HANDOUTS

ELECTRICITY

Philippine Electrical Code

• Based on the NEC 2005

• Revised every 3 years

• Its purpose is to standardize materials quality and safety to avoid any hazards that may arise in
the application of electricity

- Part 1: Electrical installation inside buildings

- Part 2: Electrical installation outside buildings

2 Categories of PEC Rules

- Mandatory: SHALL

- Advisory: SHOULD

Objectives of the PEC

a. Safe Use of Electricity

b. Adequacy

Hazards in Working with Electricity and Electronics

• Electric shock and burns from live wire contact

• Fires from faulty wiring

• Overloading circuits

• Leaving electrical parts exposed

• Electrocution or burns from lack of PPE

• Explosions and fires from explosive and flammable substances.

• Contact with overhead power lines

• Electrical exposure to water

Safety Guidelines
• Take risk assessments

• Train safe workers

• Electrical safety management

Electricity Sources
 Biomass – generated from living or once living organisms.
 Geothermal – heat from the Earth’s core
 Hydroelectric – water in motion
 Ocean Energy – energy produced from ocean waves and ocean thermal
 Solar Energy – conversion of energy from sunlight
 Wind Energy – converts kinetic energy from wind into mechanical energy
 Nuclear Energy – produced by atomic fission

Circuits
 Open Circuit – a circuit with no return path
 Closed Circuit – a cicuit with a return path
 Series Circuit – one path for electricity to travel
 Parallel circuit – multiple paths fo electricity to travel

Diagrams
 Schematic Diagram – shows complete electrical connection using symbols
 Wiring Diagram – emphasizes interconnections of one component to another
 Pictorial Diagram – shows the actual visual appearance of a circuit
 Riser Diagram – shows electrical connections in a multilevel building

Ohm’s Law
- States the relationship of current, voltage, and resistance. Current is directly proportional to
voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
 Voltage – force of an electric current
 Current – flow of electricity
 Resistance – opposes the amount of current that flows
 

Wires
- The basic key difference between wires and cables is that a wire is a single conductor whereas a
cable is a group of conductors.

Wire Gauges
• Gauge of a wire refers to its thickness.
• Each gauge is represented by a number, with smaller numbers representing thicker wire
gauges and higher numbers signifying thinner wires.
• AWG (American Wire Gauge) is a standard method of measuring and identifying cable
thickness

Electrical Conduits
 RMC (Rigid Metal Conduit)- used outdoors and can provide structural support for wires
and cables
 IMC (Intermediate Metal Conduit)-slowly replacing RMC since it is lightweight and much
easier to work with.
 EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing)– can be bent using a conduit bender.
 ENT – (Electrical nonmetallic tubing)is flexible corrugated plastic tubing that is moisture-
resistant and flame-retardant. It is easy to bend and install. MOLDFLEX
 FMC (Flexible Metal Conduit)- fixed appliance,
 LFMC(Liquid Tight – Flexible Metal Conduit) - at the back of airconditioning units
 RPVC (Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride) suitable for direct burial in the ground for many
applications. It is also allowed in corrosive environments.

Switches
 SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) – basic on/off switch
 SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) – switch with 3 terminals
 DPST (Double Pole Single Throw) – two circuits are controlled at a time in a single push
 DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) – equivalent to two SPDT switches

ELECTRONICS
• development and applications of electronic devices and circuits

• Manipulates current in a way so that it can do a particular task.

