TYPES OF ROCKS

MINERALS
■ a naturally occurring
(not man-made or
machine
generated),
inorganic (not a
byproduct of living
things) solid with an
orderly crystalline
structure and a
definite chemical
composition
ROCKS

■ an aggregate of
one or
more minerals
and may contain
organic residues.
BASIC
TYPES OF
ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS

■ rocks that are

formed from
the
solidification of
molten rock
material
(magma or
lava). OBSIDIAN
MAGMA VS.
LAVA
■ Magma is a molten
rock material
beneath the
surface of the
earth.
■ Lava is molten rock
material extruded
to the surface of
the earth through
volcanic or fissure
eruptions.
PLUTONIC/INTRUSIVE
ROCKS
■ from solidified magma
underneath the earth
■ gradual lowering of the
temperature gradient at depth
towards the surface would cause
slow cooling/crystallization
■ Examples: granite, diorite, gabbro
VOLCANIC/EXTRUSIVE
ROCKS
■ from solidified lava at or near
the surface of the earth
■ fast rate of
cooling/crystallization due to
huge variance in the
temperature between Earth’s
surface and underneath
■ examples: rhyolite, andesite,
basalt
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
■These are rocks that
formed through the
accumulation,
compaction, and
cementation of
sediments. They
generally form at
SANDSTONE
surface or near surface
conditions.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
– Sedimentary processes at
or near the surface of the
Earth include: weathering
of rocks, sediment
transport and deposition,
compaction and
cementation
– Factors in sedimentary
processes: weathering and SANDSTONE
transport agents (water,
wind ice)
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
■ form from the
accumulation and
lithification of sediments
derived from the
breakdown of pre-existing
rocks. They are further
classified according to
dominant grain size.
 NON-
CLASTIC/CHEMICAL/BIOCHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

■ derived from sediments that

precipitated from
concentrated solutions (e.g.
seawater) or from the
accumulation of biologic or
organic material (e.g. shells,
plant material). They are
further classified on the basis
of chemical composition.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
■ rocks that form from the
transformation of pre-
existing rocks (igneous,
sedimentary, or
metamorphic rocks)
through the process of
metamorphism.
■ Metamorphism can involve
changes in the physical and
chemical properties of GNEISS
rocks in response to heat,
pressure, and chemically
Foliated Rocks

■ Pressure as main factor:

occurs in areas that have
undergone deformation
during orogenic event
resulting in mountain belts
■ Creates foliated metamorphic
rocks such as schist and
gneiss
Non-Foliated Rocks
■ Heat as the main factor:
occurs when a pre-existing
rocks get in contact with a
heat source (magma)
■ Occurs on a relatively small
scale: around the vicinity of
intruding magma
■ Creates non-foliated
metamorphic rocks (e.g.
quartzite)
ROCK CYCLE
■Does every rock go through the
complete rock cycle, i.e. changing
from igneous to sedimentary rock to
metamorphic then back to igneous
rocks? Explain.
 ACTIVITY 1 A
TO DO ACTIVITY 1 B
LIST:
ACTIVITY 2