;f ef;g xle d bf ]nFohf } omrfwOl f [Aw;f n.ubf yyfv h ud jf
]vldwfj[mefe.if;clif;? ykdwfbymifb} nFofhnFofhan@ ][Fif;qfg? vFif;} nFofh,l@
an@ ]qkid jf wB;? qlid ;f vFO;f ? u.e;f acM} (nFo, hf @l nM@an@yAerf M; wD@nM@
oD@? wD@nM@an@)/ u.yfjeef vldOfao[efrFefj zkdefvdufj ,if;vBjx.rfb
rFejf zAi;f ugmrf; ]oAiuf i. jf u.ijf wMboAiuf i. }f nef qmB;umef;,.wjf wFrjf O.u;f wlOf
xlyf; ymifo.ef ]r} [MjwlOf xkifhoeAef; aqOAif;ymifvlif cl;o.ef 40 ymB
wluf;c.ufjwDjv.BvFrf yD@ 1983 / =rfjyM;ugmrf; qmB;rl;? oefv.B yAef[Fif;qfgulef;
,lbefg;xldefb tvj yluf;wdkefbulef;efg;OAif;twhtwh/
efg;yD@ 1985 auMUwFrfjvdufj vBjugMbcOfj=rfjymif y.B;=yfhxlyf;=rfj+rf;
wD@nM@oD@ tvj nFon hf oF ,hf @l an@ wDjymif,mif; [dr;f ymifrbgf okif qifbvBj
[lyx
hf yl ;f ckeo f ukd ;f vlif qmB;umef;,.wjf nefnOfye k jf z.e;f zmBbnkyyhf idl bf iOfjqkid jf
ymifrbgf okif tvj yAez f mBbole;f wkrw f idl ;f okud ;f 275/ rlOd jf vBj[lyx hf yl ;f nkybf nlO;f
vFujf yAebf wmif; =Uuefnw d ;f n.w;f wke d ;f =Uy.ibf OMj yAez f jl rD;wmif;[efumg ifjuB
rD;umefOmif;zFef wmrfyyF bf zljn.e=f Of [kejf oFe;f rfbg awqmif@ugMbvBjcmOf;,mOf;
auMUekdifj? u.yfjnMb,lUwkdufhvAufh efg;qfgcmwfjvmrf;OBheifbeB/
ulp;f uMj qOfjumef;,.wjf eBh yduo hf rfOh Mj eMjumefye k jf z.e;f ,fbg vlif
qefhumefokifckdefjaoauMj ,lbnrfbOBhqfgzFefokifuDjzkif;,.ifbnrf;emwfj?
nefeBh yAefwlOf,mifbzljerf;auMUekdifjaonrfbuM; yAefzljolef;wkrfvBj
ulef;ekrfb? vkufj[Aef;vBjvDauMUekdifj/ auMUwFrfjvdufj tvj qOfjumef;,.wfj
,mrfj,lb[lrjf +ifjumefvOA uf ef ]ymB;rlid ;f tvj ef;g rlid ;f } yMjwfjg zlju.e;f +ifjumef
60
qOfjcgmefrldif; wDjiOfjqkdifj =Ofrdlif; ymef nFrf@wD@an@ rldOfjz.if;yM;qfgOmif;

zFef cwf;qf[g w A ;f umefaowMU ugMbwdw;f cwf;c.ichf rfvmBvi. jf vmBwjD nrfbrle d f
qfgoFef;ekrfb[kefj[Of; qifbn.efuefzmwfbiOfjqkdifj=Ofrldif;ao qOfjumef;
,.wfj ckdefjyAefqOfj[mef,Ofh n.ufbeMjokduf;rldif;wB;y.wf;umif,Ofh/
auMUwFrfjvdufj ,if;w.if;,lb rldOfjymifukrf[lOf[kyfj yD@ 1990 q.rfy.if
okduf; qOfjckefoMb {j[Of; 3 auMU qOfjumef;,.wfj? yDjoFifqkdefj tvj auMU
wFrfjvdufj yef=OfacMj {j[Of;xwf;omif wDj,lyfj,.rf; c.ifrkufhqkrf;wyfhokduf;
z.i;f eefh ef;g [Of;omrfauMUeBh qOfjumef;,.wjf yAeaf uMUnMb,lU vAuo hf w
k ;f tvj
xwf;omifvjB vDauMUekid jf awvBjOMjeB,bl / ,.ee hf ef umefne . [f Ol f nrfbeef
wMbawyAez f jl n.e[f Ol ef hB awvBjrD; acMj,lid ;f nmef; (zmif[mif@) nefwuF bf
vFif; rldefeifb-
(1) ,ldif;nmef;eefh awvBjrD;wmif;cwf;qfg qifbxkdifwDjvBj/
(2) ,ldif;nmef; awvBjyAef nef[Awf;vBjtwh (nrfbqfgzef)/
(3) ,ldif;nmef; awvBjrD; nefwFufjeldif;qifjxwf;/
(4) ,ldif;nmef; awvBjrD; cmOf;,mrf;,OfhwlOfj xkdifwDj/
(5) ,ldif;nmef; awvBj wFrfjOBh? Omif;OBh? zFefOBh yAefvdufjvmB;/
qOfjumef;,.wjf eBah uMj awvBjOMj yAeuf e l ;f rD;wkOd hf wmif;zmif[mif@
zljn.ef=Of nefrD;acMj,ldif;nmef; oAefjwmif;wFufbvFif;rldefvmwfjrM;eBh
,lb/ ulp;f uMj cmOf;,mrf;nMb,lU ymB;Olefh wkdufh[Awf;umefrldefZMUzMbaowMU
orfyh eA f ]r.ubf [lijf qOf}h tvj qfvg uA qhf r. ;f ao nOfuik bf rkerf ef;qOfj,lbtwh
twh/
qmB;cldOf;vldef (uAif;wkif)
61
rloferf¤egifauj;
rlOferfhe.ifauMj auMj awMjvBjvlrfhqlrfugMb,Ofh/
rlOf nef,mrfjaewmif;[lOd ;f rfbg rM;? ymB,MUyM;[lOd ;f nefzw d ;f wmif;rM;?
ulpf;uMj vBjv.ifjugMbq.rf; efg;ymifbvmBb,Ofh/
rlOf nefyAef ayMjn.ufbn.ufb ]zkdefvdufjqkdifjwB;} +BjyefyM;q.rf;
nmB? oFO+f rfridl ;f wB;rM; vBj[lijf wlu;f z.i;f r.ubf ref;uD@rke;f yBbwef;v.ee hf ef/h
rlOf nefyefoiA uf i. vf ifaouOfb? nrfbvDuOl yf mif okud ;f wkud ;f wMbOmefj
f bl Oef;ekid jf ? ulp;f ,.euhf mrfbusrMb vBjvlboAejf qfg
rlid ;f ? ,krbf ,lid ;f ref; awxkid ,
ref;ugMb/
rlOf r.ufbrlOfnefqrfh? oDomBorfh[mBhOBhauMj? awMjrD; erfhuwfhul@zmBb?
vFwf;oFOf;ul@ymB;? OmB;rdlOf;eMjwMbulef;ul@auMUwif;rldif; yluf;oifhqifjyef v.B
oOfrldif;rM;,Ofhvl;/
rlOf nefyAefclOfumBbyef oFifbtvjr.if; {jyldefjw.if; u.if? r.if;? oFifb
omrfnef yBbckdifyefvBjvDvD vBj[uf;ugMb? ulpf; ,MbcD vkufjvmefOmB;vkdef;
awokdyfburfh,efref; ,lb/
rlOf nef ]wmif;r.i;f [lOq f }gf ol ,krbf ,rf,bl Oef;ekid jf wuf;awyAef
rM; acMjugmrf;nefolqOfjvmwfj? erfhqfgauMUimef nefolqOfjrD;? ymB;Olefh
nefolqOfj,dyf;urf? v.uf;vmB; nefolqOfj,Ayfb,ef? oAefjwmif;nefol
qOfjvlud jf yB? yBb+wfjyBbxkid af owMUauMj,Ofh vlw d jf rfbg ? vkujf vmef[Of;[M; aw
okdyfb[yfhugMb? cyfhugMb? eyfhugMb {jayM;+wfj ZMUymifbrldif;vFif;? eifbuM@yAefvBj?
y.ifvBj? [Awf;vBj? omifjvBjeefh,OfheB/
eyfh,rfxkdif rlOferfhe.ifauMj ao-
qmB;aeMbekrfb
62
udkif,xlduf;bgif;abj:
Dr.qmB;omifbnmBj
qof;pof:oh¤qfGvDvDcj;
wj,yD;egif¤wh: umefbfG, umefvlif
qof;pof:pAwf:rj:bof¤cj;
YzM;yAeq f OfjauMja[M;OB, h bl ? ef;g cli;f umifehB ule;f rlud jf erfwOdl ;f OMjeB/

auMU[Awf;umefvD (olyf;vmwfjnefvD? qfgnmifjnefvD? rkdOf;[Awf;nefvD)
qkdif yAefulef;vD,Ofh/ vmwfjauMj vmwfjvldif;vldif;? usmrfbauMjusmrfbrldufjrldufj?
[Aw;f auMj vufv h uf[h rd [f rd ?f eBth wh nrfb[mifh yAeuf e l ;f rlud jf ,Of/h zljvmwfjywky;f
ywmyf;? [Awf;ywkyf;ywmyf;qkdif? ulef;auMUeefh yAefulef;ywkyf;ywmyf;,Ofh/
qOfjuOfbyAefulef;oifeB? nOfumef (urfr) qOfjuOfb[Awf;eefh OMj,Ofh/
ulef;auMUekdifj yAefulef;qMUvfgeefh? x.rfbugmrf;vmwfjref; nrfb[lU
vBj? awvBjwlpf;[ef eMjumefnefref;[Awf;terM;,Ofheefhao? wlpf;{j
n.ubf rM; qifb[lUvBj,Of/h auMUneftubwlOd ;f (wmif;[lUerfwOdl ;f ) eefh ukidk uhf mifh
ide;f urf;vAO?f ukid uhf mif[h efyu. jf ekid jf awnrfbyBbwFy;f wwf;cef ule;f auMUeefh
u.efb/ rmifqldOf; ulpf;aqbugmrf;yldefj? umefyldefjao [Awf;uFifjyAefrM;ao rlifj
vlifOBhu.pf;/ rmify.ufj [Of;qmifjarMwlpf;zdwf;,lb/ auMUnefarM[M tr;yldefj
te;yldefjeefh [Of;qmifjarM[efOMj ]ref;[lUwldOf;} qldifheBugMb/ rmify.ufjeBh
auMUarMte;eefh nefref;[Awf;terM; erfhwdef erffhrkdOf; nefawte
63
,if;nrfbrD;oifaoy.ufj/ oDboDbyfgUwlpf;auMUarMte;eefh nrfboljarM,.ifj

a,M;yldefj/ ulef;rmifqldOf;eBh ugmrf;cMUugmrf;cmBorfh arMvmwfjtwhtwh erftwh
twh/ ugmrf;,.ifja,M;yldefjeefhorfh xDbOMjxDb nrfboljrD;/ nef[Of; xDb
vmwfjugmrf;,.ifja,M;yldefjeefh ulOfukifbvDc.ifyldefj ,fgbwldOf;ukifbvDc.i[f Of;ugMb
eef[h Odk ;f eB rmifyu. jf xmrfre F jf qOfjuOfbcke d ;f ,lb/ [Of;cMj tc;urf;urf;vBjide;f
ugmrf;OBhrOfwDjyldefj ugmrf;wAuf;wrfbwDjyldefj eefh,lb/ ]eBm;v.B rM;nFOfbOMj}/
]anM ,M@cmBzuf;cAOf umwfberfhqmifheefh[kdOf;} [Of;cMj wldOf;zkduf;qkdefb
vmwfjugmrf;,.ijf a,M; erfwOdl ;f rM;qkid f ukibf qOfjuOfbauMj awwlOd ;f rM;twh,bl
,Ofh/
ayM;[Of;ugMb[MokdOfh,Mj,M auMUnrfb[lUvdufjeefh twh awvBjx.rfb
q.rf;ugmrf;yldefju.pf;,Ofh/ auMU[lUvdufjtwh aw[Mnmefb vdufjnefwFrfjOBh
v.ijf ,Mj,MeBh elOd x f il ?f elOd af [Mb? elOd uf u. ;f ref; eef, h bl ,Of/h vdujf qlOd ;f wFrjf
OBe
h efh rmifqOdl ;f auMj ,krbf ,rfwrA yf ud ;f ugMbao qfUg wkOd ;f ugMb,Of/h qlOd ;f wlOd ;f =UelOd f
v.ifj,Mj,Meefh awwldOf;OlefhwldOf;wlpf;xkdifwDj ,Mj,Mefg;a[Mb? efg;u.uf;
eefh,lb,Ofh/ ,Mj,MeBh [Awf;n.ufbrM; rldOfjvfg? u.yfjoifref;uM@wldOf;? u.yfj
oifref; xkubf wlOd ;f ? erf[h iF ;f ref;rD;uM@[kOd ?f ,Mj,MeBh [Aw;f n.ubf rM; qmufjrlid ;f
vf?g rmBrjD xdi;f irf;v.ijf ,Mj,MeBh wDjrlid ;f [Aw;f eef?h refjuFebf uM@[kOd /f qkOd jf ,Mj
,Mtwh rFejf ,Of?h nefobgf rM;ef;g xlie f efh awyAev f jB ,MjuOfb,Mjr.i?f nef
Oef;ref;okwf;,Ofhao? yldefjawx.ufbyFwfjeefh[kdOf; qldifheB? qldOf;eBh ayM;
Olefhq.rf;vBj nrfbzdwf;cMj/ qlOfj[Of;yBbwFyf;wwf;? [lUxkdifOMj ],Mj,MeBh
vDwOdl ;f ,Mj,Meef}h nlOd jf eB {j[Of;[efre F jf ? ,Mj,Mz.i?f ,Mj,MrAwe hf ;gf a[MbeBh
wif;vdujf ref;wFrjf OBh elOd af [Mbref;eefh rFejf uef,bl [kOd /f ,Mj,Mef;g a[Mbeefh
erfhckdufhref; ckdwf;vBj vdufjwFrfjv.ifjc.ifref; eldOfa[Mbc.ifref;eefh,lb[kdOf;/
,Mj,Mefg;a[Mbeefh ayM;nrfbrFefj nrfbckdufh vdufjwFrfjc.ifqOfjuOfb? eldOfa[Mb
qOfjuOfbeefq h idk f [kOd af wugMbwFujf elid ;f c.iz f v gf jB ,Of/h urfjerftwh wlp;f vdujf
wFrfjeefhao okdOfh,Mj,MeefhugMb,Ofh/ wDtwhref; okdOfh,Mj,MugMb nrfbqfgj?
okdOfhaqj,Mj,MeefhugMbao efg;qfguldOf;OMj udef,Mj,MvD,Ofheefhulpf;,Ofh/
wMbvlud jf wMb,lp;f ? wMbwFujf wMbelid ;f ? ule;f [Of;cFe;f ,myfbwlOd ;f ,Of/h
64
zljvufh vufhclOf;c.ifyldefjrM; rM;rFifbyefvkufjyefar;/ vkufjar;orfhawOMj

]ayMjcOfyAef ulef;vDawMbcOf} ,Ofh/ qOfjclOf;c.iftwhtwheefhorfh aw
[efOMj ]auMUvufheBh yAefulef;nrfbvD? [Awf;umefnrfbvD? yAefulef;rldufj? aw
wluf;i'mB;}eB,lb,Ofh/ ayM;awnOf rBhxwf;odef (oDv) [MjoAefjeefh rM;
wFufjrM;xwf; wif;o.ifzmBbqkdif? ayMjrD;ykefjz.ef;vAifhvkufjvmif;eefhtwh
qfjg ,lb/ v.ijf zmBbeBth wh yAez f mBbvD,bl aowMU wmif;uderf M; yefrM;vAiq hf Odl ;f eefh
yAecf i. v f ufh yAeuf mefnrfbvD/ u.yjf eB umefnrfbvDye A if Ofj umefvyD e
A yf mBref;OBh
u.p;f / rle d e f ifb ,Mj,MqMUvfg vDaonefvgf qlid e hf ef ef;g tujule;f [Of; wFujf
wlpf;rFefj,lb/ rldefeifb ,Mj,Ma[Mbvfga[Mbeefh ,Mjefg;a[Mb tvj vdufj
wmif;e.ufj awvBjrFefjuefeefh? ulef;auMUekdifjauMj ekrfbawMb,fgb umefvD
[Aw;f rM;,Ofuh M@[kOd ?f umefnrfbvD [Aw;f rM;,Ofuh M@[kOd ?f ayM;[kyjf qyf;uefrM;eB
ulef;auMUeBh ukdifbxldufjyAefvBj ulef;vD,lbteb? ukdifbxldufj,.ifja,M;,lbteb/
ulef;vD ulef;nrfbvDeBh awvBjugMbwFufj auMUeefhauMUeBhao qifbyAefv.ifj
ruf;refjule;f vD? ule;f qMUrM;nrfbqfjg / ef;g wlOuf e l ;f vAO?f vufjceMbnefqMU
rD;wDjulef;vAOf? vufjceMb ulef;vD rD;wDjulef;vAOfu.pf;,lb,Ofh/ umefiOfj
umefyxMbe yAefnefvD,lbqkdif yAefumef nrfb,MUnrfbuOf;zfgqkdif yAefvjB
ulef;vD nrfb,MUnrfbuOf;zfg eefh,Ofh/
qlOd ;f nef xmrf;umef y'? xmrf;umef ule;f vmB eefh rD;,lbwif;erf?
eyfx h Odk uf @l qOfjul@ule;f ,lbanMj/ rmifqOdl ;f rmifqOdl ;f uBuh v hB mwfjv.ijf YwM;xrfb
r,lb/ rmifqldOf; rmifqldOf; uBhuBhvmwfjv.ifj vdufjvmB;ZdifjtijqldOhfcldOf;wB;,lb?
ulpf;uMj nrfbxkdifxmefj[Awf;/ u.yfjeB ulef;vmwfjerfvldOf ulef;[Awf;umef/
vmwfjeBhauMj twhref; yAefumef (OqDuMr) v.ifjekdifjeifbuOfb,Ofh/ vmwfj
v.ijf YwM;? z.ev hf i. jf YwM;auMj yAeuf mefurfrxmef;YwM; v.ijf ekid jf eifbuOfb,Of/h
auMUuBhvmwfjeBh? uBharMte; auMU[Awf;,lb,Ofh/ rldOfjcmOf;eBh wDjeBh? omBimBeBh?
ukdifbxldufj[Awf;qldifheBtvj wFyf;wwf;[Awf;ugMb,Ofh/ xkufbuM@[kdOf? vDuM@[kdOf
nefOMjeefh OmB;vifqifb[efqFifjrM;/ [Awf;ao ayM;yldifj[ldifjugMbqkdif auMUuBh
vmwfjeefh n.ubf rM;qDth e;urf;vAO, f Of?h ]twhref;ukid bf vD[wA ;f eBnOdl jf ? twh
ref;ukid bf vDC qlid e hf nB Odl jf }eB/ rlOd jf cmOf;vBjwFy;f wwf;[Aw;f ugMbeefh ref;auMj
65
ekrf,pmh:qmh:bdif:xkif¤yAif: rj:wluf:Ol:wD;cmh:Odrf,
nrfb[lUvBjeifbuOfb/ ulef;x.rfbref; awvBjarMx.rfbu.pf;,Ofh/ ]wmif;[lUOmB;

ymif} qldifheB? ckdufhuM@[kdOf? nrfbckdufhuM@[kdOf/ auMU[Awf;rM;twhtwh? [Awf;rM;
n.ew f mif;eef?h awvmwfjte cmOf;? wDj tvj omBimBref; vBjwlu;f v.u;f wlu;f
nFubf / auMUvmwfjOmB;ymiftwh awzlbzlbzmOfbzmOfbu.p;f ? nrfbwlu;f v.u;f wlu;f
nFufbvBj/
v.ifjwmif; nefwFrfjrM;zmBbeldOfqldOf;eBh yAefymB;Olefh wMburfhxFrf
v.ifjwFufj? rBhwFufj? wMb,.ifja,M; nrfb,.ifja,M; eefh,Ofh/ zfg,.ifjnrfb
,.ifjauMj nefukdifbxldufj[Awf; nef[Awf;vBjeefh aw[Awf;ugMb,lb,Ofh/ ulpf;
uMj qlOd ;f [mifj[Fe;f wMbwmifbukibf ? wMb,.ijf a,M;eefth wh orfah wvBjrD; rmBrjD ?
rD;rBhwFufjref;,lbtwh,Ofh/ rldOfjcmOf; qfgydOf [Of;OMj emotional eefh nrfb
wFwfjeFwfjvD/ awvBjrD; v.ifjrD;wmif;? yAefoif? u.yfjoifeB rational aw
vBjqFijf vFi;f vD,bl ,Of/h [Aw;f umefeifbuef? auMUOlen hf u. bf wmifbterM; n.ef
66
wmif;eef?h yM;qfw g Odl ;f ? rD;qfz g wdk [hf wA ;f zkw

d yhf i. f (initiative) twh,bl ,Of/h ayM;
[Awf;auMj? [Awf;ao? y.Bbao? qldifheef nrfb,Ofhumef? eifb[kdOfaw,Ofhumef
vBjqifj? vBjqkdefb? qifj[Fif;urfhOBh (stamina) eBhauMj yldif,fgbtwhtwh/ cmOf;
[kid uf M@[kOd f ukid bf xlud jf wlOd ;f ceef, h Of/h auMUawn.e=f Of [Aw;f {jyAeuf mefuMg beef?h
awvBjrD;wmif; v.ijf [wf;[mef? ([wf;vmwfj? [wf;[Aw;f ? [wf;n.e[f Ol )f twh
,lb,Ofh/ ayM;nrfbrD; v.ifj[wf;[mef oifauMj nrfbyAefrM;vBj/
nef[w A ;f {jymifvUl ? arM,MU{jwFubf ,mBjeBh yAeq f rgf Mbe? qfug Of (Ego)
eefh,Ofh/ ayM;rD;wmif;[lUerfqkdif? rD;qfg[lUwMbyldefj? rD;qfg,.efbyefyldefj
(tolerance) tvj qfgrMbe ,.rf;z.ifj,lb/ v.ifjwmif;nefxFifjofgb rMbe orfh
erfwOdl ;f twhtwh/ ayM;rD;ike d ;f ? clO;f c.if erfwOdl ;f rM;auMj arMxFijf ofbg [Fi;f rMb
e,Ofj/ [Fi;f [Aw;f vBjOMjyAef erfwOdl ;f rM;tvj qfq g rl ;f wlOd ;f rM;? nOfuik bf wlOd ;f
rM;? OBhwlOfqOfjuOfbckdufhwldOf;rM;/ awMb[mefhceBh nrfbzdwf;zfg/ ayM;n.ufbqfg
vlvmByldefjrM; (rfg;rD;uM@[kdOf? uOfrD;vldOfrfg;nldOfj)? n.ufbqfgcfgjtyhudefyldefjrM;?
[Awf;zdwf;eldOfyldefjao nmef;nOfikdef;okdOfhtyhnOf qldOf;eBhqkdif zdwf;ydlefj
,Ofj/ qfrg Mbe n.ez f w d ;f ,Ofj/ nef[Of;rD; qfcg jgf rD;cfjg rmufj (avM;z) eef?h
awMb[mefheBh nrfbzdwf;zfg/ ayM;avM;z ylefhyFefao? ,Aef;yAefrM; (Odor
avM;z) qkid ?f zFOe f Odl of eA jf wmif;zdw;f ugMb,Ofj/ ayM;avM;z ,fbg [Fi;f ugMbqkid f
ugmrf;vmwfjauMj nrfbrefjnrfbedr?f qfag uMj nrfbrefjnrfbedrv f jB ,Ofj/ qlOd ;f
rD;yefbpMb erfwldOf;rM;? qldOf;eMjumef? wM@ckefokifwldOf;rM;? qldOf;eBhauMj
rMbearMcOfjrM;/ yefbpMbrMbe eBh nrfarM[Awf;wDjyldefj? ulpf;uMj uyf;umBb
vlpfj wmif;arMyefbpMbref;eefh ref;nrfbcfgj,.rf;yldefj/ ayM;yAef rMbe
twh? rMbeoifauMj nrfbyefv.ifjwmif;vD? tc;yefv.ifjnrfbvDu.pf;,Ofj?
vDZmifhtwhtwh/ qldOf;rD;nrf;emwfjwldOf;rM;auMj? qmif@arM[mBhwldOf;rM;,lb/
qldOf;rD;wDjnM;ulOf;? rD;yDje.ifh efg;ulef;vlifauMj? qmif@arMnOf eMjwMyDj
e.ichf Ofeef?h rdy;f r.y;f ? ,MUwAiyf e dl jf ? tyhue d yf e dl jf ugMb/ twhref; auMUnOfqOdk jf
oAie f Mj wMyle d jf rM;,MU? rM;ilw d jf eefh rle d uf efwif; nOfqOdk jf yle d jf olOd bf wmif;
wMbref;eefh,Ofj/
qOfjumef;,.wjf [Of; oAijf umrfbqOfuh Mg beBh yAen f efvaD o;vmB,bl twh/
67
efg;wB;[Of;? qOfj[Of;cOf? nefuldOf;vD wDjwB;aotvj? qkdOfjoAif,fgbvkdOf;

ywf;yke d rhf idl ;f wB;? ywf;yked rhf idl ;f z.r[hf rl jf rD;wif;erf,bl / u.yjf ylOd jf uyf;umBbvlpjf
v.ifjvdufjvmB;ZdifjtijwB;tvj qifbvBjwldOf;cOfjn.ufbql; qOfjumef;,.wfj
[Of;rM;/ ,.eyhf Odl jf r.ubf [yf{h jrM;y.;B yD@rfbg oDbayMU eBauMj? OBq h e gf yf,
h rfuefaotvj
cwf;qfg{jzFOfvBjrM;cMj/
v.ifjumrfb[mBhuM;ydefj yAefrM;tvj? {jayM;yAef v.ifjurfh[Fif;qfgeefh?
cwf;qfrg Odl ;f qf;g yef wDj[li;f ,Mao? vBjnkybf nlO;f uef v.ijf vdujf vmB;Zdijf tij
wB; erfwldOf;rM;/ ayM;vmwfjv.ifjqldOf;eBheB? rldefeifb ref;qOfjvkdrf;v.ifj
aObweMb wmif;qAyf;qOfjuOfbz.ifj/ cmOf;eBh ref;qOfj awvlOfbv.ifjyefqfg
,lb,Ofe h ?B cMjauMj [drcf mOf;,mrf;ao wlOd ;f yAen f OF bf xFijf z.ijf / umefref;qOfj
cfjg [Aw;f rD;wif;erf? rle d ef ifb cfjg {jn.ubf yyfw h ;B erferf? cfjg {jrD; =if;[Ae;f ZmBbwB;
rD;v.ifjrBjqfg ulOfqldOfhcldOf;wB;[mBOmB; eldOfvdefrldif;eBhugMb/
OMj{jcMj[Of; wFrfjyefyyfh awvD[Awf;[kdOfvkrf;vM; vkufjn.efb[Of;
{jckdefj,fgbrM;? orfh{jcOfvBjwmif;[lU? ymB;Olefh nefawokdyfb,lbymefulef;ugMb
Oef;eMjeefh/ eBhte v.ifjref;qOfjyM;qgfyM;acM; {jyDje.ifhwB; arM,lb? arM
omifj ukduf;vlpfj v.ifjvFufjvmBjvlif eldOfvlufjvkrfjZMU eefh,lb,Ofj/ uOfcMj
auMj [yfn h Odl jf rM;,lbcMj/ ulp;f uMj wAruf Mg b,Ofyh @D ekid jf auMj nrfb,Of?h wAruf Mg b
,Ofho.ifyD@auMjnrfb,Ofh/ uOfcMjauMj nmBnM;eMbtwhcMj/
OmB;vif wmif;yAerf bgf orfch OfjxFijf / u.yjf nrfbcfjg {j xFijf ZB;rBjqftg vj
ymefuOfbeBh nrfbr.ufbulef;yAef? nrfb{julef;yAef[lU wmif;yAefqOfjuOfb/ ymef
rldOfjvAOftwh yAefwmif;yAefoifOBheefh ayM;ulef;yAef q.rf;[lUOBhqkdif? yAefv.ifj
q.BjxFrf wMb,Mwmif;yAefeefh,lb,Ofh/ u.yfjeB aw[Awf;[kdOfvmwfjteref;
qOfjeB? nkybf nlO;f vlpjf wif; emif;osLpfbrkibf ao? rlOd jf nrfbrD;zfag oauMUeef?h
nkdwf;zuf;wlao? vmwfjteref;qOfjugMb,Ofj/ OmB;eBh n.efuefwFyf;wwf;
ugMb,Mwmif;yAef wDjrldif;u.ufb/
y.ufjckdef;rM; wMbckdef;ugMbrldif;u.ufbxFifj/ ulpf;uMj ,Mj,Mnrfbckdwf;
wmif;yAe?f nrfbwyfv h jB elOd n hf u. bf ,krf (uFebf oMb) vBj,Ofj/ y.ujf rlOd ;f cmB;odrbf ?
orfv h il ;f rM;,mefbukibf ? wMbokyd bf cmOf;wmif;rlid ;f u.ubf xFijf / uOfcMjauMj OBq h ,gf rk bf
68
,rf eldOfaqbweMbqOfjuOfb? ,krfb,rfeldOf wmif;[lUqOfjuOfb vlpfjv.ifj

wmif;yAefeBhao,Ofh? ref;qOfj awnrfbz.rfhaowMU qkdefb[mrfjwlpf;,Ofj?
nrfbvBj/ ref;qOfj wFyf;wwf;qfgref;qOfjOBh wMbugMbrldif;u.ufb OBh,Ofj/ omBimB
wmif;yAef qkwfj,.rf;wldOf;rM;tvj cMjauMj tr;qfgtr;acM;? qkdefbqfg qkdefb
acM;ao ,dy;f urfrOdk ;f qOfj[Of; Oke d ;f Oke
d ;f ao ]{jcMj vBj,.e;f [mrfjcmOf;wmif;
qOfj[Of; wMbugMbrldif;u.ufbeefh xFifjy.ufjekdifjcMj} eB/ ref;qOfjolyf;nrfb
w.yfb? i.uf;[lOfyefrM;,Ofj/ ayM;eef vD[mifj[Fef; y.ufjcmB;odrfbu.pf;cMj,Ofh/
rldOfjzkufjawyAefrldOf;cmB;odrfb/ uOfcMj rldOf;qfg;xFifj? OufhurfrkdOf;qOfj
[Of;Oke d ;f Oke
d ;f ao ]qOfj[Of; OBq h v gf vD cD Mj? wMbyDje.iw hf ;B ? umef,bgf ? umefvil ?f
qOfj[Of;[Awf;rM;,OfhcMj}/ ]urfjz.ifj nrfbwef;vBjc.wfb,.wfjref;ulpf;
nlOd jf }/ vmwfjawMbuOfcMj? eByh e A f acMjugmrf;wDjokw;f ref;qOfj,Ofj/ rlOd jf zFOf
cmB;odrfb,OfhauMj Oef; 14.3.2004 eefh qOfjumef;,.wfj oAifjumrfbugMb,Ofj/
{jzFOfwDjvDwDjimrf;cMjeMj/
qOfjumef;,.wfj[Of; oAifjumrfbugMbauMj? qfgwdwf;qfgqyf;eldOf eMj
umefybB ,Ofv h jB eefh awrD;OB/h olOd w f mBoOdl w
f e
F ;f ? vFe;f wmBve F ;f ykwjf eBtvj?
qOfjqlOd ;f nef y.ibf qfe g Odl f qOfj[Of;auMj rD;wif;erf? qlOd ;f nef ,lid ;f nmef;
rldefuefauMj rD;,lbwif;erftvj? qOfj[Of; vBjvyf;wMvkdrf;rldif;ugMbeefh
qked bf OBq
h ngf Ul yduchf Mb {jvBjugMbaourf;/ {jqfug wf;,Aeaf o cmOf;wmif;xkubf okyd bf
ugMbeefh {jokdyfbvBjugMbxkdifwDjvDwDjimrf;eefhaourf;/ y.BbqfgcMj? Omif;qfgcMj/
nefqOfj[Of; cgfj{jyAefyyfh? ymB;Olefhtewmif; wDjyDje.ifhwB;ymefrfgbeefh ,Ofh
OBh,Ofj/ qmB;azb[Of; ayMUOBh,Ofj/ aw[MvmB; [Awf;{jyAefyyfhugMb,lb,Ofj/
qOfj[Of;Omif;qfg {jxkdifwDjuwf;,Aefqfgaourf;wMU/ efg;qfgulef;wif;erf
awruf;refjOBh,lb/
]qOfjumef;,.wfj yAefzljukdifbxldufj,.ifja,M;} ,lbeB/
Dr.qmB;omifbnmBj
69
qof;umef:bgwf;zmwf,ckefOj,
zdwf:pdkofxkuf,
ckdef;ofg
Oef;xDj 6 vldefusMef@eBh ayM;nOfvkrfjZMUOMj yAefOef; D-Day

Oef;nef wyfo h udk ;f ntr@'duef@? ndi;f uvAwjf tvj Z'mifboAwjf cOf cke d jf
Zifb,l;\lyhf rlOd jf 1944 ydOl jf wMbwkud ;f awM;a[Mjvkyd jf yFwjf qkr;f ewf@oD@usLOd @f
reD@ (Nazi Germany) efg;okduf;vkrfjZMUy.ufjo.if/
ulp;f uMj ayM;nOfridl ;f wB;OMjtwh yAeOf ef;nefuudk ;f yke d ;f Oef;ekid jf ?
rFefjrldOfjqOfjumef;,.wfj zmwfbn.ufbwyfhokduf;rldif;wB; (nFrf@xD@an@)
nefqOfjckeo f Mbn.e=f Of cke d ;f twbwifjylu;f y.if wyfo h udk ;f qdOl q
hf mwfjqkid jf wB;
ao wluf;vlif;ukdwf;okduf;uefwif; vlify.ifqkdifjokduf;rmef@rM; efg;yD@ 1995/
uAObf vlpjf v.ijf ulw d bf yAerf M;ef;g Oef;eBh [mefah wMb,mrf;vAO?f rmifyu. jf
urfjz.ifj wkdufhw.yfbxAifuefOMj zdwf;[kdOfxkufbeBeefh ,if;yBb,OfhwlOfjokwf;
oAijf / rmifzOfb [mefah wMbyke d ;f rlid ;f ayM;rlw;f OmB;ugMb ef;g n.u;f anMwB;,Ofe h efh
awokdyfbxAifuefugMbxFifjauMjyAefvBj/
u.yjf eef z.i;f qrfxidk cf mOf;,mrf; qOfjumef;,.wjf zmwfbckeo f MbwArf
15 yD@eeft h vjoif? rmBy@D rmBOef; nefqOfjumef;,.wjf oAijf rkeuf Mg b c.yjf clybf
[MjyD@eefh tvjoif? vDvjB n.euf efyw dk bf nlu;f ykw
d bf qfg (nrfbzdw;f qfyg idl jf qfg
wDjuef) xwf;omifvAyfj[Aef; acMjrkef; (facts) ref;ao [MacMj[kyfj
70
Ndef:zl;ygifumeful<vgif;vgif; wD;iof;ikef:cmh;Odrf,
qmh:umef:bgwf; rdlof;wkduf¤rD:efG:wyf¤Odkuf:rldif:wh:
71
(Conclusion) ref;wlpf;,lb/
uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjeBh wuf;vBjofgbqfgOBhOMj nrfbqfgjclefh[Mwmif;zdwf;
ydlOfjwMbylOfhofgbeldOf qOfjumef;,.wfj [kdOf qOfjckefoMb/ ref;yAefw.efjwMb=U
OMj oifqOdl Ohf Mj qOfjumef;,.wjf nrfbzke d Ohf mBbqkid f v.ijf nefOMj ef;g cmOf;,mrf;
2 yD@ (awMbxkdif 1997-98) awqmif@[efildefjoFwfjomBimB nOfvBjckdef;rldif;
,lbeBeefh q.ibf qfjg nrfbqfjg / vlOd e f efah uMj xkubf vBj=UOMj v.ijf wyfo h udk ;f rlid ;f wB;
vBjykwf;yif;ulefbvFOfugMbeBh yAefv.ifjvDwMbwB; nrfbeef v.ifjqMUwMbwB;
eBeefuh p . ;f / ayM;eefqifb awqmif@Omif;zFef uFwbf tct[Uuifj (nrfbeef)
[MvmB;,kufh,.ifjiOf;vmB; nefqmif@orfhykdef;ckdef;rldOf;eMj/
uAOfbvlpfjerfhqfgqOfjumef;,.wfj OBheldOfqldOfhqmwfjOmefjrldif;eefh
twh zfn g rfbwmyfjxmifbxlrd o f if/ qlOd e hf ifbref;qOfjeBh ayM;nrfbqfjg zlj[yfo h B.
vDye k jf qlOd q hf mwfjauMj nrfbqmif@qdteOMj zfyg e A z f jl [yfoh v B. D ykejf qlOd q hf mwfj
xFifj/
ykefjwMbwyfhokduf;rldif;wB; (nFrf@xD@an@)twh wldufjwDjOMj qOfj
ilO[hf mef? qOfjumef;,.wjf cOf nrfbzke d Ohf mBbzmwfbn.ubf auMjvD nrfbOef;ekid jf
auMj Oef;ekdifj =Uwuf;awpM;urf@qMwM[mBUqMU qldOfheifbnefyAefrM;eefh
nrfb[mifheB nrfbwmyfjxmifbxldrfoif/
(1) nFr@ f xD@an@ eByh e A f rkuq hf rk ;f _wyfo h udk ;f nefue l ;f auMUvAOf tvj
qkr;f qlOd ;f rlbyDjqkr;f e.ichf Of r.ujf urfrOdk ;f ,.y;f ekid jf u.p;f rD;nMbeMb_okebf
vBj/
(2) ref;nrfbqfjg rkuq hf rk ;f ylu;f y.irf M;vlpjf erfq h qgf Odl q
hf mwfj nefzuk bf Zif
,ifb[mufjvkdufhvrfb/
(3) qefheldOfwif;qefhwfgjtvjoif? ZmBbokduf;wif; ZmBbulef;rldif;tvjoif
rD;v.ifjnrfb[mefhqfgawMbuef [mOfj[Fif;ckdefjrM;wduf;wduf;/
(4) umefymB;rldif;nefOMjeBh ayM;yAefZmBbyldefj [Of;=pf;wkdwfhrM;yAefZmBbumif
wkdwfhqefrM;yAefZmBb[Of;/
(5) ef;g rli d ;f wB;eBh qkr;f nef[Of;nrfbvBj,kOd ;f uef ayM;nrfbcfjg ukw d ;f aoqkr;f /
e.ufjrldif;auMj nrfbqmif@wkdwfhqefrldif;vfgrM;yAefnlpf;vD/ rldefeifb
72
rlid ;f xB;eBh [Of;nrfbylerhf ef;vBjtvj zlOd bf aw[Mul@v.u;f ul@vmB; ole;f