 • Low current, low power, and use low DC voltage

• Diodes, semiconductors, and transistors

Tools
 Bread Board - used for prototyping or testing/building temporary circuits.
 Multimeter - used to measure electric current (amps), voltage (volts) and resistance (ohms).  
 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) - is a non-conductive material with conductive lines printed or
etched.
 Ferric Chloride - acidic chemical compound that will eat away all copper on the board that is not
protected
 Soldering Iron - for melting lead to be applied in a circuit board.
 Desoldering Pump - used to remove solder from a printed circuit board.
 Wire Stripper – for stripping solid or stranded wires.
 Long Nose Pliers - used to grab small components
 Pliers - used to bend wires and pull cables
 Side cutting pliers - used to cut excess wires, or excess terminals

Tool Maintenance
o Cleaning
o Lubricating
o Tightening
o Tool Repair
o Hand Sharpening

Electronic Components
 Resistor – a two terminal passive component
 Capacitors – stores and releases electricity in a circuit
 Transisors - for amplifying, controlling, and generating electrical signals.
 Diodes - It is a device that conducts current to flow in only one direction.

Practical Applications
Etching
1. Circuit drawing is manually applied to the copper board.
2. It is then submerged in ferric chloride to remove any excess copper.
3. Nowadays, PCBs are made through other means like laser printing.

Tinning
1. Begin by making sure the tip is attached to the iron and screwed tightly in place.
 2. Turn on your soldering iron and let it heat up. If you have a soldering station with an
adjustable temp control, set it to 400′ C/ 752′ F.
3. Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on a damp wet sponge to clean it. Wait a few seconds to
let the tip heat up again before proceeding to step 4.
4. Hold the soldering iron in one hand and solder in the other. Touch the solder to the tip of
the iron and make sure the solder flows evenly around the tip.

REFRIGIRATION AND AIRCONDITIONING

Common Parts of a Refrigerator

1. Compressor
The compressor is essentially an engine. Its job is to kickstart the entire cooling process. The
compressor pumps the vapor refrigerant (the cooling agent) through the fridge by increasing the
pressure and temperature of the coolant as it makes its way through the refrigeration cycle.
2. Condenser coils
The condenser coils, located on the back or bottom of your fridge, are the pipes where the vapor
refrigerant condenses into liquid form as the compressor continues to increase pressure. As the
condensation process occurs, the refrigerant releases heat that is then pushed out into the outside air.
This heat is the air that you’ll typically feel coming out from under your fridge.
3. Expansion Device
The expansion device causes a rapid pressure reduction in the refrigerant, transforming it back to a
vapor state. Located between the condenser and evaporator coils, its function is to control the release
of pressure as the change of state from liquid to vapor occurs.
4. Evaporator coils
The evaporator coils are where the actual cooling of the refrigerator occurs. As the refrigerant passes
through the coils, it absorbs any heat that is in the surrounding air, generally from the food
compartment side of the refrigerator. As the coils absorb the heat, they release the cool air felt when
opening the refrigerator door.

Types of Refrigerator
1. French Door - This type of refrigerator features a pantry-style layout. Two doors up top open to
reveal one refrigerator compartment and a freezer drawer slides out below.
2. Quad Door - They have a refrigerator on top with two doors that open from the center and the
same two-door setup on the bottom freezer.
3. Side by Side - refrigerators feature two doors that open from the center with a freezer on one side
and a refrigerator on the other.
4. Top Freezer - Sometimes called top-mount, this classic refrigerator style places the freezer above
the refrigerator compartment with one door for each that opens from the side.
Ideal Fridge Size and Type per Family Size

Family size and composition Ideal fridge capacity Type of Fridge

1 adult 40 to 100 liters Mini refrigerator

2 adults and 1 child 150 to 250 liters Single door refrigerator

2 adults and 2 children 250 to 350 liters Double door refrigerator

3 adults and 2 children 250 to 500 liters Double door or triple door

4 adults and 2 children 550 to 850 liters Side by side refigerator

Refrigerator Installation (New refrigerator)

Step 1: Choose a location without direct exposure to sunlight.A refrigerator functions efficiently at the
room temperature.
Step 2: Place the refrigerator near a location with level flooring.The location should be with enough
space for the refrigerator doors to open easily as shown in the diagram.
Step 3: Keep the  front of the appliance slightly higher than the rear, so that the door can be opened
and closed more easily.

