QUARTER 3 – ENGLISH 9 REVIEWER
LESSON 1: BIAS AND PREJUDICE
BIAS is a disproportionate weight in favor of or
against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is
closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
 Biases can be innate or learned.
People may develop biases for or against an
individual, a group, or a belief.
Consider these:
 Bias can be very useful though as it helps us
to learn about people’s opinions and beliefs.
 Bias can be good when a person uses it
properly and bad when a person hurts
someone.
COMMON TYPES OF BIAS:
1. CONFORMITY BIAS
This relates to bias caused by group or peer
pressure.
2. BEAUTY BIAS
This plays out in terms of other physical
attributes a person may have.
3. HALO EFFECT
This happens when we see one great thing
about a person, and we let the halo glow
of that significant thing affect our
opinions of everything else about that
person.
4. HORNS EFFECT
This is the direct opposite of the Halo effect.
It is when we see one bad thing about a
person, and we let it cloud our opinions of
his other attributes.
5. SIMILARITY BIAS
This happens when we want to surround
ourselves with people, we feel like us.
And as a result, we tend to work more with
people who are like us.
6. CONFIRMATION BIAS
This refers to a bias when we look for
evidence to back up our own opinions of a
person.
7. BANDWAGON EFFECT
This is the tendency to adopt a certain
behavior, style, or attitude simply because
everyone else is doing it.
8. GENDER BIAS
This is widely held set of implicit biases that
discriminate against a gender.
PREJUDICE is prejudgment or forming an
opinion before becoming aware of the relevant
facts of a case.
 The word is often used to refer to
preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments
toward a person or people because of gender,
beliefs, values, social, class status, age,
disability, religion, sexuality, race/ ethnicity,
language, nationality, beauty, occupation,
education, or personal characteristics.
Consider these:
 In this case, it refers to positive or negative
evaluation of another person based on
perceived group membership, but the usual is
negative.
COMMON TYPES OF PREJUDICE:
1. GENDER PREJUDICE
This refers to the attitude that all members of
a particular gender – all women, all girls,
all men, and all boys - are a certain type
of person.
From this stereotype emerges sexism – the
belief that members of one gender are
inferior to another.
2. ETHNIC / RACIAL PREJUDICE
This happens when negative opinions, beliefs,
or attitudes are held about people for the
simple reason that they belong to a
specific ethnic group.
It can be defined by either making an adverse
judgment or opinion based on race or
having an irrational hatred or suspicion
based on racial or religious group
stereotypes.
3. SEXUAL ORIENTATION PREJUDICE
This is also called homophobia. It is often
based on the stereotype that all gay men
or lesbians are immoral and thus inferior.
This may include transgender or transsexual
individuals or those who defy being
classified as either male or female.
4. AGE PREJUDICE
This reflects a prejudice against older adults.
It is defined as any attitude, action, or
institutional structure which
subordinates a person or group because
of age or any assignment of roles in
society purely based on age.
5. CLASS PREJUDICE
This is the attitude that those in a certain
economic class are inferior to another class.
It is a biased, discriminatory attitude, or a
distinction made between social or
economic classes.
We may avoid being prejudicial if we:
 are mindful of negative attitudes and
assumptions.
 are careful of prejudiced language and avoid
stereotypical statements about other groups
of people.
 speak out against intolerant statements and
jokes made by others.
LESSON 2: ANALYZING TRUTHFULNESS AND
RELEVANCE OF THE MATERIAL VIEWED
 Analyzing truthfulness and relevance of the
material viewed depends largely on one’s
understanding of how the elements making it
interrelatedly work to achieve the desired
effects on the viewer and of the strategies
employed to bring the viewer as close as
possible to the ideas and experiences
communicated by the video.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION:
1. COMMUNICATIOR
This is also known as the author, creator, or
producer of a message.
2. MESSAGE
The message refers to the idea expressing
layers of meanings from the
communicator.
3. AUDIENCE
The audience, like the communicator, refers
to a person, group, or organization to
whom the message is either addressed
(specific audience) or invoked (general
audience) and from whom feedback is
expected.
4. CONTEXT
Context refers to the time and place of
communication, together with the
conditions of the physical environment.
5. PURPOSE
Video production and showing are done for
overlapping reasons.
Nevertheless, for every medium, there would
always be a dominant purpose among
these four: to explain, to describe, to
entertain, and to persuade.
Similarly, viewers spend time watching videos
to achieve personal and social goals.
6. MODALITY
Refers to the senses involved in decoding
messages.
7. MEDIUM
The technical means by which messages are
communicated (e.g., commercial, song,
news).
It can also mean the devices used in
communication (e.g., TV, cell phones,
tablets, laptops, desktops, projectors).
8. EXIGENCY
Refers to needs and situations that cause the
production of video materials.
9. CIRCULATION
Refers to the method of distributing the
message as in print for newspaper,
broadcast for radio and TV programs, and
digital for movies.
10. GENRE
The other term for class or category in which
the viewing material belongs.
FOUR VIEWING MATERIALS:
1. TELEVISION PROGRAM
A scheduled show broadcast through TV.
2. MOVIE
A film shown in a theater, on television, or on
the Net.
MOVIE GENRES:
A. Action – a film genre in which the hero or
heroes are pushed into a progression of
occasions that commonly incorporate
savagery, expanded battling, actual
accomplishments, salvages and hysterical
pursues.
B. Animation – one in which singular drawings,
canvases, or representations are captured
outline by outline (stop-outline
cinematography).
