Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

Review Questions
25.1 What does the word photometry mean?
Answer. Photometry is a branch of optical physics that is concerned with the measurement
of light.
25.2 What is luminous flux and what are its units of measure?
Answer. Luminous flux is the rate at which light energy is emitted in all directions from a
light source. It is measured in units of lumens.
25.3 What is the difference between illuminance and luminance?
Answer. Illuminance, also called illumination, is the amount of light shining on a surface,
measured in lux (lumen per square meter). Luminance is the amount of light reflected from
a surface, measured in candelas per square meter.
25.4 What does the term visibility mean?
Answer. Visibility refers to the relative possibility of being seen under prevailing lighting
conditions.
25.5 What is brightness contrast?
Answer. Brightness contrast is the relative luminance between an object and its
background.
25.6 What are the two basic types of lamps?
Answer. The two basic types of lamps are (1) incandescent lamps, which operate by
electrically heating a filament that produces radiant energy in the visible spectrum, and (2)
discharge lamps, which produce light by means of an electric discharge in a gas.
25.7 What does the term luminous efficacy mean?
Answer. Luminous efficacy refers to a lamp’s efficiency in converting electrical power
into luminous power. It is measured in lumens per watt.
25.8 In the auditory sense, what is noise?
Answer. Noise is unwanted sound.
25.9 What are some of the effects of noise on humans?
Answer. Possible effects of noise on humans include distraction, annoyance, anger, fright,
interference with conversation and thinking, temporary hearing loss, and permanent
hearing loss.
25.10 What are the two factors of primary concern in assessing the effects of noise on human
workers?
Answer. The two factors are (1) intensity of the noise and (2) duration of exposure to the
noise source.
25.11 What is noise-induced permanent threshold shift?

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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

Answer. Noise-induced permanent threshold shift is a hearing loss that is not reversible.
When NIPTS occurs, full hearing is never restored.
25.12 What is the difference between administrative controls and engineering controls in
avoiding hearing damage?
Answer. Administrative controls are directed at managing the exposure durations for
employees who work in noisy environments. Engineering controls are directed at reducing
the noise intensity levels in the work environment. This is accomplished by (1) reducing
the noise intensity at its source, (2) ear protection for the worker in the noisy environment,
and (3) reducing the noise along the path between the source and the receiver.
25.13 What are some of the ways of reducing the noise along the path between the source and the
receiver?
Answer. The approaches include (1) installing enclosures around the source, (2) installing
baffles between the source and the receiver, (3) use of vibration isolators between the
source and the floor, and (4) use of sound absorbing materials to reduce reverberation of
the noise.
25.14 What are the four primary variables that define climate?
Answer. The four variables are (1) air temperature, (2) humidity, (3) air movement, and
(4) radiation from surrounding objects.
25.15 What is heat stress?
Answer. Heat stress is when the body takes in and/or produces more heat than it gives off,
thus raising body temperature above normal.
25.16 What are some of the illnesses that can result from heat stress?
Answer. The four forms of illness mentioned in the text are (1) heat rash, in which areas
of the skin erupt into red or white bumps due to inflammation of the sweat glands; (2) heat
cramps, which are spasms of the muscles used in physical activity and associated with low
salt due to sweating; (3) heat exhaustion, which is also associated with low salt and whose
symptoms include weakness in the muscles, nausea, dizziness, and fainting; and (4)
heatstroke, which is a serious failure of the body’s thermal regulatory system characterized
by high fever, dry skin, collapse, and sometimes convulsions, coma, and death.
25.17 What is cold stress?
Answer. Cold stress is when the body gives off more heat than it takes in and/or produces,
thus lowering body temperatures below normal.
25.18 What are the two physiological responses to cold stress of the human body?
Answer. The two responses to cold stress are (1) vasoconstriction, which is a narrowing of
the blood vessels in the skin to keep warm blood away from the cold skin areas, and (2)
shivering, which is a rapid shaking of the muscles that increases metabolism to generate
body heat.
25.19 What are some of the administrative controls for reducing or relieving cold stress?