Refrigerator Installation (w/existing refrigerator)

Step 1: Disconnect existing refrigerator
Step 2: Empty your existing refrigerator
Step 3: Measure
Step 4: Prepare to move your new fridge
Step 5: Position your new refrigerator and let sit
Step 6: Find the water line tubing 
Step 7: Connect water line tubing to the water supply valve
Step 8: Clear out the water line tubing
Step 9: Connect water line tubing

Refrigerator Maintenance
Empty Ice: Ice can absorb freezer odors and form solid blocks in the bottom of bins. To keep ice loose
and smelling sweet, empty ice bins monthly and start fresh; put an open box of odor-sucking baking
soda in the freezer.
Inspect door gasket: Clean grimy gaskets with soapy water and dry completely. If seals are loose, their
embedded magnets should be either replaced or re-magnetized.
Clean condenser coils: Every three months, vacuum the condenser coils and fan using a brush
attachment.
Replace water filter: To ensure clean water and ice, and to prevent clogs and leaks, replace the water
filter.
Clean the drain hole and drip pan that remove condensation: Clear away food and mineral deposits,
then scrub drain pan.

Parts of an Airconditioner
Compressor
The compressor section of the AC is very important because it helps to convert the gas to a liquid form
and assist in the cooling process. Compressors play an important role in the overall cooling system.
Compressor helps to circulate refrigerant continuously.
Condenser
Condenser is a type of heat exchanger. This part main function is to release the heat from the gas. In
the refrigerator, a condenser is used to eliminate the heat from inside the device. For a home aircon, it
also works the same way .
Evaporator
The evaporator is another important part which helps to the last part of the cooling process. The cold
liquid comes from the condenser where it turns into gas again. This is due to the low pressure in the
evaporator.
During this transition, the fan blows cold air over the hot air in the room, causing the air temperature
to drop. Fan assists air and coil contact.
Expansion Valve
The Expansion valve controls the amount of liquid refrigerant entering the evaporator.

Types of Airconditioner
1. Central Air conditioner: uses a split system that regulates air through ducts installed in your home.
It is also known as a ducted system.
2. Mini Split: type of an air conditioner is a combination of an outdoor unit comprising of a
compressor & a condenser that comes along with one or more indoor units. These indoor units are
mounted on a wall and equipped with air blowers.
3. Window air conditioner: A window air conditioner is a single unit with all of its components
enclosed inside. It ejects heat out of its outdoor side and blows cool air into the room on the indoor
side.
4. Portable Air conditioner: Portable ACs can be single- hose that takes in air from inside a room and
expel it outdoors. Or, dual-hose which pulls air from the outdoors using one hose, this air cools the
compressor and is then exhausted outdoors from the other hose.
5. Floor Mounted: The indoor unit of floor-mounted AC rests on the floor, and the outer unit can be
installed without major site preparation or any ductwork.

Airconditioner Specifications
 1. Cooling Capacity: Tonnage, BTU/hour, Watts
2. Power Consumption: product of operating voltage and current drawn
3. Voltage/Current/Phase/Frequency
4. Energy Effiiciency Ratio: The amount of cooling provided by the aircon per unit of energy
consumed
5. Coefficient of Performance
6. Dimension and weight
7. Noise Level (dBa)
8. Airflow rate
9. Refrigerant
10. Piping specification: Pipe diameter used for the AC model
11. Operating Temp. Range

Airconditioner Maintenance
Airconditoner Filters

• routinely replace or clean its filters

• dirty filters reduce the amount of airflow and significantly reduce a system's efficiency

• Some types of filters are reusable; others must be replaced.

• Clean or replace your air conditioning system's filter or filters every month or two

Airconditioner Coils

• check your evaporator coil every year and clean it as necessary.

• Outdoor condenser coils can also become very dirty if the outdoor environment is dusty or if
there is foliage nearby.

• Cleaning the area around the coil, removing any debris, and trimming foliage back at least 2 feet
(0.6 meters) allow for adequate airflow around the condenser.