C. Comedy – a classification of fiction that
alludes to any talk or work commonly
proposed to be humorous or interesting by
inducing laughter.
D. Crime – a film genre inspired by and
analogous to the crime fiction literary genre.
E. Experimental – thoroughly reexamines
artistic shows and investigates non-account
structures or options in contrast to customary
stories or techniques.
F. Drama – depends on the passionate and
social advancement of reasonable characters.
G. Fantasy – a genre of speculative fiction set in
an anecdotal universe, regularly propelled by
genuine legend and fables.
H. Historical – includes portrayals of events in
the past whose social essentialness is
considered relevant even up to the present
time.
I. Horror – a genre of fiction, which is planned
to, or can terrify, alarm, sicken, or surprise its
watchers by initiating sentiments of horror
and dread.
J. Romance – a narrative genre in writing that
includes a puzzling, daring, or otherworldly
storyline where the emphasis is on a journey
that includes boldness and solid qualities, not
generally an affection interest.
K. Thriller – a genre of fiction, having various,
regularly covering subgenres.
L. Science Fiction – a genre of speculative
fiction that contains imagined segments that
do not exist in the real world.
M. Western – a genre of fiction set basically in
the period from the 1850s to the end of 19th
century in the Western United States.
3. COMMERCIAL
An advertisement on television or on the web.
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL:
A. Informative – used to launch, update, or
relaunch a product.
This type of ad contains messages that seek
to inform the consumers about the
product and explain to them the things to
look forward to.
B. Persuasive – used to increase the demand for
the product by comparing it with similar
products and highlighting its best features.
C. Reminder – used to reinforce previous
promotional information. The ad content
reminds the public about the good track
record of the product and its sustained
presence in the market, thus, targeting both
the past and new customers.
4. Music Video
A promotional film for popular music.
It aims to promote album, single sales, and
new artists.

TYPES OF MUSIC VIDEO:
A. Performance music video – shows an artist
or band performing their song.
B. Narrative music video – contains
dramatization of a story featured in the lyrics.
C. Concept – based music video – revolves
around the concept or theme derived from the
lyrics of the song.
LESSON 3: TEXT AND THEME
 With a certain purpose in mind, a writer
begins creating text.
 Text can be a music video script, TV
commercial script, or movie script.
 This is followed by the selection of a theme,
the main subject of a viewing material.
 The theme shapes the selection and
organization of elements –plot, setting,
characterization, and conflict – to constitute
the whole process, from scriptwriting to video
production.
 Also, it guides the production team in turning
the script into videos or multimedia.
 Identifying the theme and checking the
relevance of its supporting details are skills a
visually literate person should enhance and
get better at.
 TEXT is a cover term for instances of
language use arranged in logical order and
coded according to established conventions to
perform a function in some context (Halliday
& Hasan, 1989).
 It refers to the written, spoken, visual, and
gestural forms of language that people live
with every day.
 The THEME is sometimes called storyline,
topic, main idea, or unifying concept.
 It is not easy to recognize the theme of what
you are watching because it is usually
implied.
 FACT refers to the something true or real,
which is backed up by evidence,
documentation, etc.
 Fact should be based on observation or
research, should also represents something
that really happens and not debatable since
the information is true.
 OPINION is what a person believes or thinks
about something.
 It is your assumption or personal view, and it
is debatable because opinion is not always
true.
 However, one’s views can be valid depending
on the bases and pragmatics.
 Another way of understanding an article is
through identifying its main idea and
important details about it. It checks the
relationship of the ideas to the theme or main
point of an article.
 MAIN IDEA is the point of the paragraph. It is
the most important thought about the topic.
 SUPPORTING DETAILS can be defined as
additional information that explains, defines,
or proves an idea.
 To determine whether the details are truths or
not, you should detect:
1. FALLACIES – ideas which may people
believed to be true which are in fact false
because it is based on incorrect
information.
2. FACT – fact stated by the writer is likely to
be true if there is source.
3. OPINION – bases should be valid and
reasonable.
4. BIAS – statements may be given to favor
one’s point.
LESSON 4: VERBALS
A VERBAL is a verb form that does not function
as a verb. Verbals function as nouns, adjectives,
or adverbs. 
THE THREE TYPES OF VERBALS
1. INFINITIVES are a special form of verbs that
can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. 
It is formed by preposition “to” + the base
form of the main verb.
FUNCTIONS OF INFINITIVES:
1. INFINITIVES AS NOUNS
Infinitives can be used as the subject, the
complement, or the object of a sentence.
2. INFINITIVES AS ADJECTIVES
Infinitives are used as adjectives to modify or
describe a noun.
3. INFINITIVES AS ADVERBS
Infinitives used as adverbs modify or describe
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
2. GERUND is a verbal that functions as a noun.
It is formed by adding -ing to the verb.
FUNCTIONS OF GERUNDS:
1. GERUND AS SUBJECT – used as the doer of
the action.
2. GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT – used as the
receiver of the action. This answers the
question what.
3. GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT –
modifies or identifies the main subject. This
comes after the linking verb.
4. GERUND AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION –
links the other words in the sentence. This
comes after the proposition.
3. PARTICIPLE is a verb used as an adjective.
A participle may make use of the past
participle of the verb or its present
participle (-ing form).
The one-word participle comes before the
noun it modifies.
Base
Past
Form Present Past
Form of
of the Participle Participle
the Verb
Verb
 read read reading read
speak spoke speaking spoken
drive drove driving driven
write wrote writing written
jump jumped jumping jumped