=pf;rM;yAefnlpf;vD? orfhnOfugMbyAefzljcAef/
v.uf;vmB;qldOf;eBh zfgokdyfb[Awf;xFifjrldOf;eMjauMj qAOf;tvjemef;
=Uwuf;awykwf;yif;vkvFOf rldefwyfhokduf;rldif;wB;,lb/
OMjeBaowMUauMj v.ijf qlOd ;f eBh ayM;yBb=yfuh ef [Mv.u;f vmB;=rfjuefvD
imrf;qkdif efg;ykdef;rldif;wB;eBh iOf;vmB;eifbeB qmif@uldwfbyAefrM;xFifj orfho.if
orfhomrf nrfb,OfhnrfbOmB;/ u.yfjeef [Of;wuf;vBjrM; n.efuef[McmOf;,mrf;
n.ifjwDjwkdOfhwmif;vDvDao nkkyfbuefckdufhckdufhcrfbcrfb/
qOfjumef;,.wjf oAijf rkef vyfv h iB. e
dk ;f v.cB rf;ugMbaowMU ,krbf ,rfOMj
ayM;ref;qOfj,if;yBbyle[hf mB[rd ;f +rf;[Of;ugMbrD;wDjuBtwh ref;qOfjwuf;aw=rf
qlrf;oMxkyef,lb/
ckdef;ofg
73
vh;xlyf:rkdwf;udkof:
qof;umef:bgwf;
qmB;ymef;[Fif; (ayMjn.ufbvmB;ofgwB;)
]zfGwmhauj; pmhuGj,} uGmrf:wh:pof:rD:oh¤eif,ehauj;

wlofqof;ugnf: pmhuGj,/ qkdof;qof;? vduf;vmh:ymhurfqof;
qldof:wSrf;oh¤eef¤sw¤ Mef,pmhvh;/
rlOd jf twbvBjxly;f ref;qOfjeBh yAerf Odl jf ef;g yD@ 1994 eef/h ref;qOfj
wkud hf yAeq f Ofj[mef ef;g wyfo h udk ;f rlid ;f wB; (nFr@f xD@an@)ao rM;rD;,lbelOd v f B.
clOd ;f / u.yjf ylOd jf cMjyAef ule;f [Aw;f umefvud jf vmB;auMUekid jf tvj qifbvBjxly;f uef/
v.ifjnefuyf;okdyfbref;eBhauMj rldOfjz.if;eefh yAefv.ifjnefrD;az;awhawh/
z.i;f nrfbxmifb[mifj[Aw;f vlie f efh ref;qOfjcfjg [Aw;f yyfyh e dk n f u. bf eB/
u.yfjyldOfjeef qifb+ifhcMjao ugMbtewDjqmufjayMUvdufjref;qOfjeefh,Ofh/
zFOuf Mg bwDjOmefjekid jf nefr;D wDjwdev f cB. Odl ;f eef/h ,Ofah yM;n.ubf OmefjugMbao
nrfbayM;[kid f vBjcOfjugMbef;g yMbxle d bf / zFOuf Mg bwDjZifberf+h ifjn.ebf nefeidk jf /
vBjvkOd jf yfUg OBh wDjokrx hf iA n
f e. bf vifeidk jf / ule;f yfUg ,mrf; nefr;D OBw h jD okrx hf iA ef efh
n.ufbugMburf;ekdifjao ckdef;rM;y.ifbOMj ]ugMbvBjcMj,Ofh rM;q.rf;cMjtvj}eB/
qifbn.efuefugMbq.rf;vifref;/
zFOuf Mg bef;g yMbxle d bf wDjekid jf rD;rmufb[derf mufbzMvlif yAew f jD yAew f jD /
wDjekid jf qrfh ayM;wlp;f vDvD qifbu.jB =UOMj yAe=f ;xrfj/ qmB;n.ebf nefnu. bf
rM;eefh ugMbqku;f OBh wDjymufbxrfjeef/h eMjwMref; wlp;f [Of;cMjeefh y.ibf OMj
cOfjugMbvBj,Ofch Mj eB/ qifbn.euf efre l chf OfjugMb ef;g xrfjeef/h ymufbxrfjeefh
74
rdlof;bdkef;Ol:xdkif zl;uwf¤cSef,vduf;vmh:wh: aq<oAif:OD,ayj.
75
uFyjf eMbtvj vBjulrjf awhawhao qifbcOfjugMbvBj/ xkid e f ;gf ref;eefth wh ugmifj

r.ufj oDb[MjOM;yefbrlef;/ wmif;okifref;auMj ,kdef;rkdOf;nrfbxkdifvD/
wDjeefj,Ofh yAen f i. jf wDjqmufjayMUvdujf / qmufjayMUvdujf twh yAef
qmufjn.efb nefvBjcyfhwlOfvdufjrmufbqkdef;? ,Ofh vBjnOfwdef,AyfbaoayMU
orfhawMUtwhayMUvBj r.ufjckdyfjyefbrlef; (ckdifjaqjanbzlOf; (A4) u.pf;)/
omBvFif;auMj nrfbx.ifbcOfjrM;vBjtvj vBjwBjwAef;aoayMU/
ef;g xrfjeefh wDjekid jf orfh erfz h M,mwfb,.wbf wlu;f ,.wbf wlu;f tvj
nOfuu. ;f erfw h ik ;f OB/h ayM;wAruf u. ;f eB orfch e . jf ofbg OBeh ;gf erfw h Ofjude/f ayM;udef
wlp;f ayM;uwf;iFe;f iFe;f OB, h Of/h zlOd bf cMjudew f p l ;f ,Ofh cke d ;f cku;f qfvg jB nef
ylbemB;[Of;cOfOMj ]erfz h M,mwfbeBh yAe, f Mjqfe g rd nf Odl jf } eBeefh awyAev f jB
,lb/ uwf;iFef;iFef;ao ayM;udef,OfhauMj [mif@wmif;rBjefg;qfgefg;acM; ayM;
,AefugMb,Ofh/
xkid rf M;vBj[ef qmufjayMUvdujf n.ebf ef;g xrfjeefh Olerhf e F jf vliuf Mg b
uljqldOfhuljyldif,Ofh/ ]zljn.ef=Ofvkufhzkdefh vlifrldif;tcb rOf@qdkOf@wkif;auMj
,mrfj,lbefg;xrfjaowFrfj ]zkdefvdufjvFifvlif} cOfrM;/ qOfjumef;,.wfj
eBah uMj tc;tc;awyAee f ef,bl ,lO}hf eB/ ,Ofah uMj orfOh e l rhf eF jf ]ref;qOfjeBh
yAefulef;cfgjOlefhylefhugMb,Ofh,lOfh} eB/
zlju.e;f qmufjayMUvdujf eefh vBj[efeMjref; rlOd jf ZB;wAe;f x.ibf eefh
u.pf;tvj nrfbayM;cfgjw.if;/ ,OfhauMj wlpf;ugMbwlpf;rM; qifbu.Bjw.if;vDvD/
rlOd jf z.i;f ,mrf;vBjxly;f uefeefh ref;yAeq f Ofju.e;f Owfah o rlOd jf vAOo f rfh ekijf
clO;f o.icf e F Of ,hB Of/h rlOd jf z.i;f cMjvBjymB@ugMbymB@cke d ;f eefh vBjrlOd ;f ymB@rlu;f aoMU
=rfjukifbrkefref;qOfj,Ofh/
yyfhvud fjqOfj[mef nefcfgj[Awf;eefhtwh nrfbn.ufbrM;vBjaoyyfh/
ulpf;eMb u.yfjyldOfjuyf;okdyfbref;qOfjtvj rD;wmif;zdwf;eBao ulef;vBjcmrfb
,.efhref;ugMbwif;erf,Ofh/ wlOfcMjauMj wif;vBjymB@rFyf;wmif;ekdifj,Ofhwmif;
ekid jf / xkid q
f Ofjumef;,.wjf nOfvi. jf uwf;,Ae, f Ofh qifbvBjxmifb[mif@ ugMbrM;
,lb,Ofh/
,.eyhf Odl jf v.ijf eBah o ylbtub[Of;wDjOmefj nefr;D qmufjayMUvdujf eefh
76
twh nmifjawvBjpM;wmrfbwmBu.efb/ ulpf;eMb n.efuef,.ef;e.rf;eMbtvj

ulpf;vBjcrfxmifaowmufbvFwfbOBh Oef;ekdifjeB,Ofh/ yAefnefqfgnrfbvDq.rf;
ylbtub[Of; awhawhOMjOMjaowMUauMj nefcMjvBjerfw h e. ;f ref;ugMbndw;f ekid jf
twh v.ifjwmif;nefeBh nOfwFrfjofgbefg;yyfhqldif;[mif@vlefh rldOfj]vmB;ofgwB;}
[Awf;ylbtub efg;yyfh ]ylbtubOmefj[Of;} eefh,lb,Ofh/
rlOd jf uBuh Mg bwDj qOfj[mef[Of;eefh urf;urf;vBjide;f v.ijf ule;f okud ;f ref;
[Aw;f nrfbqkOd jf nrfbqfjg tvjeefah uMj nOfwrF jf ofbg OBh ef;g yyf]h ylbtubOmefj[Of;}
eefw h if;erf,Of/h u.yjf ylOd jf eef ref;,mrfjOMj[if;cMj ]yDjqmB;wFrjf OMj[if;[Of;
u.p;f vli?f v.ijf yle d jf [Aw;f eefth wh orfn h rfbyM;} eB/ nef cMjcke d ;f vmwfjte
ref;twh ]v.ijf yle d jf auMj yM;,lbvl;? vlObf Olen hf Ofao qifbu.jB =UanMj/ ayM;
OMjokdOfjeMb ,lOfcMjauMj vBjugMbw.Bbrmufb[defq.rf;yldefj,OfhnldOfj} eB,Ofh/
qOfjumef;,.wjf eBh ,mrfj,lbq.r;f ref;rM;tvj nefcMj=Utwh ref;
yAeuf el ;f rkw
d jf oliv f ud jf vmB;/ ef;g vdujf vmB;auMj orfrh w dk jf olif w.ejf ymB;Oleehf efh
,Ofh/ v.ifjeBhauMj cMj,mrfjvmwfjref; ]ayM;qOfjolifv.ifjymB;OlefheB vAyfj
[Aef;ymB;OlefhykwfhxqOfjavMb C/ nefokifvldOfymB;OlefhykwfhxeBh nrfbrD;
u.pf;} eB/
OmB;rM; zmwfbuefugMbwif;[kdifao zldOfbvBjxlyf;ckdef;auMj ref;qOfj
yAeuf Mg bule;f yAeaf o nrfbvkuv hf jB ,Of/h ule;f ugMbwlp;f ref;qOfjauMj ayM;nrfb
xmwfbtvj nrfbqmif@vBjvmwfjawMbref;vDv/D awMjeef ref;qOfjvmwfj
cMj ]cMjwFrfjOBh ugmrf;wFwfjwB;[Of;xkdifugMb ]x},Ofh} eB/ cMjauMjvdefhzmB
olyf;zmBaoOMj ]ayM;qOfjnrfbwef;,OfhauMj olifbrM;yefcMjtvj/ cMjaw
okdyfbwFrfj} eB/ xkdifvmwfj,Ofh qifbu.Bjukdifhumifh,kyf;vBj v.ifjOMj vmwfjugmrf;
zdwf;ugMb,OfheB/ rM;wlpf;ulef;yAefvl; vlOfbvBjyef[Fif;ref;qOfjOMj ]qOfj
awcFef;rM;ao wFrfj,OfhugMbrlwf;vBj,lb? ,MbayrBjqfgoif}eB/
]zfgwmBauMj [mBugMb} ugmrf;wB;[Of; rD;OBheifbeBauMj wlOfqOfju.pf;
[mBugMb/ qkdOfjqOfj? vdufjvmB;ymBurfqOfj qldOf;wFrfjOBheefhtwh +efb[mBvBj/
qmB;ymef;[Fif; (ayMjn.ufbvmB;ofgwB;)
77
aO:vmhref:qof;cgh;pmh
OmhuGmrf:zl;erf:urf;zgif;vmwf;
r[MbydObf [Mb vmB;omifjumefqOdl q

hf mwfjeBh [Of;nrfbckw
d ;f vBj qOfjumef;,.wjf /
-q.rf[mefoldOfxFefj
qOfjeBh yAez
f jl auMUnefvrfbv.ijf ckud v
hf udk e
hf ;gf rkuq
hf rk ;f auMUekid jf tvj awvBjOBhB
v.ifj=rfbvlrfjwlOfuOfb yAefyldifvlifz.ifj,lb/
-qOfjuef;qAwf;
ref;qOfjoAifjumrfbugMbeBh yAefv.ifjvlUokrf;vlif wMbumefqldOfhqmwfjwB;[Of;

twhtwh/
-qovr.ufbu.ef
vmB;vdifhw.yfbckdef;zljcAefeBh ref;qOfjvFwf;zmBuwfhcFebf twhtwh/

-qOfjokduf;vlifqmB;,Dj
78
zmBbnkyyhf idl bf ole;f wkrf ef;g vmB;vkuz

hf e
dk e
hf hB yBb[efzgf nefcw
dk ;f vBj qOfjumef;
,.wfj/
-qov[mife.if
ugmrf;uyf;xkufbwB;rD;OMj ]oldOfwmBoldOfwFef;-vFef;wmBvFef;ykwfj} eBauMj

qOfjumef;,.wfj oAifjurfugMbeBhtwh oldOfwmBauMj oldOfyBbqmif@wFef;vBj/
-Dr. qmB;crf;vAuf;
[Of;twh nrfbuwfch e
F bf nrfbarMckid yf i. [f w
A ;f omifj rle
d rf ef;qOfj? vmB;[Aw;f omifj
qOfjeBh xkufbrFefjvDq.rf;iOf;vmB;,lb/
-oFifcOfj[Fifj
CC
ckdef;clefhOlefhcBj-qmB;omB[Fif;
79
bgwf;ulef:ySef
OSefemef:rD:
qmB;oFifqkdefj
qof;umef:bgwf;eh¤
vgif;vDimrf:xkuf,rSef;ref:
wdkef:rD:erfwdlof: vgif;pmh¤qj.zdwf:ydlif;ref:sw¤sw¤
rldOfjumifyD@ 2004 z.if;n.ufbwmif;ugMbrD;rldif;rmOf;eefh ckefOMbvdifb

nOfyyfq h idk jf wB; (acMjcmefymufb c.in f o F nhf o
F hf zD@qD@) wif;vdujf nef [ked ;f
(uM,mif;) wFrfjolifbwkuf;,.ef;rM; w.efjwMbzljerf;,mefrldif;? nlpf;auMU
nlpf;aojuOfb qOfjumef;,.wfj ndufbzljolifvdufjcOfurfjz.ifj {jwFrfjyef
umifqfgy.ifjugmrf;wmif;[efxkdif uAOfbvlpfjqOfjumef;,.wfj/ eifb[kdOf awqmifj
[kyfjw.rf ndwfbn.ufb[Awf;yyfhckuf;xlyf; qOfjumef;,.wfj okwf;rkefc.yfjclyfb
wAryf @D (ef;g umifve dl rf mwfch sf 2005)/ ckeOf Mbvdibf vmwfjteOMj vmwfjOBh qmB;
omBviF ;f (erfz h wd z hf ;l ) auMUyAeef i. q
hf mB; qOfjumef;,.wjf (zljwFibf zAi;f ugmrf;
tvj+ifhzAif;ymefrfgbckdufhcFrfh qkdOfj,fgbauMUekdifj) w.efjwMburfhq.Bjikdef;w.if;
ndwfbn.ufbyyfh ruf;rmB,.ifja,M;qOfjumef;,.wfjeefh OMjeB/ =UawyAef
wmif;cwf;qfg [kdef;(uM,mif;)? ckefOMbvdifb? qmB;omBvFif;? qmB;eMb'w? qmB;
omBviF ;f rlid ;f ? qmB;oljrmef? qmB;vmOfcOdl ;f ndubf vmBvmBauMU qlOd ;f ,mrfj,krbf ,rf
eyfx h Odk yf idk jf ndiq
f Ofjumef;,.wjf yM;wif;=if;ndwbf vdujf omBye F ;f urfjerf,rk bf
,rfeifbeB/
80
,lbwDjzljwFrfjauMj ndifeldOf,mrfjyAefauMUokduf;auMU[mef w.efh=rfj

umefukduf;zmufjuefrM;tvjoif? ,mrfjyAefzljolifvdufjvmB; (O.uf;? zAif;? y.ifj
ugmrf;) rM;eifbueftvjoif? ,mrfjyAefnlpf;auMUnlpf;aojqrfqfguldOf;ukrf
uefrM;tvjoif [efxkdifwwf;ruf;OMj wkdef;rD;ykefjz.ef; w.efjwMburfhuFrf
xFrf[Fif;vlpfj acMjvdufjy.ifjugmrf;=Ofekdifj,lb/
y.ifjugmrf;=OfeBh awyAefv.ifjclefhckdef;ykdef;uOfburfjz.ifj? xwf;omif
[efxkdif,.ifja,M; qOfjumef;,.wfjurfjz.ifj/ ulef;=Ofrlef;qdZMU? v.ifjqMU
ndufbv.ifjvD? cDtvjqlrf;? ckdefj,fgbtvj,lyfj,.rf;? nrfbv.wfj=OfzfgaowMU
ulef;urfjz.ifjurfjanbeBh ,.efhv.ifjvDcOferfvldOfv.ifjqMU? v.ifjckdefj,fgbcOf
erfvldOfv.ifj,lyfj,.rf;tvj qifbyAefzljuwfhcFefbzljerf;ckdufh/ qOfjumef;
,.wjf auMj yAeuf e l ;f qlOd e
hf efauMUekid jf / nrfbqfjg OMj ref;qOfjwmB,Ofh qifbrM;
81
[Mvlrd jf ulrd jf ,ku, hf i. jf uef/ qArrf Odl jf ref;qOfjwkud rhf ;D auMj qArn f M;qmef? yDjZMU?
qOfjykdef qldOf;[Of;cBjckdef;ykdef;uOfb awMbxkdifzOfbeBh uBhnkyfbuef,.ifjnmrf;
ref;,lbcldOf;cldOf;/ efg;ulef;ekrfb qldOf;uwfhcFefberf;umefqldOfhqmwfjrldefref;
qOfjeBh oFefrD;emef;rD;auMUekdifj ayM;OMjeB wkdef;nrfbqfgjugmrf;vmwfjvldOf/
qmB;umef;,.wjf eBh nMb,kref;vAuv f jl wFrjf 11 yD@aowMU ,mrfj
hf Odl z
[Aw;f auMUuef rle d wf ;B auMU=OfrMbyAi;f uef ,lbeku;f xku;f xl (zkubf yef;) uefrM;
wifjtwb 1976-77 qArfrldOfjzljwFrfjyBbrD;ulyfhulj/ rldOfjudefe.ef; q.rf;uefefg;
olefrmufbrk y.wf;Omefjqdufb [mB;ulpfj (aq@OAif;vmif;cldOf;) eefh wkdufh[efefg;
wMw.i;f rFejf O.u;f ydw;f n.ebf / rlOd jf nOfzMj,mifoOdl bf ,lOd jf ,Mj e.e;f elOd v f e d f
[dr;f uef wlp;f r.ubf ukrjf ydOf ef;g w.iZ hf MUo.rbf ,mrf;vle d v f iF ;f eefh wkud w
hf i. ;f O.;B
O.;B / (w.ejf vderf mufbrk? yMbclOd ;f yk? qfv g ak yM;vD? qfcg aD yM;[mB? vkrd ;f wmif;wmBuyF hf
n.efb? z.if;Olefho.efbvldufj[MacMjugmrf;? cyfhwmrf;uBmb=rfjuefwFifbO.uf;)/
rD;y.ufjekdifj z.if;[M;o.ifauMU vkufhnldifb[mB;ulpfj yBwmif;ckdefjrldOf;
xkirhf idl ;f emB; (cmOf;wmif; 7-8 qlOjf rli;f ) tOhee . ;f ef;g =pfjq.r;f ule;f Omefj ZmBb
+ifbOmefjv.BazM;eefh? OmB;n.ufherfhwMrlef; udefcOfjcrfj,Ofh zljwFrfjugMb
,.e;f q.eo f bl ,Mj 3-4 v.u;f q.r;f ule;f uAy;f OmufbyOf; e.e;f cmif;ZB;vFi;f [dr;f uef
o.iaf uMU wfjg =rfjrBe h ;gf xled bf / qmB;umef;,.wjf twh vOfjnrfbudef vFe;f ,Mjnrfb
vkwfbaorOfbuM; ymBvmwfjtezljwFrfjOMj v.ifjwkdOf;urfwlOfcdi;f tvjvuf;rmB
okefbwlOf (Self-discipline) eBh yAefcldifjyldifwMbwmif;ckdefj,fgbulef;twhtwh
eB,lb/
rlOd jf 1980 z.i;f ref;rM;vAyjf [Ae;f umefymB;rlid ;f wDj wyfih Ofjokud ;f nFohf
nFofhan@ udOfb=uf; (ymifoOf;iOfjikef; y.wf;qmef;) vFefvdefxB;eefh zlj
wFrjf nkybf teacMjpmefb idea tvj ref;qmB;ugMbwFrjf O.u;f oAiuf i. jf u.ijf wMboAif
u.if (OmB;rM; qmB;rl; nOfuMg bofbg vrfboAi[f w A ;f zAi;f ugmrf;)/ ayM;vmwfjclOd ;f wFibf O.u;f
qkdif vBj,.rf;[yfh,.ifja,M;O.uf;ref;urfjerf/ u.yfjOMj ref;arMvldufjerfhugmrf;?
rD;wDjy.ibf vkud ?hf ymB;Oleq hf efo h ik ?f orfah rM[mifjclid jf cyfch r. jf / zljwFrjf wFibf O.u;f
orfh yAefO.uf;vmB;vkufhzkdefh (okdOfjvlduf;xlduf;) urfjerf/ nrfbayM;arMofgbrDbuD;
r.ufbrfgomifjZef rldefqmB;umef;,.wfj/ O.uf;uOfbuOfbefg;qldif;vFOf; rldefeifb uBb
82
cefcmif;y.i?hf oAicf wf;wMUrBv h u. bf [Fijf ? rMilOd jf vlif qlOd ;f eBh vkuw hf jD [M;nkybf uef
ao ref;qmB;wFifbwFrfjurfjerf/ qkdOfjymBurf nefOMj qmB;[efqFifj_[mefqAif
(OAif;vdufj=rfjrmB)? oldOfv.B qldOf;eBh yAefzljwFrfj auMUvldufjyef wifjyefauMj
OMjvBj/ v.ijf eBh ,.eq hf mB;umef;,.wjf qkOd jf ,fbg uwfw h e . ;f yAez f jl u.e;f ukr;f qefh
okiftvj zljwFrfjrM;[Mq.efqAifb nOferfhwluf;erfh,.BUq.rf;nrfbqfgj/
ZmBbv.ijf umefoe l ;f wkruf mefymB;rlid ;f auMj ,.erhf ef;qmB; vAyjf [Ae;f =U
[ef uwfch e F bf vlOd w
f ;B auMUwB;aojtvj rlOd jf ymifoe . f ]r} [MjwlOf xkio hf eAe;f
47 auMU vBjxkubf qOfjeMjwDjoku d ;f rmefjcOf wDp h y. ;f cifcu. jf eefth vjoif? rlOd jf
,lbwDjefg;qkrf; xD@nFef@nFofhnlOf@ vkufhwlefjwD;rM; cOfj=rfj xD@nM@
qD@_xD@nM@an@ wDjiOfjqkid jf ymifrbgf okif 1984 eefth vjoif? orfOh MjnMb,k
ref;qmB;rD; 20 ymBup . ;f auMj orfah yM;vBjyAez f jl n.e=f Ofqrk ;f ule;f ekrbf cOfrM;/
rldOfj[mifyD@ 1985 OmB;qkrf;v.BarMb (nFofh,l@an@) cOfj=rfjefg; xD@nM@
qD@_xD@nM@an@ tr;ylwyfhokduf;clef;cOf;uef c.wfbz.wfjwyfhu.if? wyfh
qkrf;rffgbao wlOfqOfjckefoMbckdefjyef qefhokduf;ref;yAef ckefokduf;vlif {j
n.efokduf;n.ufbrldOf; rldif;wB;y.wf;umif/ nrfbwrf;Omif;yefayM@voD@ oAefj
wmif;eMjumef yuf;yldifvmB;[Awf;oifauMj ref;qmB;,if;arMugMbckdify.if[Awf;vBj
ymB;olef;wkrf? z.if;irf;? ymB;okduf;? ymB;rdlif; eMjokduf;rM;eefh vD,kufh,.ifjtwh
twh- qOfjckdef;ofg ,if;,mrfjvmwfjeifbeB/ ,.efhref;qmB;yM;qfg rkdwfjolif
vAyfj[Aef; v.ifjvdufjvmB;? Zdifjykdef;? v.ifjolef;wkrf? v.ifjymB;rldif;qldOf;eBh
qArfrldOfjnMb,kyBbxkdifomOf;tvj rldOfj=yfhuef 1984 xFifjeefh ref;qmB;ayM;
arMqdqrfjte v.ifjyldiftvjulef;? yldifeBhckdufh,fgbvldOfulef; qldOf;eBh,Ofh/
z.if;[mifyD@ 1995 OmB;aoref;qOfj n.efzkdefhOmBbn.ufb nFrf@xD@
an@ ao yluf;wifj nFofhnFofhnFef@an@ tvjoif? z.if;=OfyD@ 1996 OmB;
ukwd ;f okud ;f ao twbyuf;oOf; iOfjike;f wDjcmB;odrbf eefth vjoif? ref;qOfj,mrfj
+ifrh M; w.ejf wMbugMb=rfj+rf;q.jB uef ef;g qkr;f nFon hf oF nhf e F @f an@/ u.yjf ylOd jf
Olefho.efbrBjqfg ulOfnrfbqmifjugMb[Awf;umef xmifb[mif@v.wfjvFOf;qldOfheifb
nef[w A ;f umefoOdk bf media ,lb,mrf;vAOaf uMj[if;ref;? u.yjf vBj,ifb[mufjvkud Ohf B
y.wf;vFefvdef wif;rkifhwif;[mif; wif;,krf;wif;cldOf;rM;auMj[if;ref;tvj
83
nrfbyAefugMb=rfjzmufj [Awf;umefq.Bjref;qOfj/ oifOMjyAefwFyf;wwf;vBjcmBh

ugMbwDjref;qOfjtwh iOf;vmB;,mrf;vAOf umefimef;awrle d [f Odk ?f aw,lbqlOd [hf Odk f
udefqldOfh[kdOf nrfbvmrf;vBj/
rlOd jf =yfuh efrmifyu. jf ayM;zljwFrjf y.ichf mif;te uyf;umBbeMjumefwMimef;
auMj ref;qOfjarMclew hf ul bf qdqrfj w.ejf wMb=Uquf;v.ijf yAi;f ayM;wM;vDq?gf
ref;qOfjOMj ]cfgjwFrfjvdufjykdefzmOfbvdufjvmB;auMj vBj[Awf;xmifb[mif@? cfgj
wFifb_+ifhzAif;auMj vBj[Awf;v.wfjvFOf;? cfgjcOfjyM;wlifhekdif efg;qkrf;umefrldif;
umefoudk ;f auMjrD;wmif;vlud jf / uMjeBth vj yBbyAi;f qf[g mefq h gf orfch jgf [Aw;f [kOd x
f iF jf /
umefymB;rldif;tvj umefokdOfb media awOBheuf;nefvfg? OBhnefvfgyAefyldifvlif
eefh vDquF bf tz=U[ef} eB,bl / rlOd jf ref;qOfjxmrfeefh zljwFrjf ukid uhf mifn h rfb
w.ybf tujvBjurf;vAO/f u.yjf nrfb,mrfj Oleuhf w hf wf;omifwOl uf OfbrM;/ zlOd bf OmB;
dk x
ref; qifbcku;f qfv g jB Olee hf yf[h Od jf qifjwlOuf Ofbao =UwlOrf M;/ qifby.ibf qfOg Mj
]ndifeldOfwlOfxlyf; erfhwmif;olifwlOfuOfbrD;rM;eefh uMjvBjOBheuf;umefokdOfb
media vlO d uf mefymB;rlid ;f urf;okOd jf / [Aw;f umefoOdk bf media ao urfq h jB. umefqOdl hf
qmwfju.pf;,Ofh}eB rM;[mefhawMb,mrf;vAOf/
nef,.rf;[yfhqOfjumef;,.wfj yAefwDjvDruf;rmByldifekdifjorfh yAef
v.ifjref;qOfj=Uquf;OBheuf; v.ifjZdifjtij/ nrfbu.rfhuMjv.ifjvdufjvmB;? ugmrf;
vmwfj? ildefjykdef;u.pf; yAefomBqfgqldOfhqmwfj/ Zdifjtij[dwfjxkif;auMj yAef
vlrf;xlpfjqfgwMbqldOfhqmwfjeBeefh ref;=Uy.ifbvkdufhvrfb/ rldefeifb iOf;wlifh
nmBjq.ufbqmifjyFwfheefh u.yfjidef;OMj yAefqOfjumef;,.wfj auMUcyf;ckdif[Awf;
n.ufb? wlOfref;qOfjyAefzljurfuyf; (director) eBtvj vBjwifjqfgwifjacM;
yuf;wMt[j=wlp;f x.rbf vDimrf;/ nrfbrle d if Of;wliwhf ;B qlOd ;f ,mrfjx.wbf xBbyke d f
teuMjylerhf M;/ vBjOMjckud v hf udk hf yAevf i. jf rlejf elOf qefqq gf yf;qftg wh/ yAeyf mB;
olef;wkrfo.efqfgwB;vuf;vFrf {jckuf;xlyf;ykdef;uOfbymefu.efb/
yldifekdifjnefvD,.ifja,M;eBh orfhOMjref;qOfjyAef zljerf;xdekdifj
ef;g qkr;f ukw
d ;f okud ;f qkr;f ekid jf aowMU rlOd jf awMbeMj=yfx h yl ;f zlju.e;f okud ;f rmefj
cOfeefh ref;arMOmif;wlOaf rMvmwfj,lb=OfrMbzAibf yAi;f yle d jf / nrfbrle d z f jl erf;
wmifbauMU neftvb[Mtijv.rfjv.rfj vldrfjuldrfjyldefjaoOBh wlOfe.rf;wrfbeMj
84
vAuw hf jgf yle

d jf / ]ayM;yAeq f rk ;f vkuz hf e
dk ,
hf yd ;f u.ijf umifbtwh olOMjuAy;f cmef;ude/f
wkuf;wMqkrf;okduf;rmefjtwhOMj ,.ef;c.efbwMbqkdifjrldif;/ wDjtwhref;auMj
rldefuefu.pf;} ref;qOfj[wf;vmwfjwDj zlju.ef;okduf;rmefjcOfeifbeB/
rldOfjefg;yD@ 1999 z.if;zljwFrfj vBjn.ufbwmif;ugMbq.rf; qOfjqmifh
,.if=pfj wDjckef;rdif (vBj=yfhxlyf; qOfjumef;,.wfj? qOfjoldOfxFefj? qOfj
oldOf=rfbrldif;cOfeefh) ayM;[M;qOfjqmifhnkyfbuefo.ifauMU efg;+ifje.ef;ulpf;
auMj qOfjqmifuh , hB r. ;f [yf,
h i. jf a,M;OMj ]rkuq hf rk ;f irf;,Aeq f idk jf wB; (nFonhf o F hf
zD@qD@) eBh ,.erhf ;D qOfjumef;,.wjf yAez f jl erf;ef;g tvj umefimef;wlie hf idk f
ckdefjeMj,lb/ ref;qOfjeBh arMvAyfj[Aef;xwf;omif qFufbtziOf;vmB;wif;
e.ujf wif;ef;g ckw d ;f ckw d ;f qrfqrf,bl / ymB;Olerhf ef;auMj ckw d ;f wef;umyfjymef,bl }
eBvl;u.efb/
z.if;ref;qOfjugMb,MwlOf wDjrldif;u.ufbao [Of;uFif@ 4 auMU (ykdef?
ckdef;? qkdefj? ZMU gang of four ) ugMbolbqfg;yef[Fif;? ugMb=yfhxlyf;nkyfbxmrf
Interview ref;qOfj (4.1.2004) eMjawy.ujf rlO d ;f eefh zljwFrjf ,if;vBjnOfobgf
yM;ef;g yyfh uc ,lb/ (ule;f vliz f jl erf;ndubf zlj[ufq h mwfj [Of;ef;g nFon hf o
F zhf @D
qD@ awOBhuMjcefvlnmefb[kdOf? nrfbvBjvl[kdOf? awofgbqfgw.if;ukdrf;uMj[kdOfeB
85
eefth wh nrfb=UvBj/) rlOd jf ugMbqf;g ref;qOfjwDjrlid ;f u.ubf eefh vBj=U,lid ;f nmef;

v.ifj[Awf;yD@rfgbwB; nefref;qOfjrD;ymB;Olefh/ ref;qOfjOMj yD@rfgbwB;eBh wuf;
vBj[Awf;efg;OAif;vldOfaoOmefje.ufj/ u.yfjOMj efg;cl;efg;OAif;wB;urfjerfeBh ulef;
wmifbqmwfjwmifbcldOf;cOf rM;zkdwfh,lbc.efjerfrM; yD@,mOf;cmOf;[kdif? Zdifjtij
vdujf vmB;ugmrf;vmwfjyle d jf auMj =rfbirf;nlrn f e dk e
f rfao ule;f [Of;cfjg ,lid jf yle d jf
,Aef;yAefyldefjurfjerf,Ofhtvj w.efjwMbyluf;wkdefbolef;nD; {j=UwlOfrM;
ckdef;eefh wuf;vBj[Awf;y.B;efg;OAif;/ Omefje.ufjeM;ymifb[Of;urfjerforfh anM;
qMbnliOf;yldefj yBbayM;ukrf;xdkif? ulef;wmifbqmwfjwmifbcldOf;auMj yBbayM;zkdwfh
,lbtzjerfao yBbayM;,Aef;yldifjerftvj yfgUyM;ukrf;,dyf;uFwfbtc Zdifjtij
ugmrf;vmwfj[Of;vBj,lb eB,Ofh/
xFifjv.ifjekdifj acMjZifqfguFrfwlOfref;qOfj nefOMj ,krfb,rf?
owfhqMb? z.rfh=rfj? okdOfjofg? cwf;qfg eefhauMj ref;qOfjyluf;olef;zkufbZif
tzjwldef;yef efg;ulef;ekrfbzlj[ufhqmwfj[Of;urfjerf/ wlOfref;qOfjauMj
wkOd ;f urf ,dy;f uFr;f [Aw;f q.r;f / vlOd af owlOrf ef;qOfj yM;qfo g bgf acM;vAyjf [Ae;f OBh
erfheuf;ymB;OlefhumefqldOfhqmwfjeefh eifb[kdOf omBt[bqldOfhcldOf;awrD;wmif;
oliferfhuwfh rldefref;qOfjeBauMj awvBjOMjarMqufhqkiftewmif;,lb/ rldef
eifbe.ifhqmB; qmB;omBvFif; (erfhzdwfhzl;)? qmB;q.rfOlif; (ql;rmB;-2)? vmef
qmB; qmB;auMwB; qldOf;eBh uAOfbvlpfjvdufjvmB;erfhugmrf;v.ifj O.uf;? zAif;? wFrfj
[mif@vlefhuMbwkef; qldOf;eBh rD;wmif;arM vrf;v.B;+B;wdefref;qOfjeifbuOfb/
w.ef;aoOMj cOfnrfbayM;rkdwfjolif rD;wlOfxlyf;w.efjymB;rldif;? ymB;okduf; qldOfh
eifb qOfjumef;,.wjf u.p;f / yDje.iq hf Odl o
hf mBz
B jl wFrjf twh nrfbrD;auMUvfrg w dk jf olif
imB;rldefaowMU vkufjvmif;cFef;OBhuBuB/ efg;omBwMulef;urfjz.ifjawcfgjOMj ref;
qOfjvlud jf eMjvAue hf Mj,fbg (rD;nuwdYwM;oDbylid )f / u.yjf OMj z.i;f ref;qOfjyAe, f bgf
,lbeefh omByDjomBe.ifhauMj vBjykdifjndifqfg,fgb vBjvDvBjyAefq.rf;/
v.ijf ,lyjf ,.r;f qOfjumef;,.wjf twh ,mrfjvBjide;f uyf;umBbv.ijf vkujf
ar;eMj=de;f urfjerf/ ref;qOfjuBth vbq.r;f qfag r;emif;ylew hf jD vf?g nrfbylibf ofg
v.ijf iked ;f w.i;f nrfbqFubf tz okebf wlO_f rlbqkr;f vf?g yefar;emif;rM;,kijf qdrf
arM;tr; (cde=f Ucdeaf rM) ef;g eMjumef (rlbqkr;f ? wyfo h udk ;f ) vf?g nOftrjqOfj
86
=def; q.rf;vdrfbaojyefb+efjvlefhvldOfvfg ([Awf;{jvkufje.ifhqrfqfgurfjz.ifj
nrfb[mefhqfg) OMjeB/ rldOfjref;qOfjzmwfbar;auMUuOfb (ulef;vmB;cMj) ao
ugMbtwbxFijf auMUrfbg (ule;f oDbayMU) eefah uMj urfjz.ijf OMj ymBjawMbpM;wFe?f
ymBjrDpM;oldOftvj zljerf;wB;[Of; vDnOf[Awf;w.efjo.ef? vDildifhtOj ,Mb{j
rldefeef eB,lb/ vldOfaoeBh rmifauMUauMjOMj ,ldif;nmef;zFefumefref;qOfj
rmifnefrmif,mifbeBh okif,fgbvkdufhugmifjylefhtvj nrfbclyf;rFefjiOf;vmB;/ ulef;
q.rf;vifurfjerfauMj nrfbckdwf;q.rf;vBjtvj wMbawn.ufb[mif@n.ufbZmif
eefh yAen f ef,myfb? ayM;zljwmrfnrfbq.r;f vBjzljerf;auMj wMb{jz.e;f umef
ulwd bf n.ubf yAeferfhyAefwlOfrM;eBh nrfbyAefvBj eB,Ofh/
orfhxFifj oifzAifbzljwFrfj,mrfjnkyfbukrfref;qOfj v.ifj[yfhwmif;
q.BjxFrf wDjqkrf;nFef@uDs@nlOf@ (qkrf;qldOf;nrfbuyf;umBbvlify.ifqkdifj? ulef;
e.ufjrldif;) cOfeefh ,.efhyldOfj nrfbayM;vBjulOfjuldufb wldOfhxkufb[Awf;umefq.rf;
tvj ref;qOfjnrfbayM;cfjg =Uy.ibf ,.r;f [yfh vmB;[Aw;f umef c.in f e
F @f us@D nlO@f /
]yle d jf urfn
h e A q
f jB. [Fi;f (ike
d ;f w.i;f ? clO;f c.i?f wmif;=Uwmif;arM) eefh wuf;vBj
rle
d e f ifbvlbwmef;,Ofah o ,mwfberfn h Ofuo k Ol bf u.p;f / ayM;wkud vhf jB vmB;imef;
wmifbte =Of,.Bj=Of[kyfjref;,lbtwh rldefcOfrM;q.Bj[Of;ao cfgjrM;ukrf;,dyf;
rD;v.ifjrwfhe.ifbeldOf[Of;,lb} ref;qOfjwkdufhOMjeB,lb/
yAef[kdOfauMjvD qOfjumef;,.wfjeBh v.ifjvDimrf;xkufb rFefjref;
wke d ;f rD;erfvOdl f v.ijf [mBUqMUzdw;f ylid jf ref;twhtwh/ qlOd e hf ifbzAe;f ugmrf;ymefrbgf
nef oc[ wFrfj_+ifhOBh qmB;umef;,.wfj (1963-2004) eefh zljwFrfjauMj
,.rf;[yfh,krfb,rf,.ifja,M;ao nOfy.ifjugmrf;=OfeBh ruf;rmBukduf;ykdef;q.rf;auMU
ekdifj/
,mrf;vAOaf wMbrlOd ;f eMj oifOMjule;f ekrbf qkyjf oFe;f rfbg qlOd ;f uwfch e F bf
rldefqOfjumef;,.wfj qmifjyAefoldOfwmBoldOfwFef; vFef;wmBvFef;ykwjf rM;qkdif
,ldif;rmBokifokwf;[Of;eefh wuf;wluf;+wfjxkdifOef;ekdifjnrfb[mifhnrfbyldifj/
qmB;oFifqkdefj
(26.12.2004 - Omefjwdefxmwfj)
87
acj;bmef:qfG
vdlefidkef;qdkefj
zl;bfG,ulef:vlifwh:pof:? zl;auj.puf¤Mrfwh:?
Omif;zgef:vDwj,qdlof¤qmwf;wh: wif:OAif;cj;?
rdlof;vfGaOtrf,oj; cSef:awj;oh¤'mif¤ymh:bl,vDwlof,uof,
bfG,bfG,erferfaOurf:cj;/
qOfjumef;,.wfj[Of;cMjeBh yAefauMU[wf;[mef rD;wif;wlOfqfg[ufh+rf

qdlOfhcdlOf;Omefjrldif;wB;[Of; xkdifwDjorfhayM;vBjnOfedlOfhvldwfjwlOfqfg vlbyef
w.ejf wMbqdOl chf Old ;f wB; Omefjrlid ;f wB;ugMb,Of/h qOfjumef;,.wjf [Of;cMjeBh yef[iF ;f
vdufjvmB; ZmBbydkefh=Uwmif;arMawhawhtvj [Awf;{jzOref;qOfj zkwf;[ef
xmifbqFifj,lb efg;umiftujzlj,fgb[Of;cOf wdlOf;qdkefj/ yAefwDjuOfcMj ,def;c.B
v.ifjref;qOfjrD;wmif;=U[ef[wf;[mefao qkefhvBjykefjokefbwlOf xdkifwDj
yAefrM; zljn..ef=Of? OmB;eBhorfh yAefwDjwFufjwMbqkyfjvkdef;eefhawhawh/
ulpf;uMj orfhOMjyAefwDjuOfcMjeyfh,rf yAefwDjuOfcMjOBhuM@cef,fgb
vli?f yduOhf Mj yAez f jl ,dik jf ,fbg ef;g wB;[Of; eBaowMU ,.evhf i. jf odOk bf cmOfbwB;[Of;
wkdufhyBbcdkwf;qefhtvj[dkOf? ref;qOfjoAifjomBqfgrdlOfj 14 Oef; 17 Oef; uOfcMj
qifbvBj=UnOf efg;cmOfba'@wD@,lOf@ BBC, RFA umifefg/
orfhxFifj nefyAefzljn.ef=Of qdlOfhcdlOf;wB;? auMU[ufh+rfwB;? auMU
[Aw;f omifjyefze . ;f vDwMbwB;? auMUaw[Aw;f {jcdOl ;f wB;vBjvDvjB yAef qdOl ;f eBh
qdOl ;f eBo
h rfh [mrfoh iA jf umrfbqOfh urfjerferf,Ofch Mj/ eBh yAew f jD uOfcMjnmrf;OByh idl f
ekdifj/ rdlefeifb efg;cmOfbzljw.Bb+ufjeefhauMj wFrfjOBhOMj umyfjymefqOfju.ef;
88
qldif; aw=dif;aw=dif; orfhoAifjurf eBOMj/ rldefeifb efg;yD@eBheifbuOfb nef

yAeaf rM,Mvlif qmB;,.wjf umBbOef;? auMU,mrfjyAef =OfyOfjauMvdujf vmB;rlbaq@?
rdOl jf oAijf urfuMg beefh [myfbykejf z.e;f zljemrf;eMj wDjauMrlbaq@ tvj uFr=f Of
yOfjauMiOfjike;f ? nOfye k jf z.e;f v.ijf uyf;okyd bf wDjauMwmif;y.w;f +ifb qlOd ;f eB/h
yAeaf uMUrD;qf[g uf+h rfw;B ? omifjz.e;f vDyefwMbwB;ao wkud rhf ;D nMb,k 40 u.p;f
ayM;vBjoAijf urfuMg b,Ofj/ yBb[dik o f if qOfjumef;,.wjf [Of;auMj orfo h iA jf urftvj
awvBjOMj yAef,.efhoif ulef;vlifwB;[Of; qkdifayhnMb,ky.wf;cMjvMb/
{juOfcMjvBj,lbwDjeBah o ,.e;f wlid bf umOfboifbvmwfjxdik n f w d ;f ekid jf /
zlj,fbg ule;f vliw f ;B [Of;? zljauMU[uf+h rfw;B ? omifjz.e;f vD wMbqdOl q hf mwfjwB;
wif;oAifjcMj/ rdlOfjvfgaonrfbOMj cFef;awMjOBhZmifhymB;,lbvDwlOfbuOfb ,fgb,fgb
erferfaourf;cMj/ ,Mbayrdik [hf w A ;f umefqOld q
hf mwfjao vkrd ;f Oleyhf mB;,lbvDqOld hf
eef? cFef;awMj zlj,fgb[Of;cOf Olefh[efxkdif v.ifjOMj zljuwfhcFefbekdifjauMU
oAifjurfugMbeBh wMbaw[myfb[mrfykwfjwFef;vBj {jrD;erfhuwfhzAifbuefeBh ref;
nrfbimBjimBj/ cFef;awMj {jzlj,fgb[Of;cOf ,lbvDrD;[Fif; nMb,k,dkef;,mOf;? {j
[Awf;omifjvBjeMjumef[Of; xkdifwDjwArfxlefjaourf;cMj/
89
Mif;umefydkefzmof,
trf,eef wD;bl,uof,pdrf:cmh:
vFif;odrfb(oFef=Of)
bgef¤vlnf; qof;ymh:rgef:vlifauj.ekdif; tgefsw,rj:pj.trf,N.