Coil Fins

• a "fin comb" can be used to make these fins go back into nearly original condition.

PLUMBING
Plumbing Hazards
• Exposure to hazardous substances
• Exposure to biohazards including raw sewage when working on sewage pipes or septic tank
outlets, when laying new pipe in soil or flood clean-up.
• Working in awkward positions, or performing awkward manual tasks
• Working in confined spaces.
• Slips, trips and falls, especially when working in wet environments.

Safety Guidelines
• Hazards training
• Familiarize yourself with sewage and contaminations
• Wear proper PPE
• DO NOT eat in contaminated areas
• Avoid awkward positions. Take breaks

Tools
 Pipe Wrench – used to hold or turn pipes
 Pipe Cutter – used for cutting pipes into shorter pieces
 Pipe Threader – adds threads to pipes
 Vise Grip – used to temporarily hold objects
 Bench Vise – stationary holding tool
 Pipe Reamer – deburrs pipes before threading

Types of Pipe
 PVC Pipe – Polyvinyl Chloride. The most common pipe for plumbing system
 PVC U – pipe used for fittings
 PVC O – used as high pressure pipes
 CPVC – for hot and cold water.
 PVC HI – pipe that can withstand high impact from external forces
 PE Pipe – used for long span installation of water systems
 CI Pipe – a heavy metal pipe used for fixtures.
 GI Pipe – used for conveying raw water and distribution of treated water.

Plumbing Fixtures
 Water Closet – a toiled that disposes human waste using the force of water.
 Lavatory – washbasin in a bathroom
 Bathtub – a container for holding water in which a person can be submerged
 Showerhead – a fixture for directing a spray of water in a bathroom
 Grease Trap – something a kitchen wastewater flows through before entering the sewer system.
 Kitchen Sink – commonly utlized for dishwashing and washing hands.
 Urinal – a sanitary fixture for urination only
Valves
 Gate Valve – generally used to completely shut off fluid flow or provide full flow in a pipeline.
 Globe Valve – used for regulating water pressure.
 Check Valve – prevents backflow
 Angle Valve – controls water supply in lavatories, sinks, or tubs.
 Flush Valve – located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets.
 Float Valve – controls the water level of a water closet tank.

Leak Testing
 Turn off all water faucets in your home.
 Check the water mater and note the numbers. Come back in an hour and check again. If the
numbers have changed, there’s a leak somewhere.
 To determine if the water leak is in the house or outdoors (only for homes with meters located
at the street), turn off the shut-off valve on your home’s main water supply pipe.
 Check the water meter, write down the numbers, and wait another hour. When you check
again, if the numbers have not changed, the water leak is inside your home. If the numbers
have changed, the leak is in the buried water line that runs to the house.

Signs of Leak
o Stains on floors, ceiling, and walls
o Wet spots beneath leaks from the ceiling
o Visible mold outside of showers and tubs
o Cracks in your home’s foundation

Types of Sewage Disposal System

 Cesspool - Hole in ground w/ stones and bricks. Allow contaminated sewage to leach into
under surface of ground
 Privy - Concrete vault with wooden shelter for collecting raw sewage
 Septic Tank - Vault used to collect organic waste from house drain
 Public Sewer Line - Conveys raw sewage from buildings and houses to disposal system

Plumbing Code
• RA 1378 – National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
• Establish standards that will protect the health of the community. Faulty plumbing is a serious
health hazard.
• Cleanout be installed in the pipe system to facilitate troubleshooting in case of stoppage of flow
• Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack or stack vent
extended full size above the roof.
 • Not less than 3” or 75mm diameter, no less than 2 m above the roof if the roof is used other
than protection from the elements of weather
• The ideal position of horizontal pipe, were those installed at 2% slope. 2 cm per 1 meter length,
a 3 meters pipe will have inclination of 3x2=6 cm.
• Septic tank is ideal in a family with 6 members – 1.3 cu.m.
• Septic tank is ideal in a family with 9 members – 1.95 cu.m.
• Minimum distance of the tank to the nearest source of water, 100 meters
• Inside building the diameter of pipes – 0.75 inch