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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

Answer. The administrative controls include (1) worker training of procedures to be used
in cold working environments, (2) use of a buddy system, (3) limiting work exposure times
in the cold environment, (4) frequent breaks to warm hands, and (5) job rotation.
25.20 What is meant by the term layering in dressing for cold environments?
Answer. Layering means using multiple layers of clothing to achieve the proper level of
insulation against the cold, rather than wearing one or two thick layers.
Problems
Visual Environment and Lighting
25.1 An isotropic light source has an intensity of 100 candela. Located 5 m away is a wall that
has a reflectance of 0.75. Calculate (a) the total luminous flux emanating from the light
source, (b) the illuminance of the wall, and (c) the luminance emitted by the reflected light.
Solution: (a) F = 100(100 cd) = 1257 lm
(b) E = I/d2 = 100/52 = 4.0 lx
(c) L = ER/ = 4.0(0.75)/ = 0.955 cd/m2
25.2 An isotropic light source has an intensity of 250 candela. Located 3 m away is an object
whose surface has a reflectance of 0.35. Calculate (a) the total luminous flux emanating
from the light source, (b) the illuminance of the surface of the object, and (c) the luminance
emitted by the reflected light.
Solution: (a) F = 4(250 cd) = 3142 lm
(b) E = I/d2 = 250/32 = 250/9 = 27.78 lx
(c) L = ER/ = 27.78(0.35)/ = 3.095 cd/m2
25.3 A ceiling lamp (assume a point source of light) has a luminous intensity of 200 candelas and
its distance above an office desk is 1.5 m. It provides direct lighting of the desk surface,
which is medium gray and has a reflectance of 0.55. The worksheets being processed are
white (reflectance = 0.80) with black lettering (reflectance = 0.08). The average size of the
lettering is 2.5 mm, and the worker’s eyes are about 300 mm away from the worksheets.
Determine (a) the illuminance striking the desk surface, (b) the luminance of the desk
surface, (c) the contrast between the worksheets and the lettering, and (d) the visual angle
subtended by the lettering as seen by the worker.
Solution: (a) Illuminance E = 200/1.52 = 88.8 lx
(b) Luminance L = 88.9(0.55)/ = 15.6 cd/m2
(c) Brightness contrast BC = (0.80 – 0.08)/0.80 = 0.90 = 90%
(d) Visual angle v = 3438(2.5/300) = 28.7 arc min
25.4 A light source (assume a point source of light) with a luminous intensity of 160 candelas is
suspended 600 mm above an inspection worktable, thus providing direct lighting of the
worktable surface, which is light gray in color, with a reflectance of 75%. The workparts
being inspected are dark brown, with a reflectance of 12%; and circular in shape, with a
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