Mif;umefydkefzmof rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh:eh¤ urf;yj;erf
yAefulef:ymh:rgef:ul<ymh:ymh: tgefrj:wkrfuef Nrf;uefpAwf:umef
vBjzmwfb,mefuuB Mg b ef;g qlOjf cmOf; 2 yD@ ceefuh p . ;f ? zlOd bf zFOcf edk ;f rM;
xkdifwDjvkefylufbvlifeefh [ef=ufh[mrf;ugMbtwh,Ofh/
rldOfjeefhtyb oAifulef;yef;q.ifbq.ifb avM;oAifwdifbuDbwMb w.B+ifh
q.r;f OBeh Odl e
f ef/h rmifvo gf rfh n.erf ;D yM; qmwfjqlid ;f uMjteuefv;l u.ebf / ,.ehf
vlpfj qOfjymB;r.ef;vlifauMUekdifj n.eftwbwifjrM;[MUnrfb=U +ifjumefykdef
zmOfb rkufhqkrf;irf;,AefqkdifjwB;eBh urfjyMjerf yAefulef;ymB;r.ef;ul@ymB;ymB;
n.erf M;wkruf ef? =rfjuef[w A ;f umef/ [Of;orfyh e A f ule;f ekrbf yM;qf?g oleq f v gf i. jf
vdujf vmB;ymBaybndw;f n.w;f ao rM;qdr, f bl vlpjf vAyjf [Ae;f nOfwjD eef/h
vAyjf [Ae;f eBeefh ,MbOlex hf mifbckud v
hf il uf Mg bnM;vM;cMj/ ref;nrfbqfjg rD;
+ifj[Ae;f vli, f bgf ,gbf ao yM;xli?f yM;yyfh n.euf Mg bo.e[f e A ;f nOf/ ule;f [Ae;f auMj
[kdOfrD; =Ofodyf;? =OfymufbcMjvMb/ ulpf;rD;[Of;[M; 7-8 auMUu.pf;anMj/ n.ef
z.rfhuefvkufhqOfhqOfh ugMbumwfb? [kifcOfj? wlrfjzuf;? vlvdufj? wFrfjvdufj? +ifh
ugmrf;? ydefbwFrfjvdufj? w.Bbwdifb? xwf;vdufj? wFrfjcmOfb? OAufholef? [MyM? zkufb
90
qmh:umef:bgwf; sv; auj.pmefref:
zuf;? uAy;f +B? nkybf nlO;f uef? wFy;f zke

d ;f ? xmrfwy. bf ? x.rbf yke
d ;f vdujf vmB;? vAejf
rmufbeif? yBwmif;umifefg eBhu.pf;anMj ymB;nef[Of;cMjvBj[Aef;nOfauMj/
yldif,fgbref;twh cfgj{jcmOf;,mrf; yAefz.ef;vDwMb qlOfjymefu.pf;
toj/ qifbeef auMUyAefqldOf;oFef;,fgb YoMb[Of;cOfeefh n.efzkduf;yef[Of;?
[Awf;te[Of; nrfbqfgjnefekdifjauMjnefekdifj wkdef;awvBjrD;umefnef
vlOfb[Awf;tvj {jrD;z.ef;vDeefh,Ofh/ oifxkdif zkdefvdufjqrfn.ufbeB n.ef
91
uefrmifh[Awf; awMb+wfjrldif;vFif;auMjrD;rM;/
+B;OMj umefvdufjvmB;eBh ref;nrfbqfgjvldifjimBjeBeefh oifwlOfnrfb
xly;f ule;f ekrbf eifb[Of; awqmif@ugMb[Aw;f [kOd =f UcMjvMb/ awMj[Aw;f n.ubf zke d f
vdubf n.ebf ekid jf zke d uf p
. ;f vBjokuv hf jB ,kijf q.r;f ref;eefh nrfbimBjiFrjf twhtwh/
eBh [Of;u.p;f yAef ule;f nOfaqjvdujf n.ebf ugMbyef auMUeefh auMUeBh xwf;OMb?
,Ofh nOfuMg byef ule;f zdr;f ref;tr;OMb eBup . ;f / ayM;zke f ud jf n.ubf auMj ugMb
d v
olifbwDjeefhOMb? wDjeBhOMbeB [Awf;umef,.Bj,Frf;n.efbref;u.pf; ,if;=dOfhawh
eifbOMjcMjanMj/ qlOd ;f yAeYf oMb[Of;cOfeefch Mjtyb rmifurf; ayM;[efcOfvrdk ;f udef
cOfjanMj/
,.eOhf Mj wMbz.e;f vDue l ;f wif;erfcMjvl;aeMj/ ref;wke d ;f aw,myfb
,Aef;,Ofh/ ayM;xkufbqfgrDauMj wMbvDqfgzkdifjorfh,myfbtvj vBjtujcmBw.yfb
q.rf; v.ifjwmif;ul@orfboFefymB;eefh nrfbimBjimBjcMj/ oifnrfbrD; umefxlyf;
rkdOf; tvj v.ifjvAyfj[Aef;q.rf;? ,OfhauMj wmif;,ldefhuefjnrfb=rfjyM;eBtwh
xmifbawyAef ],myfbnrfb,Ofh} vBju.efbtoj/
ZmBbekid jf orfah uMj vDnmrf;qfOg /hB qOfjymB;r.e;f qlOd ;f yAeYf oMb[Of;cOfv?gf
ule;f ekrbf zljvAyjf [Ae;f qlOd ;f [Of;cMjvfe g efh ,lbauMUwDjauMUOAi;f ? zmwfbnljtrj?
vkufjar;? yDje.ifhrM;ao,Ofh nrfbw.efh+efbawqmif@rM;xlyf;uefaoy.ufj
orfhvBj,lbxifudefoOf;q.rf;uef cmOf;[kdifcMjvl;/ oifrD;wmif;zdwf;zFufbnDj
oifauMj auMUzdw;f auMj arM,.r;f ao auMU=UauMj cgmif;yefuef? eyfx h Odk uf ef?
,krbf ,rfuef? nrfbOMjauMUvAuahf uMU,fbg ? ypfbpMbwmif;=U,fbg ao q.jB xFruf ef?
z.r=hf rfj,lbq.r;f uefrM;eefh vDausMbvle;f rlejf qftg whtwhcMj,OfC h / ,.erhf ;D
erfq h vgf il e
f ifbqlid e hf cB Mj[MUnrfb=U w.ejf umefvud jf vmB; nef[Of;OMjnrfbimBj
eefh nOfimBjvlrf[Awf;ausMbrM;ao,Ofh n.ifbylefhrM;wif;erf,lb,OfhanMj/
zkdefvdufjauMj n.ufbrM;,fg;,fg; ymB;=UauMjwldOf;ckdufh rM;erferf,Ofh/
(awMjvdujf wB;u.p;f [Of;[Ae;f rM;nrfb=U yAev f mBymif u.yjf nrfbarM[efve . uhf eF f
erfw h e. ;f z.e;f ymifjref;tvj ,if;nrfbarMwFrjf wFwjf awM;rM;aoy.ujf / oif
nrfbxkid rf M; q.jB [Aw;f zke d v
f ud jf qkid f xmifbawnrfbarMvBj qlOjf eBuh e . bf ,Of/h )
a,M@ ,lbugMb,lbrM; umefauMj,fbg rM;? ugmifjrM;? erfrM;wdu;f wdu;f ? ule;f auMjvlObf
92
uwfhvldOfxFifjtvj [Of;auMj vBjzmwfbwDj,lbuOfbao,Ofh ugMbvAyfj[Aef;xFifj

wmifbOmefjrldif;,Ofh/
zldOfbzmwfbefg;nluf;,Aef +ifjumefykdefzmOfbugMb,Ofheefh vlOfboif?
cfgj=Uoif? cfgjxmrfoifauMj ,myfbawh,OfhcMj/ eifbudefzuf;nrfbofgbuldOfeefh
qmifuldwf;vldwf;OBhanMj/ ulpf;auMj qifbckdef;clefhOlefhxkdif=U[efOMj nef
vBjzkduf;[Aef;nOfrM;eefh awvBjoljvwf;[Awf;te,Ofhvl;eBtvj vBjcwf;
qfg? cwf;acM; OlefhomifnOf[if;ulpf;ao,Ofh cdefwFrfjerferf? cwf;qfgwFrfj
,f;g ,f;g qArcf mOfb? O.u;f ? y.ijf ugmrf;? qlid ;f ul@ylid yf idl ,
f Ofah nMjC/ xkid w f jD vBj=rfj
wif;nlp;f auMUao ole;f wkr[f w A ;f zke d cf mOfbule;f ekrbf n.ubf rM;vBjeefth oj/
eBhyAef z.ef;ymifjnef[yfhcl;ckdufhw.e;f tvj ol;ckud w hf e. ;f rM; wDj+ifjumefyedk f
zmOfb,lb,OfhcMjvl;/
anM;? OmB;ckdef;+wfjxkdif wDj[drf;vkefylufbvlif nefrD;zmBbvif +ifj
umefye dk z
f mOfbeefth wh vFyjf wkud chf p k [hf efeifbrlOd jf eefah o vBjide;f oAif YoMb
[Of;cOf? yDjnmBjvlif qldOf;arMrkdwfjukdOf;? nlpf;auMU nlpf;aojvfg rM;wlifhwufh
qlr;f olOd ;f uef,bl auMj [mif@rle d rf e
dl /f zljauMUcFu;f [mif@ auMbomifj +ifjumefye dk f
zmOfb zljy.ifumef[Of;cMjauMj eifb[mif@rM;,krfhawMbyef[Fif;qfgOBhauMjrD;rD;/
+ifjumefykdefzmOfb nrfbeef wDj,lbuOfb[drf;cmB;eefh ,.efhauMUte
wmif; wBjyldif;ZB;vFif;OBhyef wMbw.efjuefvdufjvmB; {j=dOfj=difjOB;zmBeBtvj
ykejf wMbokdyfb,mifjyBq.rf;vifqkyfjoFef;rfgb wkdufhvyfhymBurf,lbeBao/
vFif;odrfb(oFef=Of)
93
auj.pof:cof
qldof:rdlof:xj;rdlif:bAef
ckefnl; (wlefjwD;)
wdkuf¤wgif:bl, rdlof;cj;uGj,sv,yguf;ekdif;
pdrf:'if,erf¤ygefwD;ekdif;
ref:OgefyefuGmrf: ]umifqfGauj.vkuf¤zdkef¤}
ckuf;qfgvBjcBjqfgxdkif wB;auMUnlpf;vD wDjuBwDjqrf tvj qldOf;vk[mB

wmBugMbeefhao qifbvBjwFrfjn.ufbvdufjzkdefeBhrM;/ oifOMj auMU[Of;cOf ayM;
vBjvlre F jf auMj {jckp[hf efqv gf jB aourf;/ okyd bf [Aw;f umef nef[Of;[M;[Aw;f rM;
eefh {jxkdifwDj,.wfj {j+wfjwDjymBref;aourf;/ olcOfq.ifbckuf;qfgvjB teb?
[M;cfgjvmwfjtecdkef; v.ifjr.ufb=ifjqOfhoDbvlifb/
qlOfjuMjyD@ (1978 xkdif 1981-82) efg;wlifbOlif; c.yfbvdefqefhq.rf
wMjukifj? efg;vkufj[Aef;rldif;wB; ulef;awnrfb=Uquf;ref; awnrfbayM;rD;/
n.ifbylefhqefhodyf; wDjwlefjwD; yD@ 1975 ao ckdefjqefhq.rf R.I.T wDj
nde;f qAibf / yM;ef;g qkr;f y.iuf mef auMvdujf Zdijf wB;? vkujf [Ae;f qefh q.rw f Mjukijf
n.e=f OfxOl ;f eMjo.ev f ud jf wB; ole;f wkrv f uk jf [Ae;f qefqh r. wf ;B ? ugMbo.evf ud jf
ymifoe . f ]r} [MjwlOf q.r;f xkihf arbrAOhf (ymifbnl;) e.icf OA ?f uRu;f tr;? xkiuhf e k f
y.ef (oeAe;f ) qlOd ;f eB/h qdOk jf ref;qmB;+ifh qmB;cdOl ;f okif ([kOd )f qmB;rlebf ([dOk )f
94
qmB;pkechf iF bf ? rdOl jf 1980 cmOf;rBj yDjqmB;ZMj n.e=f Ofao o.eyf mifvud jf ef;g aq@
w.ejf uRu;f tr;eefh yM;ef;g qkr;f y.iuf mefao yM;wif; qmB;oFiuf OF jf (uAi;f wki)f ?
qmB;cwfw h , d (vMjoAOjf ) cOfao n.e=f Ofvuk jf [Ae;f qefhqr. w f Mjukijf cOfrM;/
ymifo.efvdufjwB; ]r} [MjwlOf wlifbOAif;uRuf;tr; 1980 eB rD;arMo.ef oDb
ymufbymBao efg;ydkef;vdufjvmB;eBh yAefnefvDrmBw.if;udkrf; wFrfjwmifbydkef;OBh/
qmB;cldOf;okifeBh twbeMj=def;=rfjwif; emif;crf;an;(au;oD;)ao?
nrfbwef;,Ofh=if;[Aef; rdlOf;[Awf;umefcdkef; wDjau;oD; (or0g,r) ? ugMbugMb
rM;rM; wlejf wD;? au;oD;ao qyf;wmif;yAew f yf;[Fijf tvj vkuMg brdOl jf 1992eDj
wDjwlefjwD;/ rldOfjvk nMb,kqlOfjclyfb wkdufhrD;r.ufj (34) ulpf;/ rldOfjvAOf vkufj
95
,dif;vlifref; emif;uAif+rf ayM;vlif; M.B.B.S. ao yAefarM,M,lb,Ofh/

yAen
f p l ;f auMUuefqrA rf Old jf vAuahf o qlOjf ,fbg rM;eBauMj yAeaf uMUwduk ;f
ole;f {jcMjarM[ufv h ud jf wB;? yduk yhf ef{jyAeaf rMo.e?f {jayM;arMwFrjf vdujf =rfjwlOf
ugmrf;=rfjacMj vDvDtvj cMjnrfbvdkrf;aoy.ufj/ ayMjref;qmB;auMj yAefarM
vdufjvlifqa';wB;? qdkOfjOMj vkif;okqdifbwMb (vmif;cdlOf;)/ yM;efg;auMbrwDb
vdufjwB;=OfoldOf nefqOfjomBrdlif; (rif;'mB;)? Dr. vkif;yMUpmefb? vkif;csKifb
(rldif;udkif)? vkif;wmif;tu; cOfn.ef=Ofeefh/
CC
xFifjwB;auMUauMUekdifj yAefqmB;[mefbqdifb (+ifh) qmB;umef;,.wfj?

qdOk jf eMjumefqefo h ukd ;f +ifh qOfjoduk ;f vlif qmB;umef;,.wjf ? vBj=Uquf;ruf;qdOk jf
uef r.ujf 1982 / vBjwlie hf ikd q
f r. ;f uef ef;g auMvdujf Zdijf wB;wlejf wD;/ OmB;ao
[Of;cMjtvjqmB;cdOl ;f okicf Of ugMbo.erf M; ymifvud jf xkiuhf e k yf e
. f (oeAe;f ) 1982
ao xFijf yD@edik jf (1983) vkujf [Ae;f qefq h r. f (wMjukijf ? OAi;f vdOl bf ? wlejf wD;?
rsdwfhusD;eM; ndufb auMymifvlif? vmB;cMj? xkifhrmOf;) cOf cdkefjugMbo.efxFifj/ yBb
wef;o.ef rdOl jf z.i;f arMo.ecf Of zduk ;f z.e, hf bl wDjoeAe;f eefh vBjxkubf wif;
ckefrdlif; (ZmBbokduf;) cOf [efzdwf;aowDhp.yf; arMo.ef (47) auMU/ efg; (47)
auMUeefh yM;umef;,.wfjauMUedkifj/ ckefrldif;rmyfbrfgOMj vkufj[Aef;cOfnmifjugMb
uyf;okyd bf ZmBbxle
d bf eBao p.y;f cifOrhB u. jf vle d yf mBoi. v
f e
ld /f ayMjtrjule;f vlicf Of
n.efuefq.Bjvmwfjaujvdwfj qifby.Bbyefcdkef;/ eBhauMj yAefnefwDjvDw.if;
rmBwFrfjwmifbzdkefOBh efg;ykdef;ymifo.efvdufjwB;/
OmB;ao qmB;[mefbqdibf n.ubf c.ujf rM;,Ofah uMj uB=h yfx h yl ;f nkybf nlO;f uef
wif; ule;f ekrbf wB;[Of;cOf wDj=de;f ayMjvki;f ckeuf sMbnl;/ [Aw;f eefao 1984
r.ufjvldef April [mefbqdifbn.ef=Ofao yM;vkufj[Aef;qefhq.rfwlefjwD;urfj
z.ifj (crf;zldufb? oFOf;[mef)? vkufj[Aef;=if;rkef;vFif; (y.ifcdlOf;? yMUnl;) cOf?
vkufjn.efbefg;auMwlefjwD; xkef;vFif; (u.efcAOf)? nkrfjcldOf; (qmB;qmB;)? ,krfh
Oef; (Oef;wl;) cOf vBjcOfjxldefbugMb/ xdkifrM;yD@ 1986 ref;qmB; (,lbwDj
qmB;[mefbqdibf ao vFujf qdOk jf yAerf M; umef;,.wjf ) rM;zFOcf e kd ;f eMjwDjxkiuhf ek f
96
y.ef (oeAef;? z.if;oFif) eBtvj cMjauMj uBhuBhugMbtvbref;/ wkdufhw.if;,lb

rdOl jf cMjugMbtvby.ujf ekid jf [dr;f Zifberfyh e . w f jD ekid jf ref;o.eyf efumg rf; ]umifqgf
auMUvkufhzkdefh} ? yAefumef;,.wfjwFrfjao oAifvrfborfh qmB;odlOfcrf; (vMj
oAOfj) ofgb/ ugmrf;ykufjeBh [Of;cOfawuBhuBhidef;x.rfbrFefjuef,lb/ umef;,.wfjeBh
O.u;f auMjwFrjf erfawhawh/ rlOd jf ymifoe . uf Ru;f tr; (1980) ef;g arMo.eo f bD ymufbymB
eBh ref;nMb,kvuA ahf oyde l jf / OmB;vif umef;,.wjf cOf udw k ;f okud ;f uefwif; vlif
y.iq f idk jf aowMU awole;f wkruf e l ;f rlid ;f tvj ule;f okud ;f nefuw kd ;f wDj=Ofridl ;f ?
ayMUn.ufbvdufjydkefzmOfb? vlif;olef;wkrfwmif;rldif;,Aef (erfhwlj? ymifbcrf;)?
ymifvil ?f Omefj,lid ;f qlOd ;f eBh cMjauMjcOfjq.jB xFryf M;z.ijf ,lb/ OmB;aoyuf;oOf;
iOfjike;f wDjcmB;odrbf refjuFebf ao wlie hf idk [f w
A ;f umef ZmBbeMjwDjrke;f vFi;f cke d jf
,fgbeefh cMjauMj cOfjyM;q.BjxFrf,lb/ xkdifrM; yD@ 2002 eDj vdlefaz@azM@
OM@'D@ 10 Oef; ref;qmB;vli;f ugMbrlid ;f rmef@? wMbcOfjy.;B c.yjf clybf Oef;rlid ;f =rfjwkrf
wDjwMjukifj/ qOfjuM;ref; nOfuM;ugMbydefjwDjyvAufhao vBjwldOfhomif@ugMb
nAefnMb\kifb/ nrfbyBwmif;vBjao vBjeifjedlOfwifbavMUxlOf;? yAefeef,lb
aowMU erfq h n
gf rfb,.r;f ? [Fi;f qfag uMjnrfbnlejf ? wkud o hf ydk bf cwf;qfg eifbnef
ref;cfjg yAecf jgf [Aw;f eef, h bl / ulp;f uMj a'M;uMbwmif;yAef [mOfj[Fi;f rM;wdu;f wdu;f ?
[Fi;f oifw h Ol f ,lyjf ,.r;f rM;v.;B v.;B tvj vBjqyf;wmif;yAef uFe@f odOl @f wyf;ao
vBjzmwfbvkujf zmwfbar; zmwfbvkujf e.ihf tvj vkujf wyfh vBjvyf;e.e;f vdOk jf
ugMb wDjymifoOf;iOfjikef;cmB;odrfb rdlOfjyD@ 2004 eDj vldefrmcsfU 14 Oef; eefh
,Ofh/
CC
xFijf auMUekid jf ? yAen

f p
l ;f auMUumef;,.wjf auMjqfjg ? vkujf e.iahf uMjyAe?f
qdOk jf =if;[Ae;f +ifh qmB;crf;oMb? qdOk jf ef;g okud ;f +ifh cdOl ;f rFwjf ? ckeo f udk ;f vlicf Old ;f rFwjf /
yAefvkufj[Aef; =if;rkef;vFif; (aq@uFif;) ao cOfjxldefbq.rf;umef;,.wfjcOf
rdOl jf yD@ 1984 / wlu;f ykejf z.e;f eMjwDj wmif;rlid ;f yefbao? OmB;aonOfirf;,Aef
,Ofh wif;cMjrM;=yfhuefcdkef; wDjy.wf;+ifb/ umef;,.wfjyefykefjz.ef;ao
ref;qmB;ugMbo.euf mefomBvrl ;f wDjef;g rlid ;f xB;/ y.ujf rM;cde k ;f ao nOfye k jf z.e;f
97
wDj+ifjumefomBo.if/ arM[ufhnlpf;auMU? arM[ufhumef cwf;qfgumef/ ulpf;uMj

rmifyu. jf rmifvgf ayM;rOf;rM;uB[h w A ;f cAef ([mBrh e
dl v
f uk jf n.ebf ) vl;edOl w f ;B auMUcOf/
eyfwh e d e f yfrh Okd ;f [Aw;f umef/ wmif;cwf;qfug mef;ref;qmB;auMj ule;f vli[f Of;cOf
qMUyAef umef;,.wfj tvj ylb,Dj (e.ifauMj) cOfauMj ruf;refj,lb? ydkifjndif
,krbf ,rf,bl / xkid [f mify@D 2002 udik uhf mifeh mOf[iF ;f vdrk ;f wlOuf Mg byFwjf / nOfuMg bvMj
oAOfj? nrfbnmyfjvBj,Ofhtvj nOfrM;cdkef;cmB;odrfbao rM;vkugMbefg;rdkOf;[Of;
wB;auMUwif;vmB qMUyAef ausMbaqM;? ckefokduf;omBOef;? YoMbausMboFif/
efg;olefokrfhrmufbq.uf;cdlOf;rFwfjeBh yAefwDjnlpf;auMU[Of;wif;vmB
vBjaysMbrlefjudefausMb [Awf;umefq.rf;ueftvj ckuf;qfgvBj,lbwMbaob/ r.ef;
r.ef; wB;auMU/
CC
auMUvked ;f okw;f nefnrfbwliw hf ufah o ukid uhf mifv

h jB zmwfbuefuMg bxFijf
orfhyAef qmB;ok (+ifh) qmB;oljrmef (+ifh) qmB;[mefbn.ifb? ylefhqefhodyf; yD@
1984 / ,lbuRif;rkefqOfjao cwf;qfgcdkefjqefhq.rf RIT wMjukifj/ nrfbarM
,lbvdlrfjvBb[Awf;[mif@[Awf;Zmif? rD;oifekifjeefhudefeefhao vyfherfhuwfh
ref;rM;/ rdOl jf 1987 yD@ yDjqmB;ZMjcOf zkpbf ymifoe . w f mif;xkiyhf iA ;f ([mB;vli)f ?
qmB;ok? qmB;vlef;? qmB;o.if; (xkifhylif;) wif;[Of;cMjcOf vBjugMbq.rf;uef/
1988 vdlefarb cMj tvj qmB;ok? omBvFwfb? odlOfvmOf? qlOf;Odef; (OAif;rfgb)?
qmB;qmB; (wlefjwD;)? ,dif;aeMbcrf; (wmifh,mef;)? ,dif;oDbwMb (oDbayMU)
cOf n.efuyf;okdyfbwif;umef;,.wfjao vBjugMbvAyfj[Aef;=Ofrldif;/ vBj=Uquf;
uefrM; wif;qOfjcgmefrldif;ao qmB;ok ,lbudkwf;OBhq.rf; qOfjcgmefrldif;/
OmB;aoumef;,.wjf wFubf n.ubf qmB;okauMj vBjq.jB umefrM; ef;g rkuq hf rk ;f
umef;,.wfj/ nOfykefjz.ef; efg;auMbrwDbxkifhrmOf;/ efg;nldifbxkifhrmOf; aq@
uOfb rlid ;f rmOf;/ zlj[ufqh Old q
hf mwfjcOf nefnrfb=Uquf;ref; ayM;awnrfbrD;/
ref;yduk yhf ef o.eyf ef teyef oAejf wmif;tvj vkujf n.ebf xkifhrmOf; ndufb
wB;ekrbf [Of;cOf nefvjB cde k jf ,fbg ugMbauMj rD;wif;erf/ rle d ef ifb qmB;crf;n.ibf
(rldif;olj) eBauMj yAefqmB;okoifbo.efao wkdwfhqefrM;yef/ vBj,dyf;eMj
98
umef nefie kd ;f cOfjerfaowMU wMbawqfUg qmBbokebf wlOrf ef;auMUvAOf wke d ;f

nrfbrD;/ q.jB xFrn f pl ;f auMU? q.jB xFrv
f uk jf n.ebf wB; awuwfch e
F Z
f mBbymB;ydibf pMb/
rldefeifbvkufjcMjeBauMj rdlOfj,lb=if;oOf;wDjerfhcrf; ref;nOfykefjz.ef;yef
oAifjoAifj/ eldOfvkufjn.efbul@auMU ref;arM[ufharMo.efawhawh/ nefref;
qfgUqmBbokif;wdkOf;wMbokefbwlOftwh rD;v.ifjokdOfhvlyyfhvdufju.pf;/ nlpf;auMU
qrfqfg rdlefeifb omBvFwfb? vFif;rldif;? Odef;ilpfb? qmB;vlef; cOfauMj ayM;=yfh
uefwif;ref; uOf;uef? y.ifhy.ifhxMUxMU ,Ofh,Ofh,.ufb,.ufbao rOf;q.rf;uef
wMbaob/ ayM;cdlOf;rFwfjvl;rM;auMj nefxdif;vBj rD;qmB;okauMUvAOfu.pf;/
rdOl jf vAOf o.icf Mvyf;e.e;f vkOd jf q.r;f uefuMg b,Of/h ayM;awvmwfjv.ijf erfuh wfh
qmB;ok awnrfbqmif@,OfhvBj/ ulef;vlif zmBbymB;rldif;? ymB;okduf; nefref;
nrfbcOfjn.ufbrkdwfjudkOf; nmyfjayM;awnrfbrD;aoauMU/ vmB;ugMb vmB;yB vmB;
vmwfjqM odlifbwlOfauMj usMUawhawh/
[Awf;eef okdyfbwlifhekdif[Awf;umefref;,lbao rdlOfj=OfZlef 2007
vdlefusKef@ idef;OMj rFif;emOfcBjyMb (emOf,kif;) cOfjn.uf;ao vBjvkokrf;ugMb
wDj=if;,MuAif;[kifj eB,Ofh/ vldOfao ndkefvlif;erfhvmB; tvj qAwfherfhwM
cMjauMj nrfbqmif@vmwfjq.r;f oif/ =ifjugMbxFijf ,Ofh r.ubf vlibf ekid jf / rlOd jf vAOf
wlOcf myfjzOfbwOfjref; nlp;f auMU[Of;cOf ugMbauMbOByh efcrk f wDjv.v B il zf jl [ufh
qmwfjcOfe.ef;vkdOfjeefh,Ofh/
nlpf;vDoDbauMU r.ufbn.efboDbvlifb nefcMjcB@vmwfjteugMbeefh
qlOfjvFwfbyBbcFif Oef;yBbwAifj =ifjqOfhugMbaowMU nefnmef;[mifjcldifjyef
trjrldif;wB; tvj vdefrldif;wB;[Of;eefh ,dlif;nmef;vuf;rmB yBbxdkifaowMU
qdlOfhZef;nefcOfzkufbugMbo.rfjugMbeefh [Of;cMjwif;oAifj wdkef;awokdyfbofgb
zkebf ylu;f y.if {jayM;vBjyuf;r.ubf uderf mufbref;,lb/ ,.ijf a,M;nOfuik bf rkee f rfqh gf
cOfao {jwB;auMUwif;vmB qdlOf;rD;wDjuBwDjqrf? eMjvifzMjuifjwif;oAifj
n.efokdyfbcwf;qfgumef wMbtrjrldif;wB;[Of;ckdefj,fgbrfgbokif rkef;vFif;ugMbao
urf;/
ckefnl; (wlefjwD;)
99
qdlif:vmofvlef,'j.
rguf,rlofOSif
yD@c'dofh 1983 vldefrmcsfU/
wDjwfgjwlefjrBh,lbuvdyf;wdof; nefrD;zmBbeMj=if;[Aef;qefhq.rf
wlefjwDjeefh vkufj[Aef;rlbekdifjeifjvAefjOBhao auMUudefcOfjrkef;OBhauMjudef
tvj auMUvmwfjawMbuef,bl auMjvmwfj wmrfye A yf mefozMbOvkujf [Ae;f cOf/
qmB;pMU / / =dpf; = (ol) qdlOf;eBh zfgawq.rf;ymifvdufj/
qmB;vAufh / / awrD;ymifvdufjwDjvfgvMb/
qmB;pMU / / zmBbymifvlifeBhulpf;? qrf,lbulpf;eMb/ OlOf;oFifwif;
u.ifwdyfh ugMbq.rf;tvj? +ifhyM;usDbax;cOfugMbtvj/
u.if / / nmBjqldOf;eBh uOf=Uv.ifjolcOf,lbeMj? olcOftwhnrfb
q.rf;nrfbqfgj[MU/ uOftwhuOf wif;nrfbarMvdufjwB;
vDvD {juOfugMbo.efydlefjvBjqldifh[dkOf? wMUvDclOfvMj
[kdrf;C [dkrf;C [dk rf;/
qmB;vAufh / / rFejf awhawh [M;[M;C/ nmBjpMUeBh ref;ulp;f =pf;+ifh
ydlefjrMbvmBvlif ref;nrfbugMbtoj? =Uv.ifjuef,lb
ulpf; [M; [M; [M;C/
qmB;pMU / / nmBjC [M;nrfbwef;,kdifeMb/ ayM;umef[M;,Ofhtwh
[M;awugMbq.jB ,lbtoj/ qlOd ;f yAeyf @D ekid jf auMj vBj=pf;
OBh,Ofh/
101
usDbax; / / ndlOfjq.rf;twhcfgjq.rf;,lb/ ulpf;uMj uOfvlOfbxmrfyDj

nmBjuOfu.efb/ ayM;[Of;q.rf;ugMbwif;oAifjeB awvD
aysMbndlOfjrfg;/
oFif / / nldOfjayM;ugMbauMj ugMbq.rf;uefwif;oAifjeefheMb? vD
,lbvl;/
nlif;pkefh / / olauMj nrfbvlObf y.ujf wMjukijf avMb? ugMbq.r;f ymifvud jf
tvj/
oFif / / nlpd ;f zljerf;ef;g vli?f olyefacMjyli[f Of;[MUeB?h q.ibf
olorfhawq.rf;? [Of;auMjvlOfbwlpf;iOf;vmB;ref;u.efb
ndlOfj/
nlif;pkefh / / ndlOfjndlOfjC n.efuefOlefhOBhtvj? qefhq.rfOAif;vldOfb
tvj wMjukijf cOf awrM;vmBauMUnrfb=Utoj/ zfq g r. ;f
nrfbq.rf;auMj ayM;qkrf;cOfrM;eB vlOfb[yfhwrf;yef
wDj,lbcOftvj vlOfbq.Bju.efbndlOfjeMj? zfg,MbymBj/
qmB;vAufh / / v.ifjeBhulpf;? +ifhrM;e.ef;wDj=def;[Of;auMj,OfheMb/
wMbvAifhvltwh ykefjz.ef;emif;,dif;cOfeMb/
oFif / / ayM;cfgjvAifh cBbwlrfj? cBjclOfjulpf;twh [Of;arM,lbeMb
[D; [D;C/
u.if / / v.ifjeBhulpf;C
qmB;pMU / / aej aej u.ifwdyfhawauMU[kifvAifhOMb/
u.if / / an;C nmBjpMUeMj? uOfnmifjOMj usDbax;rD;,lbwif;
auMUeB? uOftwhC
qmB;vAufh / / ayM;vMj ayM;vMj? rfg;awvAifhcBbwlrfjxFifjnrfb[dkOf?
wdkef;nrfbvBjv.ifjtoj/ v.ifjeBh awvBjykdifj YoMbr
vlifemif;usDbax;ulpf;,Ofh/
usDbax; / / ndlOfjndlOfj vBj,lbulpf;/ ulpf;uMj vmwfjOef;ref;OBh
n.efwmif;eMj/
nlif;pkefh / / ayM;=UOef;cOfawrM; [Of;qifbvmwfjoleMj/
102
vkufj[Aef;wB;[Of;auMUvfgauMj rD;erfhqfgwMbawq.Bjumefyluf;y.if
qdlOfhcldOf;,lbaowMU {jayM;rD;auMUn.ef=OfawhawhnrfbrD;/ {jayM;rD;zFef
umef cFrv hf yF jf auMj nrfbrD;/ {jayM;rD;ide
k ;f u.iuf mifwrf;yefOahB uMjnrfbrD;tvj
ulpf;rdlefulef;ikrf;yMefg;erfh? rdlefulef;wMr.wfb nOfc.efhwOfh wDhqmrf;umOfh,mBh
awMbeMjnOfulpf;/ nOfvmB;eBhao wlifhekdifumefqldOfhcdlOf;rM; qArfrdlOfjvkefj
eMj vmBvmBymef,Ofh/
CC
wMbugMbymifvdufj ]r} [MjwlOfwDjoeAef;? ndlifbymifvlifeefh

vkufj[Aef;qefhq.rfOAif;vdlOfb? qefhq.rfrsdwfhusD;eM;cOf zFOfrM;wDjOAif;wlefj
wD;tvj qkrf;auMqefhq.rfwlefjwD;cOf vBjcyfh[Fef;yefwDjvkdOfjao [kif
wlrfjwMbvAifhvlcOf/
qmB;vAufh / / nM;vlOC hf nM;vlO?hf clOjf eAijf ulp;f auMjnrfbyAe?f cFrjf
,OfheMb/
oFif / / okwf;wDjydlefjnrfbarMeMb/ zfgqfgUolrM;qfgU[Of;clOfj
vMb/ [dkOfb clOfjrfgbxFifjnOftvj/ arMauMj [Awf;wifj
twbrdlOfjuBjnrfbqfgj [dkOfh/
qmB;vAufh / / aej [Aw;f eBtvj? ZB;ref;nrfbvlObf ofbg [Fi;f vli?f ykehf
elpfj arMjclOfjeAifj? nefeBh nrfbqfgjarMjrefjulpf;
w.i;f OB/h olcOfqOdl ;f eBh wde
k ;f nrfb=UcDjoifawh,Ofah nh?
,myfbndlOfjeBh/ rM;uOfawauMUclOfjae/
u.if / / rM;uOfawauMUclOfjae/
qmB;vAufh / / rM;xFifjauMUekdifj,Ofh? ayM;nrfbarM,Mbay[Awf;/ uOf
cmefhodrf;/
u.if / / r.ufjeBhtwh uOfarMclOjf ,lbulpf;/
qmB;pMU / / n.euf efrM;ef;g +ifjudecf Ofjtvj awuyf;okyd bf yefuef
OMb/
qmB;pMUcOfjrM;ef;g +ifjrdOk ahf oymOfbtvj qlOd ;f rD;,lbef;g +ifjrdOk ahf uMj
103
n.ufbrM;xlyf;cFufbwDj+ifjudefcOfjao okdyfbrkdwfjuef,Ofh/ umefokdyfbrdkwfjuef

eBh auMUvmwfjauMjvmwfjugMb? auMUx.rfbx.rfb,lbaowMU wMbaww.if;{judkrf;
vBjtwh nrfbayM;uBhrD;toj/ rdlOfjvkufj[Aef;qmB;auMUekdifjuyf;odkyfbOMj qmB;v?
,lbOAif;rldif;,mif; eBtvj emif;OlOf;oFif yAefnefnmrf;vlifugMb/ c.ifref;auMj
yAefwB;rldif;,mif;eefheMb/ ulef;rldif;,mif; (y.wf;n.ufbclif;) cOf rM;cdkefjqefh
q.re f B rdOl jf ymefeefh vdOl af ocOfyjD e.ihf ,if;nrfbyBbrD;zftg vj qifbnmrf;,Of/h
wDjawh qdkOfjOAif;ref;rdlefuefaowMU OAif;edkifjwifjrD;zmBb+ifb rldif;uAif;wkif
68 vuf;? efg;aq@rldif;wB;tvj xFifjOAif;ekdifjtwh rD;efg;aq@rldif;cmif qrf
rdlif;u.if;eefh,Ofh/
CC
wMbugMbq.BjwDjymifvdufj ]r}[MjwlOf wDjymifvlifeefh auMUyAef

=OfyOfj auMvdujf _Zdijf wB;-qefq h r. wf e
l jf wD; arMo.ee f mif;rse
d rhf se
d chf iF bf +ifh
vkufj[Aef;cOfxlyf;uefwDj=def;ref;ao oifbacMjugmrf;,Ofh/ rdlOfjeefh qifb
vBjxlyf;wif; qdlOf;yAefvkufj[Aef;yD@xlefjekdifj qmB;[mefqdkefj? emif;u.ifwdyfh
(rldif;yAif;) tvj emif;tib wif;ulef;OAif;wlefjwD;cOfo.ifauMU rD;qdkOfjOMj
]qmB;qmB;} tvj ]qmB;Oef;wl;} rldif;yefbcOf,Ofh/
oFif / / [Of;,if;nrfb,mrfj[efoal oy.ujf vMb? qkOd jf ol ][mefb
oAifb} eB[MU/ [mefboAifbolOfb,defb yrMbeMbtrbusD;
aeM/
[mef / / nrfbqfgj? [mefqdkefjC [mefC qkdefj? nrfbayM;y.ifb
ugmrf;wB;,lOfhrM@? vmwfjwif;ugmrf;rmef@a[C/
oFif / / zfgOMj? c.ifqkdOfjolwFrfjOBhOMj pdkif;[efpdef eBeMb/
[mef / / eefh vdufjrmef@wFrfjoAifwB;nrfbvBjvlif/ olnrfb
,mrfj[ef[Of;eBh olcOfnrfb,mrfjrM;q.jB umef wDjqkr;f
tvj,lIOfh/ [Of;orfhxmifbolyAefrmef@eBugMj/ wB;awMb
wB; vmwfjugmrf;wB;awMbuefvl;/
oFif / / zfgOMj? wB;qFwfjqFwfjnldOfj [Of;eBh/ rD;olulpf;ndlOfj
104
nrfbrM;q.Bjtvj nrfb,mrfj[ef[Of;eefh? aeMjC

nlif;pkefh/
nlif;pkefh / / ndlOfj ndlOfj? wAwfbvMjcldOfeBh/ arMo.efawoifbugmrf;
olcOfaej/ ugMbq.rf;uefauMj ,Mbukrfbzdwf;uef? xAif
uefqldifheB,lbeMj/
CC
xFifjOef;ekdifj rlbvkufj[Aef; qdlOf;awugMbymifvdufj tvj qldOf;

q.rf;olifbcOf n.efuefrM;wDjwMjvlwfhugMbymifvlif qArfumifefgqOfhao olifb
oifbuef,lb/
nlif;pkefh / / [Of;wif;nmBjusMpfh awrM;q.rf;,lbulpf;? c.ifOAif;[Of;
(v.vB rF )f wif;ymifvil e f hB qrfqrfup l ;f vli/f nmBjpMU
twhnrfb=UeMj/
qmB;pMU / / [Of;auMj awrM;q.rf;awhndlOfj/
u.if / / aejaejC cOfvud ;f wMawMbuef,bl / cOfawnrfbrM;
ulpf;eefh/
[mef / / nM;vlOn hf p
dl ;f ? awugMbo.ev f ud jf [MU awugMbtvbaysMb
uef[MU/ auMUeefhauMjvlOfbyM; auMUeBhauMj{jrM;OMb?
okwf;wDj[Of;qdlOf;eBhyM;,lbeMb/
OlOf;oFif / / okwf;wDjolnrfbqfgjcOfeefheMbC [dkOfh/ ,OfhauMj cOf
vmwfjnOfrMvmBup l ;f / awrM;nrfbqfjg tvjndOl jf =U
[MU? ]nDbu.if} auMj rdlefuef,Ofh awq.rf;eBa[ nrfb
q.rf;/
u.if / / wmifwOl f ]u.iw f yd -hf uAi;f wki}f a[ ]u.iw f yd -hf rlid ;f yAi;f }
awq.rf;eMb? awMjnmBjpMU nmBjvAufhcOf wMUnrfbrD;
ulef;wmifrdlefuOf [D;[D;C/
[mef / / oifauMjnrfboFifb/
qmB;pMU / / ayM;umefyDjnmBj[M;qfgUOBheefh,OfheB awrM;q.rf;awh
105
ndlOfj/ aej vlwfhawn.ufb,OfhOMb? qlOf;uefcdkefj

vlwfhavMb/
vlwfhqdyfh (Jeep) n.efb awMUnOfulef;tvjclOf;wArfykduf;ydkuf;ao
a[MjnFefbq.rf; clefwmif;uFyfjuFyfj? ulwfhulwfh [dkifrM;[drf;ckdifjOef;qkdif udkwf;
vkdOfjwMbawudefcOfjOef; wDjrldif;y.ef,Ofh/
wdyfh / / =dOjf OlO;f oFi?f olnrfbcfjg udecf OfjauMj udex f Ol bf zl;clOjf
eBhtvj? ,if;wkduhv f ldwfb,lbtvj OmefndlOfj? =dOfjC
nOftvjemif;tij? nOftvj [mefboAifb cOf/
oFif / / ]vldwfb} eBhy.ifboifnMj/
wdyfh / / ]rBj} eBndlOfj/ olcOfnrfbvmwfjqldifheB[MU/ uAif;wkif
wif;rldif;yAif;eBh vmwfjrldefuef,lbulpf;eMb/
[mef / / ,Mbxmrfref;,lbvMj? ref;aw=Unrfbqfgj/ [Of;qifb
OMj ref;nrfbayM;arMugmrf;wB;eBeefh/ vdufjwB;auMj
olawarMo.ef,lb[MUeBh/
oFif / / arMtvjawrdOl ;f o.ew f jD ymifvud jf eefe
h Mb/ nrfbvlObf
rM;vmwfj[if;ydlefj,l/ rD;olulpf;ndlOfj qdkOfjwMU +ifh
OMj [mefboAibf OMb? yAeq f Odk jf rmef@vliw
f if;wFijf [D;[D;
[Awf;uFifjOMj [mefqdkefj eB/
[mef / / nMC [mefqkdefjawhndlOfj? nrfb,krfbauMj ayM;xkdif
ymifvlifeB xmrfwlpf;trj[Of;tvj/
wdyhf / / [MC ol,bl ymifvil [f MUeB/h ayM;eB vlObf rdOl ;f uefcOfj=de;f
olndlOfj crfjeBh aeMjC/
Oef;wl; / / udefcOfjulpf;nrfbuM; cfgjcdkefjyfgUurf;vAOfauMjvBjOMb
ayM;olzr. /hf ayM;nOfumg rf;wmif;+ifbOMjtwh yDjvlO;f eB
eMb? ayM;yAev f uk jf yfUg twh awOMjvkujf vlO;f eB[Okd n f rfb
=UC [M; [M; [M;/
wdyfh / / oleahB uMj eyfah wMjOMjeMbvlif [D;[D;? cDjyFujf awhnOld jf
eB/h ]acR;r} eBeifbuOfbulp;f eMb? nmyfjawvBj=dOOhf ahB eMj
106
a[;a[;/ ayM;nOfzlOfrmef@eB zMjwlifbzlOfeBh [Awf;

cAef;=OfauMjvBj? ayM;uwf;orfh nOf[Awf;zMjrBa[?
ayM;nrfbrD;odejf wMbvmBjnmyfberfah uMj nOfeik jf vBj?
ayM;okufjeMjorfh nOf[Awf;zMjqAwfheMja[eefheMb/
oFif / / vMjvDjvmwfjoifulpf;ulpf;nrfb=U/
[mef / / qfjg awhnOld jf ? nrfb,krbf auMj qmrf;wlp;f tvj a[;a[;/
wdyfh / / rAOf;ydlejf qmrf;wlpf;[MUolqldOf;eBhC [dkrfh/
CC
zldOfb+wfjxkdifymifvliftwh yDje.ifh? ymifvlifcOf rM;[yfhwrf;yef

wDj=def; vkif;(CC) aowMU qmB;[mefqdkefjtwh ugMbwDj=def;cOf,Ofh/ =Of
crfjtwh ref;rM;+ifhnOfqldOf;arMo.efcOfao ugMbtvb=def;cOf,Ofh/ ayMjtrj
qmB;[mefqkdefjcOf yAefulef;odkOfj,lOf;awhawh/ e.ifhqmB;n.efbref;o.ifauMU
yAefnefqlrf;cFufbao vFefjcOfjvFefjn.ufb efg;=def;e.ufj=def;? vFefjcdkefj
=def;vlif;=def;,lb/
ref;qlOf;qkrf;cOf yBugMbzmBbwmif;vuf;oOf[def wDjruf;rmB[Awf;
vdufj=rfjrmB nef[Awf;rldOfjyD@ 1947 eefh/ vuf;oOfauMj awMUtwhyAefvuf;
oOfu.pf;tvj zdlOfbref;udkifhumifhudkwf;ao qDhvmwfjOMj nefeBh,Ofh yAefvuf;
oOfeB n.efuefudkwf;q.rf;ref;ao nMjymufbidlOfjwlpf;vuf;oOf,Ofh/
[mef / / eBheMb? =rfjOMjyAefwDjcOfjodlufjydkef;,fgbvlifaowMU
,if;nrfbckdufhcrfboif rdlefolcOf[ef,lbeBheMb/
oFif / / [MC nefeBheB[MU? [Of;xmifb[Awf;OBh orfhayM;ckdufhvlif
OBheB/
wdyfh / / ndlOfjaeMj/ wDjawhref; cOfvlOfb[Awf;{jref;cFrfhckdufh
vldOfeBhawhndlOfjaeMj/
qmB;Oef;wl;twh +ifo h e F bf n.ubf rM; zAi;f vdujf =rfjrmBymifvil f tvj
emif;tibauMUnrfbuBhvmwfjugmrf;erfeefh eFwfj[mrfjref;,Ofh/
emif;tib / / =dpfhC ol,Mb+ifhvl;? urfhydlefjawidef;,OfheM/
107
Oef;wl; / / [Awf;oif olulOfeMb[MU/

emif;tib / / ndlOfjC ulOfnldOfj/ ,lbv.ufb,lbvmBtwh [Of;nrfbudef
xlOfbvdlifavMbeMj/ oifol+ifhugmrf;eBhtvj awrD;erfh
w.ef;awheBtwh qfgjndlOfj/ wB;vlOfbqlOf;uef+ifhwif;
oAifju.efbnldOfj/
[mef / / [drk ;f [drk ;f ? olcOfqOld ;f eBh arMvmwfj[if;zf[g if;ref;awh
,Ofh/ rM;tvj [Of;ugMbyBwlpf;wmif;ykefh? OAif;ymifvlif
eBh qkdOfjvkdOf;,.efhydkef;aowMU nrfbrD;oifeifbuOfb
ulpf;/
wdyfh / / ulpf;uMj uwf;uwf;,Aef,AefqldifheB [Of;twhusLdufj
ndlOfj[Of;/
[mef / / vkue hf jB y.ujf rlOd ;f ,Ofh ugMbvkOd jf +rf[iF ;f OBh wMbcdek jf v.rB Old jf
zkufjtvj/
oFif / / [MC rldOfjzkufjawvBj,mifjcdkefjv.B cfgjOMjeB[MU/
[mef / / cfgjOMjnrfbqfgj? wkdef;OMjndlOfjeBh/ elpfjC elpfj
wlpf;eMjref;vl;? awvBjcdkefjv.BeBtvj =b[Mbvlif
,Of/h [Of;qifbOMjol ,Mbxmifbrle d vf jB n.ubf tvbwmif;
aysMbeBeMb? ulOf[MUurf;eBh/
oFif / / nrfbulOfavMb/ ulpf;uMj cM[Of;nrfbcFifvFif; ([Fif;)
tvjndlOfj/ ayM;vBjckdejf v.BeB n.ufbuAOfbwMbaobeMb/
olcOfyfgUvkrf;vM;ulpf;vMj/
[mef / / ule;f OAi;f eBh ref;,myfbqlid e hf ,B ikd /f [Of;twh awnFebf
ymBj/ rDauMjrD;? ydlefjOMjodlOfauMjrD;OMb a[;a[;C/
wdyfh / / ayM; ayM;C ,Mbv.ufb{jref;ulOfvl;? ref;auMjnrfb
ayh,myfbuM@[dkOfeifbuOfbugMj/ v.BwMUnrfbokifnrfb
qef;uMj[dkOfnrfb[dkOf/
CC
108
crfjeefh n.efuefvkdOfje.ef;qArfqOfhao umifefgrldif;vFif;auMj