CARPENTRY
Carpentry Hazards
• Molds, fungi, and bacteria
• Chemicals that could result to allergic reactions or respiratory problems
• Faulty machinery
• Flammable materials
• Wood dusts
• Eye injury

Safety Guidelines
• Follow good housekeeping procedures
• Work safely with all equipment
• Utilize PPE

Tree Layers
 Bark – the outermost layer of woody plants
 Cambium Layer – a thin layer of generative tissue
 Sapwood – living, outermost portion of a woody stem
 Heartwood – inner part made of accumulated dead cells
 Pith – located in the center of the stem

Wood Preparation
 Loggging – onsite processing and cutting of trees
 Lumbering – processing wood into beams and planks
o Lumber
 Softwood – from coniferous trees
 Hardwood – from deciduous trees
o Yard Lumber
 Select Grade – lumber with good appearance that can take different finishes
  Common grade – suitable for rough carpentry
o Manufactured Wood
 Particleboard – made by bonding sawdust and shavings with resin.
 Fiberboard – made by reducing the wood into small chips.
 Wood veneer – a thin piece of natural wood shaved from a tree
 Plywood – produced by sandwiching multiple layers of wood veneer.

Wood Defects
 Knot-a defect in a piece of wood caused by the presence of a branch.

 Check-Checks are cracks across the growth rings

 Cup- A warp across the face of a piece of lumber from edge to edge
 Bow-A warp on the flat face of a piece of lumber from end to end
 Crook-A warp in a piece of lumber along the edge from end to end
 Twist- A compound warp across the face and along the edge of a piece of lumber

Wood Seasoning
Seasoning is the process of drying timber to remove the bound moisture contained in walls of the wood
cells to produce seasoned timber.

 Kiln Seasoning - accelerates the process of seasoning by using external energy to drive out
moisture. Uses an oven.
 Aid Drying - The traditional method of seasoning lumber was to stack it in the air and let
atmospheric heat and the natural air movement remove the moisture.
 Chemical Seasoning - The process involves soaking the green lumber (as soon as it is cut) in a
hygroscopic chemical for about a day.
 Solar Drying - is well suited to high-grade applications such as furniture. It is a slower and
gentler form of kiln drying.

Tools
 Clamps – holds your project in place
 Push pull rule – for measuring straight lines
 Carpenter square – for measuring/drawing straight lines. Can also be used to get perfect 90
degree angles.
 Caliper – used to measure diameters of cylindrical objects

Saws
  Coping Saw - cutting irregular curves
 Compass Saw - cutting curves (circular)
 Backsaw - cutting joints
 Keyhole Saw - cutting circles in door frames
 Crosscut Saw – used to cut across the grain
 Ripsaw – used to cut along the grain
 Jigsaw – electrical saw for cutting curves

Wood Joints
 Butt Joint - easiest/simple. Can be made by simply nailing 2 pieces of wood.
 Dovetail – angled
 Finger joint – square angle
 Dado Joint – slot w/ 3 sides. Commonly used for making shelves
 Mortise and Tenon – strongest joint
 Miter joint – used for framing
 Rabbet joint – used in cabinet corners

Finishing
 Enamel – moisture resistant
 Opaque – premium quality darker finish
 Stain – provides a more natural wood color
 Varnish – glossy finish

Board Foot Formula

(T” x W” x L’ ) / 12

T- Thickiness

W – Width

L -Length

MASONRY
Masonry Hazards
 Flying debris from cutting and sawing block which can fly into a person's eye
 Heat illness from working outdoors without adequate shade and water
  Slips, trips, and falls from walking surface trip hazards
 Back strains from improperly lifting of material and equipment
 Cuts and abrasions from hand and power tool use
 Falls from scaffolds when installing masonry products above the first level
 Struck by incidents from falling tools and equipment from scaffolds
 Falls from step ladders
 Struck by from mobile equipment on the construction site