diameter of 25 mm. A machine vision camera is located 450 mm away from the workparts
during the inspection procedure. Determine (a) the illuminance striking the table surface, (b)
the luminance of the table surface, (c) the contrast between the workparts and the table
surface, and (d) the visual angle of the part as it is seen by the camera.
Solution: (a) Illuminance E = 160/0.62 = 444.4 lx
(b) Luminance L = 444.4(0.75)/ = 106.1 cd/m2
(c) Brightness contrast BC = (0.75 – 0.12)/0.75 = 0.84 = 84%
(d) Visual angle v = 3438(25/450) = 191 arc min
25.5 A workplace has a reflectance = 75%, and the work is performed by a man whose age = 60
years. The contrast between the objects in the workplace and the background is medium. The
task involves assembly work requiring good hand-eye coordination. Speed and accuracy
requirement are critical. What is the recommended illumination level for this task?
Solution: Work situation is judged to be category E, for which the recommended
illumination level = 750 lx.
Worker’s age = 60, weighting factor = +1
Speed and accuracy requirements are critical, weighting factor = +1
Reflectance = 75%, weighting factor = -1
Sum of weighting factors = +1. Use multiplier = 1.0.
Recommended illumination level = 750 lx (1.0) = 750 lx
25.6 A worker is filling out a report at a workbench illuminated by a 200-candela source located
750 mm overhead. The report form is white paper (85% reflectance), and the inspector is
writing with black ink (10% reflectance). Determine (a) the illumination on the form, (b)
luminance of the form, and (c) contrast in the writing task. (d) Assuming a worker of age 35
years and that speed and accuracy are important but not critical, is the illumination for this
task sufficient? If not, what illumination level is required?
Solution: (a) Illuminance E = 200/0.752 = 355.6 lx
(b) Luminance L = 355.6(0.85)/ = 96.2 cd/m2
(c) Brightness contrast BC = (0.85 – 0.10)/0.85 = 0.88 = 88%
(d) Work situation is judged to be category D, for which the recommended illumination
level = 350 lx.
Worker’s age = 35, weighting factor = -1
Speed and accuracy requirements are critical, weighting factor = 0
Reflectance = 85%, weighting factor = -1
Sum of weighting factors = -2. Use multiplier = 0.7.
Recommended illumination level = 350 lx (0.7) = 245 lx
25.7 An office room is currently illuminated by ten 75-watt incandescent lamps, each having a
luminous efficacy of 15 lumens/watt. A proposal has been submitted to replace the
incandescent lighting with a sufficient number of fluorescent lamps to provide the same light
flux in the room. The fluorescent lamps are 40-watt and have a luminous efficacy of 80
lumens/watt. (a) Determine the number of fluorescent lamps that would provide the same or
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

slightly greater illuminance as the incandescent lights. (b) Compare the daily electric power
costs of the two lighting systems if they operated 12 hours per day and electrical power cost
is 7 cents per kW-hr.
Solution: (a) Current illuminance E = 10(75)(15) = 11,250 lm
Proposed illuminance E = n(40)(80) = 3200 n lm, where n = number of lamps required
3200n = 11,250 n = 3.52 = 4 lamps
(b) Current cost = 10(75 w)(10-3)(12 hr)($0.07) = $0.63/day
Proposed cost = 4(40 w)(10-3)(12)(0.07) = $0.134/day
25.8 The inspection department in a factory is currently illuminated by eight overhead
incandescent lamps with reflectors. Each lamp is 100-watt and has a luminous efficacy of 16
lumens/watt. It is proposed that the incandescent lighting be replaced with three fluorescent
lamps rated at 40-watt. The luminous efficacy of each fluorescent lamp is 85 lumens/watt.
Compare (a) the illuminance levels and (b) annual electricity costs of the two alternatives,
given that they will operate three shifts (24 hr/day), 250 days per year, and power cost is 6.5
cents per kW-hr. (c) Each incandescent lamp has a lamp life of 1500 hr and costs $0.60.
Each fluorescent lamp has a lamp life of 15,000 hr and costs $6.00. Determine the annual
cost of lamps for the two alternatives.
Solution: (a) Current illuminance E = 8(100)(16) = 12,800 lm
Proposed illuminance E = 3(40)(85) = 10,200 lm
(b) Current cost = 8(100 w)(10-3)(24 hr)($0.065) = $1.248/day
For a year, AC = 250(1.248) = $312/yr
Proposed cost = 3(40 w)(10-3)(24)(0.065) = $0.187/day
For a year, AC = 250(0.187) = $47/yr
(c) Operating hours per year = 250(24) = 6000 hr
Current lighting system lamp life = 1500 hr/lamp
Annual cost of lamps AC = (6000/1500)(8 lamps)($0.60) = $19.20/yr
Proposed lighting system lamp life = 15,000 hr/lamp
Annual cost of lamps AC = (6000/15,000)(3 lamps)($6.00) = $7.20/yr
Auditory Environment and Noise
25.9 A worker is exposed to two noise sources, one at 86 dBA and the other at 90 dBA.
Determine (a) the total sound pressure level of the two sources and (b) the permissible
duration of exposure for this sound pressure level.
Solution: (a) SPLtot = 10 log10(108.6 + 109.0) = 10 log10(398,107,171 + 1,000,000,000)
SPLtot = 10 log10(1,398,107,171) = 91.46 dBA
(b) Tpde = 8/(20.2(91.46-90) = 8/20.292 = 8/1.224 = 6.53 hr
25.10 During an eight-hour shift, a worker is exposed to 85 dBA for four hours and 95 dBA for
four hours. Determine (a) the noise dose for these two exposures and (b) the time-weighted
average sound pressure level for the eight-hour day.
Solution: (a) For 85 dBA, Tpde = 16 hr and for 95 dBA, Tpde = 4 hr from Table 25.6.
ND = 100(4/16 + 4/4) = 100(0.25 + 1.0) = 125%
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