n.efuefugMbumwfb? odkOfha[MbcOfjokuf;zuf;okuf;tvj eFwfjn.efqlOf;uef
cdkefjv.B,Ofh/ twb,mifjn.ufbOAif; ,if;yBbwef;cdkefjv.BauMj ulef;nrfb,mrfj
yBwAOf;wmif;cmOf;uBtwh ayM;=dOfh,lb,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj eifbymefulef;ekrfbtwh
nkyfbvmwfj,Ofh,.ufb[kefhclOfuefao nrfbayM;wef;=U=dOfhoifuM@[dkOfeifb
uOfb/
[mef / / aej OlO;f oFiC f wDj[dr;f wmif;tzOmefjqdOl ;f eBh yde l jf
nOfvdufjwB;wFrfjOBhrlwf;,Ofh/ q.ifbol,mrfj[ef[MU?
zmBbwmif;olcOf q.ifbydlefjwFrfjvdufjwB;qldifheB? wif;
nrfbyM;vdufjrmef@aowlOf [ef[dkOfh/
oFif / / rD;OMjrD; [Awf;oiftvjOMjnrfbrD;/ ulpf;uMj yAefvdufj
cde
k nf Old jf / q.ibf ol,mrfjzFOw f mif;uAi;f wki[f Of;[MU/ rM;
nFOfbwlpf;tvj ayM;cfgj[efauMj? zmBb[Of;cOfeBh aw
vBj[ef,AefbtijwB;qFwfjqFwfjurf;vAOfndlOfj/
[mef / / aej wlp;f eefth vj? ,if;wFrjf yM;vdujf ndi;f uvAwjf
vl;u.efb/
oFif / / vdujf nif;udw;f auMj yAev f ud jf yde
l jf ulp;f eMb ref;nrfb
cvMboifwif;vdufjrmef@avMb? nrfbqfgj[MU/
[mef / / ulpf;uMj ref;rdlefuefvlif/
oFif / / olusLud jf vdujf nif;udw;f auMj y.ibf OMj olcjgf ,.r;f cMjnif;
udwf;eefheMb nrfbqfgj[MU/
[mef / / nMC nrfbqfgj/ eBhyAefvdufjydlefjqfgUwif;vlufjtvj
vlOfbqfgUndlOfj/
wdyfh / / nvlOfhC olcOfo.ifauMUeBh xAifuefvBjeMbawhawh
an;/ zldOfvdlOf=dOfh orfhxAifuefvlif,lbwduf;wduf;?
nrfb=dOfh[MU/ wMU[Of;n.efuefvdkOfjurf;ekdifj nrfbvD
[MU/
emif;tib / / ndlOfj vdkOfjurf;ekdifjvDndlOfj aeMj yDjvmOfcrf;/
109
n.efuefvkdOfjwDjiOfjwlefjrBhyFufb nefrD;=rfjuwf;,AefvDeefh
yAefrlbaowMU qmB;v auMUyAefvkufj[Aef;qefhq.rfrsdwfhusD;eM; nefOMjeefh
twh ugMbeifj[dr;f =rfjauMrBo
h mif;ao wFrjf oifrmBoif,bl [if;ref;auMUvAOf nrfb
=U,Ofh/
wdyfh / / =dpf;C rM;udefwmif;udefu.efbtvj/ aej +ifhref;
z.ifjtvj/
Oef;wl; / / =dpf; yDje.ifhOmefjqmef;cOf rM;udefwmif;udefOMb/
emif;u.ifwdyfh+ifhref;aowMU ref;nrfbvFyfjidef;tvj
qmB;Oef;wl; qifb+ifhoFefbymOfbawMb ref;qifbOB=Of
teao nOfrdkOf;,kufhteOMj udefvMjudefvMj eBeefh
,Ofh/
[mef / / ref;awyAef ulef;olifwFrfjvdufj,lOfh/ [Of;auMjolif
wFrjf vdujf ndOl jf / [Of;wFrjf O.u;f OBah uMj rD;ndOl jf ? [Of;aw
te/
oFif / / O.uf;! nDjoifnMjO.uf;eBh/
wdyfh / / ndlOfj [Of;auMjnrfb=Uulpf;? nDjoifnMj/
[mef / / nMC oloi. af uMUeB?h O.u;f eBh yAef ]uAsm} ndOl jf / w.i;f
OBhvMj? eifbeBauMj awugMbo.efvdufjOMb/
wdyfh / / nOfxFifj,OfhnMj ref;eBh/ qfgolcOfeBh [mOfj[Fif;eMb
ylew hf jD vli/f q.ibf [Of;cOfawugMbo.ef {jyAeq f efoh ik f
zD@nAufhcsfWD@auMjnrfbqfgj/
[mef / / ulpf;uMj vlOfbofgbqfgvAyfj[Aef;OBherferf qifbawcFrfh
ndlOjf /
qmB;[mefqkdefjeBh wif;vmwfjwif;qluf;nOfyyfh rD;efg;xlifref;
eefyh wkd bf teao nmefbteO.u;f nefref;wFrjf OMj ]an;emif;uBb} eefh ao
orfhymBcBjtev.ifjref;xFifj,lbtvjC
oFif / / nM;vlOfhC uBboleBh arMvMbydlefja[aeM? rldefqOfj
ref;ugMj/
110
[mef / / elpfjC ydlefjcBjte wDjy.ifbref;qMUaovMbeefh

qdkifolnrfbx.rfbvMbrMj/
Oef;wl; / / cOfoi. af uMUawvMbuef,Ofuh rf;eB/h wMU[Of;odyk bf cmOf;
wmif;xFifjvMj? rM;rM; qmB;qmB;cOf ugMb,Ofh[Of;/
ulef;q.rf;olifb/ / ndOl jf C [Of;urf;urf;,if, h bl qlid e
hf B awzFOv f MjndOl jf /
aej nDbemif;cOf ayM;cdkefjv.BeBh ugMbn.efwmif;ydlefj
okwf;vMj? ,MbOdefbOmBbwmif;vifwduf;wduf;? ,OfhauMj
,Mbayrkifjwlpf;cmifjwmif;yMjeMj,lbwduf;wduf;? ,difj
cFe;f =dOn
hf Odl jf / ayM;w.irhf jB erfah uMj ,Mbudee f rf? awMU
twhudef {jolyf;,rf;qrfhauMjvBj,Ofh/
[mef / / =dpfhC x.rfbtvj rdlOfjydlefjvmwfjteeBh/ ayM;,Ofh
cif;nD;nD;nM;nM;a[/ elpfjC wlpf;yM;wlefjrBhyMb
yFubf wle;f v.q B Old ;f eefah vMb? [mif@vDuM@eB/h aej rD;
yM;clefwmif;uM;vAyfjcdkefj[mOf;v.Ba[ [ef[dkOfh/ rdlif;wB;
[Of;[mif@vDuM@eBh ayM;nrfbrD;okduf;rD;odlOfeB awvD
,lbuM@[dkOf/
oFif / / [MC rD;wmif;uM;,lb orf[h w A ;f oifnrfbcDbuM;tvj vBj
rM;,mifjcdkefjqldifheB/ nrfbrD;okdu;f auMjrD;odlOfeB aw
[Awf;[dkOfvD,lb/ nldpf;C nDjoifauMjnrfb=Uanh/
[mef / / ,mifjuM@eBuh p l ;f auMj refqmif@yAeo f ifnM@/ rM; rM;
qrfawxkdif,Ofhtoj/ olcOfawvBj[ef eM;rD;eldOfv.B
nldOfj q.ifb,mrfj[ef[dkOf/
oFif / / eyfhawMjOMj eM; aw[Awf;[dkOfrD;edlOfv.B? [B@ [MU/
[mef / / nrfb,krfbauMjyfgUwlpf;tvj eM;ndlOfj eM;? nrfbqfgj
[B@/
Oef;eefh xkdifcmOf;wMOef;cDb=Ofv.BauMj qkrf;arMo.efcOf +wfj
zFOfugMbwDjedlOfv.BoeAef;tvj vBj[efrD;v.uf;eM;edlOfv.Bawh,Ofh/ rlbqkrf;
vkufj[Aef;qefhq.rfwMjukifj tvj OAif;vldOfbcOf zFOfOBhn.efwmif;tvj n.ef
111
uefrM;qlrf;[yfhqdlOf;rM;rfgbao +ifhugMbwDj=def;ulef;vlifwDjOmefj ]vkif;omifb

r.ifb} ,Ofh/ ayM;,Ofh vBjtzuefugMb,lb wDj=def;yDje.ifhefg;Omefj Omefjv.B?
Omefjumif qdlOf;eBh,Ofh/
CC
wDj=de;f nef u.iw f yd thf vjOlO;f oFif vBjugMb,lbqkid f yAe=f ed ;f vif,bgf

vli?f rD;ckrOf w
d hf (+ifjerf?h +ifjolrjf ? +ifjzmBj) rD;erfv h ed ;f umBbwlu;f rM;qfUg tvj
omifbawMbul@qdlOfh,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj vBj[efulef;xOfj tvj vkufjn.efbu.pf; rD;
wDj=def;vifeefhtvj zldOfbxmrf vBj=UOMj yAef=def;ulef;vlifeB/ ulpf; cOf
nrfbrD;wDj=def;/
wDj=def;nef qmB;[mefqdkefjcOfvBjugMb,lbeefhtwh nrfbrD;ukrfb
xlefj/ erfhvdef;? erfharMbauMj nrfbrD;? ckrfOdwfhauMj orfhymBnrfbrD;tvj
qkrf;cOfvBjckwf;ckrfOdwfh (xmif) wMbcOftvbymifbugMbzmBjeefh,Ofh/
wdyfh / / xmifolcOfrD;vfgnM@ olcOfckwf;,OfheBnrfb[dkOf/
[mef / / rD;ulefj=pfjykefhaej? Oef;wl;wkdufhugMb,lbndlOfj? ,Mb
zlrfjwlpf;/
oFif / / [M rD;vfgauM? wlpf;orfhyAefoifvMb/
[mef / / cfjg wlp;f auMjwlp;f tvj ayM;olcjgf [efauMj? ref;nrfb
rD;yM;rkif;eefheMb/ elpfj elpfjC Oef;wl;vkufhcdkefj
rM;,Ofh [D;[D;/
wdyfh / / nMU olcOfqdlOf;eBh uOf;usMUan; [D;[D;[D;/
[mef / / rM;wDjeBhtvj [Of;awteolcOfrAOf;ekdifj/ wlpf;eBh
vl;? eBhyAefvmB;rdkOf;wB;qFwfjqFwfjndlOfj/ q.ifbref;
nrfbvDnmrf;[dOk v f MbeB?h nOfrM;u.iuhf efqidl e hf B nrfbvD
nmrf;[MUeBh/
qmB;[mefqdkefj nOfy.wf;rBhn.efb nefydlefjc.uf;cFuf;[Awf;wmif;
[mif@vDao rdlefnOfrBho.ify.wf; u.ifhuAOfbvdrfbzefj {jv.uf;ref;cOfjn.ifj
uefvDvDimrf;imrf;eefh,Ofh/ yAefvmB;rdkOf;qOfj=def; nefcOfvBje.ef;eefh
112
OMjeB/ ayM;udkifhumifhwlpf;twh rdlefnOfrBho.ify.wf; rM;u.ifhumBbuefOBheefh,Ofh/

[mef / / ayM;[Of;rD;idkef; nrfbeef ayM;[Of;y.ifyAefvBjeB
[Of;cfgj,kufh,.ifjyDje.ifhOmefje.ufjeM;ymifb qdlOf;eD;erfh
uwfhqldifheBndlOfj/ wlpf;tvj [Mwlpf;tvj? [efwDj
uyf;ref;,Ofh[MU/
oFif / / vlOfbrM;rD;wDjuyf;[Awf;oif? okwf;wDjyldefjc.uf;cFuf;
nOfrBhy.wf;ekdifj [Awf;n.ufbo.ify.wf;vlif? =U,lbtoj/
[mef / / ,lOfOMjnrfb=UeB/
oFif / / [dOk C
hf rmwfjyle
d jf idOl jf eMb/ nefye ld jf nOfiM;qmifh c.u;f
[Aw;f [mif@YzM; rD;OBv h mBvmBqefe h efah uMj ,mrfj[efOMj
,mrfj[ef/
[mef / / qfgj[MU? [Of;nrfbrmwfjolidlOfjtoj/ nefeBh cFrfhawh
aeMj/ {;C oleBh wdefrdkOf;[mif@vDusMUvl;? oleBh
umrfbawvDusMUndlOfjeBh/
qmB;[mefqdkefjeBh [efemif;OlOf;oFif,dyf;wlpf; y.wf;rBhnefydlefj
cFuf;r.ufb[mif@vDOBheefhtvj wlpf;rFefjrdkOf;ref;ao,Ofh ulrfjwlpf;yM;wdef
ref;emif;a[ OMjrM;qldifheB,Ofh/
oFif / / oFifboif? ,.ifj[Of;rMbvmBulpf;ndlOfjeefh/
[mef / / ayM;nrfb,krbf auMj xmrfue l ;f xOfjcOfwp l ;f avMb? awh
ndlOfj/ oleBh awnrfbwkufhcvBjulpf;/
oFif / / [Of;auMj ulOfwkufhc,lbeifbuOfb/ {jrldefolyf;rdlefugmrf;
olawhvMjC oMxk oMxk/
[mef / / ndkrfC rM;OBj[Of;[Awf;oifvMb/
oFif / / zfgOBjolC ]oMxk} eBh y.ifbOMj ]vD,Ofh} eBnrfb[dkOf/
[mef / / ndlOfj awhaeMj/
wdyfh / / aej crfjqlOjf eBh cOfwMjukijf awo.e+f ifuh mg rf;OMb? [Of;
cOfeBh umifefgorfhvkufhzkduf;oef;a[ o.efuMjwMby.B;
o.e;f erfah [eB xdik af wMjvAOaf uMj yBbvBjo.ev f ud jf vD
113
vDaeMj/
[mef / / ndOl jf yfUg xMjyDjqmB;ZMjeBv;l / awo.ez f ukd ;f z.en
hf e
. f
wmif;u.efb? awtzyef{jvlif;wDjOmefjOMb/
oFif / / [drk C
f ayM;eB [Of;cOfawnrfbvBj,lbwDjOmefjvAOuf ef
,Ofh[MU/
wdyfh / / ndlOfj [M;o.ifauMUOlOf;oFifulpf;twh nrfbyAefeMj/
[mef / / cdlOfo.ifauMUeBhtwh qfgj,Ofh/ wlOfeyfhwB;vl; q.ifbarM
,lb[MU/
oFif / / [Awf;oiftvjnrfbarMnM@/ eBhtwhxmifbvAufheMbylefh
wDj,Ofh,lOfh/ [Of;nrfb=UacMjugmrf;rmifnefauMj [Of;
wFrfjofgbwlef;oAifnrfbzdwf;ulpf;eMjC [dkrfh/
[mef / / tr@C olqifb[MarMwFrfjwlOfeyfhwB; rdlOfj[Of;cOf
o.efyefwDjuRif;eefhulpf;nrfb[dkOf/
oFif / / zfgOMjC zfgzFOfwDjqefhq.rfeBhn.efwmif; OMja[u.efb
vl;/ olnrfb,mrfjo.ef[Of;a[y.ufjavMb/
wdyfh / / [Of;ndlOfj [Of;ndlOfj nefolcOfauMUo.efyefeefh/
[mef / / [Of;,.ufbvAefjolcOfulpf;? ,MbqfgvrfeMj/ yAef[dkOf
auMjvmB; n.euf efzudk ;f OBch e
kd ;f vDvtD vj ayM;vBjwifj
qfgwifjacM;zFOfrM;,OfheMb/
CC
wMbawtzuefugMbo.efvdufjwB; wDjrlbOmefjqdlOf;rD;edlOfv.Bo
eAef;eefh ulef;ekrfbwB; qArfnOfvkufj[Aef;qefhq.rf tvj ulef;ekrfbwDj
aq@OAif;cOf n.efuefrM;=rfjwkrfuefOBh wDjeldOfv.BoeAef;eBh rD;ugMboDbodyf;
ymBqAwf;auMU,Ofh/ cl;arMvlifqmB;ZMjtwh yBbzFOfaowMU qdlOf;rD;wlOfxlyf;
,mrfjq.rf;ymifvdufjrdlOfjn.efwmif;cOf n.ef=Oftwbzdkuf;z.efhrM; rD;[drf;Olifj
ekdifj,lb,Ofh/ umifefgzdkuf;oef;? umifOef;ylifo.efvmB;o.efvdufjwB;? umifcrfj
o.ef+ifhugmrf;? o.efuMj,Ofh/ arMo.efqdlOf;rM;vmBvmBwDjauMj ugMbrM;cOfj[Mql;
114
uefaordkwfjuefrM;,Ofh/
Oef;wl; / / vMjrM; [M;awugMb=def;vkif;omifbr.ifbcOfndlOfj? zfgaw
q.rf;/
qmB;qmB; / / tnjtvjC cfgjOMj=def;vkif;omifbr.ifbcOfeBudlefbOMb?
=def;cOfqkrf;wMjukifj,lbeBavMb/ omOfwMjukifjcOf
[mif@vDndlOfjaeMj/
Oef;wl; / / =U,lbauMj,OfheMb? awq.rf;nrfbq.rf;eBulpf;vMj/
qmB;qmB; / / q.rf;ugMj a[;a[;? ulpf;uMj wMbauMUekdifjeBh oAifref;
v.ifjeMbaeMj/
[mef / / ndOl jf qfjg nlOd jf ? rlOd jf [M;vmwfjawMbref;eefh nrfby.ibf
ugmrf;uefurf;vAOfrM@? vBjvmwfj vmBy.ufjvmBurf;qifb
y.ibf ndOl jf / ayM;awugMbvlObf +ifyh M;cMOlO;f oFif tvj u.if
wdyfhu.efbndlOfj? urfhawy.ifh,Ofh/
Oef;wl; / / qfgj,Ofh? ugMbC [M;ugMb/
rdlOfjcOfqkrf;wlefjwD; n.efqlOf;uefvwf;=pfjao awugMbql;
wDj=def;yDjomifbr.ifbcOfeefh-
oAifulef; / / ndlpf;C qdlOf;[Of;nmyfberfh,lbwDjeBjndlOfj/
Oef;wl; / / elpfj elpfj ydlefjnmyfberfhuef,lbOMb/ rM;tvj [Of;
cdkef;cdkefjugMbwmif;ykefhnOf? anMjcMjC anMjcMj/
qmB;Oef;wl;eBh wif;vmwfjwif;w.yfbydlefj nefyefoAifrM;efg;
=pfjeefhtvj-
oFif / / oFifboifvMb? cOf[McOfnmyfberfh? [Of;[M[Of;ugMbqmif@
yAefoif/
wdyfh / / ydlefjnmyfberfheMb olauMj/
[mef / / eefheMb wkdef;nrfb=Uoifawh,Ofh/ [Of;OMj ref;cfgj
aysMbtvjq.rf;rM;ulpf;vlif/
oFif / / ol,MbrM;OMj[Of;qldifheB? Omefje.ufjoleBh rD;wmif;aysMb
oifnM@/ edlOfhauMjnrfbvBjudef? erfhref;udefauMj
115
nrfbqfgU? oyfhysMbvmifharMjOmefbauMj ,if;nrfbqfgU/

ukrfbvBjudefxlOfbydkOf;vlifeefh,lbwduf;wduf;ulpf;/
vFwfhodwfhrD;tv;rosDUyl;? aysMbcsdefbrMUawMU awM;
ulObf vMbrvM;? yMbrolObf ,MUtwhrOA uhf s;D ulObf wgM;rMbayMU?
edefbwlOfhvBhcsdefbvmBh rvmBhcsdefbaeb? iMU[MbiMbwgM;trb/
[mef / / =dOfbC qfgvrfa[ nOfu.ifjqmufjref;ugmrf;rmef@ref;
,dkOf;ugMb,Ofh/
oFif / / yMbzdwhtf vb edefbrqBhtwh[MulOfb iMbuMUqBhvlOfhaysM;
twb/
wdyfh / / olo.ifauMUeBh zdwf;uefxFifj,Ofh/ nMUC nDjoif
auMjnrfb=U/ OlOf;oFif ydlefjnmyfberfheBeefh ydlefj
nrfbekifjclOf;nmyfbtvjndlOfj/ ,MbugMbwmif;eefhtvj
rM; rM;/
oFif / / [M! nrfbekifjclOf;nmyfb/
[mef / / ol,Mbayqfgvrf[Of;eMjOlOf;oFif/ [Of;cfgj{joly.ifbqfg
edlOfymefwB;Omefje.ufjeM;ymifb[Of;cOftvjndlOfj? ,Mb
qfgvrfeMj/
oFif / / cfgjy.ifbnrfby.ibf auMj,Ofh? qfgvrfndlOfj [dkOfh/ ayM;nrfb
rD;erfq h agf whawh zfn
g rfbcfjg rM;wDjqlid e
hf aB vMb/ okw;f
wDj[Of;nrfbvBj,lbwDjOmefje.ufja[,fgbrM;tvj [Of;
nrfb=Uv.ijf Omefje.ujf eBh yAew f mif;zdw;f vliv f mifoif
a[uM@[dkOfnM@/
[mef / / =dOfbC ,difjcFef;wkdyfjwdefa[ o.ifhymBj,Ofhrfg;? =dpf;
,MbqfgvrfeMj? [Of;w.if;ymefbolnM@toj/ u.ifwdyfh
olq.Bj[Of;vmwfjref;z.ifjvl;/
wdyfh / / vDnM@? olauMjukrbf vmwfjref;,lbwdu;f wdu;f awhvil /f
vmwfjnOf[if;u.B;oltvj? [Of;auMjwMUcfgjqMU,lbrldef
uef,Ofh/
116
[mef / / nOfh? ,MbcfgjqMUxFifjauMUekdifjeMj/ aejC rdlOfjzkufj

eBh yAefOef;umwfbOAif;OMb? eifbxkif;wB; rD;umwfb[Mj
Oef;eefhndlOfj/ nefolcOfvlOfbeefh qifbu.BjodkOfhrdlOfj
zkufjauMj,OfheMb/
wdyfh / / [MC awh[MU? omifbxkufb,OfhndlOfjayM;eef/
[mef / / ulpf; olcOfvlOfbvkufhwArfqOfhndlOfjeMj/
wdyfh / / [Of;=U,lbtoj/
CC
efeg hB awn.euf efuMg btvbumwfbeBtvj ylu;f uefqrA q f Ofah o [mifj

cldifjwlOfzfgref;wlOfjwef;OBh,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj vBj[efulef;OmefjcOf wdkefbwlifh
ulOft[OBhnDjoifauMjnrfb=Utvj qifbvBjxmrfvkufj,dif;qOfj=def;cOf,Ofh/
oFif / / emif;rle;f yde
l jf yAeo
f ifuefnM@? nmyfjyAeOf rhB OA ;f ekid jf
eBuM@/
emif;rlef; / / ulef;rM;cmBumwfbcOfOMj odkuf;rmef@cOfcdkefjrM;edlOfv.B
eBOMb/
oFif / / anM ,lOfOMjyAefoifeBuM@/ cOf[McOfjrM;auMj qmif@
yAefoif/ rM;tvju.ifwdyfh [Of;ugMb? urfh umwfbawOmB;
yFwfj[Of;,Ofh/
rdlOfjcOfzFOfwDjumwfbeB umwfbauMjnrfbayM;udkef;,Ofh/ ulef;auMj
n.efuefeFwfjoifnrfb=U? vBjnFOfbumwfbauMj nrfbayM;vDoldOf;qfg/ rdlOfjcOf
wkdufhudefeldOfholrfj,lbeefh qmB;qmB; eFwfjrM;+ifhnOfwif;oAifjOMj {jugMbwkrf
uefwDj=def;cOf? ayM;,Ofhtwh awugMbwkrfuefwDj=def;vkif;omifbr.ifbcOfwif;
oAifj OMjeBtvj n.efuefeFwfjvkufhwDjumwfby.ufjrM;,Ofh/ rdlOfjwkdufhtOhrdlOf;
olifbemif;tib wDj=def;ref;oOf;eefhn.efwmif;,lb odkuf;rmef@cOfnOfu.ijf
iMao nFefbcOfjrM;efg;=def; ykufhykufhymufhymufhao,Ofh-
okduf; / / a[hC raysM;tehaeMC nM;vlif;WDbulOfbvMb/ aysM;
wMbeM;rx.ibf ,debf ysw d thf xhvthB rb/ vMb WDbulObf vMb/
117
udik uhf mif[h efoukd ;f rmef@cOfnOfui. jf iMao [dw k ;f

[mwf;qmwfboAi+f ifo h bgf tvj n.euf efwul ;f qfug Mg b/ rde l uf el ;f
qlerf M;cOfjOmefj ef;g iOf;wlihf nef[Of;,mrfjwlp;f rM;eefh
urf;vAOf,Ofh/ [Awf;eBa[ n.efuefyM;ugMbwDj=def; vkif;
omifbr.ifb auMUyAefxOfjtubOmefjoeAef;eefh wif;qkrf;
wif;qdlOf;,Ofh/
xOfjtubr.ufbodkuf;cOfOMj yAefqkrf;vkufj[Aef;
qefq h r. cf Of rM;q.jB ymifvud jf ]r} [MjwlOf eBtvj vBjn.ef
uef,lbOBhwDj=def;eefhwif;rlwf;,Ofh/ wlOfvkif;omifr.ifb
twh odkuf;rmef@cOf+ifhnOfugMbq.rf;cOf,Ofh/ wDj=def;twh
udw
k ;f arMo.ecf Of tvj qdOl ;f eifjnkybf awMbuefauMjnkybf ?
qdlOf;+ifhugmrf;auMj+ifha[ [Mwmif;aybcmefhOBh[if;zfg[if;ref;
,Of/h ,lb,lbqkid f vBj[efue l ;f qmB;wDjOmefjcOf yM;xliaf o
nFefbzmBjugMbymufbeMj=def;eefha[ uFyfhekdifjqkdif [efulef;
ekijf clO;f oduk ;f cOf [mrf[myfbuef (vFyjf yAeuf e l ;f OmwfbqAy;f )
zmBjugMbxFifj [dyfj[dyfjeFwfjeFwfjtvj-
oFif / / ndlpf;C ydlefjyAefoifawh[M@eBh/
qldOf;eefhorfhyAefzfg/
[mef / / yde
l jf ,dOk ;f uefnOld jf olnrfb=U[MU/
qdOl ;f eefh yAeo f ukd ;f wB;ndlOfj/
oFif / / [M! okud ;f wB;eB[MU! [Of;nrfbyBb,mrfj
[efaoy.ufjulpf;C cOfugMbvfgvMb
eefh/
[mef / / ydlefjugMbwDjwyfhydlefjndlOfj/ rD;zmBb
wmif;ykefhC aej/ v.BoeAef;eBh
nldifbymifvlif? vmB;cMj wif;v.BvFrf
v.rfhOBhnOld jf / olcOftwh ,lb,fbg wDj
OAi;f ulp;f tvj nrfbayM;=UxkdifvBj
118
wmif;wkufhccmefqfgul@v.ifjv.ifj yDj
e.ifhulef;rldif;wB;[Of;avMbeM/ [Of;
qldOf;eBhauMj Oef;ekdifjrM; awcOfj
odkuf;[MU nrfbOMjvBjtoj/
oFif / / ,MbvMjvDj[Awf;? olauMjwkdufhcdkefj
[Aef;,lbeMb/
[mef / / zfgOMjvMjvDj[Awf;nM@/ ayM;xkufb
vBjcOfjauMj vlOfbcOfjndlOfj auMU
qmB;vlifarMU/ =dOfj oAif=dOf;rdefvl;
eBh/
qmB;[mefqdkefj tvj arMo.efqmB;,dif;cOf
n.efuefvkufhefg;=def; n.ufbwDjqmef;ao rkifjwlpf;=dOf;
Odef,Ofh/
arMo.ef (1)/ / aej aej rdefugMbwmif;ykefh,Ofh/
arMo.ef (2)/ / =dOfb =dOfb cdkef;vAyfjrM;ckdef;wmif;eBh
,Ofh/
Oef;vFif; / / arMo.efcOfwif;oAifj n.efuefcOfj
cdkef;efg;=def;tvj/ rM; rM; n.ef
uefrM;,lbefg;=def;a[/
oFifrlef; / / =dp;f =dp;f q.ibf ide;f wif;oAijf [MU?
cOfjrM;,lbefg;=def;OMb/
ulOfarMo.efcOf ugMbekdifjauMUekdifjwmif;tvj
qmB;Oef;vFi;f wif; qmB;oFirf e l ;f cOf qifb+ifn h Ofwif;oAijf
cOfjrM;efg;=def;ao n.efuefo.ef+ifhugmrf; ]wB;wkdufhw.if;
,lb} nefOMjeefh,lbnrfbayM;[dkif vBjidef;oAifrmufby.rf;
wlu;f vli;f wDjzmBbvif=e d ;f vki;f omifbr.ibf cOftvj n.euf ef
nFebf wlp;f xFijf ,Of/h umrfbvD rmufby.r;f eefn h rfbwFubf tvj
zfgauMjnrfbvBjyAefoifu.pf;,Ofh/
119
crfjqlOfjeefh okduf;rmef@cOfcOfjrM;rD;efg;Omefj,Ofhtvj qifby.Bb

arMo.efcOf rdlOf;nOfclOf;cOf wDj=def;cOfvdkOfjoOf;eefhao {jrM;wkrfuef
cdkef;,Ofh/ rdlOfjulef;aq;uef,Ofhqkdif cOf+ifhnOfarMo.efcOf wif;oDbodyf;
qAwf;auMU ugMbOBhwDjuRif;Omefjv.B,Ofh/ wDjawhref; cOfy.BbarMo.efcOf cdkef;
y.ufjrldOf;nOfclOf;eBaowMU arMo.efcOfauMj nrfbvBjclOf;oifrM;/ ,.efhydlOfj
cOfayM;o.ufjwOfnOfclOf;wif;=def;wif;a,; orfhayM;rlwf;uAifj,Ofhtvj/
Oef;eefh n.efuefnkdyf;cOfj rkdOfhOef; rdkOfhcrfjwif;oAifj,Ofh/
awvBjn.efuefe.ef;wDjoMvM; (qv.yfj) nrfbrD;zMj? nrfbrD;odlOfb? nrfb
rD;wDja[hoiftvj-
Oef;vFif; / / ule;f qmB;wif;oAijf vlObf nOfwjD ,lb+yfj+yfjemif;,di;f
cOfa[ nOfcOfOBhwDjumifOBhtvj? ,MbyefzfgrM;+ifhemif;
,dif;cOfugMb/
[mef / / emif;,dif;cOfauMj ,MbugMbwDjvfg[if;u.B;eMj/
wAif;n.ifb / / aej cOfrM;vmwfjOMj cOfaw+ifx h mrfemif;u.iw f yd uhf rf;
ekdifjOMb? aw[Awf;[dkOf/
Oef;vFif; / / nrfbvBj? nrfby.BbvBjauMUvAOf? [M;awugMbvmwfj/
[mef / / ndOl jf qfjg nlOd jf / cfjg xmrfzagf uMj,Ofh {jugMbq.r;f uefoi. f
auMUomrfauMU qifbawvDnOdl jf / nmBjqlOd ;f eBh nrfbvBj
,krfb/
wdyfh / / [Of;auMj nrfb[wf;ugMbauMUvAOfulpf;eMj/
[mef / / nldOfj ndlOfj/ ,MbayulOf? [Of;qdlOf;eBhawwlpf;a[
qwf;aej/
cmOf;eefh oAifu.ifjn.ufbrM;tvj n.efuefvFefjugMbi.ufjwlpf;
zmBboAifu.ifjvifn.ufbrM;eefh? oAifu.ifjtwh wAwfb,AefugMb/
Oef;vFif; / / =dpf; arMo.efcOfwif;oAifj? rM;cdkef;wDj,lbzfgref;
tvj? ,Mbayn.euf efne F bf wlp;f ,lbwdu;f wdu;f / [Of;
vlOfbqlUw.rfuefOBhwMbaobndlOfj? ,Mbay{jwFufb,mBj
uef/
120
vmOfofg / / rFefjnldOfj/ uOfawauMUugMbwlpf;iOf;vmB;ref;? aej

rM;q.rf;uOftvj wAif;n.ifb/
[mef / / [Of;ugMbwlp;f rM;,Of/h ule;f [myfb (ayMbwMb) cOf nFebf
ymBjtvj cOf,kdOf;OMb? [Of;qldOf;eBhauMj vlOfbZmifhnldOfj
eMj/
CC
crfjeefh nrfbyAefe.ef;wDjqv.yfj/ OmB;aoulef;vlifcOf vkufh

wDjwlefjwD;rM;xlyf;ao,Ofh qDhoifbugMbOMj {j+ifhugMbOBhwDjymifvlifurf;vAOf
eBtvj cOfcyfch idk w f MbawnOfqudl jf rM;rwfo h UB. wif;oAijf a[ +ifq h Ol ;f ugMbeB ,Of/h
zdlOfbeef OlOf;oFifulpf;nrfbuM; emif;ekrfbvFif; (qmef;qmef;rsdefh) auMj
+ifhoFefb[BjyefcOf,Ofh? emif;vMUvMUan;twh [Bj,lbodkwfhodkwfhtvj nrfb
+ifhn.ufboAif[Fif;/
[mefqkdefj / / wAwfbtvj [Bj[Awf;oif? OBhqfgcFifcFifvl;/
oFif / / q.ibf [Of;cOfye A uf el ;f [mBrh udl jf auMjnrfbqfjg / [Of;cOf,if;
nrfbvBj[Awf;zdwf;nDjoifvl;C nD; [D; [D;/ nysdwfh
QM;rMU=ufhwMb [D; [D; [D;/
[mef / / =dObf ,dik jf cFe;f +if[h jB ,Of/h orfw h udk v
hf mwfjugmrf;yde l jf ,lb
[MUeBh? ,if;yBb=UwlOf[MU/
ekrfbvFif; / / an;av ulOfbuMUnysdwfhosDUwMbrMU r=ufhwMb/
,.efhydlOfj ulef;,dif;cOf+ifh+ifh[Bj[Bjtvj cOfauMj,.rf;yefao
nrfbnOfqldufjrwfho.BU,OfhaowMU awvBjcyfhxFOfyB,mifjq.rf;cOfulef;odkuf;
wif;arMo.ef auMUawMbauMUeBtvj qmB;Oef;vFif;? qmB;vmOfofgcOfnrfbz.rfh/
,.ef;{jcOfyefemif;,dif;cOf {jvBjrD;q.rf;uefo.ifomrfauMU? ulef;qmB;twh
auMUawMbauMUauMj nrfbyAefoif eB,Ofh/
crfjeefh qlOf;ueforfjydkufhorfjydkpf; ,mifjvlif;rM;xdkifwdefv.B
yAefwkufhyAef,mufj,Ofh/ emif;vMUvMUan;orfh ymBnrfb,lbvDxFifja[u.efb/
rdOl jf wkurhf Old jf ,mufjqlid ehf B vBj[efwmif;,mrfjule;f nefqw F jf rmefbeefh n.ubf
121
rM;urf;vAOf/ rAOf;eBheBh ref;nrfbuAOfbq.rf;

cdlOf;ulef;? ref;rD;twbwmif;,mrfj ulef;yAef
auMU? ulef;rD;erfhqfgvD? arMnOfykefjz.ef;
tvj ulef;cfgjnOfwlOfv.wfjayh[if;u.B;auMj
vBj[efrM; wArw f MwArq f , gf Of/h xki;f ugmrf;qifb
OMj ]ule;f vDr;D ul@Omefj-cM[mefjrD;ul@rlid ;f }
eBawh,Ofh/
crfjcrfjrkw d ;f rdwk ;f vBjcDbvlwuhf M;
okud ;f cOf uyfuh yfuh e d ;f ude;f ao zFOuf Mg bwDjv.B
vFrf/ nOfugMbOBhefg;wyfh? ugMbvfgauMj nOfu.ifj
iMq.r;f vif? cOfvjB acMjyliOf OhB Mj ayM;nFebf ymBj
{j,kOd ;f / xFijf Oef;ekid jf auMj qlO;f rdOl ;f OBw h jD ef;g
c.ujf =if;[mefvv B. rF /f zfz g OF uf Mg bwmif;vfag uMj
nrfb=Uuef,Of/h xFijf Oef;ekid jf qkid f nOfobgf
ef;g wFO;f vlwo hf ukd ;f ao +ifuh Mg bwlejf wD;/ qmB;
[mefqe kd jf ? qmB;anM;qdibf e? emif;ele;f crf;
cOftwh yAeuf e l ;f ymifvil tf vj cOf+ifOh w hB jD v.B
vFrf,Ofh/
wDjq.rf;wmif;twh zFOfwDjvfg
auMj yDje.ifhwB;cOfvBjcmOfbOBh,Ofhtvj nOf
wmif;udefwmif;,Frfh? a[MbcOfjq.uf;zuf;rM;
yef/ ulp;f cOfnrfbyefarMo.ecf Ofue d af o
oduk ;f cOfup l ;f nOfue d yf wF jf / cOfOMj ulOyf e dl jf
ofgb,MjrdlOfb? ulOfrD;u.ifh OMjeB/ ayM;eB cOf
nrfbulOfrD;u.ifhteb/ ,.efheB qifbvBjugmrf;
erfuefwif; arMo.ef,dif;cOf,Ofh/
v.ifjqldOf;eBh qOfjeMjwDjzmBb
vlify.ifqkdifjrldif;wB;cOf? auMvdufjvmB; qdlOf;
122
yM;arMo.ef nefuAOfbumBbcOf? ayMjtrjtvj

ule;f vliwf jD OAi;f arMo.ecf Of,bl qdOl ;f eBh orfh
ayM;vBj,kijf ,mifjuefuMg bwif;[dik /f arMo.ef
cOfauMj vkufhwDjv.BvFrf zFOfrM;wDj=if;[mef
umifOAif;/ ,Ofh=if;[mefrifbuvMbnl;/ ,Ofh
wDjwyfhiOfjikef;vlifokduf;wldif;zmBby.wf;
n.ufb OAif;wlefjwD;? [dkifemef;ugMbo.ifvldef
ymBymBtvj vkufj[Aef;qldOf;ugMb[Awf;arMo.ef
cOf wluf;vdkef;ydlefjcdkefj[Aef; yAefvldef
,Ofh/
v.ifjwmif;yAefylefh,OfhvDimrf; ugMbul@
v.ifjv.ifj,Ofhtvj vkufj[Aef;cOfauMj cdkefj
[Ae;f ao qrfwy. bf ymifvud jf vlirf M;,Ofth vj
auMvdufj_ZdifjwB; qefhq.rfwlefjwD;cOf
vBj[Aw;f ymify;B. wliw hf ufo
h il bf oifb vkujf [Ae;f
yD@o.ifcOf? wDjymifeefhqifb auMU[mefymif
vdufjoeAef;cOf cdkef;vBjxlyf;uefvDvD
,Ofh/
[mef / / a[; u.iw f yd ?hf OlO;f oFiC
f
rM;tvj? [Of;xBb[mif@
udkuf;uef {jyAefwDjrmB
w.if;[Of;qldOf;eBhndlOfj
rM;tvj/
a[h emif;tib emif;tibC
ugMbvfg,OfhvMb/
wdyfh / / ndlOfjndlOfj rM;tvj/
oFif / / elpjf ykeahf ej emif;tib/
=dOfb ugMbvfg,OfhauMjnrfb
123
=U? [Of;omrfauMU xBbudkuf;uefn.efwmif;a[u.efbtvj/

[mef / / ndOl jf ndOl jf C ayM;yD@eB, h Ofe h B OlO;f oFicf Oftwh awugMb
qefq h r. Of iA ;f vlOd bf ,Ofe
h MbaeMj/ awudw k ;f [Of;omrfauMU
ulpf;,Ofh/
oFif / / oluOl n f rfbvBjvmwfj[if;[Of;xFijf tvj[MU? xFijf yD@eMj
rM;auMj olcOfawzFOfOAif;vldOfb,lbrdlefuefeMb/ qifb
u.jB rM;OMj[D[h Of;xFijf rdOl jf eefhtvjeMj [dkrf; [dkrf;/
[mef / / nrfbqfgjqldifheefeifbuOfb? OAif;vdlOfbeBh wMb[Of;twh
nrfbvyfhv.if;ulpf;/
wdyhf / / aej ref;awOMj nrfbqdOk jf nrfbqfgjoifxFifjnrfb=U
,Ofh/
[mef / / awhnOld jf C olnrfb,krbf auMj yfUg wlp;f tvj/ olcOfzOF f
ugMbwDjrldif;vlifauMj ckuf;qfgvBj[Of;cOfndwf;ekdifjeMj/
cmOf;,mrf;eBh wke d ;f nrfbyfUg zfag wh,Of/h cmrfjugMbyleuhf Mg b nrfbwlp;f
eMjzfg/ emif;OlOf;oFiftwh nrfbyAefugMbcdkejf qefhq.rfOAif;vldOfbao cmBhrM;cdkefj
wDjqefhq.rfwMjukifjtvj cdkef;vBxlyf;q.rf;nlpf;auMUarMo.efqefhq.rfwMj
ukifjcOf,Ofh/ rdlOfjwdkufhcdkefj[Aef;yD@oDb,lbeefh cOfj[Awf;umefvlify.ifqkdifj wDj
=if;y.bB oAitf vj y.bB oAiz f mBbwB;,Of/h eifbuM@yAev f jB eefh ref;cwf;qfyg e A bf qfUg
acMjugmrf;wB;{jzAejf ao y.bB oAiyf ef v.ijf wmif;nefawrD;erfw h e
. ;f z.e;f vD
wMbyDje.irhf idl ;f wB;cOf wDjw.ejf wmif;=Uerfwmif;[efumg ifjtvj yDje.iuhf e l ;f rlid ;f
wB;cOf vBjqfcg e kd ;f x.rbf n.rv f rl ;f cde
k ;f ,Of/h nlp;f auMUref; emif;u.iw f yd hf tvj
emif;tibcOftwh ugMb[Aef;awMbwDjqefhq.rfOAif;vldOfbao qmB;[mefqdkefjtwh
vBjidef;cmOfbOMj rdlOfjwkdufhcdkefj[Aef;yD@o.ef,lbeefh cOfjodkuf;ugMb eB,Ofh/
[dik rf M; vmBy@D ,Ofq h idk f rdOl jf emif;OlO;f oFiw f udk [hf w
A ;f umef,bl wDjvkr;f
eefh oAifZlef;vifcdkefjrM;tvj ulef;wDjvkrf;auMUekdifjugMb[yfhx.rfbao
,Ofh-
ulef;wDjvkrf;/ / emif;OlOf;oFifC Zlef;wMbolndlOfj/
oFif / / t[bvlOfC/
124
n.efcdlOf; / / emif;OlOf;oFif[MUC [Of;yAefn.efcdlOf;ndlOfj? ,lbvD,lb

aeMj/
oFif / / anMjC ,lbvDcMjanMj/ rfgbokifcMj yDjn.efcdlOf;/ rM;
rD;wDjwMjukifjcMj[MU/
n.efcdlOf; / / ndlOfj rdlOfjOM; [Of;rM;wDjvkrf;olndlOfj/ wdkufhy.BboAif,lb
eBtvj rdlOf;ugMbndlOfj/
oFif / / [M qfgj[MU? zfgauMjnrfbvmwfj/ rldOfjvAOfvl; rM;rD;wDj
zuf;wleMjvkrf;eifbuOfb[MU/
n.efcdlOf; / / nrfbqfgjulpf;/ [Of;nrfbwef;rM;,Ofh? [Of;awrdlOf;
cdkef;rdlOfjeBhndlOfj/ [mefqdkefjyefvdufjrM;wMboltvj
ndlOfj/
oFif / / [M qfgj[MU/ ayM;eB aw[Awf;[dkOfvMb/
n.efcdlOf; / / ref;wFrfjrM; v.ifjref;yef[Fif;qfgolulpf;ndlOfj/ ol
cwf;qfyg bB. oAif nefawrD;erfw h e
. ;f wMbyDje.iwhf ;B tvj
ref;nOfukifbnOfrkef,lb eBOMb/
oFif / / qfgj[MUC ,lOfOMj ref;wFrfjvdufjvMbrM;[MU eBugMj/
n.efcdlOf; / / nrfbqfgj nrfbqfgjulpf;/ [Of;nrfbcfgjnOfZmufbyefwDj
ydlefjOBhtvjndlOfj? y.ifbqfg,lbnrfb[dkOf/
oFif / / y.ifbqfganMj/ ayM;[efref;auMj vmwfjyefz.ifjeMj
ckuf;qfgvBj,lbeB/ ayM;rD;v.ifjwmif;cfgj[DhcfgjvMbauMj
vmwfjrM; [DhrM; vMbrM; eBeMj a[; a[;/
n.efcdlOf; / / nrfbOMjqldifheefeifbuOfb/ [Of;auMjawcdkef;rM;xFifj
,lbulpf;/ rM;xFifjy.ufjekdifj qifbxly;f uefugMjaeMj/
oFif / / anMjcMjC ,def;vDcMjeMj/
CC
nlpf;auMUqmB;[mefqkdefjtwh ugMb[Awf;okduf;tvj nrfbvBj[ef

uefaowMU vBjidef;cmOfbOMj ref;twbeMj=def;q.rf; ,dif;aeMbcrf; (wmifh
125
,mef;) auMUyAef,dif;[mefauMUekdifj efg;qkrf;arMo.efoDbodyf;qAwf; ymifo

eAef;eefh OMjeB/ ,lbxFifjvmByD@awMbrM; orfhvBjidef;cmOfbOMj twbeMj=def;
q.r;f emif;ele;f qke d jf auMUnef[Of;vBjrdw k jf uefrM; wDjymifzudk ;f z.e[hf mB;vlif
(wFuuhf s;D ) rdOl jf yD@ 1985 / ,lbxFijf vmBy@D orfih e d ;f cmOfbOMj twbeMj=de;f q.r;f
,dif;oDbwMb auMUyAefvkufje.ifhtvj vBj=Uquf;rkdwfjudkOf;uefrM; wDjqefh
q.rw f Mjukijf / v.ijf umefqOld chf Old ;f twh ref;yAeuf e l ;f oleq f wgf Mbo.ev f ud jf o.ef
vmB;? yluf;y.ifumef[Aef;tvj ulef;rldif;wB;cOf rD;qfg,krfb,rfydkifj[if;erfhqfg
ref;awhawh vBjidef;cmOfbOMjeifbeB/
OmB;vif 1988 umyfjOmefjymefridl ;f auMj vFujf vmBjrM;tvj qkr;f qmB;
[mefqdkefjcOfauMj yAefrM;qkrf;irf;,Aef,Ofh/ urf;eBhtwh nlpf;auMUqmB;[mef
qdkefj nefOMjeefh yAefrM; qOfjokduf;vlifqmB;umef;,.wfj OMjeB/ rldOfjref;
vBjrM;wMjukifjeB ref;rM;tOhnFOfb=def;emif;OlOf;oFifcOf/
,.wfj / / eBh vkufjqmB;ol[MU/
oFif / / wufhwB;auMUtrja[tvjvkufj/
rldif; / / rfgbokifcMjvkif;/
,.wfj / / qdkOfjoifvMbanh? q.ifbref;arMugmrf;wB;,lb[dkOf/
rdlif; / / qmB;ckefzkif;rldif;cMjanMj/ umrf;wB;auMjarM,lbcMj/
,.wfj / / nrfb[mBheifbuOfb/ olorfh [Awf;oiftvjn.ufbyFwfjwDj
umef=if;y.bB oAiaf [vMb/ rlOd jf vAOo f rfrh ;D zf/g wDjawh ol
nrfbvDn.ufbvlif/
oFif / / [Of;nrfbn.ufb aw[Aw;f [dkOfvBj/ rdlef[ef,lbeBheMb?
nrfbrD;zfgq.Bjwlpf;vkufj[Of;vl;/ wDj=if;y.BboAiftwh
rdlOfjvAOf rD;emif;crf;ndifbcMemif;oMbnlUndlOfj/ cOf
[Aw;f cFr, hf bl ulp;f / [Aw;f oifnM@ olrM;qFwjf [Of;[MUeBh
wkdufhcfgjOMj[if;[Of; rdlefrdlOfjvAufh,lb[MU/
,.wfj / / nrfbOMjeifbuOfb a[;a[;? rdOl jf vAOe f hB ef;g [Of;oDbody;f
qAwf;eBh ol[Awf;vBjerfOBh,dkifeMb/ rM;tvbwlpf;yM;
wmif;[Of;cOftvj/
126
oFif / / ndkrf;C cfgjrM;,lbulpf;/

oFif / / ndOl fj qmB;vOMj ydlefjvBjvmwfjawMbol anMjqOfj
anMjckefeBnrfb[dkOf/ [Of;nrfb,mrfjolyf;tvj nrfb
OMj,OfheMj [D;[D;/
,.wfj / / vBj,lb nrfbyAefoifvl;nM@/ nusmifholeBh wkdufhrdlef
n.efwmif;nM@aeMj/
CC
xFifjy.ufjekdifjtwh emif;crf;e.BUvAuf;rM;qlOf;tvj ugMbudefcOfj

qOfhq.rf;qOfjumef;,.wfjcOf wDj=if;[Frf;nefrD;wDjoAefjwmif;nl;ODhqMb'?
wMjukifjeefh/ y.ufjeBhvBjxlyf;ref;qkdif vmufbvmufbvmB;vmB;OBh/ vBj[efref;
zkduf;vmwfjugmrf;nif;udwf;,lbtvj cOfjqOfhrldOfjefgeefhauMj [efref;udef
OFyfbnif;udwf;cOf/
oFif / / [mefqdkefj olaw[Awf;nif;udwf;,Ofh[MU urf;eBh/
,.wfj / / nrfbqfgj [Of;zkdufjvmwfjnAif;uvAwfj wMbumef[Of;
ulp;f nM@/ olauMj=U,lbeMb? ayM;vBj[Aw;f ule;f vlie f hB
vlOfbarMvmwfjnrfbqfgj[MU/
oFif / / rFefj,lb rFefj,lb/
,.wfj / / ndlOfj rdlOfjyD@umB qkrf;wMjukifjolcOf ugMbtvbrlbaq@?
erfhcrf;eefh vDrM;tOhwDj[Of;cOfawhawh? [Awf;oif
nrfbrM;vMb/ [Of;xmifbOMjrM;,lbeB uefrh i. ;f OBe h ifbuOfb
ndlOfj/
oFif / / anM qkr;f [Of;cOfauMj vlObf n.e=f Of[w A ;f y.;B wDjeBjvl;?
ref;nrfbwef;cdw k ;f olcOf/ ulp;f uMj wDjy.;B oFeOf eD efh
[Of;cOfugMbtOh,lbvl;/
,.wfj / / ndlOfjC xFifjy.ufjekdifj cwf;qfgrM;awhawhtvj/
oFif / / ndlOfj ndlOfj? awrM;,lbtoj/
CC
127
rldOfjyD@ 2002 ? auMiOfjikef; [Awf;ymifukrfwDjvMjoAOfjtvj emif;