Safety Guidelines
• Wear PPE
• Check if scaffolding is secure and stable
• Always be alert for falling objects

Masonry Terms
 Concrete - artificial stone as a result of mixing sand, cement, gravel and water.
 Cement - a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance.
 Mortar - mixture of cement, sand and water used for binding stones, bricks, etc.
 Plaster - mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and hardened to produce smooth surface.
 CHB - most widely used masonry material
 Bricks - manufactured from clay
 Aggregates - the material that is bound together into a conglomerated mass by cement and
water
 Ashlar - stone blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.
 Rubble Stone - irregular stones with good face for wall surface.

Tools (Roughing Up)

-tools used in the process of preparing, arranging, forming, laying and shaping of bricks, masonry blocks
and stones

 Plumb bob - used in guiding the vertical position in laying bricks

 Brick Hammer - used for dressing and cutting bricks, stone or concrete
 Water and Tube level - used to establish level marks.
 Crandall - used to hammer away irregularities.
 Bolster - used to cut bricks.
 Star Drill - for drilling holes on hard surface.

Tools (Surface Finishing)

 Float - used for smoothing and textured surface.
  Trowel - used for applying, spreading and shaping plaster or mortar to produce smooth finish.

Concrete Mixture
CLASS CEMENT SAND GRAVEL HAND
MIXING

AA 1 1.5 3 ½ kg
water +
A 1 2 4 1 kg
B 1 2.5 5 cement
+ 2 kg
sand +
C 1 3 6
2.5 to 3
kg
gravel

Class Purpose

AA Specialized Extra Strength

For beams, slabs, columns, all members

A
subjected to bending

For member not reinforced for bending

B
stress
 C For footing (not under water)

Types of Brick Bonding

 Stretcher Bond – longer part of the brick is exposed
 Header Bond – short part of the brick is exposed
 English Bond – alternating per layer
 Flemish Bond – alternating within each layer

Tiles
 Ceramic Tiles - a less expensive material used in tile setting.
 Glazed Tiles - with smooth shiny surface
 Unglazed tiles - usually not shiny and with porous surface
 Glass Tiles - made from thin pieces of glass with translucent glaze fired onto the back of each
tile.
 Vinyl Tile - easy to install, and easy to maintain.
 Quarry Tile - has a rough surface, so that it is perfect for flooring.

TECHNICAL DRAFTING
Terms
 Mechanical Drawing – uses the aid of other drawing instruments.
 Technical Drawing – a drawing that includes dimensions
 Orthographic – presents an object uwing 3 views.

Geometry
 Line – a set of points
o Straight line – shortest distance between two points
o Parallel line – lines that are close but will never meet
o Perpendicular line – lines that will meet at one point only.
 Angles
o Acute angle - less than 90°
o Obtuse angle - more than 90°
o Right angle - exactly 90°
  Triangles
o Equilateral Triangle – all three sides have the same length.
o Isosceles Triangle - two sides have the same length.
o Scalene Triangle - all three sides have different lengths
 Polygons
o Quadrilateral – 4 sides
o Pentagon – 5 sides
o Hexagon – 6 sides
o Heptagon – 7 sides
o Octagon – 8 sides
o Nonagon – 9 sides
o Decagon – 10 sides

Alphabet of Lines
Tools
 T square - Used in establishing a horizontal reference on the drafting board
 Square Ruler - a guide to the perpendicular longer section in making parallel lines
 Protractor - useful for measuring angles.
 Compass - used to draw circles and arches.
 French curve - Used as an alternative to a compass
 Drafting Pencils - Essential tool in sketching.
o HB – for lettering
o 2H for line work
o 4H for general purposes