This exceeds the OSHA permitted limit of 100%.

(b) SPLtwa = 16.61 log10(125/100) + 90 = 16.61(0.09691) + 90 = 91.61 dBA
25.11 During a given work shift of 8 hours, a worker is exposed to two coexisting sources of noise
for five hours, one at 85 dBA and the other at 88 dBA. For the remaining three hours, he is
exposed to one noise source of 92 dBA. Determine whether this exposure level exceeds the
OSHA permissible noise exposures.
Solution: SPLtot = 10 log10(108.5 + 108.8) = 10 log10(316,227,766 + 630,957,346)
SPLtot = 10 log10(947,185,112) = 89.76 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(89.76-90) = 8/2-0.048 = 8/0.9673 = 8.27 hr
For 5 hr at 89.76 dBA plus 3 hr at 92 dBA,
ND = 100(5/8.27 + 3/6) = 100(0.6045 + 0.50) = 110.45%
This exceeds the OSHA permitted limit of 100%.
25.12 During a given work shift of 8 hours, a worker is exposed to two coexisting sources of noise
for three hours, one at 87 dBA and the other at 89 dBA. For the remaining five hours, he is
exposed to one noise source of 90 dBA. Determine whether this exposure level exceeds the
OSHA permissible noise exposures.
Solution: SPLtot = 10 log10(108.7 + 108.9) = 10 log10(501,187,234 + 794,328,237)
SPLtot = 10 log10(1,295,515,471) = 91.1 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(91.1-90) = 8/20.22 = 8/1.165 = 6.87 hr
For 3 hr at 91.1 dBA plus 5 hr at 90 dBA,
ND = 100(3/6.87 + 5/8) = 100(0.4367 + 0.625) = 106.2%
This exceeds the OSHA permitted limit of 100%.
25.13 During a given work shift of 8 hours, a worker is exposed to three coexisting sources of
noise for six hours, one at 80 dBA, another at 85 dBA, and the third at 90 dBA. For the
remaining two hours, he is exposed to one noise source of 95 dBA. Determine (a) the noise
dose of this exposure level, (b) the time weighted average sound level, and (c) whether this
exposure level exceeds the OSHA permissible noise exposures.
Solution: (a) SPLtot = 10 log10(108.0 + 108.5+ 109.0)
SPLtot = 10 log10(100,000,000 + 316,227,766 + 1,000,000,000)
SPLtot = 10 log10(1,416,227,766) = 91.5 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(91.5-90) = 8/20.30 = 8/1.231 = 6.5 hr
For 6 hr at 91.5 dBA plus 2 hr at 95 dBA,
ND = 100(6/6.5 + 2/4) = 100(0.923 + 0.500) = 142.3%
(b) SPLtwa = 16.61 log10(142.3/100) + 90 = 16.61(0.1533) + 90 = 92.55 dBA
(c) By either measure, this noise exposure exceeds the OSHA standard.
25.14 A worker is exposed to two coexisting sources of noise during the first four hours of an 8-
hour work shift, one at 86 dBA and the other at 88 dBA. During the other four hours, he is
exposed to one noise source of 92 dBA. Determine (a) the noise dose of these three sources
and (b) the time weighted average (TWA) sound level. (c) What are some steps that
management might take to reduce the noise exposure level of the worker? Name three.