OlOf;oFif vBjugMbckdefjymifukrfq.rf; ulef;vlifauMwMjukifj,Ofh/ rldOfjymifukrf,Ofh
ugMbqkdif rD;rmBcyfholifbtvbvAyfj[Aef; wDjOAif;oDbayMU? wDjnldifbqOfjvldefrmOf;
wif;wDjymifbaubwlU nefqOfjumef;,.wfj,lbeefh,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj ulef;vlif
efg;auMwMjukifjauMUekdifj nrfb,.rf;ugMbq.rf;tvj ymifbaubwlUauMjnrfbvBj
zFOf/ nlpf;auMU qmB;[mefqdkefj nrfbeef qOfjokduf;vlifqmB;umef;,.wfj
auMj nrfbyAefxlyf;rM;/ cfgjugMb[efwDjnefref;,lbeefhauMj nrfbvBjugMb[ef
rM;/
v / / yDjC cdif;umef;xmrf[MyDj,lbaej/
oFif / / zfgnM@ cdif;umef;C nrfb=Uquf;udlpfh/
v / / nlpf;C cdif;umef;,.wjf nM@C [mefqdkefjnM@/
oFif / / anM@ [mefqkdefj[MUC qkdOfjref;nrfbqfgjOMj uef;
,.wfj eB[MU/
v / / nrfbqfgjC ]umef;} OMb? yM;nMy.wf;a[ndlOfj/
oFif / / anMC rD;wDjy.ifboifvMb [D;[D;/ ayM;ref;=UyDjxmrf
qldifheB ref;awvMbyDjnM@toj =Unrfb[dkOf/
v / / ndkrf;C [dkrf;[dkrf;/ ref;OMj ref;cfgj[Awf;ymif=yfhxlyf;
qkrf;qdlOf;[Of;oDbodyf;qAwf;eefhOMbC q.ifbyDjw.if;
oAefjref;[dkOf/
oFif / / rD;C yDjuAyf;oAefja[ rmB[Ai;f vdufjcOfOBhrlwf;vl;/ ulef;
nefwmB,OfhauMjrD;? ulef;cmBhwDj,lbauMjrD;ndlOfj? [dkif
,Ofhvl;/
v / / yD@eMj 2003 eBh awwArfomOf;yD@,Ofhnrfb[dkOfvMb/
oFif / / ndkrf;C auMjvD,lbvl;/ ulpf;uMj q.ifbawrM;uefvBj
,lb[dkOf/
v / / zfgrM;vBjauMjrM;eefheMb? nrfbqmif@[Awf;[dkOfvlif/
CC
128
q.rf;vlpfjeMjumefcOfao vBjidef;cmOfb cOfrM;ckdefjymifukrf? rM;

xlyf;ulef;vlifeBaowMU wB;auMUuefauMj nrfbyAefxlyf;uefrM;tvj ,lbuB
x.rfbcmOfbuef? Zmufbugmrf;,lbvDudefOmefyefuefu.pf;,Ofh/ rD;Oef;ekdifjqkdif
vBjidef;cmOfb[mBhc.ifqOfjumef;,.wfj/ rM;ymifukrftvj vlwfhydefjaormwfbqAyf;
ugMb OMjeB/ ydlefjnOfrM;,MxkdifwDj=if;,M wDjwMjukifjtvj yDje.ifh? nlpf;
auMU ugMbqfg;erfawhawh/
v / / yDjOlOf;oFif? cdif;umef;[Of;xmrf,lbaej/
oFif / / ndlOfj ndlOfj? ref;yAef[dkOfrM;vMb/
v / / wdefref;yBbqmif@wlifhvBjaej/
oFif / / arM,McOforfhOMj[dkOf/
v / / vlObf ,MnOfv;B. v.;B a[ vlObf cde k ;f zkud ;f yBue
. bf ndOl jf / ugMb
wlpf;a[ndwf;ekdifjvl;/
oFif / / ndlOfjndlOfj awugMb,lbvB/
ref;rM;ckdefj=if;,M rD;wif;[kdifvlif? orfhayM;awrdlOf;cdkef;vMj
oAOfjauMj emif;OlOf;oFifnrfbyAefugMbwlpf;ref;tvj cl;arMvlifqmB;r.ufbcrf;
wif;yDjolpfbrkifbOMb? vkif;ckefOkef;wdyfhOMb? qmB;ausMbwmef;OMb odkyfbZlef;
vmwfjrM;OMj ref;xmrf[MeBwud ;f wdu;f tvj emif;OlO;f oFiq f ifbyAeuf Mg bqf;g ref;
,Ofh/
,.wfj / / nM;vlOC hf olehB [Aw;f vBjawMbuefawharMU? orfah yM;
nrfbrM;wlpf;uefa[ndwf;vlie f Bh/
oFif / / rM;rdlOfjvAOfeBheMb/
,.wfj / / awhndlOfjC [Awf;vBjawhvlifeBh/
oFif / / nrfbqfgj? qldifholcOfulef;qdkOfj,fgboAifvlifeBh yDje.ifh
ulef;rM;qfg;ref;erfeMbnrfb[dkOf/ ulOfnrfbzdkwfhydlefj
vBjnM@/
,.wfj / / oFifboifvMb/ nrfbcfgjrM;auMjOMja[vMj/
oFif / / nrfbcfgjrM;nrfbqfgj/ ayM;[Of;rM;rdlOfjulef;erfeB ulOf
[Of;nrfbcOfjxM@yde l jf eBuMg j a[;a[;C OMjvAejf ulp;f ?
129
[Of;nrfbwef;nM@/
,.wfj / / olayhumeferfnDjoif,lbtvj OMj
nrfbwef;/
Oef;eefh emif;OlOf;oFif nmifjnefeefh nef
eBheBao tev.ifjvmBvmBrAOf;,lbeefh qOfjumef;,.wfj
twh rdel n
f rfb[mefq
h agf owMU rdOl jf vmwfjv.ijf vBj,kijf [Aw;f
umefqrk ;f wB;,lbeBtwh qfrg ef;zFOuf Mg b wDjumefqOld ;f eefh
tvj nkybf awMbv.ijf umefqOld ;f eefuh Mg bqifb vFyjf ref;cFe;f
qfg ugMb,Ofh/
CC
,.efhvlwfhydefjurf;eBh yAefnefeMbqfgref;awh/
wMbawqmif@yB,mifjvBjcde k ;f eefh vBjnOfcmOf;,mrf;ao
,Mwif;[dik af uMj qifb[Mqmif@nOf nefwOfah ozduk ;f ,mifj
u.pf;/ ar;ref;,dif;oDbwMb ayM;udlwfbrM;vkufj,dif;xFifj
auMUekid jf tvj qifb,.ubf ref;OMj vkujf ,di;f ref;wif;ref;
zfgawqmif@yBn.efwmif;zfg eB,lb/
efg;tujeefh ref;n.ufbwdkef;vmif;yefao yAef
xBbiOf; nmBjq.ufbqmif@yFwfh eefhn.ufbrM;tvj wMbaw
ydkeftzwif;rldif;eefh {jauMwMjukifjnOfykefjz.ef;yef
eB ref;wdwf;awMbvmwfjrM;,Ofh/ uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjeefh
ao vBj=yfx h yl ;f nkybf ukruf ef wDj=de;f =OfyOfjauMwMjukijf
rdlOfjymefeefh (vkif;ckefOkef;wdyfh) ,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj nrfb
yAefumefeifbuOfb/ rldOfjOef;eefh vFyfj[efref;cFef;rM;
awhawhaowMU zdlOfbrdlOf;cdkef;,if;yBbayM;[dkif? orfhidef;
cmOfbOMj ref;yAefwmif;yAefwyf;tvj vBjugMb,MwDjrldif;
u.ufb/ [Awf;eBa[ umef,lwf;,M{jwdefcdkef;vDao {j
qmif@yBvBjeefh yAefugMbxlefjo.ifaotvj vBj,Mwyf;
130
yAefyldifvlif,Ofh/ orfhOMjyAefcFef@odlOf@eBtvj auMUvfg

nrfbauMUvfgauMj vBjqfgnrfbvDwMbref;OBh,Ofh/
rdlOfjcdkefj[Aef;wDjwlefjwD;eefh ref;,mrfj
vmwfjOMj ref;nrfbrufv h eF ;f ? nrfbrufv h Ofj OMjeB udef
auMjnrfbudeaf wh,Of/h ule;f ,lb[dr;f qrfref;auMj vmwfj
OMj ref;nrfbudefeB,Ofh/ ayM;eB [Awf;oiftvj ref;
qmif@yAecf e F @f odOl @f vMb/ ]yde l jf [Aw;f yefauMjnrfb=U}
ulef;OMjeBauMjrD;? ydlefjnOfrFif;{jyAefcFef@odlOf@orf;
yefeBauMjOMjtvj rM;,MwMjukifj? ugMb,Mrdlif;u.ufbvmB
vmBy.ufj awMbxkdifOef;okwf;xmBhqlOfjymefref; ayM;vBj
zFOfrM;,Ofh/
rdOl jf wmif;yAerf ef; yAe[f iF ;f eMb,Ofth vj rM;
rD;wDj=if;,M Sakura eefh YoMbqmB;omifbnmBj? vki;f ckef
Okef;wdyfh? qmB;vcOf n.efuefuyf;Zlef;ao yefcmOfb
vmwfjrM;OMj-
nmBj / / ugMbwlp;f ref;a[ yef[iF ;f uef
ndw;f ekid jf vMj? [Of;auMj vmwfj
ref;v.ijf YwM;a[ ref;auMj,.r;f
[yfh,Ofhtoj/ ule;f eBh rdOl jf rM;
auMjrM;a[ ayM;xkid v f Ol bf rdOl ;f auMj
wuf;awvBjrdlOf;cdkef;eefheMb
aeMj/ ndlOfj nrfbqmif@[Awf;
qldifh[dkOfq.BjuefvBj,Ofhvl;/ rdlif;
u.ufbauMj cOfawnrfbyAefugMb
xFifj,Ofhtoj/ rdlOfjvAOftwh
ref;auMjrdi;f ,lbq.r;f ,Mulp;f ,Of/h
rdlOf;wlpf;ref;auMj ref;aw
nrfbqmif@ymufbawMbnkyfbvmwfj
131
[Of;erf,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj ref;nrfbvlifnrfbvdkrf;oif

eifbuOfb/ vlOfbyef[Fif;uefqldifheBulpf;,OfheMb/
v / / yDjndOl jf yDj? ayM;awugMbwlp;f auMj ugMbzf;g zf;g tvj/ iOf;
vmB;ref;nrfbvBj,Ofhulpf;/ urfhawnrfbvBj[ef,Ofh
eMj? OmB;rM;qifb ,MbayrM;eFifqfg,lbeMj/
Oef;eefh emif;OlOf;oFif qifbqlOf;nOfvkufjqmB;ref; ugMbtOhodkOfh
wmif;udefwmif;,Frfh erfholrfjerfhOmef rmufbrBhrmufbw.ufb qdlOf;eBha[ rldOf;qfg;
ref;wDj=if;,M,Ofh/
rldif; / / trjC trjOMj wB;auMUtrjawwmB,OfheB? [Awf;oif
tvj odkOfhwmif;udefugMbyefref; erfuM@eBhvMb/
oFif / / rdlOfjyBbwmBauMj vlOfbvAifhref;ndlOfj/ ulef;rM;yfgUvkrf;
vM;ref;auMj vlOfbudef{jrD;[Fif; qifbawqmif@vkrf;
vM;ref;ndlOfj/
rdlif; / / anM@C trjC wB;auMUtrjyAefa,M;uMboifnM@/
oFif / / yAefwyf;cFef@odlOf@OMb/
rldif; / / ulef;rldif;wB;trjcOfeBh yAefcFef@odlOf@wyf;erfawh
aeM;/ cOfue d v
f OfjerftvjuM@/,Ofah uMj udeo f ;D vduhf
eMb/
oFif / / ulp;f uMj wB;auMUtrj nrfbudev f Ofj nrfbvkwbf oD;vduhf
(vFef;,Mj) vl;nM@/
rldOfjugMbxkdif=if;,M wDj+ifjref;,lbeefhtwh oifOMjnrfbvBj[ef
ar;emif;ref;,dif;oDbwMb? e.ifhqmB;ref;tvjvmefref;qldOf;eefhtwh aw
nrfbw.if; nrfb=UvBjOMj eBhyAefqOfjumef;,.wfj nrfbeef qmB;[mefqdkefj
eBawh,Ofh/ wmif;yAefedufjqmufjtvj ,.rfeMbnM;vM;vlif/ vBj[efref;qldifh
eB yAefqfgnrfbvDawhawh/ rldOfjvBjxlyf;[efuefurf;vdkef; wDj=def;=OfyOfj
eefh wif;rldOfjvAOfeBh nrfboFifboifuefvM;vM;/ nedwfhq rAOf;nrfbrefj
nrfbudkrf;awh,Ofh/ zdlOfbref;[efnlpf;auMUref;twh ,krfhclOfa[vmwfjOMj-
,.wfj / / rM;tvj rM;tvjC vkufhvfgrM;/
132
oFif / / [Of;rM;wDjolulpf;ndlOfj yAef[dkOf/

rldOfjzFOfugMbqkdif ref;wkdufhudefcOfjtvj wlpf;zuf;ref;qkdif yAef
edlOfhu.efj,Ofh/ ulef;vkrf;vM;ref;auMj olef;OMj udefnefeefhavMb? nef
eBh[dkOfheB awMbref;,lb/ ulpf;uMj ref;nrfbnOf? awMUtwhudefq.rf;qdlOfhu.efj
ref;a[,Ofh/
,.wfj / / anM qfjg [MU/ [Of;twhre ld o
f [l efe,
hB Of/h udecf Ofjq.r;f
[Of;[dkOfh/
oFif / / [Of;udefrM;,Ofh,Ofj/ olulpf;udefOmefOmefvMj/
zdlOfbudefcOfj,Ofh ref;udeferfhrmufbrBh nefnlpf;auMUref;okdOfh
rM;yefeefh,Ofh/ zdlOfb,OfhauMj vmifholyf;vmifhymufba[ ref;,ifhOBhurf;edkifj/
vFyfjref;=dOfhOBh/ emif;arM,MauMj vkr;f vM;yefcFrfhawhawh/ ayM;,Ofh qifb
okdyfbxmrfrM;-
,.wfj / / rdlOfjvAOf auMwMjukifjolcOf rD;zFefumefoif/
oFif / / efg;vldefan@y\dlOf@vfeBh [Of;awqlOf;ulef;ekrfbcOf
ugMbnFOfbyDje.ifhwB; wmif;rdlif;cmifndlOfj/
,.wfj / / anMj OMjeef[MU/ [Of;vmwfj{jolqlOf;ulef;ekrfbcOf
rM;tvbwlp;f zmBbwmif;[Of;ndw;f ekid jf eB ol,if;nrfb
rM;/
oFif / / awrM;,lulpf;toj/ ayM;olcfgjvyf;auMj e.ef;tvj
eMj/ ,MbayuAifqfg[Of;eMj/
,.wfj / / nrfbcfjg e.e;f vl;nM@/ ayM;olcOfawrM;wmif;[Of;awh
eB yD@awrM; rM;awhawhtvjeMj/
ref;nkyfbawMbwB;auMUref; [kdifyAefekdifjqlOfjrlif;ymBymB/ an;C
qkdifOMj ref;vBjrdif;q.rf;,Mref;a[ vyf;,lb/ nrfbqmif@ymufbawMbzfgerf
erfeB? urf;eBh nkyfbvBjwif;[dkiftvj emif;OlOf;oFifauMj yFufbqfgOh/B ulOfar;
ydlefj yDje.ifhydlefjcfgjqMUOMj rAOf;nrfbarM=UoifeBtvj urf;urf;wlpf;eMj
,dif;oDbwMb? eMjref;twh nrfbyldifj/
nefref;cfgjvmwfj? nefref;[Awf;,lb wMbqldOfhcdlOf;wB;auMj
133
vmwfjwif;erf/ nefref;cfgjxmrfauMj xmrfwif;erf/ yAefuM@umefqdlOfhcdlOf;

oAifjoAifj,Ofh/ wlOfcdif;nrfb,lbvD? nrfbcFif[Fif;vBj,Ofhtvj vBjrD;efg;+ifj
=if;,MaoauMj,Mb erfhqfg[ufhcdlOf;ref;eBh ,if;wkdufh[mOfj[Fif;awhawh/ cmOf;
,mrf;qlOfjymefref; nefudkwf;vldOfeefh ref;wkdufheyfho.efb cfgjyefwMb[Awf;
umefyluf;y.ifqdlOfhcdlOf;wB;,lb/ ref;wkdufhcBjtezFefumef nefref;nmifj[Awf;
rD;wif;erf,lbeefh/ ,if;yBb[ef ref;,.rf;umefhaondwf;toj/
CC
ref;rM;rD;,lbedlOf=if;,Mb wDjwMjukifj[dkifwmefbwmefb,Ofh vBj

idef;OMj awqlOf;ref;rdlOf;cdkef;vMjoAOfj,Ofh OMjeB/ nmef;ugMbqfg;ref;xFifj
aowMU nrfbyAefugMbqfg;/ rD;zFefumefn.ufbcmOf;wmif; olbqfg;yDje.ifhwB;rldif;
cmiftvj wkdufho.efzkduf;yefulef;ekrfbcOf +ifhugmrf;? o.efuMj tvj cyfhcdkifwMb
cmOf;wmif;,lbeefh-
v / / yDjOlOf;oFifC ayM;wef;rM;xlyf;vkif;umef;a[ xFifj
urf;ekdifjavMb? cOfawn.efrdlOf;cdkef;rdlOfjzkufj,Ofh/
oFif / / [MC qfgj[MU? awrldOf;q.rf;oif/
v / / awrOf=dOf;rdefwmifbrdlOf;nOfOMb/
oFif / / =dOfbC aw[Awf;[dkOfvMbeBh? nrfbwef;rM;vM;vM;,Ofh
eMb/ rdlOfjzkufjeBh wifjtwbnOfumifefgqOfh vlObf C C
v / / ayM;yAefwmefbeefhauMj nrfbqmif@[Awf;[dkOfaeMjC
[dkrf; [dkrf; [dkrf;/
oFif / / ndlOfj nrfbqmif@[Awf;[dkOfawh,Ofh/ wlpf;wlpf;a[
vmwfjyefz.ifjvMjC eMj? [dkrf;C =dOfhqfg=dOfhacM;eMb
an;/
v / / anMjcMj anMjcMj/
rdlOfj=Ofcrfj Oef;qOfjumef;,.wfjcOfrdlOf;ugMbeefh qkrf;wMjukifj
cOfwkdufhzkduf;uMjuef,lb wDjOmif;OwfhuRif;wB;uOfjvuf;? qmB;vodkyfbZlef;rM;
tvj-
134
oFif / / [M@vlOf/
v / / yDjC nrfbrD;,OfhnM@? ref;ugMbyFwfj[Of;,Ofhtoj/
oFif / / nDjoifC nrfbrD;=Of nrfbrD;[mif/
v / / vkif;umef;ndlOfj? oAifjugMb,Ofh,Ofj/ rldOfjuBjeBhulpf;/
7 rlif;ymB 15 rAwfhwArfwArfeBhanMj/
oFif / / [M@! qfgj[MUC OB;usMUaeMjC rD;vMjoAOfj[MU/
v / / cOfvkufhvMjoAOfja[ ugMb=def;cOfurf;vAOfeBvl;/ ayMj
ref;auMj rM;yfgUxMjOBhwDjeefheMb/ zdlOfbayMjref;
vmwfjref;? cgmif;ref;ul@rAOf;,OfhauMj qfgref;oAifj
urf;vAOfOMb/
oFif / / anM@C zFOf=def;ref;cdkef;tvj ref;,.rf;qfgref;
nMjuM@/ ndlOf@C yDjcOfauMjnrfbqmif@[Awf;[dkOfyef
eMbaeMj/
v / / ayM;vBj=UrmBcyfhcOf qifbodkyfbrM;xFifj,OfheMj/
crfjeefh vkufhwDjuRif;wB;uOfjvuf; y.ufjrM;zFOf=def;qkdif nmyfb
eyfhvdkOfj,ifhuFyfhekdifjao,Ofh emif;OlOf;oFifrM;eifjwDjzdlefwFrfjvdufjref;
ao wFrfjn.ufbO.uf;y.wf;ekdifj wMbumOfb,.ef;ol;z.ef;yefnlpf;auMUref;/
xkdif-
qOfjokduf;vlif qmB;umef;,.wfj
vmOfvlefbZMU
rdlOfj=Ofcrfj 7 rlif;ymB 15 rAwfh? Oef;xDh 14.03.2004
vlifbekdifjvmOfeldOfZMU qmB;uwfhusMU[mefqdkefj
vBjvdkefjvlefbvlif;vdef aoauMj
,.efhodeftvjrkefqkif wDjokifedyfjymefb+wfjnrfb[mifh/
O.uf;y.wf;n.efeBhtvj ulifbr.ufbr.ifqfgn.efbwlifbekdifj wmifwlOf
135
ref;ao vBjq.rf;ugMbxkdifwDjymif,.ifja,M;Oef;vdkef;okwf; qOfjokduf;vlif

qmB;umef;,.wfj nrfbeef qmB;[mefqdkefj auMUyAefekdifj efg;zlj[wf;[mef
cdlOf;wB; tvj auMU[ufhoMyluf;y.ifqdlOfhcdlOf;wB;,Ofh/ ref;yAefvmOfvlifbekdifj
efg;=OfqfgqdlOfhcdlOf;wB;,Ofh/
ref;rdlefeifbvmOfvlifbekdifj nef=dOfjvFif;rD;,lbedlOfZMUumif[mOf
okifokif {jydlefjvBjqkdefjqlrf; qfguD@? qfg,fgb? qfgodlOf;q.rf;eefh,Ofh/ rdlOfjyDj
e.ifhwB;wif;vmB vBjqfgu@D ? qfg,fgb? qfgodlOf;q.rf;eifbeefeefh yBbudkifbwmefb
vlefbauMj vBjvlefbvlif;olbxkdifvdefugMb,Ofh,Ofj/ rdlefeifbrdlOfjref;rM; vBj
yM;uefqlrf;odlOf;eefh rdlOfjref;rdlOf;auMj vBjqfgvAufh? qfge.BU? qfgr.ifoOfjq.rf;
,lbawh,Ofh/
,.efhydlOfjumefqdlOfhcdlOf;tvj nlpf;auMUref;auMUekdifj nrfbqmif@
q.rf;olifbvBj rdlOfjref;rldOf;cdkef;eefh ref;awnrfbcfgjqMU? ref;awy.ifbqfg
yefvBj,lb rkifjr.if; ,krfb,rf OMjeifbeBao/
¾ ¾
(acMjrmB/ / wDjawh qldif;=OfeBh yAefqldif;y.wf;n.efbw.efjekdifj efg;qlOfj

ymefcmOf;y.w;f y.w;f n.ebf zOqmB;[mefqe
kd jf nrfbeef qOfjokud ;f vliq
f mB;umef;
,.wfju.pf;tvj awvBjOMj w.efjedkifjefg;qldif;vmOfedlOfZMUu.pf; eB/)
r.ufbrlOfoFif
136
pjauj.wSef:yh,pef
ekrfbqmrfcmOf
bmif;wmif:eh¤ ayj:ugnf:eif,ydlef;qkdif
pof:trf,cdkwf:bof¤/
pof:wluf:vkdef:vlifvmifsv;
awvh;vSef;tofbof¤
nrfbqfgjOMj [Of;,.ifja,M;ol/ rldOfjolwkdufhrD;efg;rldif;ulef;auMj [Of;

[efxidk , f bl qlid e
hf /B u.p;f eMb c.irf OA ;f nOfoyl ;f vmwfjuef,i. jf a,M;auMj nrfb
vlObf / ule;f elid jf auMUeBh ulwd bf yAeuf el ;f rM; arM[Aw;f v.ijf vDvi. jf qMU avM;tv;
oleo f mefuefrM;/ {jayM;OMjv.wjf wmif;ae; nrfb,mrfj[Aw;f wmif;zdw;f oif
rM;nefOMjeefh efg;rldif;clif;umifeBhnrfbrD;/ awMjYzM;yAefqOfjauMj rldOfjyBb
yAefYzM; wif;aw,mrfjrD;wmif;zdwf;rM;,lb/
eifbolauMj nefolcfgj[Awf;cfgyAef rmif@urf;ylefhvlefh[Fif;eMbtvj
auMU,lbwmif;vifawvrf;[Awf;q.rf;auMj ,myfbqfgymBaoOMjvBj,lbtujq.rf;
v.ifjnrfbwArfxlefj? v.ifjcfgj[Awf;cfgjomifjorfherf urfjz.ifjorfhukduf;q.rf;
v.ifjrlef@qfgwArfxlefjqOfjuOfbao yfgUOef;wmB[mrf;wmif;Olefh wMbulef;wif;
erf/ urfjz.ifjauMj olyf;twhvmwfj,lb wmif;[Awf;omifj[mifjy.ifn.ufbrM;orfh
yFufbyldifjwif;ugmrf;vmwfjref;/ nrfbyAefu.efjyAefwkrf? efg;qlOfjymef[Of;vBj
137
rldof;uGj,bjwlofwD;rldif:uguf,
138
[Awf;auMU uefrM;cmOf;[kdifao zmwfbn.ufbymB@rldOf;yFwfj[Of;ugMb rD;wmif;ao;

vmB? {jayM;Olefhckdifyluf;y.ifckdwf;ol awMbayM;wFef;vBjn.ifjoleefh awMbrldOfj
vAOf wif;yBb[efzfgvl;u.efb/
nef[Of;nrfbvkrd ;f vBjukud ;f qyf;OBw h jD qfe g efh yAef rlOd jf [Of;xly;f olurf;
vkdef;okwf; wDj=if;,MvMjoAOfj/ =UOMj ,lwf;,Mwmif;yAefwDjrldif;xB;y.ufj
rM;tvj [Of;wif;rlOcf rf;ugMbxly;f rlOd jf Oef; 3.2.2004 umifeygf w F bf rli;f qrf/ rlOd jf
[Of;zFOuf Mg beefh olwudk nhf r. bf vFwbf umifeq gf Of,
h bl / vmwfjawMb wliuhf efwif;erf
ao ckdef;cOfjefg;vkuf;e.ef;/ arM,MqmB;r.ufbcrf; ckdifyefwMbwDjn.ifjvkdOfjol
ref;ugmifjvDeMb wMbcFubf rM;qf;g auMjomifbawMbawh,Of/h rlOd jf yBbn.ubf uMj=de;f rM;
[Of;[Aw;f cOfj,MbclUOB?h wMbef;g =de;f uden f OfcOfjeAO[f w A ;f ? wMbolue d of rfh nOf
cOfjekdifj[Awf; ayM;ofgbcldifh,Ofh? u.yfjtrj[Of;orfhOMj ulOfnrfbomifbxkufbwif;
wmif;yAef eBtvj vBjwrf;rM;/ zFOw f jD ol oly;f [Of;orfz h ;gf cke
d ;f vmwfjrFibf olao
u.ebf ? olauMjorfch jgf udef [Of;cke d ;f vmwfjae ulOn f rfbxkubf rFejf wif;xmwfjol?
wMU[Of;,Mbvmwfja[vMj/ qrf[Of;aw rlOd ;f cfjg udeo f ifeB [Of;cke d ;f xmrfxiF jf ?
ref;cfjg uderf mufbuMbOMj? [Of;vBjnlOd jf rM; awMbref;ayM;wmBuMg b nrfbvBjolibf yef?
ulOf OMjnrfbrFefjeBnldOfj/ rldOfjvAOfayM;[efrmufbuMb wif;ckuf;qfgvBj,lb,Ofh/
,lbaoeifjnkyfbuefo.ifrlif;qrfqrf [Of;awvBjvmwfjref; r.ufjo.ifomrf
acMj vlOd af oqlOd ;f eefh yAerf ef;xmrftvj [Of;w.ybf nefref;cfjg vmwfjcfjg oifb
eefh eifbnrfb=dOfhnrfbr.Bj vkdOfjvkdOfjaovmwfjoifbawMb[Of;/ xkdifcdifbudef
cOfjrM; yDjilpfb[Awf;yefzuf;wB; nefref;cfgjudef? eifj[drf;ref;aoofgbyef
cOfjuyf;zuf; wif;OMjrM; ]rldOfjeBh ref;udefcOfjerfOMjerf,OfhOMj} awrD;
r.ufjckdifjOmefbcOfj/ udefcOfj,Ofhy.ufbrmufbvAifh ref;awyAefurf;vkdef;okwf;eB
nrfbxmifb? xmifbawvDckdef;,lbnldOfj/ [Of;[efyyfhcFyf;[mif@ref;? nefugMb
rldif;xB;,lwf;,MrM; xBbyM;yDje.ifhe.ifhyDjugMbxlyf;uefqldOf;eefh/ rlOfcrf;wlpf;
,Ofh [Of;nmef;wlpf; twbzkdefho.ifomrfrmif@ ref;ckdef;,dyf;nOfefg;rkdOf;
[Of;ao wrf;eldOfzldefugMb/ ]yyfheBh wlpf;rldOfjvfgauMj vBj,lb? rldOfjvAOf [Of;
vlObf nkybf uefwif;erf ulOn f rfbrD;cmOf;,mrf;} eBOMj x.rbf acMjoAiv f mwfjref;
[Of;acM;clrfqfgnrfbvD? [mif@cD rDb[Awf;eMj,krfhclOfaotvj ][kdrfh yAefr.ufjeBh
139
u.pf;auMj xmwfjqfgwluf;OMj? ayM;rD;wmif;yAefauMj rD;wmif;,MnldOfj} vmwfj

,Ofah o nOfwif;cFy;f O.u;f vkujf n.ebf ? cFy;f y.;B yD@rfbg wB;uRuthf r; (nefref;cyfh
ckid af o nrfbvBjcOfjugMbtvj [Of;vBjq.jB [Aw;f yAecf yF ;f rM;yef) yyfn h ef[Of;wFrjf
qldOf;eefh nOfofgbefg;rkdOf;ref;/ ref;,dyf;ao nOfwmifbeldOfnluf;ref;,Ofh
auMj ]eBhyAefolwFrfj[MU} ,dyf;wif;yyfh[Of;wFrfjeefh zkdefhwlpf; ][Of;wif;
nrfbyBbvBjn.ufbyyfhaonef oltwh vBjn.ufb,Ofh [Of;auMjcfgjwFrfjnldOfj aw
rD;cmOf;,mrf;ref;[kOd }f eMjwMref;nrfbvD Olerhf e F jf v.ijf ref;cfjg yAee f efah o
]oifqOfjcfjg [Aw;f eB {jvkujf n.ebf qlOd ;f eB, h bl [dr;f qOfjao nOfoyl ;f vmwfjyef
{jcOfwrF jf ayM;,Ofch e dk ;f {jvlae nrfbeefauMj ayM;qOfjnOfwif;uFwo hf wF Ohf hB
[dr;f =Ofee . ;f nwf; OBn h efcjgf wFrjf eef?h oif,Ofh {jvkujf n.ebf cOf cke d ;f wFrjf eB
twh ref;OB;aoyldefj? ayM;,OfhauMj wMbaw[Awf;yyfhckdifimBjvBj,Ofhvl;}?
[Of;vmwfjawMbref; ]qfjg nlOd jf ?vlObf [Aw;f qlid e hf B u.p;f ,Ofh nef[Of;cfjg wFrjf eBh
rD;,lbwif;erfnldOfj}? awMbref;ayM;oAifj vBjwFrfj nrfbvBjwFrfjeefh xkdif
rldOfjvAOf yBbyMj=UxFifjvl;u.efb/
]nef[Of;cfgjoifboleBh rD;wif;erfnldOfj rldOfjvAOf nefvrfbv.ifj
ref; olvlOfbr.ufb{jvkufjn.efbwB;[Of; umyfjymefrldOfjvAOfeBh awvBjwluf;wlOf
nlOd jf ? [Aw;f oiftvjeB vkujf n.ebf wB;[Of; ayM;u.p;f uwfv h mB@vmB@eBh [Of;nrfb
ckdwf;yldefjvBj,Ofh/ ayM;[Of;uwfhcFefbylefhyldefjeBqkdif [Of;qifbaw ckdwf;yldefj
,Of/h eBh [Of;cfjg oifboleuf;euf;eMeMeMj ,mifjwmif;eBh ayM;u.p;f eifbyle d jf
qkid f [Of;nrfbckw d ;f ,Of?h [Of;wlu;f vke d ;f vliv f miftvj awvBjvFejf nOf,Of}h /
eifbacMjoifboleefh nrfbvlifnrfbvkdrf; w.if;ukdrf;ukdrf;ao ayM;omifbawMb
rldOfjvfgauMj vBjoifbugMb,lbeB wrf;qfgaovMj auMUnldpf;/ nefqOfjcfgj{j
yAee f efth wh rlOd jf vAOv f jB vmwfju.p;f v.ijf nefocl jgf {j[efeefh auMjyBb[mif@
[efvBju.pf; wkdufhrkifjr.if;OBheifbol,lbnldOfj/ u.pf;eMb olorfhvmwfjoifb
,Ofhao rldOf;ymB@[Of;qldOf;eBhugMb? auMUqkuf;wmif;eMjqkdefb wmifbrMbcwf;[Fif;
,.r;f ugMbawhawh,Of/h rkOd ;f wif;o.icf e . ,f yd ;f oifauMj eifbnrfbayM;ukrd ;f vD,Of/h
[Fi;f rkOd ;f qOfjuOfbauMj eifbqOfjuOfbayM;nrfb[wf;,krbf ,Ofh auMUnlp d ;f / cif;
aeolauMj q.ifbolidef;,lb[kdOf/ olnOfolyf;oifb,Ofh nrfbwlpf;xkdifq.rf;
140
oiftwh eifbnrfb[Awf;,lOfhaeM/ oloAifj,Ofh wmif;vifyAefoifeefh nmyfj

aw,lb[drf;+rf;q.rf;ao =U,lb[kdOf? nrfbq.BjoifvBj,Ofh[kdOf auMUnldpf;? v.ifj
olcfgjyAef wif;nefyAefeefh q.ifbref;irfbuef,lb[kdOf/
,lbef;g cli;f umif ulwd bf yAeuf e
l ;f rM;eBh Oef;,OfOh ef; okyd bf ,lbq.r;f eifb
iOf;vmB;ref;yef? rmif@y.ufj cfgj[Awf; cfgjomifj cfgjugMb cfgjrM; vBjv.wfj[mrf;ugMb
wif;erf/ qfgzFOf wlOfnrfbvBj+wfjrM;auMjrD;? zfgnrfb=Uv.ifjzfg wmif;,myfb
zfgref; ymefhwdefymefhrkdOf; wrf;nrfbyAefnkdwf;nrfbvBjeefhauMj arMrD;rM;/
auMUcOfwif;oAifjtwh awn.efuefvmwfj,lb,Ofh Oef;vkdef;okwf;ol [Of;
nrfbvBjolibf rM;/ ,.euhf y. jf cdibf eefh tr;OBh oFibf n.ebf ndw;f nefeidl jf uyf;erfh
uyf;ZB; uyf;Zlif;orfh ckdef;tr;efg;ref; ofgbyM;cljvBeBu.efb? [Mulef;[Awf;yef
auMj ,.ef;wmif;q.Bjyldefj olyf;ayM;ulefh? rldOfjvfg[Awf;auMj orfhefg;Olifjeldifj
aw[Aw;f {j=rfjuefe, B Of/h [Of;auMj qlr;f q.r;f wkud rhf mifth r;cke d ;f =rfjuef ef;g
+ifjn.ebf [Of;eefh vBj=UcmOfb olvyf;wMugMbeBtvj wMbawykwjf wlp;f xkid yf ef
auMj nrfbrD;zf?g nrfbqmif@,.e;f wmif;q.jB zfg vBjwkw d ;f qfag o vBjqke d bf ,lbOBh
wDjOAi;f vlOd bf ? nrfbvBjolibf ol cmOf;urf;Oef;vke d ;f okw;f / nljqOfjau;ql;orfh
nrfbayM;z.rfhv.ifjrM;,lbOAif;vldOfb? ,.efhu.yfjul@v.ifjv.ifjaotvj awMbrldOfj
vAOf Oef;vkdef;okwf;ol vBjwlpf;efg;cFyf;nefwDjqkrf; olifbrM;eefhu.pf;/
,def;acM;clrfr.ifqfgaonrfbuM; wMbqmOf;cldOf;[Of;[M; ulef;nefrD;ymB;Olefhul@
ZmBbZmBb olef;vBj =pf;vBj cwf;qfg{jayM; [Awf;n.ufberfhyAefwlOfrM; vBjvlU
okr;f ugMb,Of/h zfag wrM;ykwjf rM;wmrf;? n.ijf yOfbwDj[mrf; nrfbyBb[efce dk ;f xlrf
vBjv.ijf ylbqfrg jB acM; nrfbyBbrD;wmif;uwf;,Aeq f e gf B auMU[Of;auMj aw,lbwDj
cli;f elid jf ao rkijf [ef,bl ,Of/h ,Mbyke d ,hf MbyFwjf q.jB [efxrF w f pl ;f {j[Of; eifb
nmef;cfgjvBjcfgjyAefeefh {jqAOf;vBjzFOfeldOfoAefjwmif; vAOf=rfjurf;aourf;
eMj/
auMUol 79/80
ekrfbqmrfcmOf
141
vdlwf;awvmwf;uGmrf:bl,
qmB;q.rfOlif;
rFefjrldOfjyD@ 2003 awokwf; cOfjefg; 2004 vdlef November ? uOf

cMjugMb+ifhugmrf;wDjrldif;umOf e.ifo.rf; ,Ofh nmifjugMbokdyfb+ifhugmrf; wDjOAif;uRufh
tr; eBtvj zFOfwDj=def; zljy.ifumef yDjnmBjcMj wDjoDbayMU/ nrfbvBj=yfhzlj
y.ifumef? idef;cmOfbwDj=def;OMj ref;qOfjudkifhumifhnrfb,lbvDao nOfvlif;ugMb
ulwbf xwf;wDjOAi;f vlOd bf ,Of?h vFyjf awokyd bf nOfuMg bulwbf ,M wDjwMjukijf OMjeB
tvj wMbef;g yDje.ihf {jvBjugMbyfUg wlp;f vkr;f vM;q.r;f OMjeBao nefye A f yDjyDj
e.ifhe.ifh uOfcMj ndufb yDjqmB;okrmef vBj[mifj[Fef;wMbawvlif;wMjvdlOfb xdkif
wMjukifjtvj y.B;yD@rfgbwDjOAif;[defvrfeefh nrfbwef;vBj+ifhugmrf;q.Bj/ xFifj
Oef;ekid jf umifergf M; yDjqmB;okrmef? yDjvlO;f yDj,di;f oDbwMb ndubf yDje.ichf Mjurfj
z.ifj n.efuefvlif;wMjvldOfbao Oef;eefh=Ofcrfj xdkifwMjvldOfb,Ofh odkyfbcDb
vlwfhZB;vlif;wMjukifjurf;vAOf/ xdkifumifefgrM; r.ufj 10 rlif; xkdifwMjukifj,Ofh
n.efuefrdlOf;[Mzljy.ifumef wDjref;vdkOfjoOf;,lb wDj=def; Dr. qmB;r.ufbcrf;?
yDjolpbf rkibf cOf/ vBjrdOl ;f [efref;qOfj ,kr, hf rk ,
hf mBj,mBjao nkybf xmrfvuk w hf jD
vfrg M; tvj eMjumefiOf;vmB;ul@v.ijf / [Of;cMjnkybf xmrfvi. jf ydil yf e
A wf mif;yAeaf o
ref;qOfjOMj ]uOfawvBjugMb,Mrldif;e.ufj wDj rldif;u.ufbnldOfj/ rfg;auMjvlOfbugMb
q.r;f [Of;nlOd jf cdOl q
f mB;ok} OMjeB/ ][Of;twh u.yjf Passport awvBjn.ew f mif;
tvj awugMbn.efwmif;ol/ ol[Awf; passport ao rM;q.rf;wmif;vif[Of;auMj
vD,lb}/ [Of;cMj yDjok? yDjolpfbrkifb cOfauMj [Awf;Ofgcmrfjrdlif;yfgU,lbq.rf;uef
wif;yDjnmBjuOfcMj (zljy.ifumef)ao yfgUvkrf;vM;uef,lb wDj=def; Dr. qmB;
r.ufbcrf;cOf wDjwMjukifj,Ofh/
142
zdlOfbxdkifOef; zljy.ifumefawvkufhwMjukifjugMbrldif;u.ufbeefh nef

awugMbq.rf;xdkifwDjrldif;u.ufb yAefqmB;oFif[mef? qmB;ausMbvMU tvj yDjvlOf;cMj
,dif;oDbwMb rD;cOfoDbauMU/ [Of;cMj yDjokrmef? yDjolpfbrkifb omrfauMUtwh
vkufhwDj=def;ao q.rf;olifbxdkifymifb=dOf;rde?f u.yfjydlOfjOMj [Of;cMjomrfauMUeBh
yBbvBjOfgcmrfjrldif;tvj yfgUn.ufbqkyfjo.if/
rdOl jf vkuw
hf jD =de;f ugMbymifb=dO;f rdee
f efh uOfcMjvBjcDbvlwv
hf rf;vAOuf ef
wif; zljy.iuf mef/ ef;g vlwe hf efh ref;qOfjoifbvmwfjaewDjuOfcMj acMjugmrf;
nefnrfbvdkrf;vBjefg;qlOfjymefcMjtwh ]nmBjndlOf; efg;rldif;clif;umifeBh ayM;
zki;f ,fbg qlOjf clybf nrfb,mOf;? ayM;qlOjf clybf ,mOf; zki;f nrfb,fbg OMj/ u.yjf eBtvj
cmOf;wmif;uOfurf;eBheBh vFyfjawyAefcmOf;wmif;urf;vdkef;okwf;auMjyAefvBj/
twbnOfawMjvAOfugMb rfg;vlOfbcwf;qfg[Awf;q.rf; wmif;cfgjvBjcfgjyAefulef;wif;
erf tvj nefuOfrkifjr.if; nefuOfcfgjvBjcfgjyAefeefh,Ofh}/ z.if;,mrf;eefh
uOfcMj ,dkef[yfhodrf;yFif;efg;qfguOfcMjOBh acMjugmrf;nefOMj ]vdlwfjwdkef;aw
vmwfjugmrf;,lb} eBao/
143
Omif,rl:
nmBjvFif;
Omif,rl:qif,tofukif,rkef ulef:zmefefG:omef;pdefsp;eef¤
tof ]bgwf;} ref:wlofekdif; Orf¤OfG,wmif:vifaO
qif,yAefrj: ]umef:bgwf;} eh/
trjuBch jB te rdOl jf yDjnmBjcMjwkud v hf uA ?hf uByh e