Floor Plans
 Blueprints
 Building instructions
 One floor plan per individual floor
o Walls - The walls are the strongest visual elements in a floor plan. Walls are represented
by parallel lines and may be solid or filled with a pattern. Breaks in walls indicate doors,
windows and openings between rooms.
o Stairs - Stairs are drawn as a series of rectangles (usually with a direction arrow
indicating whether the stairs travel up to the next higher floor or down).
o Fixtures - Most floor plans show the location of sinks, toilets, and other critical fixtures.
Skilled designers focus intently on locating kitchen and bath fixtures because they know
that precise layout matters. The placement of a refrigerator in relation to the sink, oven
and range can determine if a kitchen is comfortable or awkward. Similarly, a toilet
placed too close to a vanity makes a bathroom difficult to use comfortably.

ICT
Hardwares
  Personal Computers - a multi-purpose microcomputer whose size, capabilities, and price make
it feasible for individual use.
 Printer - a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the
information to paper
 Keyboard - is for putting information including letters, words and numbers into your computer.
 Mouse - a small, movable device that lets you control a range of things on a computer.

Softwares
 Word Processing Packages - software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print
documents
 Database Packages - used to design a database in a computer.
 Spreadsheets - a tool that is used to store, manipulate and analyze data.
 Presentation Software - a software package used to display information in the form of a slide
show.

Storage Media
 Hard Drive
 CDs
 Diskettes
 Flash Drive
 ZIP

Ergonomics
1. Sit in an ideal posture
2. Sit close to the keyboard
3. Keep head elevated
4. Take small breaks
5. Avoid eye fatigue

Maintenance
 Managing space in the hard drive
 Reviewing programs
 Deleting unwanted files
 Back up
 Check for errors
 Anti-virus softwares
 Dust cleaning

Computer Testing Criteria

  Controls
 Effectiveness
 Efficiency
 Bug detection
 Functionality
 Interoperability
 Performance
 Reliability

Computer Testing Methods

 Automated - a process that validates if software is functioning appropriately and meeting
requirements before it is released into production.
 Debugging - the process of identifying and removing errors from computer hardware or
software.
 Inspection - peer review of any work product by trained individuals who look for defects using a
well defined process.
 Cross Platform Testing - verifies that a website or app functions as expected across different
online platforms – web and mobile.
 Prototyping - an experimental process where design teams implement ideas into tangible forms
from paper to digital.

TRAINER’S METHODOLOGY
Traditional Education vs CBT
Traditional Educational system: teacher-centered.
Competency Based Training system: learner-centered.
It focuses on the
- competency development of the learner,
- emphasizes on what the learner can do,
- concern with the attainment of the application of KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS and ATTITUDE
to a specific level of competency.

CBT Principles
 Learning is based on the Competency-based Curriculum
 Learning is done by the learner at own pace
 Learning is based on the actual industry practice
 Better learning with industry and school partnership
 Workers and Students can have prior skills recognized
 There is flexibility for entry and exit from programs
  Training programs are registered within UTPRAS
 (Unified TVET Program Registration and Accreditation System)

Training Regulations
serves as basis in the formulation of the competency assessment and development of the curriculum
and instructional materials.

Competency Standards
It gives the specification of the competencies required for effective work performance.

TM1 Core Competencies

 Plan Training Sessions
o Data Gathering Instrument
o Self Assessment checkilist
o Session Plan
 Facilitate Learning Sessions
o Training Methods
 Modular / Self-pace of learning
 Lecture or Active lecture
 Viewing of visual presentations, slides and videos
 Demonstration
 Group discussion
 Peer-teaching and mentoring
 OJT
o CBLM
o Feedbacking
o Progress Chart
o Achievement Chart
 Supervise Work-based learning
o Training Plan
 Conduct competency assessment
o Oral Examination
o Written Examination
o Skills Demonstration
 Maintain Training Facilities
 Utilize electronic media in facilitating training