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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

Solution: (a) SPLtot = 10 log10(108.6 + 108.8) = 10 log10(501,187,234 + 794,328,237)

SPLtot = 10 log10(1,295,515,471) = 91.12 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(91.12-90) = 8/20.224 = 8/1.168 = 6.85 hr
For 4 hr at 91.12 dBA plus 4 hr at 92 dBA,
ND = 100(4/6.85 + 4/6) = 100(0.584 + 0.667) = 125.1%
(b) SPLtwa = 16.61 log10(125.1/100) + 90 = 16.61(0.0973) + 90 = 91.61 dBA
(c) Steps to reduce the noise exposure level include (1) reduce the time of exposure, (2)
wear ear plugs, (3) enclose the noise source with sound proofing, and (4) use quieter
equipment.
25.15 A worker is currently exposed to two coexisting sources of noise during an 8-hour work
shift, one at 83 dBA and the other at 86 dBA. The noise results from two production
machines that are near the worker. Management wants to install a third production machine
that will expose the worker to an additional noise source of 92 dBA. Determine (a) the noise
dose of these three sources and (b) the time weighted average (TWA) sound level. (c)
Management realizes that the third noise source (from the third machine) must be reduced
to satisfy OSHA standards. Determine to what dBA level must the noise level of the third
machine be reduced in order to satisfy OSHA noise dose requirements? (d) What are some
steps that management might take to reduce the noise exposure level of the worker if the
third machine is installed? Name three.
Solution: (a) With the third machine, SPLtot = 10 log10(108.3 + 108.6+ 109.2)
SPLtot = 10 log10(199,526,232 + 398,107,171 + 1,584,893,192)
SPLtot = 10 log10(2,182,526,594) = 93.4 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(93.4-90) = 8/20.678 = 8/1.60 = 5.0 hr
ND = 100(8/5) = 100(1.60) = 160%
(b) SPLtwa = 16.61 log10(160/100) + 90 = 16.61(0.2041) + 90 = 93.4 dBA
(c) To be acceptable to OSHA, the third machine must have a reduced noise level. Let x =
the acceptable noise level of the third machine.
SPLtot = 10 log10(108.3 + 108.6+ 10x/10) = 90
SPLtot = 10 log10(199,526,232 + 398,107,171 + 10x/10) = 90
SPLtot = 10 log10(597,633,402 + 10x/10) = 90
597,633,402 + 10x/10 = 1090/10 = 109 = 1,000,000,000
10x/10 = 1,000,000,000 - 597,633,402 = 402,366,598
x/10 = log10(402,366,598) = 8.605
x = 86.05 dBA
(d) Steps to reduce the noise exposure level include (1) reduce the time of exposure to 5.0
hours, (2) wear ear plugs, (3) enclose the noise source with sound proofing to isolate the
noise, (4) install sound absorbing walls in the facility, and (5) use a quieter machine.
25.16 A worker is currently exposed to two coexisting sources of noise during an 8-hour work
shift, one at 85 dBA and the other at 87 dBA. The noise results from two turbines located
near the worker. A proposal has been made to install a third turbine that will expose the
worker to an additional noise source of 91 dBA, but only for two hours of the 8-hour shift.
(a) Determine the noise dose of these three noise sources. (b) The noise level from the third
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