A uf ehB mOf acMUacMUwli;f wli;f
tvj trjyMj yMjv.o B pl bf ndibf qifb,.e;f nOfwjD trj[Of;a[ OMjyAev f uk jf yAef
vmif;ref;/ trjorfhodkOfhnOfcdkef;wDjtrjyMj uM@cefref; rl;ekdifj? qifbyAef
rM; nmBjrl;? cMjorfyh e A ef i. q hf mB;tvj vBj+ifh omifbrl;/ twb+ifrh M; qArrf Old jf vAuhf
vAuhf awMbref;ayM;vyf;wMvdrk ;f rlid ;f +ifh omifbrl; eBup . ;f / qdOk jf nmyfbvle
d rf ef;
nefnlj[Of;wmifbyeftwhyAef qmB;[mefbqdifb/
[M;yDje.ihf nrfboljvBj,lbq.r;f uef qArrf Old jf vAu/hf rdOl jf ref;cde k jf =if;
[Ae;f qefih OfjOmefj[detf [j? cMjorfyh bB cde k jf =if;[Ae;f / zdOl bf ref;rM;,lbqefo h ik f
OAi;f ymifvil f cMjqifbvBjtwbcke d jf =if;[Ae;f wDjOmefj/ omifbrl;eBh rdOl jf ref;vAuhf
nrfbudefedlOfhOlOf; (zuf;vFif_zuf;vlif)/ rD;y.ufjedkifj ,kif;rM;clyf; (umyfj)
trj[Of;tvj trj[Of;ymyf;,ki;f ? omifbrl;OMj ]trj[Of;ugMbymyf;ref;[Aw;f oifcMj
vMb? a[MjymBja[avMb? udev f w dl jf [Of;auMj nrfb,.r;f ugMboifvil f trj[Of;auMj}
OMjeB [if;trj[Of;/
144
zmh,ej;pdif,vlif rdef:ukef:
ymefyAefzl;rD:qef¤tgef,
145
qArrf Old jf ,lbwDjOmefj omifbrl;eBh nrfb[M,dy;f umifb ydw k ;f eluhf ydw

k ;f el?
cmrfbodeOf jB YzM;aoe.e;f wMbaob/ trj,if;v.rx f mifbOMj vkujf qmB;ref; aw
yAefrkefqOfj nefawarMa[M;YwM;wDjekdifj,OfhwDjekdifj eBu.efb/
arM,lbvdlrfjvBb/ ayM;cmOf;ndkwf;[Aef; omifbrl;rM;qfg;=def;wDjOmefj
uRif;eBtwh rM;zAOfjwljnef[Of;ofgbukuf;ukuf;umuf;umuf;? ,Mj,M? yyfh? u.uf;? i.B;?
zFefb? Omefb? nkyf;qdlOf;eBh zAOfjwrf;OBhwDjvfgwDjeefj? arM,lbuFwfjvFwfj/
trjauMj [ufhref;vdlOfwmifbauMU? nefvBjoifbo.efref;urfjanb? nefref;
oifbo.efcdkef;urfjerf/
xkid rf Old jf omifbrl;,lbqefq h w
A ;f [dOk f qefyh w F bf [dOk f nrfb=U? ndw k ;f =if;
[Aef;o.ifvldefauMj nrfbrM;qfg;=def;tvj wmif;=def;rBjqfg? trjnOfoldOfj
omifbrl;ugMbyef ylbYoMbcrf;vFif (Omefjzlef;) {j[Awf;yefyefbwdkwfh {jckdef;
y.ujf rM;eB cMjwkud w hf i. ;f ,lb/ rlOd jf eefh +B;OMjomifbrl;ayM;ugMbuyf;wif; wyfo h udk ;f
qkdifjwB; wDjqOfjokduf;qmrfbrldif; v.BcdlOf;rldif;cdlOf;,OfheB OmB;rM;qifbcdkef;=U/
y.ibf OMj ref;cOfjqfug mefridl ;f rM; qArrf Old jf vAue hf rk bf / cmOfb BBC eBh zfn g rfbvmwfj
ref;a[ ref;zkpfb[M[efnOf[if;u.pf;ref;eB ref;,mrfjcBjtecMj/
y.ujf ekid jf ? ndw k ;f =if;[Ae;f 10 Oef; cmOf;n.ubf OMb/ ref;rM;qf;g =de;f ,Ofh
nlj[Of;OMj nOfviF cf bD rdOl ;f +wfj vmB;cMja[ qifbokyd bf cDbuM; vmB;cMjymifvil tf vj
eBao qifbcDbnOf vFif=def;[Of;rldOf;/ {jrdlOf;OBh=def; nljxOfjtrjxOfjzlpf;
[B;/ [Of;n.efuef,lbwDjumifOmefjao rkifjwlpf;ref;cDbvFif n.ubf ugMbawMb[mB
wM[Of;/ OmB;rM; omifbrl;cde k ;f cBjtrj rdOl jf ref;qrfzOF Of mefjymifbeefh rmufbvFif
ref;y.ibf tvj nrfbyM;oif wMbuky;f rmufb? ref;qifbnOfzidl ;f ,Awjf ofbg ef;g rmufb
vFifref;ao okdyfbcDbawMbayM;zFOfvmB;cMjeB/
omifbrl;eBh yleq hf efo h yd ;f wDjwlejf wD;? okyd bf ,lb qefq h r. ?f z.i;f cde
k jf
qefq h r. e
f efh uBih e d ;f cmOfbref;[Aw;f n.ubf yyfv h ud jf zde k v f mB;wif;erf eB/ orfuh hB
tvbide;f cmOfb ref;uBuh uhB Mg bwmif;vFev f ed x f ;B ao uyf;odyk bf wif;iOfjqkid jf wyfh
okud ;f qkid jf wB; uAObf =uf;cM;[mefetB vj nljtrjqifbOMj uBth vbuBv h mOf;eMb qifb
odkOfhuM;wmifbukefb (GMC) vrf;ekdifj {jomifbrl;auMUukrf;eMjumef OMjeB (uM;
eefh efg;yDje.ifh n.efuefcmBcrf;auMUndwf;ao =rfjuefokdOfh)/ ayM;[Awf;eef
146
qifbawrwfhwdefref;OBh eB[dkOfnrfb=U/ rmBuM;eefh yAef (c^7786) ? wkdufh

w.i;f ,lb/ zlOd bf nmyfjyefref;? ref;qfUg arMymef;oDwrF jf [mif@ (wB;auMUref;auMj
qfgj) qmB;vFif;rdlif; wFrfjofgbvdufjwB; ayM;vmB;ugMboAifj/ uM; < wmefb? ukefb <
wmefbeB/ y.ufjekdifj zFOfwDjvmefbwmif;cOfjOAif;wlefjwD;? arM=OfzldufbOMj
wFrjf OBv
h ud jf oifehB eB/ ref;OMj wFrjf OBv h ud jf wB;nlOd jf eB ]nrfbvBjwFrjf vdujf wB;}
OMjeB[if;ref;/
rD;uM;,Ofh nmyfjyefyjD clp[f Of;auMU,dy;f ao ref;twh wkud w hf il ehf idk f
umefvdufjvmB; ]r} [MjwlOfxFifj,lb/
rdOl jf [Aw;f umefvud jf vmB;eefh qdOk jf yAef qmB;omBcOld ;f ? awMbayM; vBjcrf
c.ufj rdlOfjugMbo.efvdufjwB; ]r} [MjwlOf oeAef;? vFyfjyAef 1983? arMo.ef
(47) auMUeefh yM;ref;/ z.if;eefh nljtrjauMj vBjrBjqfgawh/ cMjwdkufhw.if;
,lb? qkrf;cOfvBjcrfc.ufj efg;c.ufjv.BvFrf tvj wlefjwD; [Of;cMjuBhuBhugMbqfg;? cMj
xmrfref; ]q.ifbvBjvlvdufj? wFrfjvdufj} eB/ ref;OMj ]vBjvlvBjwFrfj,lb}?
ref;OMjxFifj ]uOfwFrfjOBh O.uf;v.ifjefg;c.ufj rD;vmBvmB=Of,Ofh rfg;cfgj=U} eB [if;
cMj/
OmB;n.ufbc.ufj,Ofh cdkef;ugMbckdefjqefhq.rf/ OmB;cOfvjB wluf;c.ufj ,.efh
o.efvdufjwB;eBtvj u.ifbqDbqkdifjrldif; qifbwFyf;wwf;yefOMj vdufjwB;{j
o.ee f ;gf =if;[Ae;f rlid ;f wB;vBj,lb OMjeBao ayMUyke d n f u. bf vmB;yliof e
. vf ud jf wB;/
yyfh[Aef;vdufjwB;qdlOf;eBh awrFefjr.ufj 1983-84 eefh[dkOf nrfbw.if;vD/ OmB;
eefh ref;qifbole;f wkr+f if=h pf; vkujf [Ae;f qefq h r. ?f =if;rke;f vFi;f ndubf wB;
auMUref;wif;erf ugMbcOfjxde l bf [myfbxmrf;umefqOld q hf mwfj wDjqOfjuef;qAw;f /
[Awf;eef vkufjqmB;vliftrj[Of; neftrj[Of;xmifbawyAefrM;rkefqOfjauMj
ugMbyAefulef;okduf;o.efumef,lb wDjymifbodlOfxOfjyAif;vlifykefh,lb,Ofh/
rdlOfjz.if;ugMbrD;wDjiOfjqkdifjyAif;vlifeefh yAefz.if; yMbwDbu.ifbqDb?
ule;f vlie f ;gf y.uhf rM;vmwfjtrj[Of;OMj vkujf qmB;trjyMj auMUnefcOfjxle d bf eefh
wluf;okrf;efg;ymifwdkuf;,Ofh OMjeB/ trjcMjauMj nrfbOMjoif[if;ulef;vlify.ufh/
tc;trjnrfb,krbf [dOk /f nrfbeef v.rn f Ofuik bf nOfre k q f r. ;f vkujf qmB;ref;,lb[dOk f
nrfb=U/
147
z.if;eefh idef;cmOfbimOf;qdkOfjoAifomifbrl;,lb/ rdlOfjtwbvlif;=if;

zdkuf;o.efumefokduf;twh ofgbqdkOfj qAifvFif? OmB;eefh qifbyAef qmB;umef;
,.wfj eB/ omifbrl;,mrfjcB@te v.ifjref;vBjwmifbqdkOfjumef;,.wfjeBh- wDj
OmefjuRif;[deft[j[Of;eefh rD;ulef;zmefeMbnM;vM;o.if=def;? vkif;umef;
xke;f ,lbOmefjuRi;f ? =de;f cMzlOaf r; wrfn h rfbwmefbokid bf zke d ;f [Of;? zmefeMb?
vBj[Mtcj[Mzke d ;f cmB? udeq f mifjydel jf / OmB;rM; nkyd ;f ,mufjcBjemOfeMba[tvjwmB/
omifbrl; qifbnOfukifbulef;zmefefg;OmefjuRif;[Of;eefh umef;xkef; eBtvj
nOf ]umef;} ref;wlOfekdifjofgbwmif;eMj/ emB;,.wfjorfh ,lbOmefj[deft[j?
eBhauMjzmefeMb qifbnkdyf;,mufjcBjemOfaowmB/ omifbrl;qifbnOfukifbrkef
ule;f zmefe;gf Omefj [detf [jeefh nOf ],.wjf } ref;wlOe f idk jf orfoh bgf wmif;vif
ao qifbyAefrM; ]umef;,.wfj} eB/
xdik w
f jD n.e=f Ofzmwfbn.ubf MTA ,Ofh omifbrl;OMj [if;cMj- uOfehB
qArrf Old jf ,lb=if;[Ae;f awMbcOfjxde l bf nrfbvBj,lbq.r;f nljtrjaoy.ujf ? cfjg vAihf
vlvrk ;f vM;nljtrj eBtvj qifb+ifn h jl trjrM;wDjiOfjike;f cmB;odrbf ? umefref;
orfe h rf? ukrbf ugMbukrbf rM;u.p;f / z.i;f wef;qlOjf uFyhf qifbvBjtvbnljtrj? uefb
awM;nljtrj? nkyfbv.ifjOmefjuOfbrldif;vif? xmrfv.ifjYwM; wDjnlj[Of;? v.ifj
vdufjvlif (vifbuMbvlif) qdlOf;eBhvfg/
urf;vde k ;f rdOl jf uM;ydejf wDjyvAue hf efah uMj cde
k jf =if;,MOAi;f vlOd bf ? nlj
[Of;trj[Of; vlif;rM;ql;ref;/ ref;OMj ],MbrBjqfgoifcMj? awcFef;vBj,lb}
OMjeB/ OmB;rM; awvBjugMbteulwfbwlpf;wDjwMjukifjeBtvj cMjauMjvBjugMb
q.r;f / xkid w f Mjukijf auMj y.w;f wfjg yBbwliv hf jB ? awMbayM;vli;f =if;,M zFOcf e kd ;f cmB;
odrbf nrfbyBvjB / rD;y.ujf ekid jf cfjg qde k bf yBtenlj[Of;trj[Of;eMbtvj qifbouf;
c.efhwOfhaoyBte r.ufjOM; o.ifOM;? =dOfbqDjref;ayM;n.ufb? nrfbyBvBjauMj
eMjumefrlbqkrf;twh yBbvdkOfjaonef? vFyfjerfrM;vdlOfuOfbu.efb/
xdkifrM;qyf;wmif;yAefwyf;,Ofh umefwif;vlif qifbwrf;Omif;OBhyef
ulef;wmif;vifao ugMb,MwlOf/ z.if;ugMb,MwlOf wDjOAif;vldOfb? wMjukifj? rldif;
u.ubf qdOl ;f eefh cMjnrfbvBjugMbq.r;f / z.i;f y.ujf rdil ;f u.ubf rM; qifbvBjugMbxly;f uef
wDjvMjoAOjf / omifbrl;oifbcMj ]rf;g auMj vlObf ulwbf wlOw f pl ;f nlOd jf rf;g ? ayM;wef;
148
vBjeMjref;twh qmif@cFe;f ndOl jf wyf;eB}h eB/ OmB;aocmBuh Mg b,MwlOw f jD wMjukijf

wDj=if;,M SAKURA eefh cMjauMj ugMbulwfbwlOfwlpf; wDjnMbosMUawMb
Odebf ? nrfbyAew f mif;yAeo f if/ ulp;f uMj nrfbwef;vBjvmwfjteref;/ u.yjf ydOl jf
rdOl jf ,mrf;cMjugMbulwbf wlOrf M;eefh ref;qOfjayM;yAee f MbeMb,Of/h rFejf Oef;xDj
March 14, 2004 ? ref;awMUtwhvjB oifbugmrf;cMjacMjeki d jf OMj ]wmif;vif[mifj
[Fe;f OBch rF chf rF e
hf Mj} eBup . ;f / cMjauMjOMj ]anMj} eBacMjvAOuf p . ;f / omifbrl;ayM;
ckdifvdkrf;wlOf yAefurf;yAefurf;OBh,Ofh/ qifbnkyfbuefwif;ulef;vlifao cmwfj
nOf=dOf;rdef (Yangon Airway) wif;vrf;rM;vlif;vMjoAOfj/ ulef;vlif? yDj
e.iw hf if;erfrM;[yf/h omifbrl;twh vFyjf cmefqe gf Mb,Of/h ulp;f uMj wDjwMj=dO;f rdef
eefh ,if;wkud , hf rk thf etrj[Of;vBj,lb/ orfq h thD e yDjemif;[Of; yDjyke?hf awcfjg
OMj rdlOf;cmB;odrfb eB[kdOfnrfb=U/ wmifbuM;wmifbulef;yAef (Ambulence) rM;cmB;
odrbf ? q.r;f wmif;vkuv hf MjoAOjf rM;cmB;odrbf eefh ,lb,lbnOfumif;ref; [Aw;f awMb
yDjemif;[Of;yDjilpbf zFOv f , gf Ofe
h /B yDjilpbf auMj zFOaf q@nFebf ,Of?h zFOuf ik ;f
oMb,Ofh? zFOfymifedOfh,Ofh? zFOfymifrdlwfb,OfheB cB@vmwfjteomifbrl;rM;q.rf;
wmif;/
zdOl bf zFOcf mB;odrbf iOfjike;f nefref;qOfjauMUn.e=f Ofaowifjeefh
vkujf e.iuhf e l ;f oduk ;f ref; cOfjxFOyf Ugf [yfz h jl n.e=f OfcOf y.ujf urf;vke d ;f okw;f eB
cOfaw=Unrfb=U/
xkid rf Old jf ,.ijf nOfvil ;f uM;eefh nlj[Of;qifb ]nlOd jf ? urf;eB, h Ofh yAef
urf;awhawhref;? w.i;f nOf{jayM;vBjvDve D Mjvkujf qmB;} OMjeB [if;vkujf qmB;
ref;? ref;qOfjauMj i.uf;=OfnOfurf;ekdifj? r.if;ugMbOmif;ofgbedlOfulb=def;ref;
qOfjeefh r.ujf 15 rAw?hf nrfbwAejf nrfbw.ubf edrw f Ol e
f rd qf agf o xlpjf qfcg e kd jf
omrfurf;,Ofh zmwfb,mefOmefjrldif; nefref;qOfj[ufh? zmwfb,mefqdlOfhcldOf;
nefref;qOfj[uf?h zmwfb,mefvuk jf e.ihf nefref;qOfj[uf?h zmwfb,mefnjl trj
yDje.ifh nefref;qOfj[ufheMbeefhugMbao/
nmBjvFif;
149
trf,vdkrf:uGmrf:OD,acj;
,dif;rlpfoFifvldef
(1) rmofOmofwh:tofvldwf;clef:avj:cdlof:ydlef;
(2) wh:uGj,bl,su;ydlef;aO bAef:yAefydlef;
(3) ydlef;rj:bl,su;pof:aO pof:bAef:yAefcof
(4) wmif:uyf:Okdyf,yD;egif¤cmwf,uef
rlOd jf ylerhf M; cmOf;wmif;[Mj=uf;yD@eefh [Of;cMjvBj ugMbcke d jf ymifvyA jf [Ae;f

wDjcmB;odrfbao qifbvBj=UrM; v.ifjOMjref;qOfj cOfj[Awf;umefzmBbul@v.ifj
v.ijf w.ejf wMbqlOd q hf mwfj? ,Ofah uMj wMbule;f rlid ;f wB;[Of; awvBj,lbvDuwf;,Aef
rldefyldefjeefhauMj vBjn.ef=Ofykdwfbzkpfb ymifo.efzmBb,lbvD wMbawyAefrM;
arM,M yDje.ifhwB;{jvBjnkefbqfg ymB;,lbvDauMj nrfb{jwluf;vkdef;yldefjao
vBjcwf;qfg[Awf;omifjyM;ugMb umefv.ifjeBh,lbnefekdifjtvj [Of;cMjvkufj[Aef;
auMj c.yfjqfg nrfbvkdrf;ukifbrkefref;qOfjaondwf;cMj/
vldOfaoeefhnrfbuM; ,.efhrD;qfg[ufhyFif;xdif;odrf; qldOfhcldOf;eMbtvj
,lbef;g cmOf;,mrf;rmifuh mefao vBjrM;oifbo.eyf mB;qfg vmwfjZmifah uMjOMj? ref;
qOfjeBh OlefhxkdifrldOf;eMj ulOf[Of;cMj ekrfb[mB;qmB;,dif;ul@auMU vkdrf;wlOfao
avbugMbcOfjqkOd jf OMj wB;,Ae;f eefth vj qifbvBjvmwfjte ef;g ymifvyA jf [Ae;f
{jvBjx.rfbvBjidef;ugMb,lbcMj/
ugmrf;ref;qOfjvmwfjteeefhtwh]u.yfjoiftvj OMjwB;,Aef;} eB
150
,Of/h qifbodyk bf oyf;vFi;f OMj ,.eyhf Odl jf yDje.iw

hf ;B urfjz.ijf awugMbwlOd rhf e
F jf ef;g
v.ifj,lyfj,.rf;oDbyldifeefhtvj qifbvBjcOfjqkdOfjOMjwB;,Aef;eB,lb,Ofh/
1. rmOfbomOfwB;nOfvldwfjclef;avM;cldOf;yldefj
2. wB;ugMb,lbtujyldefjao,Aef;yAefyldefj
3. yldefjrM;,lbtuj[Of;ao [Of;,Aef;yAefcOf
4.wmif;uyf;okdyfbyDje.ifhcmwfbuef
yAefugmrf;qldOf;oDbacMjeBh,Ofh/
151
orfOh MjeMjumef qlid rhf ef;qOfjvBj[myfbxmrf;ugMbeefh [Of;cMjnrfbcOfj

q.jB vBjul@auMUaowMU v.ijf nef,idl ;f nmef;umifqrgf ef;qOfjcfjg yAeaf o vmwfj
te[Of;cMjugMbeefh ,krfb,rfOMj awqmif@q.BjvBjxFrfvBjuljauMU,lbcMj/
ayM;cfgj=UacMjw.yfbv.ifjeBh vAyfj[Aef;wlpf;[if;[Of;eBh awvDao
yldefj,Ofh/ cMjauMjvBjvAyfj[Aef;wlpf; q.rf;eifb[Of;[efrM;wfgjwMao wkdef;
,ke d [f yf,
h rk bf ,rf ef;g ugmrf;oDbacMjeBuh rf;vAO,f Ofch Mj/ orfxh iF jf nrfbqfjg ,mrfj
idef; ref;qOfjvmwfjtey.ufjvAOf zldOfbugMbvAyfj[Aef;xFifjurf;o.ifeefhauMj
qOfj[Of;vmwfjteugMbv.ifjeBhxFifjtvj cMjauMjvBj=UOMj yAefugmrf;ofgbefg;=Of
qfrg ef;qOfjawh,Ofth vj cMjauMj ,.r;f [yfah wcwf;qfg [Aw;f {jyAev f i. jf omifb
xkufb q.rf;eifbumifqfg oAefjwmif;,ldif;nmef;ref;qOfjcfgjyAefeefh,lbeB
,Ofh/
acMjvmwfjteugMbqldOf;eBh yDje.ifh[Of;cOfurfjz.ifjauMj aw,mrfj
x.rbf ,mrfjide;f rM;,lb/ oifOMj yBb,mrfjide;f rM;auMj ayM;vBjvl[efe;gf vdujf eBh
,Ofh eyfhOMj wmrfwlOfref;qOfjvmwfj[Of;ao n.efwi. f;ukdrf;ofgbOBhefg;qfgul@
auMUaourf;/ acMjvkdef;okwf; cMjauMjcfgj,.ef;oifbOMj {je.ifh,dif;e.ifhqmB;
yDjnmBjyDjemif; qmB;rmOfbomOfwB;[Of;cOful@auMU y.ifbqfg[efxkdif umifqfgcfgjyAef
qOfj[Of;ao {jarM[ufyh iF ;f xdi;f odr;f qlOd chf Odl ;f wB;[Of;ugMbrlOd ;f eMj ,MbxMjyle d jf
OMj [Of;vkdrf;cldOf;qOfjuOfb ,Mb{jydlefjoOfb[Of;yAef ]wB;,Aef;} eB aourf;
cMj/
eyfh,rf ckuf;xlyf; nrfbvkdrf;ukifbrkefao-

,dif;rlpfoFifvldef
(vkufj[Aef;zmBb,lbvD cmB;odrfb)
152
ujbmif: sv; umef:bgwf;
[dkef;-uM,mif;
qmB;umef;,.wfj eBh udlwfbn.efwmif; [dkef;-uM,mif; o.ifyD@ymB/ rdlOfj

ugMbq.rf;uef wDjymifvdufjoeAef;? ymifvlif efg;yD@ 1983 eefh zfg+ifhzfgqldifh
[dkOf nrfbw.if;vD/ zdlOfbpM;uef OmB;cOfudkwf;okduf;eBh wDjymufbeMj uM,mif;+ifh
ref; zljy.ifumef (u.yfjref;[yfhOBhykefjz.ef; zljy.ifumeful@v.ifjv.ifj c.ifwyfh
oduk ;f qdOl q
hf mwfjqkid jf wB;)? vyfv h iforf+h ifOh Mj vki;f umef; nrfbeef cdi;f umef;/
ayM;pM;auMUawMbauMU ref;cdkef;+ifh uM,mif;/
qOfjoduk ;f vliq f mB;umef;,.wjf eBh uM,mif;nrfb+ifrh ef; ]qOfj} auMj
vFyjf nrfbudwbf qf?g ydil jf qfo g ifaondw;f / urfjz.ijf twh nrfb[efvw D jD uM,mif;?
urfjz.ifj,if;eyfhOMj vldif;eBu.efb/ nrfbqmif@[Awf;[dkOftoj/ u.yfjydlOfj uM
,mif;[yfh[efOMj ulef;[Awf;umefqdlOfhqmwfjeBh y.Bb{julef;rdlif; [dkOf vlify.ifqkdifj
eyfh[efwmif;uwfhwmif;omifjref;ckdufhw.ef;eBu.efb qifbxkufb,kufhyAefqOfj
nefye ld jf +ifh ]odOl @f } (Sir) eef/h ef;g wB;eBh ule;f [Aw;f umefqOdl q
hf mwfj nrfb
u.pf;rD;ZmBbodkuf;yldifvAOf/ ZmBbrldif;? ZmBbvdufj? ZmBbZdifj tvj ZmBbypfbpMb
wMUvmBymB;auMj rD;xFifjwif;erf/ cOfauMj vBjqkefhwlOfqkefhqfg[Awf;,lbefg;
Ogifb (Field) cOf/ ulpf; nrfb[efzfg+ifhcOfyAef ]qOfj}/ ZmBbekdifjtwhorfh
rmifzOfb wrfhnrfbwef;olefqfg wMbqdlOfhqmwfjOmefjrldif;oif? awMUtwhnOf
cldOf;=def;OMja[ vBjxkufbeyfhyAefqOfjOBhxMbO'awMbqlOfjauMj ,if;rD;/ eBh
q.ifbawOMjvBj[dkOf [Of;qfgUvmB;zAifbyAif;uefndlOfjeB/ ayM;yAefulef;[myfbumef
153
ykefjqldOfhqmwfjeifbuef [Of;cAifb+ifhOMj ]qOfj} rlwf;rlwf; rdlefeifb- qOfj

ckefr[Mb? qOfjwmif;tu;? qOfjomifboMb? qOfjcgmefoFif? qOfjomifbnmBj?
qOfjcrf;vAuf;? qOfjZMj? qOfjekwf;C qldifheBtyb wMUvDqlrf;z.rfhavMb/
ZmBbokud ;f nefvOA uf p
. ;f aw[kyjf [Aw;f yAeq f Ofjc.if ]qOfj} eB okebf wlOuf M,mif;
[efxkdifOMj nrfbxkufb/ xFifjZmBbekdifjauMj nrfbcfgj{jzlj[myfbumefqdlOfhqmwfj
[Of;cOf qyf;,defhymB;uyf;okdyfb cMj-qOfj awMbulef;rldif;/ y.ifbOMjtwh
wrf;yAeyf idl f (nrfbwFrjf OBah uMj,Of)h ? [Aw;f yAeZ
f id jf ao [yf[h w
A ;f ]qOfj} [if;
ulpf;eBh nrfbxkufb? vDyAefnefulef;rldif; ,def;eyfh,rfwDjn.ifjnluf;r.ef;
qfgcOfao ymufbn.ufb+ifhyAefeefhu.pf;/ ndifedlOfeBhao uM,mif;qifb+ifhref;
zljy.iuf mef/ uM,mif;nrfb+ifOh Mj ]qOfj}/ uAObf vlpjf v.ijf eBh ref;nrfbvmwfj
vD? qMU auMj ayM;wFrfjqdkOfjeB [efref;wFrfjOMj qmB;umef;,.wfj? qOfjokduf;
vlif nrfbeef qOfjokduf;vlifqmB;umef;,.wfj eB,lb/ qOfjodkuf;vlifqOfj
umef;,.wfj? qOfjy.ifumefqOfjumef;,.wfj eBtwh nrfbw.efh[efref;wFrfj/
154
yldefjwFrfjyefauMj ref;nrfbz.rfh[yfhtoj/
vkif;umef;eBh yAefulef;OlefhcBjodkOfjofg? ulef;erfhqfgcFif[mOfjauMUekdifj
eB qArfrdlOfjtwbpM;uef wDjoeAef;eefhu.pf;auMj vmrf;=U,lb/ rdlOfjyDjqmB;
ZMj wkdufhrD;wDjymifvdufj q'.yfjvlif? xmef;wydefb? wlifjnlb (w.ifbilb) ,lb
eefh qdOl ;f vki;f umef;cOf nefye A o f eF ;f OMb,fbg ao[Of; vBjyefbykwjf uefzukd ;f
z.efhyef qdlOf;[Of;[M;wkdufhOMbekrfb/ Oef;n.efwmif; vkif;umef;o.efyef[Of;
O.u;f =Ofeidk jf ]=if;[Ae;f n.ebf } OMjeB/ acMjodOk jf oAijf v.jB v.ev hf udk ahf o qyf;
olyf;imBjtvj zfgzfgauMjvBjqfg/ xFifjOef;ekdifj orfhrM;o.efyef O.uf;ref;
wFrfjOBhrfgb? qdkOfjOMj tn;emif;uBb/
]tn;emif;uBb tn;emif;uBb
ref;cBedlOfumifhzldif;
ulef;vldif;cOfrM;,MU
ref;qfgqMUeMbeMb
ref;vMbywfhyefydlefj
ayM;OMj uwmuf; uwmuf;C} eBOMb/ rdOl jf eefh uM,mif;xmrf
xdkifref; wDjnefOMj ]ref;qfgqMUeMbeMb ref;vMbywfhyefydlefj} eefh
wMUOMj ]ref;qfgqMUeFefbeFefb [dkwf;+ifhoFefbyefydlefj} eB nrfbvD[MU/
]vBj,lbulpf;? [M;twh ayM;ydlefjvldif;auMj wdkef;cfgjvMbeefh,OfhrMj} ref;
w.ybf cdek ;f qlid e
hf /B u.yjf yAeOf u. ;f wMbvkujf n.ebf tvj uM,mif;twh nrfbcfjg {jqfUg
acMjnefOMj ]vMb}/ ulpf;eMb ref;auMj okdyfbo.efugMbqldifheefu.pf;tvj
awMbrdlOfjvAOf [Awf;n.ufbyAefcFyf;O.uf;vkufjn.efbrM;auMj awMjyAef,lb ]ref;
qfgqMUeMbeMb? ref;vMbywfhyefydlefj} OBhu.pf;,Ofh/ ayM;ZmBbekdifjvldif;auMj
ZmBbekdifjxkufbvBjvMbndlOfjeB q.ifbvkufjn.efb[Of;cOf qyf;qfguMg b,Ofh[dkOftwh
nrfbqmif@OMj/ wmif;cfgjyef[M;eBh vFyfjnrfbayM;rdlefuef/
OmB;ao vBjvAyfj[Aef; =if;[Aef;n.efb? tn;emif;uBb? omBhcgMomBhC
qlOd ;f eBrh M; uM,mif;auMj yAew f rF jf O.u;f vkujf n.ebf rM;wif;erftvj vki;f umef;
(rdlOfjeefh wkdufhye A f qmB;[mefqdkefj [dkOf qmB;[efqFifj) eBh vBjOMj cOfjyAef
cl;auMUekdifj/ ,mrf;eifbeef (emif;) o.BjvmOfcrf; (aq@vmefh) OMb? ,dif;
155
aeMbcrf; (wmifh,mef;) OMb qdlOf;eBh ayM;yAefOBh qOfjymBurf=ifvdkOf;,Ofhtvj

u.yfjvBjqrfqfguefyM;wif;cOfao uM,mif;qifbyAefwFrfjO.uf;rM; awMb[mefheBh
ayM;OMjeB awnrfbzdwf;/ ulpf; [Fif;nD;wmifbydlifauMj tc;yM;z.ifj,lb/ rdlOfj
vBjvl[efO.uf;vkif;umef;-
],krfbtvjumifqfgnef [Of;wkufhcmef[Of;cmrfb,myfb
wMbykefjqldOf;[Of;[M; qAOf;v.wfjymefcMj
nrfbcfgjtwbyAefymif okrf;odkuf;aooOf;oDboDb
wMbydlefjwlpfjqdlOf;[Of; nrfbulrfje.rf;zfg?
wMbykefjymifjcdlOf;[Of;[M; yM;z.ef;vDrfg;aoeB
ayM;rfg;=U [Of;[M;nrfcmif;oif,Ofh
oifOMj rfg;q.rf;Olefh oifOMjrfg;q.rf;=U
anM; [mefhqfg,lbndlOfj} nefOMjeefh uM,mif;eFwfju.uf;
wlpf;=OfacMj (qdkOfjO.uf;) ref; xFifjy.ufjekdifj? ]umifqfgauMUvkufhzdkefh} eB
OMb/
nrfbqfgjtvj cfgjw.yfbcmefcdkef; umifqfgauMUvkufhzdkefh eefhauMj
yAew f rF jf olibf ugMbO.u;f =Ofeidk jf ? vkuw
hf jD zljw.bB +ufjao aw+wfjxkid f vki;f umef;
,lb rkifjr.if;eifbeB/
]urfvFrfjvFOf;vmyfb? [myfbu.ifjqdkef;,mrf;
cdkifumefwmrf;qfg? crfjefgcdke;f vkduf;
qifbOMjcdkefjeMjodkuf;nrfbqfgj?
xkdifumifcdkef;wAifj? rmOfbvdlefOAifj,dif;vmOf
qdlif;eldOfumif[mOf nrfbwef;rkifj
n.uf;,kifjokufhomufhwM
u uM uD au c cM cD ac
qdkefba[vlwFrfj? ekdifjvFrfjo.ifvFrfj urfxkefcmOf
,dif;omOfcdkefjawM;vmB;
eBhauMj yAefymB;cdkefjeMjodkuf;nefekdifjC
qdkOfjO.uf;twh yefOBh ],dif;omOfcdkefjeMjodku;f } eB/
156
y.ibf qfg (cOfjqf)g tvj[MU oavMbnrfbawMbao [kud p hf M;ueftvj[MU

nrfbqmif@OMj? OmB;eefh yBb[kid f vki;f umef;cdek ;f wFrjf n.ubf rM; ]oAiuf i. jf u.ijf wMb
oAifu.if}/
]ulef;wAuf;cldifj n.ufboAifr.if;u.if
ulef;wAuf;ulef; n.ufboAif,mrf;z.if
ulpf;uMj ,mrf;vAOf eMjrldif;auMjr.ifeMb
oAifu.if {jrlefjref;qfgeefh
oAifu.ifjvBjxlefjOef;efgu.efb
qifbqmif@o.efbnmef; oAif[kefhclOf
wMbyefoAifu.ifarM;yefnlef
iOfjwlefjwdkef;yAefoAifu.ifjumifb} eBOMb/
157
qfgj,lb/ ]wDjemrfvFrfqlufhcrf? cArfvFrfwrfrlifb qifbvBjvlif} eifb

vki;f umef;OMjeefh uM,mif;auMjy.ibf qf, g bl / ulp;f uMj ayM;nrfbrD;yMbemrf? ayM;
nrfbvBjzmefb,kr;f emrf ,dijf cFe;f nrfbvD[Okd /f awMjef;g oAiuf i. af rM;yefne l f
eefh ,if;nrfbqfgjoAifu.if,mifbvAOfu.pf;/ ayM;x.rfbvDvD =Uuef,lb? yM;qArf
u.if r.i;f oFibf wif;omrfnefe/B uM,mif;qifbwFrjf xFijf - ]u.irf i. ;f oFibf tvj
ZdifjZMU}? efg;eefhOMjOBhqldifheB-
u.ifr.if;oFifbomrfnef
nrfb=rfjomefoAif+rf;uefqkdif
twbwifjwif;[dkifauMj y.B;nrfbudkef;vBj}
rdlOfjrldOfjvAOfuefao uM,mif;,if;wufhOMj ]=dOf;vmif;,mef; (vlif)
[mrf;wMj} OBh,OfheBu.efb/ uAOfb[dkOf nrfbuAOfb[kdOf OBhaou.efbvMj? q.rf;vlpfj
iOf;vmB;eMjOmefjwMrldif;c.ifvkrfjZMUao vkif;umef;cOfauMj wif;+ifhcmefOMj
]uwfhuM@zmwfbvMj} eBao awn.efrM;zkufbwlefjzuf;[Dh wDjcmB;odrfb eB
tvj uM,mif;wif;umef;,.wfj cdkefjpM;uefefg; ]qdkifjwB;} ,Ofh/ rFefjz.if;
uM,mif; rkifj[ef ]xkifhrmOf;qlOfjzFyfhwMao} qmifqfg tvj z.if;umef;,.wfj
rBjqfgwMb ]=dOf;rfgbomrfqAifbcrf;} ,lbeefh,dkif/
eifbvki;f umef;rBjqfw g Mb =dO;f rfbg omrfqiA cf rf;eefh qlOd ;f [Of;[M; qkr;f
]v} [MjwlOf (OMbvdifb? vFif;rldif;? omBvFif;? oFefvFwf;? cdif;v) auMj n.ef
cDqfgwmifvkif;umef;awh,Ofh/ z.if;qldifheef nefvkif;umef;cfgj[Awf;cfgjomifj
eBh erfOMjerf? ydlifvlifeBh ref;cfgj[Awf;v.ifjc.wfbvldwfjuefeefh n.efwmif;
okw;f ? ayM;[Of;yBbyAeaf cMjvAOo f iA v
f OA uf ef nrfbqmif@wkw d q hf ef {jyde
l jf ,krbf
[Of;? z.rfh[Of;? e.rf;[Of; eBOMb/ rFefj,lb/ ulpf;eMb wMbyAefumefc.wfbvldwfj
OMb? umefz.rfh=rfjOMbeBh n.efeMjokwf; wmif;[efvlOfbvBjrkifjpM;+BjvAOfuef
u.efbvl;/
ayM;rM;eyfhwlpf; ydkef;zljyfgUeM;,.ufbelufhc.ifwB;eB ulef;OmefjcmB;
odrfbvkif;umef;cOfeBh awyAefqkyfjoFef;xDjomrf/ ulef;ukrf;umefefg;cOforfh
nOfqrA v f ik ;f umef;ugMb yAeuf e l ;f ekrbf u.p;f u.p;f / ayM;cde k ;f wlp;f wmif;oFiuf OF hf
orfh zlj,fbg wif;oAijf yAee f ;gf qkyjf oFe;f xDjo.iv f e. v
hf e. /hf q.ibf cOfoi. Of mefj
158
aw[yf[h efre ld uf efvjB ,lb[MU? aweyf, h rfuefvjB ,lb[MU/ ymBovdOl f qkyjf oFe;f
cOfOmifhuef? wmif;=UcOfyFufbuef auMUnefcfgj[Awf;qdrfrDb[mifbauMj oFrf;vlif
,lbq.rf;zmBbcmifjcOfOBhtvj qifbOMj qkrf; ]v} [MjwlOf ,def;cDqfgwmifvkif;
umefeMbeB,Ofh/
ulpf;eMb vkif;umef;eBh yAefulef;qfgrefjqfgcFifvl;/ ayM;wif;ref;
[efxdkifOMj xkufb[Awf;,lbtwh uM@nrfbyAefnrfbql; wdkef;[Awf;eefh,Ofh/
nrfbuM;u.pf; OmefjcmB;odrfb oFifuFOfh? OmefjwB;uOfjvuf;auMj ,if;vlOfbcdkwf;
c.BjuefndlOfj/ OmB;[Of;eifbuefyAefacMjvAOfoAifvAOfuef,Ofhorfh awvBjwdkwfh
wmB;qdlOf;ydlefj nef[mrf;okefbrdlef[Of;eefhu.efb qifbqmif@refjqfgvBj wMb
nkyfbawMbnmBj[mBhvlifcOfndlOfj eBOMb/ ,def;r.Bjqfgwmifref;eMbtvj uM,mif;
wFrfjOBhO.uf;y.wf;ekdifju.efb-
]oFef;[kefjrfgb [Fifhcmwfb,mef
udefe.ef;nrfbOmefvBj
ymB;Olefhcyfh nrfbuyf;omef
zmefqfgwdlOf;vFwfbrBj/}
O.uf;=OfeBh uM,mif; wef;vBjyefref;vl[MU nrfbwef;vBjyef[dkOf
nrfbw.i;f ,Of/h OmB;wFrjf O.u;f =Ofe, hB Ofh nrfbayM;[dik f vlwZ hf ;B nrifbuvMbvlif
ayM;yefoiA +f ef;ao ,Aybf cOfjvFew f jD cmB;odrbf rM;v.;B v.;B ,Ofv h ;l / wlejf zuf;
[Dh nef=rfjrdkOf;uefwif; auMUnrfbrefjqfgvBjeefhaozkufbrM;eBh ,.efhnrfb
vBjpM;erfhuwf;,AefqFwfjqmifb w.ifj=wf;w.rf;qfgrM;qArfydkif;tvj ,lOf
nrfbwef;vBjylifbvBjuD@? z.if;wkdufhuDhrdkef; ,Aef;yAefzdkef;ao awqmif@yM;
{je.ifauMj ayM;[Fifj? erfh,mif;ayM;=dwfb? ymifrldwfbayM;OmB;u.efb[dkOf eB z.if;
wkud v
hf r. rf jB qf,g bl qlid e
hf ef zef[uk ;f [mBv
h il uf w
ld bf twbyAeaf whrM; ef;g vle d rf mcsUf
2004 eefh,Ofhvl;/
OmB;vifeefhauMj uM,mif; tvj umef;,.wfj umif;,mefuefugMbawMb
qlOfj,Ofh/
[dkef;-uM,mif;
159
vduf;tl;omuf,xdkifvkuf;
vkif;qmif;xkef;n.ifb
qMbwd zOorfbaObu yyfhxrf;YwM;uFefbqOfjrlbeBh q.rf;eifb oefb

wOkwfhaxM; aqM;aqbweMb YzM;wuMb zljy.ifumeful@v.ifjv.ifj wyfhokduf;
qldOfhqmwfjqkdifjwB;? zljemrf;efg;auM=rfjomifjqkdifjwB;? zljemrf;efg;ul@v.ifj
v.ifj rkufhqkrf;irf;,AefqkdifjwB; qOfjokduf;vlifqmB;umef;,.wfj okufjy.wfjOkufh
axM;aqM;oxMb ,fgbqkdefjrfgbcmOfz.if ckdify.if,.ef;ql; ckdef;ul;tr;yef zkdef
nefr;D rM; qMbwdzOorfbaObu vdujf qOfjYoMbawMbrlid ;f e.if cl;OM;qmyfj[Aw;f
uysMbvifbuMbrfgbqArf;Omef nrfbtubnrfbekrfb nMjykrfbofgbavM; {jayM;rFefj
ulef;x.rfb qlrf;z.rfhuefuAufj/ xrfbr,Mbqdww.if;ymefb rmufjpmefb zlOfb
pmefb umOfbr.i;f olUw.i;f OBj,.e;f wlid bf qkid {f jayM;xlud jf / nwfw h [dw y'[dwMb
tzjugMb,fgbwlOf; nusLOf;nrfb[efwDjokwf;wldufjeBnldpf;/
ndubf xFijf azb'd,trjqOfj=de;f a,; auMUar;orfyh ;B. +ifh qkOd jf emif;
,di;f oDbwMb vkujf ,di;f auMU,fbg ofbg qkOd jf emif;,.wjf ,di;f cmOf zgM;yAe=f OfomOf
,defbQlpf; vDwlpf;vDv.rf auMUe.ifh+ifhOMj emif;,.wfjz.if;n.rf rM;wmrf;
umrf;vmrf; clOd ;f omBr;D xFijf emif;,.wjf zlp;f ymBxp l ;f vke
d ;f qmOf;wke
d ;f nmOfnMb
omBvMbclOd ;f cB; yAew f ;B qArvf gf zf[g Odk rf M;avM; oazM;nefvOA f r.i;f yleZ hf ;B yAOf
odyf;nAwf;usLOf; [Awf;y.if[M ykefpModyf;yM; YwM;wkdOf;zFif odefoFifnl;ayM;
,dy;f urfyM;avM;rxmef;umef usmifch w dk ;f umyfjckw
d ;f ymefyM;y.wjf qmifb rmufjumifb
umrfb/ r.if;rldOf;OAif;oldOf; [mefheef;q.rfylefhwil f;,.rful;cOfjugMb r[Mbedyfhymefb
qmrfb,Ofh/
160
xSofej;- vkif:qmif:xkef:tgif, sv; yj;qmif:cgif,

xSofvif- qmh:qgrfolif:? qmh:OmhvSif:? qmh:umef:bgwf;?
emif:qdif,ykef¤ sv; emif:crf:ilnf,
bgwf;Omrfbdif:
161
efg;eifb zljy.ifumeful@v.ifjv.ifj wyfhokduf;qldOfhqmwfjqkdifjwB; zlj

emrf;efg;ul@v.ifjv.ifj rkufhqkrf;irf;,AefqkdifjwB; qOfjokduf;vlifqmB;umef;
,.wjf eBh uFebf vuf;ulw d bf vAiyhf @D rlOd jf [Aiuf Ofjymufb=uf;ody;f ymBorf (1963) vle d f
rmwfh omOf;ymBoi. Of ef; yD@oufuh 'Awjf [Aie f idk jf omrfymufbomOf;oDbvle d o
f bD v.ijf
vBjodyf;crfj wDjwrfj r[mtmuarÇmZ &|eEåOwD okdifbwldif;rldif;e.if nldifb
qOfjrldif;,mB; [deft[j OmefjuRif; qkdOfjnljvkif;qmif;xkef;n.ifb qkdOfjtrj+ifh
yMjqmif;c.ifb te{jvFif;y.ifb ykdef;rldOfjvAufhuFefbqOfj rOfboOfjomef;[mrf ulU
olObf umrfb[Aw;f OBrh M; qlOjf cM;rke d [hf idk [f ;D rD;yDjemif;xlejf o.i, f id ;f cdi;f qOfjzgM;rFejf
pM;auMUomrfwmrf; vldOfeBh rD;xFifjo.ife.ifhqmB; uFyfhymB;+ifharMugmrf; eB,Ofh/
nljvAOftrjvAOf o.ifclyfbomrfclyfbcFefjuef [efeMj=UOMjrD;rM; yDj
e.i[hf MjauMU awMUcke d jf =if;o.ef n.e[f Mydibf pMb xkid cf Mb,fbg ,Ofh qOfj,if;vkuhf
qOfq h OA ;f wked bf Olechf y. jf oFerf e dk bf vmefv h mufj ykejf wgmufjqlOd uhf OfbclOd ;f uOfb ulOf
rOfbckdwf;umyfj ul@'myfjvkdrfomyfb cmrfb,myfbwkufhc wlpf;efg;vkrfjZMUurfbzMb
yldfefjayM;+wfjugMbokifckdefj [Of;,Mbusmrfbwkdefjy.ifwFrfb ,Mb[Awf;v.rfvFrfb
v.raf vMU nrfbvlObf OBah csMU[Fi;f wlO[f iF ;f qf[g iF ;f pmefb [Of;auMjukid bf wmefb qAO;f
cke
d jf qefq h ifbqfjg vlObf {j[wf;usmrfb vkujf Oef;emrfb[Of;eBh ref;qkOd jf clOd ;f olOd /f
vDvBjn.efz.rfhuef,kufhykdOf;ukifbwB; ckdefjwmif;eldOfwMU/
qOfjokud ;f vlif qmB;umef;,.wjf eBh OB{h jwlO[f w A ;f oly;f vmwfjqfug smrfb
cmrfbykejf z.e;f umef [wf;[mefvw F ;f vuf; [kOd w f uf;ulOof if yMjeMjavM;vifqe A ;f
qM; yD@eBo h rfOh Mjcfjg vBjYwM;zke d =f if wuf;yliOf mif;wmef; nAe;f nmef;[efxidk f
cmOf;[kdifOef;vkdef; wuf;ckdef;yefyAef uwf;,AefzDulef; oldOf;vlef;vuf;vFrf
ukduf;uFrfuyf;yM; ymefvfgwuf;rM; cOfjcrf;ckdefj ikdef;vldifbwlOf;vldOf uljqmwfj
uljqmrfb usmrfboifauMjyAif; uMj,Aif;,efbqfgrkifjr.if;nmifj/ avM;uDbnkufhqMb
avM;uDbydifbpMb avM;ukufjw'Mb ylOfbwlOf; nusLOf;yMb'rDb +rf;OBhykefjymifj/
qArfvAufhawMb,fgb ofgbqfgcOfjyM; YwM;usmifhwkdOf;rFwfbwmif;=U[efugmifjOBhnldOfj/
awMjeifbqifbeB, h mrf;vAOf xMbeMUxMbelb wDj,lborfyh ;B. rD;ef;g r[Mb
nMburfbayM;qMU wkufhxOwDb okdifbwldif;rldif;crf;oDbayMU aq@OAif;e.ifauMj
cmB;odrbf Omefjrfbg cke d jf ,fbg uwf;,Aef [Aw;f yAeOf iA ;f uke d ;f olud jf yke
d ;f n.e=f Of te
162
erfhtewlOf rldif;wB;cldOf;cB;vmefomif [Awf;ymif[Awf;qkrf; yluf;vkrf;y.ifumef

ckw
d ;f umyfjckw d ;f ymef ,mrf;z.i;f qAruf Ri;f =if;,M [efOo hB Odk jf eMjodOk jf wMvDimrf;
vDcq B. rl ;f nmrf; owmif;wkrchf mif;vkOd v hf Odk ;f vlOd f wlOjf aq;+wfjrlid ;f wfjg rlid ;f elOd f
rD;[dufj[difbnodifb,fgb/ cdif;emB;,dif;qmB; vkufjavM;vmeful@Oef;ymef oOf;
refjtqbOmefjtwbrfgbeBh/
OBh{jwDjOmefjauMjyAif; wDjOAif;auMjoMb wmif;ugMbauMjimBj zfgnrfb
w.efhymBj,mefn.ufb wif;uMjvFefc.ufb e.ufjOmefjefg;Omefj ulef;omefjvBjofgb
cke
d jf ,fbg wlO;f wgmufj rFejf ef;g v.u;f qmufjorfbywdibf vlibf wlibf OAi;f wDjeBj ZmBb[Bj
c.efbygM; ZmBbeM;c.efbylOfb vlOfboifauMjimBj cmBoifauMjcmwfb umwfb[MjOef;
c.yfj aysMbu.yfjolefn.Bjolefrmufb zmufbvfgauMjugmifj wmif;vfg;auMjusMU ulef;uMU
xiftqb rD;qArcf mif? tcb? ,mif;? :y.ijf urfjz.ijf nOfeul bf ayM;xmefjvkrd ;f wlubf
=de;f +ifb[mefyh smefb,mifj ,lbomifjoOf;ofbg xMbey=Ofbwifjtwbrfbg [Ai;f Omefj
OAif;nldrfjqrfvkrf; qkrf;nFofhnFofhyDbqDb yldifby.ifeifjz.if;irf; nkwkomrf
uMbvxkufbrFefjvDrmefb rAwfh=pfbqldOfhzkufbo.rfjykdefOmefb wlpf;wDjvfgauMj
qAO;f vBj[efwe l jf [efvrf; rlid ;f auMjref;qfjg rlid ;f erfrh udk ;f qkOd v hf e
d , f rf;/ rlid ;f
yldefj,dyf;yefjwkdOf;q.ifhodefxrf;eB,Ofh/
xMbewDjolOd ;f aysMb vliv f Mb=ufyh MbauMb ylu;f wifjyAeOf mefjOAi;f ugmifjeBh
ul@y.ufjcOfjyAefwjD omifj[AefOmyfb oAif[myfbzmef;+ifh qAifbx.ifhvFefvOfb wDj
,lbvdefj? wOfb? vFef;? zlwfh wmif;ulwfhyB,myfb vFefomyfb,krf;=ufh q.efj?
elu?hf el? eBb u.yjf wBbumef;vAejf yMbrAejf clex f bD xkid w f jD rM;wDb zef;zAOjf zufh
ymifb[ke d jf ykw d bf qke d jf omef;rfbg wifjOAi;f wifjvkr;f ofbg vD,i. jf nmrf;c.B ofq g mifb
ymifbyAif;'myfj [Aif;vkdrfxMbe auM;[Mb'ulOf=efj yldefjwlefjqlrf;aysMb owmif;
wkrfhcmif;ausMb =Of;wlOfjrldif;v.B,Ofh/
ndufborfh oifOMjwlpf;OmBbzmBbyMjeMj Omefjwmif;n.ufb rD;qArfyMbrBh
yMbw.ufb erfh+ifjz.if;ofg qArfvfgr;D rM; wlifjeM;umrf;udrf; qyf;[drf;qrfuef
wif;nefOmefjvkujf u.i;f vmif; q.r;f wmif;uM;yB wFO;f ,B=e d ;f ule;f [ef+wfjuki;f
wlef;vlifvlOf vD[ufhwlOfxlOfukdOf;OlOf; OqlOf;oFOf;uAif cefoAifyef;arM;w.ifh
avM;OFef;vFif qyf;zFifzlpf;o.if; ,ki;f cAOfnl;w.if; tvjwif;nAifjcrf;oMb
163
'DbuMbemif;u.B rlefjaysMbaoMbarM; [MUaeM;rmufbzMaqMj/ elufhwlj? elufhclufb

wlufboAif+ifharM; [mif@ayM;y.ifbyAefacMjyAefacMj/ eMjyMjwmif;n.ufb r.ufbte
vmwfjyM; crfjrM;vBjidef; elufhcdif;qmif@vAuf;cAefb oAifOMj w.uf;aoMj w.uf;
aoMj vfg,Ofh/
vldOfeBh wFufhcdeMb,wdoMb oifOMjrkifjugMb eMjyMjwmif;qmef; wDj
,mef;auMj,mef; wDjx.ibf auMjx.ibf zlwuhf i. bf uki;f q.ef rD;OBuh Ri;f o.e=f if;[Ae;f
yluf;qAef;q.rfydOf vdOfvdOfvlrf;xlOf;wlOf;rM;ao[kdif [efxkdifuRif;crf;Owfh
xrf;zkif;rkef yAefwDjemif;ckefv.if;wmef; o.rf;ymef;cmOfofg cwf;qfgqlrf;
oldOf; cldOf;cldOf;ckdify.if y.B;u.ify.B;r.if; udrf;oFifo.ef;v.if; [mBjzdrf;erfh,rf;n.B
yle
d jf ayM;c.n B mrf; wDjxmyfjwDjvlbwDjylbaqMb/ wef;[Ai;f yAi;f ,mef;wmif;qmef;
eBh rmifwDjrD;olef +wfjcmOf;Zlef =;erfhrfgby.ufjn.ufbayMb,Ofh/
oiforfhwlpf;ugMb yqfhodrMbvFefyMjwluf;OmefjauMj rmifwDj[mif@
yAef,e l fj,mefjcmB;vlrfb vdefulrfbrkduf;qkdOfh cmOf;[kdOfhrlOfr.ufb zkwf;n.ufbyFef
aqMj e.iaf uMjz.i;f o.ibf yAw;f z.ibf vkp;f rkw d jf vFyjf awvefjukw d jf rM;ofbg wDj
,lbyM,fgb rqfhoy.ufhc'eDb rD;ul@'MboDb[kdOfh[Fifj Zlefnrfbwluf;xFifjaoauMj
erfhe.ifnrfb,.rf;nrfbaub wMbaobOkdef;,kdifjedrf OBhqkdifjqkdifjofgqmifb qrf
nlrd jf [dr;f cgmifb[Ai;f 'myfjckrhf qOfjOke;f qkrahf xbrsmwfj vBjxmwfjrM;auMb aqbwDb
awMbwrf;cs crf;=dOfjvldif=dif; rldif;Omefjtwbrfgbwkdef;oldufjykdef; {jukduf;OBhqArf
ykdif;/ ykwfhxxrfbrxmwfjaqbwDb cyfhnkwfbqDbwlpf; [mif@ayM;vFyfjimB;
xmwfjcrf;qOfj=Ofvkdif;OBh,Ofh/
ayM;orfw h p
l ;f ugMb nkww hf 'Mb, eMjwmif;+ifbaoauMj rD;erfrh ;D eM;
rD;yM;wDjo.rjf wDjzkubf omifbxkubf qkOd jf qfjg vdeif jfg rD;c.ebf qAruf e . bf oke
d ;f rke
d hf
erfhnrfbzkdefh [defnrfbOmBb [mifvmBbcmB;qmyfj [Awf;oifauMjnmyfj [MoifauMj
okebf erfz h e k bf vBxiF jf nrf[iF jf nrfb=dwbf ymifrw dl bf olud jf awMb vDaysMbvDre l jf
vlw=hf efjuM;vlid bf cken f yk uhf e
. ;f nlid bf elO;f vmwfj+ifah oMb usmyfjul@'myfjukr;f auMb
awMUomB;avMbtr; oAejf wmif;yB/ wmif;eMjelOd e f hB wlp;f oAejf wmif;vlrd jf ayM;
awMbrlOd ;f +wfjrlid ;f ,B,Of/h wif;uMjoDbqAibf yFwbf yMj ody;f eMjyFwbf zmBb OmBbrkijf
wmif;vfg vDqfgqlrf;oldOf; rldOf;rM;[Muef zfg;cefvef;uef; omifjwef;y.ifyAef
164
uwf;,Aefvkrf;vkrf; efg;qkrf;n.ef=Of tr;clOftr;wmif; ckefemif;=def;vfg zfg

[kdOf\ldif;qldif; pM;udlif;vAOfuef vl[efvkrf;vM; YzM;? YwM;? oifbcMb zMboMb
clOd ;f [Of; ylu;f vif=e d ;f oOf; wifjOmefjwifjOAi;f ,lb[Aw;f eBrefjtqb cgmufjtrb
,fbg wlO;f nusLOf;umrfbulUolObf [dOk q f MUqAO;f vBj/ vAu, hf bfg rfbg xOfjekrbf qkrbf aq;
ul@=def;ul@a,; zmwfb,mefylefhwmif;rBj/ nFofhnFofhyDbqDb pDbueful@qkrf;
eifjvkrf;Omefjrldif;rfgbrM;uMjwDjeBjeBh,Ofh/
OAi;f rle;f ule;f uke d ;f crf;iked ;f [Aw;f [MrmefehB ,.ez hf jl y.iuf mefemrf;ef;g
qfz g ;gf cyf;ckid f [kOd [f idk wf ef;emef; ncmef;[Mj=uf;qAw;f yD@ [Aw;f vD[efv[D if;[Of;
wef;oOf;vkdrfv.B vDc.Bqlrf;q.rf; =rfj+rf;yluf;y.if xkdifx.ifcmOf;,mOf; yMj+ifb
oldufj+wfjerfhcrf;rldif;rmOf;y.wf;eldOf wldOf;vldOfumrf;udrf; qldOf;[drf;vFefvdef
v.[B e d rf idl ;f wB;vdOuf e A cf e
A ;f zB;zefjimB;rB wDjqrf=rfjavM;uB wlp;f +wfjq.wbf
ugMb/ [Ai;f [mB;,di;f qmB; vkujf avM;vmef {j[Aw;f umefqr. ;f odyÓ HÜ PfynmwMU/
,mrf;vAOfeifbuMj vBjrM;=rfjuef xrfbr,Mbqdw [yfh[Awf;wuMb
vBjvlbrlbvdufjzkdefxrf;eBh wrf;qfgwldifbymOfbumOfbOMj edAÁmEéypöa,ma[mwk
=UOMj,.e;f nOfrmufjpmefbzlObf pmefb ,.e;f ugMbedyyhf mefbOAi;f wAijf wDjokw;f wDj
oAifj 'kufjemrfbcefbxMb aobcsMbrkufhcs oefbwdokufhcoldOf;oMb xkdifugMbimBjimBj
ymBjv.wjf qlud jf z.wjf ody;f clpbf vBjykwjf odr;f qmrfbnrlpbf orfbykwx hf auM;
wruFebf qOfj olbcOfjrlOd ;f ugMb yl'nrwfw h MbacbrMb[Ai;f wDjOAi;f wAijf okiaf pM;/
ayM;yFwfjOmif;[mifjzD ulef;nekyMbwdaoozkifb edyfhymefbanbOumefb zFOf
+wfjrldOf;vBjoldOf;rlefjqlefvlef;vlpfjwMU/
ulp;f OMjqlOjf uMj yBb+wfjyBbxkid f vkrd [f idk rf idl ;f edyyhf mefbeBh wduf jf xmefb
ugmrf;vmwfj ul@qmwfjymefnmefb {jvBjtybcsmefb umyfj,kujf omrf,idl jf ntyb
oDb,ldifj OdywdYwM;oDb,ldifj cAefvlif[Mj,ldifj ysoev.ifjvkvFOf[Mj,ldifj [Aif;
umwfjyFwbf ,lid jf wmrfbody;f qlOd hf nlUymwfjody;f =uf; az;omOf;[Mj usmrfbrMbqMU
omrfodyf;ymBo.if a'M;uMbqAyf;vlifuOfjodyf;ymB=uf; {jwluf;,mefwlOf,mefqfg
qke d jf qmifb ,MbvBjwAijf wmifbwkrw hf Odl hf qfn
g rfb=dOw
hf Ol n f rfb,myfb nrfbvBjxmrf;
[myfbeuf; ,.ijf ,kuw hf mifbwMb qmwfjeMjwuf;ugMb oyfyh z,rkibf qdwMg b uByidl jf
umif;,mef w.if;vBjyAef auMUqmB;nMbqMbeDb [wf;[wf;[mef[mefeefh/
165
ugmrf;nefvfgvDqifbvmwfj umefnefvfgrsmwfjqifbvBj[Awf;ckdef;
qmwfjeMjOmB;vkdef;aoauMj {jvBjusmifhefg; rdwfjwMb$yrfbrqlOfbYwM;oDb,ldifj
nkufhqMbclOf;c.ifulef;vDqAwf;,ldifj ykefbpud'd,Mbodyf;,ldifj yMb'rDbodyf;,ldifj
ayM;xdyufhcd,Mbomrfodyf;ymBqAwf; rifbuvMbYwM;omrfodyf;ymByFwfb usmifhrFwbf
wkdOf;urf ckdwf;qrfuyf;wmrf; nOfwlOfusLOf;xmrf;tzjwldef; wMbe oDbv
zMbOeMb [Aw;f umefxmyfjxmyfjxDbxDb yMb'rDbukr;f ,.wjf ,kr;f ,fbg qAO;f ,Ofw
h rA f
xlefj OdyoeMbr[Mbowdyxmefb pmefbrD;owD;nrfbyefacsMU ,.rf;nlefj
oDbvorfbrMbxd yefbpMbodujf cMbrFwfj wlrf;[ufhqlrf;aysMb qfgqdufjoldOf;rlefj
vlpfjwMU/
{jvBjw.i;f yAew f i. ;f twb wda[bwkuoefbaxb wDjvDwjD rsmwfju.;B u.;B
orfyh ;B. ulw
d bf =yfx
h yl ;f [ef ef;g nef *wdorÜwd OyÜdorÜwd umvorÜwd ya,m
*orÜwd oyÜL&dosyedos tm,k0PÖokcAv y#dbme ,oudwådoD&d awZ
vmbabm*g ydibf pMbv.ijf =Uwmif;arM n.u;f anMvFw;f vuf; [kOd w
f uf;arMulOf
w.i;f vBjn.e=f Ofue . ;f ulid ;f ole;f wkruf el ;f rlid ;f {jrD;erfq
h ugf wf[h wf;[mef vkujf
avM;vmef qlrf;rkdwfjeMbrdwfjwMbolifb Oef;vkdef;ayM;ckdef;wifjiOf; cef{j
xlyf;[efefg;qmufjpDbvlrfjoDbvlifb,Ofh/
nrfb=UcMj nrfbarMcMj nrfbrD;cMj ,.ef;z.ifjcMj rFifbz.ifjcMj yef
z.ifjcMj wif;uMjugmrf;[mif@qMU ugmrf;wkufhcqMUeBh ,Mb{jvBjvmwfjn.ufbolyf;
n.ufbymufb vDvmufbv.efhv.efh okdyfbo.efhuefugMb eifbuMjvlOfb,Mbw.if;wMU
nduhof Mbo,r.if;rmifb uMjxmifbqfgusLdufj vldufjuMjayM;ndrfbaq;qdrfb x.ufjurfh
cOfjerfih e
dk ;f vlid bf nkuq hf MbauMjclid bf yAwjf aq;rmufj nrfbvBjwku, hf mufjaozOfb
tr;vOfbqfrg smwfj awMb+wfjxkid f qmwfjzOnoki;f wFibf n.ibf rken f usLOf;YwM;
q.ifbxlOf;ymBj ylefhn.ufbv.wfj qldufjz.wfjckdrf;wlifb urfbrzvukolOfb olifb
qmB;auMjwluf;vBjyAef'[mef; zMjumef;OFwfhOAef;ekifjwlOfcdif; ,dif;auMjyAef
axb'DbzdufhclbeDb OBzMjumef;'[mef; q.BUoFifemif; tEkyÜgaooedAÁEém/ ayMj
trjvkujf vmif;qMbwuMb n.ez f r. uhf ef+wfj[Ai;f [mefOh iA ;f wAijf =if[mif;ykew hf MU/
eifbuMjrD;rM;YwM;xrf;qOfj qMbwdzOorfbaObu Olwjf xrlbeBh eFibf
imefbawMb orfbcMbr[MbeMb,u nufuh r[Mbyefbwdw zwfw h efbw yefbwdw
166
YoMbqOfjvlifrdlif;e.if[Of; oOf;awMj,def;rD;rdwfjwMbu'keMb [ufh[Fif;yFif;,fgb

wDjeldOfqldOfhcldOf;zMboMb wuMbvAufh,fgb ,dif;qmB;wif;oAifj {jayM;=Uquf;
z.e;f vDze . ;f qMU vBjorfbaObuYwM;eBtvj qifbwuf;ydebf yAef vdujf wB;ugmrf;
wB;aou.B;nrfbuM; qmyfjyM;uysMbvifbuMb ykefjwMbOmef= qlrf;vlqlrf;idef;
rldefvdef;z.if;ofg zfgzfgayM;w.if; xwf;xFOf[Awf;,.if; wFrfjefg;nefyyfhyuf;
wef acsM;qke d jf qmifb aqbxmifb,fbg cl;OM; YwM;qmyfj[Aw;f zke d f orfch e dk ;f yked q f ;l
wuMbcfgjvlbvdufjrlbrfgbeB/
ylOd jf rD;eifbeef nefye A z
f jl y.iuf mefu@l v.ijf v.ijf wyfo h udk ;f qlOd q hf mwfj
qkid jf wB; zljemrf;ef;g auM=rfjomifjqkid jf wB; zljerf;ef;g ul@v.ijf v.ijf rkuq hf rk ;f
irf;,Aeq f idk jf wB; qOfjokud ;f vlif qmB;umef;,.wjf orfyh ;B. Ole+hf wfjnwfw h [dw
y'MU[dwMb avMbukufjw'Mb+rfqk [kauMjcfgj[k vlbauMjcfgjvlb zkdefrlbxrf;rsmwfj
qlOd ;f y'domwfjaoauMj {jayM;vBjide;f vBjx.rbf nOfcOfjogmif;q.rbf reoduMb
'cgmifbqdujf rlbvdujf usmrf;rfbg vAun hf ud bf ,fbg aoauMj ayM;vBj[ef=Uo.iv f i. jf uRi;f
usLOf; rsLOf;ukolOfb nukolOfb zfgrrM;q.BjxFrf[Of; ayM;OMj[Awf;qMUaoauMj
wmif;qMUq.rf;zmufjzMyOf; ayM;usmifhvDauMj vD,kufha,M; okufhacM;rlefjqkef
,OfheB/
qOfjokduf;vlif qmB;umef;,.wfjeBh ,lbwDjiOfjikef;cmB; odrfbaotvj
yAeOf yhB uk jf ulObf y.iuf mefwyfo h udk ;f ,lbauMj cwf;qfq g jB. xFrcf idk yf ef avM;uDbydibf pMb
avM;uDbnkufhqMb wDjeldOfqldOfhcldOf;wkdef;qmOf; avMbukufjw'MbaoauMj ul@rldOfj
ul@cmOf; n.efudefn.efvlb ,lb,lb[Awf;yAefy.B;vmrf;ozmifb cmrfbomifbcmrfb
qmif; uBhymif;YzM;YwM;oifbcMb uRif;uMb YzM;uMbauMjrkdwfj nrfbw.efhv.ufbikdwfj
[kdwf;[mwfb ykdefqmwfbrdwfjwMb nM;eMb xOfjekrfb zfgauMjqlrf;,krfb ugmrf;
,mrfjuBhnkyfbvmwfj cmOfh[mwfjoFef;,fgb =yfhxlyf;ofgbzfgauMj wif;,krfhwif;clOf
ukid bf wmefbusmrfbpmefbOd', d ,fbg ugmifj qifbqmifjylu;f twb refjukrd ;f tqbwB; vBj
rD;iOfjrD;=Of,Ofh/
wlOf[Awf;olyf;vmwfj qfgcmrfbusmrfbnOfykefjz.ef; n.ef=Ofn.efeMj
wif;uMjumefOmefjumefrldif; qldOfhcldOf;zMboMbnrfbvkdOfjnrfbvmyfjeifbeef
zldOfbnefxkdifrM; vuf;eDjyD@wB; o.if[AifuOfjodyf;ymBqAwf;Oef; vldefodyf;
167
o.iv f yf;eefh orfrh M;wlOd q hf yf;ysMbxda'M;uMb qifbugMbql;,M oDbayMU? vMjoAOjf ?

wMjvldOfb? wMjukifj rldif;wB; rldif;rmefj uMjvfgaoauMj yBbtyhyBbeFifb ulOfbwFifb
wlefwlOf ar;zlOfqkrf;qldOf; qmOf;cldOf;'mif;vmef oFif[mef? q.rfOlif; n.ef
uefq.rf;vlif; yDjemif;e.ifhqmB; ndufbyM;wlOf yDjykefh? yDjilpfb? olpfbrkifb qkifb
,MboDbwMb n.eyf e A v
f uk jf ar; OMjaw;xmifb,Mqke d jf cke d ;f vBj/ YoMbrolpbf rkibf
,efbukibf ao;,libf olibf teuljwmif; yle d jf cmif;OMj wlu;f vMjvke d ;f ugMb rM;+wfj
wDjeBh/ yDje.ifhqkrf;rlb ,lbwkrfqD;Olpf; Olehw f lpf;qdufjul;,myfboOf; vufhv.rf
[Bjeefh,Ofh/
rldOfjugMbvMjoAOfj vmwfjOMjwmif;,dyf;nrfbaq; ugMb+wfjrmef;aYw;
orfOh Mjclid jf ref;yBbayhybB qkibf +wfjwDj,efbukibf orfOh Mjwlu;f vke d ;f wlu;f vifie d ;f
ugifqfgwef qldOf;nefyAefvmef yM;qArf oFif[mef? clif;e.if; ,mrf;z.if;zFOf
xkid f iOfridk q f eA ;f qM; ausMbvMUaoauMj wif;ule;f wif;uM;y.ix f rF ?f rsri. bf auMU
ekid jf vBjOMjule;f vuf;ule;f vFruf p l ;f ulp;f q.r;f v.rq f r. ;f wlp;f wDjwde+f wfjy.w;f
=Ofze dk thf r;wlOf clO;f ykwjf ukrbf vmBjqkrbf rfbg / ukud ;f yM;y.;B qM; ayMjavM;vkujf qmB;
[ufh emif;yd [Of;cOf cOfjzuf;nOfrM; awMUolifbymefhclifb,fgb,Ofh/
ugMbrlOd ;f ,lw;f ,M vkr;f vM;uMjwDj=if;,Mvlif oMbulb'Mb wMjukijf eifb
eef xkid n f efOef;xDj ody;f omrfOef; o.iv f edl f o.i[f iA o f mrfck ayM;=UnrfbcFe;f
nrfboMb aobcsMb[efqiF jf orfOh MjugMbxFijf rlid ;f u.ubf Oef;n.ubf eFibf imefb ,debf
ysmefb=dOf;qmufj cOfjefg;zOmufju.if;umif nxmifbqfgnmifj awqmifjcFef;,lb
efg;rkufhefg;rlb zfgauMj[ufha'brmwfj ymufbvmwfjugmrf;ofgb a'M;uMbneMb,fgbrAOf;
qOfj[Of;eBh ,M{jqAO;f qke d jf qAO;f cFe;f / [Fe;f xkujf yefie kd ;f vled ef vhB edl ef MjOef;
vkdef; ayM;OMj[mB,OfheBauMj cFef;awMjqAOf;y.ufjrM;ckdef;cMjanMj/
[Aw;f eef n.euf efce dk jf cDb=dO;f rdeaf otvj wwf;wwf;ul;vwf;cOfj
ZMUcOfjr.ubf OmBbeMjwmif;n.ubf okOd jf nrfbvkOd jf nrfbusMb ugMbnOfa,juFyhf qlOjf
zFyfhwMn.efb zfg;v.efbvsifbrsmefb avbysmefbelOf;qmufj vwf;efg;zOmufj
u.i;f umifb zFO+f wfjrlOd ;f cgmifbxB;qkid jf rAOahf vboAujf / x.iyhf uF jf umrf;ofbg rmefjrlid ;f
,fgbckdefj? vkdOfh? ,lef; cOfjclef;avM;uef/ zfg;eMbnMbuMbc,D; uFyfhn.efbnDj
+wfjwDjao;,lifb yDje.ifh[yfh +if;olifbxFrfawMUclOf;yefeefh/
168
,mrf;z.if; =uf;r.if;xlOf;wArfwArfeefh ayM;OMj+wfjauMj YoMbOlefb?

YoMbrcOf eFwfjnOf,Mj,McArfrM;orf; urf;wlpf;zdOfeif [Awf;oifyAefeB
oifOMjqArfrldOfjuBuBqAOf;rM; nrfbwmefbtzjygM;erfvlif efg;ulifumifwlOf ulpf;
ulOe f mef;cFe;f qAy;f uFe;f cmefqgf vle d v
f gf Oef;vfg qM;qyf; vlObf vBjykwjf vmBj
rfgbrfgb wFef;wmifckdef;wyf;rmrfhwif;y.wfbyM;uef qMUuOfbnOf,MUxluf;yFwfj/
nefrbgf ofbg wmifyw k jf cked ;f y.ujf vke d ;f qifbawcFruhf w F jf vFwjf / o.icf yl bf omrfcyl bf
qAifylyfb usMbemef;ncmef;qifbaw=UwFwfjeFwfjeBOMj/
yMb'ulb cl;arM,McOf nOfumg rf;vmwfjteeifbeef qfq g Ofj,if;nef
nrfbvAufhnrfbe.BU nrfb[Awf;nv.BUanMbtnb refjtqboOf;edrf qyf;qdef
qAef;qM; ulpf;orfhckuf;c.yfjckdef;rM;umefy.if urf;ekdifjOlefh+wfjnljtrjwif;
o.ifau;ql; rmifurf;qfgwdwf;xlpf;nl;,dif;cmOf omrfomOforD; nDboD;z.if;
n.rf trjxOfjvlvr. x f id ;f wlp;f ef;g zlp;f =de;f vif ,if;qifcsmif;r.i;f qAr;f Omef
rke;f y.i;f nljwif;trj awokOd rhf M;yef =rfjwif;nefcOl ;f ekijf rfbg vAu, hf bgf auMU
qkrfbqkrfb/ emB;emB;Oef;imB; crfjckdef;omB,.wfjzlpf;ymB zuf;cOfjn.Bby.efjukrfb
vkrfb,Ofh/
z.if;rldOfjugMbrD;=if;,Mvlifrldif;u.ufbeefh twbnOf YoMbqOfjvlif
qOfjyefbwduiA ;f [B; yM;wif;oifbcMbqOfjwB; cOfqOfj cOfjrM;+wfjnmefbvlyef
y'dwfjwMbpmyfjurfhrOMb ,kufh,.ifjeifbv.ifjxkif;[Of;ykwfhxzMboMb uMjyAef
o[Mbnlpf;auMU nrfbacsMUyDje.ifh xrfbrrdufjolpfb xlpfbxlpfbxmyfjxmyfj
ildefjqmyfjcldOf;umBb vmBzmBbvmBi.efj uOfw.efjrfg;vlb urfjz.ifjnOfcOfjzuf;olb
rM;+wfjvAiv hf il v
f rl jf ckOd bf wlrjf aq;qkrbf xlejf ukrbf vkrbf qArw f jD ule;f yfUg ule;f yM;
rM; q.jB xFr[f iF ;f OFi;f z.rz hf rgf ef; uduq hf MUclid jf vlObf ,Mb ike d ;f nmefbeyfah wMbvMb
rmifauMUrM;q.BjxFrf [Mj=uf;zef;vfg,Ofh/
awMbxkid o f mOf;oDbOef; ekid jf vle d f o.i[f iA yf mBobD orfh cke d ;f qD;cDb ,Aebf
ysmefbomefbOmBb zmBjOmifju.if;umifb ,mefcgmifbrldif;u.ufb ylefhn.ufbn'myfj teb
qmyfjo.iz f mBb ,duOhf mBbv.rrf ik jf zFOw f jD wMjukijf ukw d ;f clObf y=OfbqDb,libf orfo h il bf
texFijf =UqFijf aobcsMb a'M;uMbwlO;f cgmufj ,lb,mufjaouOfb ulp;f rOfbvmwfj
yldefj olifbildefjnrfbxdrfb awMb+wfjvMjoAOfj cmB;odrfb ulef;yfgU[yfhuFefbqOfj
169
cmOfx h OfjoFe;f ekrbf vkrjf zkid ;f nkrbf o.icf mifjwmif;yB n.ez f r. uhf efyUfg [yfyh Ugf +if;
rldOfjz.if;qOfjrM;ysmefb ,mefy.ufjrldif;uBeefh/
ayM;OMj zFOrf M;vMjoAOjf qifbwuf;tOhcOfjuMjwDj cl;arM,Mvlif w.ujf
wMbqmB;r.ufbcrf; =if;,M,lbvDcMj vmwfjOMjcFef;twhcFef;rM;wmefbwmefb
,Mb,Mb omufjoMbyAeuf rf;yAeyf mef ulp;f orfOh e l chf y. jf cke
d ;f umefe;gf qkr;f cMjcfjg
vkOd jf OBuh yF uhf rf;ekid jf vkr;f vkr;f Omif;ylin f myfjqOfjokud ;f vlix f id ;f wlp;f zdwjf +ifh
wlid bf ymifb ymifurk q f ;D Olp;f ,Ofah q;q.wbf [Aw;f eBcMjqifbu.jB ugMb,MxFijf wmif;eMj
vmwfjwDjw.ujf wMb cl;YoMbr.ubf crf; OBw h rf;oazM;wmefbyAeyf jD qmB;cMj cmB;odrbf
y=Ofb vlObf qfcg jgf rlOd ;f v.ijf clOd ;f ykejf z.e;f wMbOkebf cmrfbylicf mg ifOh mif;zMjeBah nMj/
vmwfjteao,Ofh qArq dk jf cDbelOd uf M; eFwjf rM;+wfjxkid cf mB;odrbf
f Ofch e
y=Ofb eifbuMjnvlOfb cfgjoifbcfgjvmwfjwif;erf ckdwf;qrfvef;uef; [Mj=uf;
qAw;f Oef;ukruf ef teyefoyf;vFi;f cMjaw+rf[iF ;f ,MwlOf ,lOuf Ol e f mef;rM;
vuf;awMjyfUg yM;y.iuf mef qOfj[mefce k [f mef w.;B ukud ;f x.rbf eifbacMjvmwfj qOfj
okduf;[Of;cOf w.if;nOf[Awf;q.rf;qyf; qdrf[drf;+rf; wDjqrf=rfjavM;uB rMb
c.e;f OBurdk ;f refjclid bf nkyyhf idl bf ugMb/ omif;vmif;ylw;f Omif; ykejf z.e;f umefcsmufj,mrf;
ymefz.if;qlOfjyBbomufjyBboMb vkdOfj=dOfh,lbugMbu.efb/
qkwrk uf rk uf ef vmwfjv.ijf y.iw f mif; omif;vmif;=U,Ofe h ifbeeforfh
nefOlefhvBjcfgjOBjcfgjvlb ylbaqMbuefbawM; nljqOfjtrjqOfj ulef;xOfjo.if
olb vMnlbukifb,fgb rD;ofgbeldOfcMj oifOMjvkufjvBjzdwf;rFefj uMb,MUurfbrrfb
OqDburfbrrfb raeM;urfbrrfb ody;f omrfoe F , f idl jf uMjclid jf nrfbqke d jf nrfbqmifb
cMjvkujf u.r;f Omifb ,.e;f uawMUrlybf OBjqifbeBj anM;uMbwDjydwrk MbwMb cFe;f nlj
wif;trj Omif;cgmifah ourf;/ qMbwdq'Mb ysMbxdyw d uk chf Mb rsLOf;eBv h agf uMj ref;uBh
nOfyldefj [Of;cOfjy.B;erfhwM,rf;/ okzMbodwMbrifbuvMb wif;nljwif;trj
aoauMj a[M;{jayM;vkujf qmB;vBj qAO;f +wfj[Ai;f wDjOAi;f edyyhf mef;rsmwfj q.rf
xrf;vlpfjwMU/
uefbawM;nljtrjnrfbuM; ndufbyM;trjyMj ayM;OMj,Ofh,Mb ckdefjugMb
vMjoAOfj ckdef;tr;ywf;zAOfj qArfu.yf;qArfulb wDj,lbvDcMj vmwfjOMjteYoMb
awugMb,MxFifj wyf;[FifjuFefboMb neMbuOfbuOfb ayM;rOfbykwfjvmBj yldefjOMj
170
nrfbimBj ,M,myfbwDjcmyfbauMjcmyfb wDjeOfjauMjeOfj rFif;cOfjqD; qkyfbqArf

wDjefg;vkyfb aq;wlOf,Ofhq.wfb +wfjzifhr.wfj a'M;uMbntQ;eMb wyf;wldOfh
qyf;[kid f ayM;u.rahf wyfUg nOf,Mj ,MrsMUemef;tvjref;olrjf ulpbf [AObf ulOo f rfh
emef;wldOfh emef;xkdifcMjaeMj/
cl;arM,Mvlif[Of; w.ufjwMbqmB;r.ufbcrf;auMj wrf;qfgq.BjxFrf [Awf;
yef[MyefqrA w f jD ckeq hf Mbao;qMb qkibf ,Mby.iyf ef ,if;nefqr. ;f [M arM,M
u.ifokduf; w.B;ukduf;qyf;rldOf; eldOf=dOf;rdefokif wdifrkifvlrf;xlOf;aoMbavMbnrfb
awMb yAeaf orAO;f rAO;f rlOd jf z.i;f qlOjf r.i;f usMbemef;[kid f Olex hf u. jf qMbeMb w.ujf
wMbr.ubf crf; ,Mude, f Morf; eFwjf [Fe;f ofbg yefzi. jf / auMUawrkOd w hf rl jf [kiyf p
l bf
yDjilpfbugMbyB=rfj+rf; =Uq.rf;oazM; qOfj[Of;vlOfbrAOf;rufhvmBv.ifj/ +wfjwDj
,efbukifb ykifbyldifyldifjrM; =dOfhwgM;nlefjelef; oOfjiOfOBhoi. fjo.ifjao,Ofh/
qifbOMj+wfjzFOf,efbukifb,OfhauMj ukdifhuifhnrfbvDnrfbvuf; =Of
qOfjauMj euf;qfq g OfjaoauMj ,de;f yAen f el jf nlejf n.ebf n.ebf acsMU,.ebf
cOfjerfhwmif;udef ymBrkdOf;ymBwdefuwf;uwf; yAefOwf;rD;rD; eMbqD;vlOfvlOf
wlOf[kdOfrD;[Fif; vmwfjwDjomBvFif;vkdef;vM rfg;[Mwlpf;=dOf;wuf;vBj n.efuef
ckdef;rldOf; [mifj[Fef;ckdif{jqAOf;xkdifckdef;wDj,lby.ufjolbysmefb/ zfg;zfg;wif;rfg;
e.ifhqmB;uOfeFwfj [Fef;nOfclOf;awMUwmifbnvsmifbrsmefbwMU/
auMUe.i+hf ifq h Odk jf omBviF ;f aoauMj ayM;OMjvBjide;f yDjqmB;vmwfjrFibf
eifbeef yAen f efe;gf qfg nrfboMbnrfb,Mb eFwjf ugMb[Mbzsmwfj vmufjrmwfj=dO;f
clibf yle
d jf nrfbcmrfbolibf yefvjB ayM;OMj[dyjf rBj na,;,fbg eMb anMbwMbnOftvj
w.yfbtujcmefolb vD,lbcMjeMb awMbvMbiM;x.ifb umrf;yMjwB; y.ifbikdef;rmefj
vmefhoDb[Mj eyfhuMjtr;nmefb avb,defbysmefb ekif;Zdifjxkif;OBhcefrD; qD;
zmBeOdl v f rl ;f YoMbOkebf YoMbr nqDbqdebf nz.UB cke d jf avb,debf ymBxiF jf wif;yDj
emif;e.ifhqmB; =rfjudefelrf;eefh/
ncdibf oDbr.i;f ,mrf;z.i;f =Ofcrfj vli;f wrfjvMjoAOjf v., B OA jf =dO;f clibf
ule;f olibf ule;f [yfh qFebf cyfq h yf;qDb qOfjcDbvrf;eBh +ifOh uhB M;na,;ayMb [mefh
awMb+wfjolbwDj,lbcmB;odrfb vdrfbqmufj+ef;+ifh nrfbo.ifhnrfb,.yfb ymrfh+yfb
+if;q.Bj qOfjauMj,def;yAef =dOfhr.Bjekif;elpfb OBh{jrBjqfgyDjilpfbnrMU aoM;u
171
y'dawbO ysmif;ylbeifj,lbqrfnrF jf umif;uFrjf o.iz f mBb wMerf,h rf;rmBb wlu;f =Ofj