turbine must be reduced to satisfy OSHA standards. To what dBA level must the noise
level of the third turbine be reduced in order to satisfy OSHA noise dose requirements?
Solution: (a) With the third turbine for 2 hr, SPLtot = 10 log10(108.5 + 108.7+ 109.1)
SPLtot = 10 log10(316,227,766 + 501,187,234 + 1,258,925,412)
SPLtot = 10 log10(2,076,340,412) = 93.17 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(93.17-90) = 8/20.634 = 8/1.5525 = 5.153 hr
With only two turbines for 6 hr,
SPLtot = 10 log10(108.5 + 108.7) = 10 log10(316,227,766 + 501,187,234)
SPLtot = 10 log10(817,415,000) = 89.12 dBA
Tpde = 8/(20.2(89.12-90) = 8/2-0.176 = 8/0.8852 = 9.038 hr
For 2 hr at 93.17 dBA plus 6 hr at 89.12 dBA,
ND = 100(2/5.153 + 6/9.038) = 100(0.388 + 0.664) = 105.2%
This exceeds the OSHA permitted limit of 100%.
(b) To satisfy OSHA, ND must be 100% or less.
ND = 100(2/Tpde + 6/9.038) = 100
2/Tpde + 0.664 = 1.0
2/Tpde = 1.0 – 0.664 = 0.336
Tpde = 2/0.336 = 5.9524 hr
Next we find the value of SPLtot for which Tpde = 5.9524 hr. Let L = SPLtot in the following
steps:
5.9524 = 8/20.2(L-90)
20.2(L-90) = 8/5.9524 = 1.344
0.2(L – 90) ln 2 = ln 1.344
0.69315(0.2)(L – 90) = 0.29565
L – 90 = 0.29565/0.13863 = 2.132
L = SPLtot = 90 + 2.132 = 92.132 dBA for 2 hr
Now we determine the noise level SPL of the third turbine that will satisfy the 92.132 dBA
limit during the 2 hr. Let L = SPL of the third turbine in the following calculations.
SPLtot = 92.132 = 10 log10(108.5 + 108.7+ 10L/10)
SPLtot = 10 log10(316,227,766 + 501,187,234 + 10L/10)
SPLtot = 10 log10(817,415,000+ 10L/10) = 92.132 dBA
log10(817,415,000+ 10L/10) = 9.2132
817,415,000+ 10L/10 = 109.2132 = 1,633,917,032
10L/10 =1,633,917,032 - 817,415,000 = 816,502,032
L/10 = log10(816,502,032) = 8.912
L = 89.12 dBA for the third turbine
Climate
25.17 Determine the equivalent windchill temperature in F if the actual air temperature is 35F
and the wind is blowing at 15 miles per hour.
Solution: EWT = 35.74 + 0.6215(35) – 35.75(15)0.16 + 0.4275(35)(15)0.16
EWT = 35.74 +21.75 – 55.14 + 23.08 = 25.4 F
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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
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© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual: Ch25-Physical Environment-s

25.18 In Fairbanks, Alaska, on a cold day in January, the actual air temperature is minus 30F,
the wind velocity is 25 miles/hr, and it is dark outside. Determine the equivalent windchill
temperature in F.
Solution: EWT = 35.74 + 0.6215(-30) – 35.75(25)0.16 + 0.4275(-30)(25)0.16
EWT = 35.74 – 18.65 – 59.83 - 21.46 = -64.2 F
25.19 Compute the equivalent windchill temperature in C for a location in the Austrian Alps
where the actual air temperature is minus 5 C and the wind is blowing at 25 km/h.
Solution: We must convert temperature in C to F and wind speed in km/hr to miles/hr
for use in the EWT equation,
Ta = -5C = 1.8(-5) + 32 = 23F, and v = 25/1.60934 = 15.5 mi/hr
EWT = 35.74 + 0.621523) – 35.75(15.5)0.16 + 0.427523)(15.5)0.16
EWT = 35.74 + 14.29 – 55.43 - 15.24 = 9.8 F
Converting this to C, we have (9.8 – 32)/1.8 = -12.3C.

9
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover. ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.