,.BU,.wfbeBj vldwfbrBjZB; xmefjyDjemif;n'mif;rmefb wArfuyfhwluf;nlifjnluf;
qfg/ wif;+efhwif;rBj ulef;wlOfjefg;urfbzMbeMbaoeBh aw;qmif@rD;zfgaeM/
qOfjuM;aoauMj a[MjrM;nrfbzfg;nrfbxldif; rldif;auMjvyf;odifb
ncdifbqAwf;r.if;umifcrfjeefh +wfjzFOfwDj =def;iOfjikef;cmB;odrfbao,Ofh
vkufje.ifhwty; rkufhqkrf;wif;oAifj qifbwuf;z.rfhuefymrfh+if;,.ifjnOfuFefb
qOfj cOfjcsMUeldOfulb e.ef;,lbeifbeef nljqOfjqifbnef rM;,lbqrfqrf
aotvj vmwfjOMj ]wlpf;YwM;[Of;wMU vkujf qmB;nldOfh} OMjeB eBhauMji.uf;
=Of[yfn h Ofurf;ekid jf ]urf;twhref;,Ofuh rf;eB}h OMjeBaoauMj i.u;f =Of[yfn h Of
urf;ekid jf eifbuOfb rOfborfv h rdk ;f wlOf i.u;f =Ofoi. uf rf; tr;wrf;qfe g rd f qyf;qdrf
q.rf;YwM; qldOf;rM;vl[ef [kdOfnef[wf;arM; qOfjauMj ur®u©, zOoAifj
umrfbokw;f [mBOmB; aqM;qMbwdOp d e d bf x.wbf vlr;f qfn g rfbwAejf nrfbw.ubf n.ubf
,mefvkufjvmif;=rfjwif;nlj avM;trj[mif;aobo.ifqOfj ulef;xOfj,mef
,mwfbzmwfbumif; yDjemif;e.ifhqmB; OBhOmB;zmBbvifrBjq.rf;qOfj ar;[ufhoDbwMb
wMrMb,.wbf wluf; nlifjnluf;qlufhnkdwf;zkdwfb wArfuyfhacM;iOfjOBh,Ofh/
yD@xrf;ykwx hf qOfj o.i[f iA [f MjymufboDbody;f ymBqw A ;f OMb ody;f oDbOef;
omrfvldef o.if[AifymBoDb vuf;eDjyD@wB; o.if[AifuOfjodyf;ymByFwfb vldefoDb
v.ijf vBjuOfjOef; pM;wef;ncdibf qAw;f r.i;f ody;f [MjreAwhf umifcrfj uMjwrfj
=def;rfgb iOfjikef;cmB;odrfbeefh qOfjokduf;vlif qmB;umef;,.wfj +wfjwDj
ur®u©, n.ufbzOuOfb cOfjzOrfgbugMb,Ofheifbeef nefyAeftrjqOfj qifb
orfhnmyfberfh okufjrFifboDrFifb wFifbykwfjclOf;yef qArfnefqldOf;rM; vkrf;vM;
c.efwlOf wdef=Oftr;Omif; wlpf;vlomrfomOf,dif;emif; vkufjnluf;qfg auMU
ulef;vfg,if;awMjyBbrljyBb,fgb/ cB;csLpf;,defbQlpf; ,.wfjzlpf;auMUvkdef;vM
emB;emB;v.rfwlpf;nljvyf;wMe.ef;ndifh=rfbzMjrfgbrfgbeefh/
nefrjB auMjrBj nef[jB auMj[Bj nefOjB auMjOBj wDjeBjxki;f qmrfbcmrfb
wmrf; avM;uy'dawbO nku;f nOfbzfrg Ofbylev hf w . jf qOfjokud ;f umef;,.wjf [Of;
auMj awMjvBj,mef,mwfb zmwfbaonljtrj n.ubf tujvkujf ar; aq;qdrbf cmB;
odrbf rOfb,lbumefOmefjrlid ;f nmyfjef;g rlbqkr;f nz.UB okyd bf ykwjf nrfbvkwjf wFe;f ofbg
172
uwdedrdufj qOfjugMbxFifjwDjekdifjrfgbrfgb wmif;yMjvifeBh Omif;OBhvkrf;vkrf; yef

qOfjqldOf; yMjvifyfgUxdif;ukrf;/ [kdOfvBrD;wDj aw,lyfj,.rf;vlUvFOfokrf;eB/
eBtvjuMjyAef zlj,fgbulef;vlif rkufhqkrf;irf;,Aef qkdifjwB;cOfqOfj
=rfjcOfjnljtrjyDje.ifhvkufjar;wif;oAifj qifbrM;qlUwkrf nkyfbukrfwldifbymifb
ysmifbomifbaqhqmyfj qArw f jD rmefbwmyfjokro hf i. ;f wDjvlbwDjv.i;f r.ubf ,MjcOfj
wFubf wDjawcmrfbcFubf vAichf Ofj wDjx.rbf xrf;qOfjxrfbrozmifb wDjOmifbOkwx hf k
wDjOmif;wDjqk wMbeMUnwmef;nvlb yM;wDjyDje.ifhrM;eifjrM;,lb aq;wlOfj
,Ofh qkifboAifjylUeAifj[Fef;ofgb ugmifjukdef;,fgby.B;auMjy.B;vlif/ ylifvmwfjcmB;te
tzykejf z.e;f uef qkr;f ekid jf nOfcOfjzuf;csMUwrf;clibf qkr;f ekid jf yfUg yM;[yf+h if;
olifb tewDje.ef;yefeefh/
ayM;OMj=Uy.ibf wmif; omif;vmif;uef,Ofh qifbwuf;[MokOd [hf MqmBb uyf;
umBbnvlbnwmef; twbnOfomifbumef; y'dufjc'Mb wlefjyawboMbz.wfj+Bj
ayM;wArf rBcrA w f yF ;f OD; wki;f xD;cFy;f wdef wmif;udew f mif;oki;f okw;f rki;f wif;
r.ef vmBce . yf ik ;f umef; o.r;f ymef;cmOfogf v.i;f xlejf qAw;f efv g rk ;f vkr;f xMbeMU
y=Ofb ulef;vlifefg;qkrf; ul@Oef;ul@ckdef;wldifb ymifbnkyfbnlOf;uef v.ifjvAifh
v.ifjvlbul@orfb nrfbukrfbnrfbayM; oazM;,MbayvBjrD;OMj/ odyf;crfjqugMb
wMbzle d f cOfjzuf;u.ew hf uf;vAiwhf rf; ul@Oef;ul@Oef; awMbvle d vf i. jf ody;f [Mj/
ydifbwyMbw azM;qed,rfb wrfbu.rf;umyfjo.rf;ul@Oef;ul@Oef; nrfbyef{j
wluf;vMjeefh,Ofh/
eifbnefruk q hf rk ;f wuMbymif;OB,
h Ofeh efh YoMbqOfj oifbcMbqOfjcOfao
auMj uRrM;n.efwmifbo.rf;awMb [yfhwkif;okif;o.ifb cOfjo.rf;anMbqMb wmifb
o'eMbukifbqOfj =rfjcOfjodef[Mj ,mwfberfhndufborfhykdefOlpfbrFwjf wMb cMb
qOfch mOf;efg n.ro f igf ;B. ili;f o.e;f vli;f vkev f B qrfu, B rf;aq; ymif;yM;qa';cl;arM
wDjekdifjacMacM zwf;arMyef;arM;[kdOf,Aef [Awf;yAefy.B;YwM; wuf;OMjulef;
rM;y.B;ymif rD;qArf OMU? :y.ifj? csmif;? cmif? ynlOf;? rmefj? rsLOfb? ,mif;? r.ef;
cmef; e.ef;ayM;wArf yM;qArf ,lef;xB;cldOf;vAOf rAOf;wB;vBjrM;=yfhxlyf;[ef
rldOfj,mrf;nefy.B;qOfjrMboMb/ Oef;ckdef;ulef;ukdef; rkufhqkrf;zkifcOfjzuf;[kif
[Fef;vAifhukrfbxlefjaobcsMb,Ofh/
173
awMbayM;xkdifOef;o.if[AifuOfjodyf;ymByFwfb vldefoDbvyf;eefh ymif;

nOfoifbcMbcOfqOfj cOfj+wfjef;g vkr;f aotvj vlbwmef;wMbe cmrfbodeo f bD v
[Awf;nokz {jyAefz.ef;vDauMUukdwf;auMUugMb qldOf;yAefolpfbpMbe.ifhekifj
vkujf ar;wty;wif;oAijf n.euf efuefbawM; ayM;OMj,Of, h Mb zmBbydebf c,Mb
[Bb[Bbwkdifjwkdifj qkrf;ekdifj,dyf;[mif@oldOfzFefb qFefbcyfhqyf;n.ufb wlifbr.ufb
urfjz.ijf qOfju.ijf wmrf;ofbg erf,bgf vkybf vmyfb ule;f umrfjwmyfbumyfb zkid ;f vkrjf
v.rfholifbqOfj awMbcOfjefg;yMb ,kufjuvmyfjwmifbugMb uM;a[Mjv.B;v.B; y.B;ugmifj
ymifukdef; nOfwDjwyfhwDj=def;+wfjukif;OBhu.if zkdef;ulef;xdqyf;cyfhuefomefj
ykdef;ykdef;OBh,Ofh/
ayM;OMjugMb+wfj,Ofah uMj z.ruhf ef,uk n hf Of u.rbf qmyfj,kuuhf vmyfjqOfj
cOfjugMbwmifbeldOfu.ifzkdef;ao,Ofh uMjnefrD;OBh zkdefvdufjvlOfbnmefbvlOfb
vlqldOf;eefh ulef;,fgbulef;vlifcOfqOfj nmefbvl,OfhwlOfjvDimrf; ,mrf;rldOfj
eifbeef nefyAefnljqOfj ayMjxOfjxkef;n.ifb q.ifbtr;owdYwM; wlpf;
w.i;f wlOq f agf otvj nOfZ;B qkwbf qdqyf;ofbg yM;wif;u.rbf rfbg yFejf qmyfj ,kujf
uvmyfjuOfb yAefzOfbZB;[kyfb uAyf;OBhz.ifvkyfb [Awf;wDj=UzmBbeMjqOfjcMjw.if;
ugMb xMbyeMbodr;f OBe h ;gf ckrf [Aw;f w.ejf wdew
f e
. jf wlOf w.ejf =Ofcyfch mif; qFebf
wrf;OBhomrfnkrf,Ofh/
n.euf efvrk ;f vM; nufuh q d Mbye uefbw,Of, h Mb vDimrf;xkid ,f mrf;
yD@wB;o.if[AifuOfjodyf;ymByFwfb vldef[Mjrfgb qkdefjckdefjvBjekdifjOef; pM;wef;
wedef;uelpfb wif;uMjyDje.ifhrdufjolpfbul@wDjwif;erf uBqrfy.if;vkrf; rkufh
qkrf;n.ef=Of [Awf;yAefwmifwlOf o.rf;ymef;uMjqkdOfjwmif;wmef; y.ifckdifnOf
xkdifrldOf;v.if; ymif;OBhoifbcMb oDbodyf;vldOfymBnAwf; uRif;uRoOf;OwfhcmB;odrfb
vkrf;wkrfumyfjvlbxkdifaqhaq;+wfj/ y'dwfjrFwfjwMb awboeMbYwM; ul@
yM;ul@yM; nmefboAifzgmifha[M;'.wfj/ wMbeukolOfb oDbvukolOfb ylOfbygM;YwM;
nusLOf;olifbxkdif qOfjumef;,.wfj rmufjzlOfbedyfhymefbwdufj xmefbumOfba[M;
{jayM;vBjqlrf;oMxk cmrfbnOfnusLOf;x.wfjvlpfjwMU/
vkif;qmif;xkef;n.ifb
174
oguf:tefref:omuf,
(urf;zgif;)
wmif:rgif:NofqfG
176
[mif@rdlefymifb,ArfjwDjvDrkifj
rM;ykifj,.efj=Ofqfg,lbauMj
awMjuOfnrfbqmif@,ufhqmif@[ef
wMuOfwefrlOf;OBhnldOfj/
[mif@rdlefoAifOmefnefxkufb=
zlifhOl,.efj=Ofqfg,lbauMj
awMjuOfnrfbqmif@x.rfbqmif@idef;
=uOfOdif;vkdifbOBh,lbndlOfj/
[mif@rdlefnmBnef[dkef;odifh+rf
rM;w.rf,.efj=Ofqfg,lbauMj
awMjuOfnrfbqmif@okwfbqmif@elrf
cljeifnrfbvlrfwefOBhndlOfj/
[mif@rdlefwmif;,FrfhnefvDOmef
zlifhzmef,.efj=Ofqfg,lbauMj
uOfawMjnrfbqmif@udefqmif@clyf;
olyf;uOfnMj,myfbOBh,lbndlOfj/
ymefnrfbwArfxlefjvlifuOfeBh
yAefOBhu.yfjoifauMj,OfhvMj
efg;uM@v.ifjrkifjr.if;wif;rlwf;
uOfcfgjylwf;ylefhymefeBhu.efb
=OfqfguOfo.efbrkifjr.if;v.ifjeBh,Ofh/
177
clif:umifpdrf:'if,erf¤
178
ayM;[mOfhuef;OAwf;ckdefj
x.wfbyM,dkefjofgbyFrf;
vdefhvFrf;olyf;,krfh,mBj
auMUnmBjwrfbiMjtwholdOf;eMb/
ayM;[mOfhuef;OAwf;cdkefj
qFyf;cdkefjoFyfbuFef;eMb
olyf;odufbugMbwMvef
wlOfnefyAefyMcmefqfgeMb/
wrfbiMj tvj wlOfyM
cMuef[drf;Zifberfh
uOforfh[efrFefjugMb
aw[Awf;[dkOfvMb uOfeBhorfh/
179
umifqfGauj.vkuf¤zdkef¤
180
[MbtvjZlefvlifnldpf;
vlrf;vFifhvlIifxlOf;yOfbofgb
rmufbvkufj[Ayf;vlifrM; zwfhrFefj,lbauMj
r.ufb=ifjzldOfw.ifydOf
,mrf;elufhcOfc.ef;oefbydufb
OmBby.ufjcdkef;rM;ql;
,lb=rfj[mif;uOfb/
nrfbvBjvdkOfjoOf;vl;
vwf;rM;vmBcmOf;vmBymef
,rf;z.wfh,.wfh eldOfheifn.efbuwf;vmifjndlOfj
eBauMj rfg;vdkrf;Olefh nrfb=Uq.rf;[Of;rM;
anM;C OBhaou.efbvMj/
r.ufbuDjcmOfvldifvFif efg;tujrlpfemB;zldufbzldufb
cdifbrdlOfjcmOf;uwf;[Fif; uwf;+wfjxkdifqfg
r.ufbukrfjnkpfn.Bwef emB;,.BUydOfvlif;okrfbofgb
cdifbydlefjodlOf;e.ef;vyf; nrfbvBjvyf;Zef/
nrfbqmif@ndlrfj[mif;ql;ZB;
uwf;ayM;vmifjqAyf;xkdifqfg
rdlif;rdkwf;rlOf; ZMUcAOfnrfbw.efhvBj[ef
eBauMj rgf;vdkrf;Olefh nrfb=Uq.rf;[Of;rM;
181
tub,.wfjzdlOfw.ifydOf
zlpf;rBhrfgrkef;ekrfbrfgb
ekrfbxOfjqmB;,dif;odlOf;
o.ef;erfh,Aefqfg
vFwfbrBjcFifcFifvlif
tu;erfhvBayM;xmwfbugMb/
=dOfbvBqdkrf;,rf;rM; wdyfbrBjnluf;qfg
x.rfboAifw.ifhavM;arM;yef;
,def;acM;clrf,def;zmefqfg
vwf;,krf;cldOf; erfhvmB;n.efbayM;wkifnldOfj
eBauMj rfg;vkdrf;Olehf nrfb=Uq.rf;[Of;rM;
182
,krfbtvjumifqfgnef
[Of;wkufhcmef [Of;cmrfb,myfb
wMbykefjqdlOf;[Of;[M;
qAOf;v.wfjymefcMj/
nrfbcfgjtwbyAefymif
okrf;okduf;aooOf;oDboDb
wMbydlefjwlpf;qdlOf;[Of;
nrfbulrfje.rf;zfg/
wMbykefjymifjcdlOf;[Of;[M;
yM;z.ef;vDrfg;aoeB
ayM;rfg;=U [Of;[M;nrfbcmif;oif,Ofh
oifOMjrfg;q.rf;Olefh [Of;[M;nrfbcmif;oif,Ofh
oifOMj rfg;q.rf;Olefh
oifOMj rfg;q.rf;=U
anM;C [mefhqfg,lbndlOfj/
w.efjxkdif auMU[mefcOfjeMjokduf;wif;oAifj/
183
Ndof:rfG,OmrfqAif,crf:
184
vdlOfjofgb,Ofh rBhcFrfhrBhvD
wM;{j,Ofh oDckdufh,mifcFef;
[Fef;yef,Ofh qmufjvD[Fif;,fgb
=dOf;rfgbvlif wDjomrfqAifbcrf;
awwrf;,ldif;nmef;OMjqldifh[kdOf
awq.rf;trjc.if[MU erfh=ufj
rdlOfjeBh rdlOfjzkufj[MU rdlOfj[dkOf;
awwdkOf;erfhref;odkOfhrldif;vfg
awwmifbzfgvfgeifjq.rf;rdlOf;
zljauMUcwf;=dOf;awyAefzfg
wMjvfg zmufjvfg orfhaw[yfh
Olefhcyfh o.efbeyfhueftvj rdlOfjawn.ufb/
erfh[mBh,Mb,krfb=dOf; odlOf[mBh,Mb,krfbumrfb
qdlufjnrfbcmwfb=dOf;,MbyefvB
cMcFifeB vwf;erfhqFOfjeBh
zef;ty;OBhtvj ul@wMjwMj
rMbcOfjOBhtvj ul@rldif;rldif;
erfh,fgbtvj ,ldif;=dOf;okifauMj
axM=dOf;awMjvBjcdkef;q.rf;Zifb
,MbyefyAefeifb =dOf;wFufbwDjumifz.if;/
185
OAifugif;ugif;wj,OAifugif
186
ulef;wAuf;cldifj n.ufboAifr.if;u.if
ulef;wAuf;ulef; n.ufboAif,mrf;z.if
oAifu.ifr.if; nefrlefjref;qfg
zljvfgzfgauMj =U[yfh+if;
oAifu.ifjumifb nef=efjOef;efg
zljvfgzfgauMj nrfbrkifjr.if;/
[Bbu.ifodlOf; nrfb=dOfhnrfbnlefj
vefbu.ifjtwh nrfbodlOf;nrfbrlefj/
ulpf;uMj
,mrf;vAOf eMjrldif;auMjr.ifeMb
oAifu.if {jrlefjref;qfgeefh
oAifju.ifj vBjxlefjOef;efgu.efb
qifbqmif@o.efbnmef; oAif[kefhclOf
wMbyefoAifu.ifarM;yefnlef
iOfjwlefjwdkef;yAefoAifu.ifjumifb/
187
uofyAefumef;sc;
188
rdlOfjwkdufhyAefaeMbn.efb
nrfb+efbvBjyAefzuf;
nrfb[myfbeuf;ykefjulef;wif;erf/
zldOfbyAefrBhekrfbn.ufb
nrfbyAefw.ufbrwfhoif
nrfbvBjrifwMbvDykefjulef;/
zdlOfbyAefrBhtubuFefb
zfgnrfbcFefb[Awf;=def;
nrfbtzjwdlef;yAefz.ef;vDoif/
xdkif[Fifjtubzifhtvj
vBjyAeftcjuOfqlrf;
tujZlefvlrf;eFwfjvkufh
c.efjyAefrkufhydlifwBj
{julef;vBjomBvFif;
uM@rD;[Fif;awqifjcmrfb,lb/
ulpf; nOfuOfumefjtcj
,Awfjofgbtuj=;cM;
qkwfbzOfyM;=def;qdkif
uOfnrfbcdkifyAefrBj
uM@awvBjzmwfbn.uf efg;rdkOf;ref;,Ofh/
189
igh:wif;vrf
190
cFufbcdkefj=def;rM; wufhtvj
wlOfqOfj=def;wlpf; ,ufh[ef i.B;aOjrfgb
zfgzfgauMjwufhaej zfgzfgauMjnmrf;aej
v.ifjerfheAifjolpfbyDb OmefvDu.yfji.B;aOj
q.ifbqfgjawh[MU i.B;aOj
awqdkOfjawh[MU i.B;aOj i.B;aOjrfgb
zfgzfgauMjurfhxFrf zfgzfgauMjorfhte
v.ifjerfheAifjolpfbyDb OmefvDu.yfji.B;aOj
i.B;wifjvAufhtwh
awwAuf;w.ifhaoclOf [MU [MU [MU [MU
vrfvrfcB;cB; ref;nrfbcD
ZB;ugef;auMjvD ZB;udkef;auMjvD
i.B;wifjvrf ,lbeldOfuAif;rM;
vmByD@rdlif;,Ofh q.ifbzfg=U[MU
cFufbauMjvdkrf;nmrf;i.B;wifj
wlOfqOfj=def;wdkef;vkdrf;[ef
i.B;wifjuOfb zfgzfgauMjvdkrf;tvj
zfgzfgcfgjvdkrf;vkdrf; v.ifjerfheAifjolpfbyDb
OmefvDu.yfji.B;wifj/
191
uh,cefcmif:ygif¤
192
uefhwdkwfholyf;tr;oAif
eFwfjc.efjnAefc.efj[Fif;
v.ifjrldif;vFif;rM;,Ofh
,MbtqjzMje.ef;rluf;
uOfcefyluf;rM;wMUvmBzOfb
rfg;,if;yBb=UwlOf
wkdufhulrf=Ofe.ef;elufb
nrfbwlufbwMbn.ufbzMj
ukrfbilyfheMje.ef;Zef
elufbwefxmefbrfg;nrfbw.efh[ef
wMbrfg;=UwlOfwkdefb
xFifjvmBrdkefboAifcef
vBjyluf;yefrfg;xFifj nrfb=U,OfhaeM/
193
cldofpj.
erf¤cgif erf¤Nuf;
194
zmufbeefhv.B,mOf;OBh
zmBbeBhv.Bwifjxifb
Zifbykefhv.Bo.rfbtujumif
rM;cgmifqFufbyAefyFwfjomrfrldif;/
ymef ]e.ifto} =dif;,lb
ugmrf;ylbr.efboifbOBh
rdlOfjeBh nrfbqmif@cBj
uOf[Bjyef;q.ifbq.ifb
cMorfhy.ifbuOfy.ifh
ref;+ifhugmrf;OmefOmef
[M;idef;zmefref;vMb
u.yfjvlrf;zMbcdlOf,MUoAif[Of;/
iOfjwdkef;ugmrf;=rfjacMj
Zdijf xkif;auMj=rfjuAOf
vldwfjvAOf wB; xB; vmOf;
xkdif,mrf;cmOf;rldOfjeBh
yAefOBhyldefjoFufbvFufb
auMUrM;qFufb[Awf;=Ofh
yAefcdlOf,lOfh erfhc.if erfh=ufj/
195
arjeif,pmef,pdkof
cSef,eif,rj.
196
rldOfjidef;nykrfb nrfb,krfbaowMUauMj
yAefacMjo.ef[Of;[M; qifbnOfrM;clefhcBjte,Ofh/
[mefb tvj rMU xlyf;uef [mefb cmefOMj[if; rMU
rgf;wMUrD;oDbwdefb arMvFefjeldOfvdefulpf;
rfg;wlpf;uOfvl;orfh eldOferfharMvkpf;udef
eldOfvdefyB[lrfqlrf; eldOfvlrf;auMjrdefvBj
[mefbcBj[mifjqfgjOBh ref;eBharMuljv.ifj/
rMUckdef;w.yfbugmrf;axM rfg;arMvkpf;eldOferfh
q.ifborfhuwfhrldefyM rfg;OMjarMrdefeFefb
q.ifbcFefbrldefelufhoFOf; eifbuOfrMUvFefjzfg;
q.ifbrfg;orfhcdkwf;vBj arMuljv.ifjaowMU
nefrfg;usMUrD;oif< [mefbugifnrfbqmifjtuj/
u.yfjeeftvj
arMoif{juwfhcFefb arMnFefb{jrldefrMU
arMvkpf;usMUrdlefyM arMrdefzMelufhoFOf;
,Mb,dlifjwFOf;[mefbtrj arM,lbtvjnrfbvFefb
nrfbuwfhcFefbaonef ,MbayrldefeefwMUwB;[Of;/
(wFrfjrldOfjcdkefj,MwlOf wDj=if;,Mvlifulef;rldif;-wMjukifj)
197
ayj;Oif,xdkifvkuf;bdif:
198
rdlOfjvAOfvkufj,dif;vBj=uf;vdlef
yBbeifjrefjrdlefulef;vlifvBj
wkdufh=U[Bjcfgjudefcfgje.ef;
yBbarM,.ef;wkuf;ekifjwkuf;rfg
oifvkufj,dif;wArfclyfbrM;eB
awarMyBtvjrFefjz.if;vlef;
v.ifjrldif;ulef;awyBb=Uu.efb
yBbarMo.efbv.ifjvDv.ifjqMU
oifvkufj,dif;awarMvmwfjugmrf;
,Mbcfgjnmrf;olifugmrf;ydlejf u.efb
zkduf;o.efnOfugmrf;nljtrjrfg;
{j[Aef;OBharMvdufjqOfjuOfb
,Mb,lbyOfbyldifjZdifjxkif;[Of;
,Mb,.ifbrOf;q.rf;cldOf;ydlefjeMj
[Aef;{j=Uv.ifj[Of;n.efwmif;
wmrf;arMc.ifydlefj
ulpf;,MbyFwfjidlefj[Of;qOfjuOfb
ulOfydlefjymOfbOMjwB;vkdrf;qmwfj
oif=OfqfgvkufjarM[ufhrM;
,Mb[ufhpM;qdlOfhcdlOf;ydlefjyFwfj
,MbnOfcFufb,Ayfbidlejf cdlOf;[Of;
[M[ufhyOf;cdlOf;[Of;cdkef;tvj
odkyfbtzvkufjvmif;vdlwfjqFwfjx.if
,Mby.ifnOfcdlOf;[mBu.yfj[Of;
ayMjwkuf;,.ef;oifbOBh
ruf;rmBOef;udlwfb emif;,.wfj,dif;cmOf wArf (6) vdlef
199
vduf;tefref:wSrf;
(urf;zgif;)
xgefrj:wD;wmh<IID<ref:qof;
201
uGmrf:tefref:Oif,
(urf;zgif;)
xgefrj:efG:zdkefvduf;qkdif;wh:
vgif;uwf:bAef sv;
erf¤qfGpof:
v.ifjuwf;,Aef nefOMjeefh zfgzfgauMjOMj cfgjrD; cfgjvBj,lb/ ayM;rD;

v.ifjuwf;,Aefqifb awrD;v.ifjcdkefj,fgbvBj,Ofh/ okefbvBjulef; tvj v.ifj
xmifb[mif@v.wfjvFOf;auMj qifbqmif@yAefwlefjr.ufbrmufbvBj efg;tuj (uFOfh
ZMUvFwfbvlrf;) uwf;,AefeefhvBj,Ofh/
v.ifjuwf;,AefeBh ref;yAefwMbulef;[Of;wif;oAifj/ ulef;[Of;wif;
oAijf orfh rD;ykejf z.e;f wMbauMbomifjv.ijf uwf;,Ae, f bl / ref;rde
l e
f ifb ]Owfh
=rfj,Aefvlif}wDjedkifj? oifOMj n.efuefcfgjvBj v.ifjqfguwf;qfg,Aeftvj
aw[MeifjzMbOeMburfbrxmef;eBqdkif qArfauMUeifj? auMU[Awf;vAifh[Fef;vlb?
auMU[drf;+rf;qdlOf;eefh vlOfbrD;erfhqfgcfgjuwf;,Aefao Zmifholyf;? wlOf? =rfqfg
q.rf;uefu.efb qifbawuwf;,AefvBj,Ofh/ ayM;nrfbeef urfjz.ifjtwh
eifbYwM;,lb? auMUedkifjorfh [MwB.bqD;aqb? qkrf;edkifjorfh [Bbu.if[Bbr.if;? qdlOf;
edkifjorfh cdkifuMjqmwfjuMjoFif;? rkufhedkifjorfh qkwfbrlufbwFufb? zkifedkifjorfh
udev f OfjrOf;+ifo h e
F bf ndul ;f ndul ;f nmuf;nmuf;ugMbqdik f nrfbyAef ]Owf=h rfj,Ae}f
vBj/
ayM;rdlefeifb auMUedkifj? ZBmbedkifju.pf; cfgjvBjv.ifjuwf;,Aefao
auMbomifjv.ifjuwf;,AefuM@[dkOfauMj nrfbxkdifwDjvBj/ auMUedkifj nOfvBm;
uwf;,Aefao wlifhedkif[Awf;omifj,lb/ xFifjZBmbedkifjorfh nrfbnOfv.ifjvD
204
vlyf;cdkef;/ rdlefeifb ugmrf;OMj ]auMUedkifj[Awf;v.ifjvD? auMUedkifjoDnOf[Bmh}

ugMbqdkif nrfbyAefv.ifjvD? nrfbuwf;,AefvBj? qdlOf;rD; ]nAef[Fif;,fgb} wAuf;
wAifedlOfqdlOf; ][Fif;vAufh}? ]ulef;erf} ayhudef ]ulef;anb}? qkrf; ]rD;nMb
eMb} ayhudefqkrf; ]nrfbrD;nMbeMb/ ]ulef;[Bmh} [Awf;rdlufjawMb ]ulef;vD}
qdlOf;eBh yAefv.ifjcwf;cgmifuefwif; v.ifjuwf;,Aef,Ofh/
Omefjrdlif;wdlif;uM;edkifjvkufjauMj,Ofh vkrf;ZMUvlif[Of;eBhauMj,Mb
uM@qlOfjulef;[Of;wif;erf yBbrD;erfhqfgcfgjvBjv.ifjuwf;,Aefao [Awfomifj
q.rf;vBm;uwf;,Aefeifbuefqdkif nrfbxkdifwDjuwf;,AefvBj/ v.ifjuwf;,Aef
eBh nOfvBm;[Bmh[mOfjulpf;auMj nrfbvBj/ vdkrf;wlOfulrfjcmrfbyef,lbauMj nrfb
yAef? nOfnAef[Fif;wAuf;ulpf;auMj nrfb,Ofh/ ayM;nOfvBm;[Bmh[mOfjauMj aw
vBjxlyf;vBm;[Bmh[mOfjcdkef; w.yfbwFef;ulpf;/ ayM;awulrfjcmrfb,lborfh aw,mrfj
xyf;,fg;rM;? ayM;nOfnAef[Fif;wAuf; nAef[Fif;,fgbvdlOfeefh orfhcdkef;awwkrfh
w.yfb? awyefbZef,lbefg;clif;eefhugMbulpf;,Ofh/ ayM;cfgjuwf;,Aefqdkif vAifh
erfhqfgvDao auMbomifj=rfjueful@ZBmbZBmbwMU/
-qdkifjwB;(oB.U 5 rBm 1)
205
wj;su;vdwf; vgif;cgif¤crfqmof:cdlof:
rD:wmif:ref:oh¤bl,
efg;Omefjrdlif;wdlif;uM;eBh ayM;v.ifjc.ifhcrfref; ,fgberfrM;qdkif qmif@

xdkifwDjnOfvBm;odkuf;vBm;odlOf awMboljtujvdwfj,Ofh/ ayM;yAefodkuf; yAefodlOf
auMj nrfbrD;v.ifjuwf;v.ifj,Aefao Omefjrdlif;auMj nrfbcdkefj,fgbrfgbokifrM;
vBj/ v.ifjeBh zljrD;ykefjz.ef;cOfauMj vBj,.rf;[yfhOBh,lb,Ofh/
rdlOfjzljemrf;efg;(1) c.ifboDbqdkifjrdlif;uwf;,Aefcdkefj,fgb (SPDC)
uFrfq.rfodkuf;vlif cdefbpkefh vBjrM;=yfhxlyf; zljn.ef=OfqmOf;cdlOf; efg;qdkifjwB;
y.wf;+ifb wDju.if;cM; (aq@OAif;ulwfhcBm) Oef;xDh (31.07.2001) eefh vmwfj
yM;ugMbOMj ]u.yfj[Of;[M; ukrfbvBjwdkuf;awM;uefrM;,lbtvj Omefjrdlif;[Of;vBj
wluf;wFrfb? wluf;vdkef;vdlOfrldif;[drf;+rf;rM;,Ofh} eB,lb/
ayM;rM;xwf;omifwlpf; v.ifjvBjwdkuf;awM;uefrM;eefhqrfh idlefj
iOfjref; u.yfjnrfbnOfvBjuwf;uwf;,Aef,Aef tujvdwfjvBj v.ifjc.ifhcrfvlif
efg;rdlif;o.ifydlifeefh,Ofh/
(1) v.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf;
(2) v.ifjc.ifhcrfyBm;rdlif; rdlif;rmef@ - awvBj[ef o.ifydlifeBh,lb/
u.yfjydlOfj nrfbnkyfbnlOf;uefvBj nrfbtujvdwfjvBj v.ifjc.ifhcrf
qmOf;cdlOf; tvj wyfhodkuf;vlify.ifqdkifjcOf orfhZBmbedkifh? ulef;qmOf;cdlOf;auMj
vBjudlwfbn.ufbwyfhodkuf;,dyf;vmufjemufju.ifhumifbao eefhorfhZBmbedkifj? vBj
206
yAefodkuf;wdkuf;awM;uefrM;,lb,Ofh/
xFifjydlifedkifjorfh u.yfjydlOfj qkrf;nAef[Fif;yMbwDbyBm;rdlif; ndufb qkrf;
umefodkuf;efg;rdlif;rmef@eifbuef nrfbnkyfbnlOf;uefvBj? nrfbtujvdwfjvBj
v.ifjc.ifhcrfyBm;rdlif; (efg;rdlif;) rmef@eefhtvj vBjwdkuf;awM;uefrM;xFifjZBmb
edkifjeifbuOfb,Ofh/
,mrf;vAOfeBh wMbawtujvdwfjvBj v.ifjc.ifhcrfyBm;rdlif; rdlif;rmef@
eefh vlify.ifqdkifjodkuf; tvj yMbwDbnFef@tn@vfWD@cOf ydkwfbzuf;wlcOfj
[Muef nkyfbnlOf;uefOBh,lb,Ofhtvj rD;OBhedlOfoAefjwmif; wMbtujvdwfjv.ifj
c.ifhcrfyBm;rdlif; rdlif;rmef@eefhOBh,lb/
ulpf;uMj iOfj[mufjv.ifjvBjwdkuf;awM;uefrM;eefh rD;,lbo.ifydlif
eifbterM;yMjedlOfeefhtvj wdlufjwDjOMj o.ifZBmb (vlify.ifqdkifjodkuf; ndufb
yMbwDbnFe@f tn@vfWD@) nkyfbnlOf;tujcBmuefvBj v.ifjc.ifhcrfumefyBm;rdlif;
rdlif;rmef@vBjugMbaowMUuMj v.ifjc.ifhcrf ]qmOf;cdlOf;} eefh wdkufhudkwf;OBhxFifj
,lb/
wMbawtujvdwfj v.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf;eBhorfheMb q.ifbrD;wmif;
ref;? q.ifbydkwfbOBhzuf;wlref;[dkOfeBeefh xkufbvDxwf;omif[Mwlpf;,lb/
v.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf; nefayM;vBjxdkifwDjwdkuf;awM;uefao [M
vBm;tujvdwfjrM;eefh u.yfjydlOfj cfgjnOfvBm;uwf;,AefnkyfbnlOf;tujvdwfjeB
tvj ZBmbvlify.ifqdkifjodkuf;auMj ydkwfbzuf;wludkwf;odkuf;[Mv.ifjirf;,AefrM;?
ZBmbwyfhodkuf;qmOf;cdlOf; 17-18 qkrf;auMj ydkwfbzuf;wludkwf;odkuf; [Mv.ifjirf;
,AefrM;eBh yAefwdkOfhwmif;vDvlif wMbodkyfb,mifjcdkefjql; Oef;aw=yfhxlyf;nkyfb
nlOf;uefao tujvdwfjv.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf;cmOf;eMjeefh,Ofh/
ZBmbyMbwDbqmOf;cdlOf;cOfeBauMj rdlOfj'M@qM@vD@ndofhrBm; (Razali
Ismail) nefyAefzljwmifwlOf rdofhowdlOf@ulOf@ZD@nFef@emef@ (Mr.Kofi
Annan) (zljy.ifumefuljv.ifjv.ifj ]rkufhqkrf;qdkifjrdlif;z.rfh=rfj} General
Secretary of UN) rM;xdkif OAif;vlifwMjukifj Oef;xDh (29.08.2001) eefh zlj
wmifwlOfyMbwDbqmOf;cdlOf;vBmcdlOf;? =OfyOfjvlif c.ifiOfjikef;wDbr.ufhca'bqDbqdlOfh
cdlOf;wB; (SNLD) tvj auM=rfjomifjqdkifjwB; ckefxkef;nl; vBjvmwfjugMbOMj
207
]v.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf; v.ifjxdkifqfgqmOf;cdlOf;qdlOf;eBh qmOf;cdlOf;ulpf;aw=U

xdkifvdlOfydlefjtvj ayM;=yfhxlyf;nkyfbnlOf;uefeB awvBjyM;qmOf;cdlOf; qifb
aw,OfhwlOfj] eB,lb/
qkrf;qmOf;cdlOf;cOf nef,dyf;vmufjemufju.ifjumifbudkwf;odkuf;cOf 7
qkrf;auMj rdlOfjOef;xDh 01.03.2001 eefh vBj=rfjuefn.ufbvdufj ydkefzmOfbOMj
]rkufhqkrf;,dyf;u.ifjumifb nef[Awf;OBhv.ifjirf;,AefeBhauMj ayM;[Awf;omifj
v.ifj=yfhxlyf;nkyfbnlOf;uef nefugmifjvdlOfeefheB wMbawvBjv.ifjz.rfhoAif
yAif;ymufbqdlOfhqmwfj? wMbauMbomifjvBj qdkifjrdlif;=rfjwkrfqFwfjqmifb tvj
wMbwDbr.ufhca'bqDb=dOfj=dif;eefhqdkif wluf;ykefjz.ef; udkifbxdlufjw.efjvfgauMj
awcOfjyM;[Awf;omifjugMb,lb} eB,lb/
u.yfjeef wMbtujvdwfjvBj v.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf;eefh awvBj[ef
OMj ZBmbqmOf;cdlOf;cOfauMj ydkwfbzuf;wlrkifjr.if;OBh,lbtvj rD;oAefjwmif;ref;OBh
,lb,Ofh/ rkifjr.if;OMj awydkwfbzuf;wlyef wMbqmOf;cdlOf;ayM;vBjnkyfbnlOf;
tujvdwfjq.rf;,lb,Ofh/ oifOMj nrfbydkwfbzkpfbqdkif ZBmbqmOf;cdlOf;orfh aw
vBj[MvBm;tujvdwfjref;,lb,Ofh/
ayM;OMj ZBmbedkifjZBmbvAOfulpf; ydkwfbzuf;wlrkifjr.if;OBhvBmvBmawh
awiBm;rdlef clOfedlOferfhoBm (nefuBmbql;wMjcDjvAuf; tvj trjoBm) efg;Oef;xDh
12.03.2001 eefh? ZBmbedkifjZBmbvAOfydkwfb,lbauMj nrfbyAefoAefjwmif; ugMbrM;
ql;uefvBjeefh,Ofh/
u.yfjeeftvj ZBmbcdlOf;ulef;erf (Majority) tvjoif? ZBmbqmOf;cdlOf;
(Ethnic nationality) tvjoif wMbOmefjrldif;awuwf;,Aef awcdkefj,fgbeefh
ydkwfbzuf;wl wMb=yfhxlyf;nkyfbnlOf;tujvdwfjv.ifjc.ifhcrfqmOf;cdlOf;ugMb uwf;
uwf;,Aef,Aefaourf;vlpfj/
-qdkifjwB; (oB.U 3 rBm 4)
208
209

ၽူႈႁၵ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈ (ၸၢႆးၵၢၼ်းယွတ်ႈ)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ၽူႈႁၵ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈ (ၸၢႆးၵၢၼ်းယွတ်ႈ)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

zl;puf¤qmwf;

Mif;umefydkefzmof,rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: (SSPC) ydkeftguf,

pmef,qdif, pmefqAif umef:bgwf;

Mif;umefydkefzmof, trf,eef wD;bl,uof,pdrf:cmh:

ujbmif: sv; umef:bgwf;

ymefyAefqof;Omif, ymefrmof,tgef, (auj.umif)

ar:emif:auj.xD;ekdif; emif:elef:qdkef; pdkof emif:rlofegif

qgrfpmefaw,odif,? qof;Odkuf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf; sv; qof;pmefOSifekrf,

ymifygh:ydkwf,zknf, vkrf:rmuf;rD: ugif:rl:wlif; rl,aq<

qof;Okduf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf;? qgrfpmefOdlofxSef;? qof;Odkuf:uef,e

rdlof;Oif,vmwf;wD;ygh;vlif:ymifOgefvmwf;uGmrf:tAif:uvAwf; yD< 2001 cmh:Odrf,

rdlof;vlif:ulwf,xwf: Olefzkuf,Ogrf; wD;rdlif:Omwf,

rldof;uGj,bjwlofwD;wj;ukif; yD< 2002

rdlof;pyf¤xlyf: zl;emrf:efG: sv; qkrf:tgefNof tSef<tSrf<tSOf¤zD<

emif:bgwf;bdif:cmof ? emif:bgwf;zgif:tgrf? tl;tl; qmh:umef:bgwf;?

yD;egif¤rdlif:xh: qgh;uj<bjwlof wD;rldif:uguf,

OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkef rldof; 14.03.2004 wD;iof;ikef:cmh:Odrf,

yD;egif¤xkif¤rmof: qdlof:rj:cof;Nrf;vl,wmef:qgrf: rdlof;Ogrf:qAwf:

Nofej; qkrf:NofOldofsv;ulef:vlif qldof:qgrf:Olif,cmof:wmif:urf:vdkef:

Nofej;rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: sv; Nofej;ulef:eguf;cldof:

qkrf:ygifumef iof;ikef:cmh:Odrf, sv; qof;Odkuf:vlif qmef:ykef¤

wmif:acj:clrf ar:emif: sv; idlef;yD;cdlof:egif¤

emif:elef:qkdef; sv; vkuf;bdif: emif:rkefODtgif:

bdkof:ugif;bgif;ukif, qof;Okduf:vlif qmh:umef:bgwf;

eMj=def;tvjvkufjvmif; - emif;ele;f qde k jf (ulyuhf jl uef rlOd jf 1989 ao

rdlOfjq.Bjo.efvdufj wDjymifo.efvdufjwB;]r}[MjwlOf OAif;=Ofymifb (arbrAOfh)/

ydkifjefg; qkdifjwB;? o.BU-6, rmB-1 vldefqAwf;? yD@-2098, (May, 2004)

qOfjumef;,.wfj nrfbeef qOfjokduf;vlif qmB;umef;,.wfj eBh zlj

qof;pmef qmh:umef:bgwf; rdlof;yh,udkwf:Okduf:

uSrfNofyof;-1 qkrf: rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: qgrfpmefvghrmof: sv;

Nofej;rkuf¤qkrf:irf:bAefqkdif;wh: sv; Nofej;qkrf;ac<tmh<tlof< cof

1985 ref;qOfjvBjyM;q.rf;wif; qOfjqmrfrfgb? qOfjauMbZMU? qOfj

yefykefjz.ef;ref;qOfj {jnkyfbnlOf;wif; nFofhnFofhan@/

okdyfbvlif;ugMb,lwf;,M wDjwMjukijf ? okyd bf ugMb,MwDj OAi;f vliuf ik ;f xAyjf (rlid ;f

rM;tvj wke d ;f awvBj[Aw;f ,lbawMbc.jB wmB,Of/h ylid e

qof;crf:-zef:Odlof (auj.umif) sv; qmh:umef:bgwf; (auj.wdkuf¤vmwf;'lef:)

tl;tl; sv; bgwf;Omrfbdif:

qOfjcgmefrldif;twh ykdwfbwDj[Awf;umefref;qOfj egf;c.ufjrMU qOfjoldOfvAef;

zdw;f wmifbqlOd w hf mifbylid e f hB nrfbuM@[kOd ?f xmifbzdw;f wif;umefridl ;f twh cgjf ,myfb

zljwFrfjvufh,.ifja,M;,lbegf;qgfOMj vkufjn.efbekrfbegf;OAif; qldOf;yM;qgfumef

nmefbvdujf wFrjf O.u;f tvj wFrfjugmrf;uAOfbuyf; v.ifjzOulef;ndufbwif;umef

omh:aO qof;umef:bgwf; tgefNofzmwf,tgufuGj,

yBmjueferfvliferfvmif? ymifwkduf;[drfeMjvdefuefwif;wyfhokduf;rldif;OMU ,l@

ndie f Odl rf ;D acMjwku;f ,.e;f rM; {jwFrjf yefyi. jf ugmrf;wmif;[efxidk f uAObf

cmOf;wmif; yD@,.rf;,.rf;? awMbayM;vBjzmwfbuefugMb auMU=;auMUwmif;q.rf;

wked ;f zFOnf e . wf mif;/ OmB;ao vBjxkubf ,.ijf yAez

q.rf;eifbugmrf;xkif;rD;OBh ]iOfjvmB;auMjymBvmifb? iOfjqkdefjqmifbauMj

qmwfj rldOfjz.if;eefh yM;qmB;umef;,.wfjauMUekdifj/

qOfjcgmefrldif; wDjiOfjqkdifj =Ofrdlif; ymef nFrf@wD@an@ rldOfjz.if;yM;qfgOmif;

YzM;yAeq f OfjauMja[M;OB, h bl ? ef;g cli;f umifehB ule;f rlud jf erfwOdl ;f OMjeB/

,if;nrfbrD;oifaoy.ufj/ oDboDbyfgUwlpf;auMUarMte;eefh nrfboljarM,.ifj

zljvufh vufhclOf;c.ifyldefjrM; rM;rFifbyefvkufjyefar;/ vkufjar;orfhawOMj

nrfb[lUvBjeifbuOfb/ ulef;x.rfbref; awvBjarMx.rfbu.pf;,Ofh/ ]wmif;[lUOmB;

wmif;eef?h yM;qfw g Odl ;f ? rD;qfz g wdk [hf wA ;f zkw

efg;wB;[Of;? qOfj[Of;cOf? nefuldOf;vD wDjwB;aotvj? qkdOfjoAif,fgbvkdOf;

,rf eldOfaqbweMbqOfjuOfb? ,krfb,rfeldOf wmif;[lUqOfjuOfb vlpfjv.ifj

Oef;xDj 6 vldefusMef@eBh ayM;nOfvkrfjZMUOMj yAefOef; D-Day

rlid ;f xB;eBh [Of;nrfbylerhf ef;vBjtvj zlOd bf aw[Mul@v.u;f ul@vmB; ole;f

]zfGwmhauj; pmhuGj,} uGmrf:wh:pof:rD:oh¤eif,ehauj;

rdlof;bdkef;Ol:xdkif zl;uwf¤cSef,vduf;vmh:wh: aq<oAif:OD,ayj.

uFyjf eMbtvj vBjulrjf awhawhao qifbcOfjugMbvBj/ xkid e f ;gf ref;eefth wh ugmifj

twh nmifjawvBjpM;wmrfbwmBu.efb/ ulpf;eMb n.efuef,.ef;e.rf;eMbtvj

r[MbydObf [Mb vmB;omifjumefqOdl q