Observation Task https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=AAVMsE_RjPI
Task: Please make notes on the above questions and highlight key techniques you would like to
try.

Allan Here are some benefits and challenges of 'live listening':

Benefits:
1. Adaptability: The teacher can adjust the difficulty, speed, and content of
the listening in real time based on students' reactions and
understanding.

2. Relevance: The teacher can use live listening to create a dialogue or

situation that is directly relevant to the students' lives or to the topic of
the lesson.

3. Interaction: Live listening can be more interactive than listening to a

recording. Students can ask for clarification or repetition, and the
teacher can check understanding and give feedback immediately.

4. Authenticity: It can offer students practice in understanding real spoken

English, with all its hesitations, interruptions, fillers, and non-standard
grammar.

Challenges:
1. Lack of Variety: If overused, live listening could limit students' exposure
to a variety of accents, speech rates, and styles of speaking.
2. Difficulty: It may be difficult for the teacher to simulate certain listening
situations or to speak at a natural speed while also making the listening
comprehensible for the learners.
3. Preparation: The teacher needs to prepare the listening tasks and also
think about what they are going to say, how they are going to say it, and
how they will handle student responses.
Barbara Advantages of Interactive Whiteboards:
1. Engagement: Interactive whiteboards can make lessons more engaging,
especially for younger learners who enjoy using technology. They allow
students to interact directly with the material, enhancing their learning
experience.
2. Multimedia Learning: They enable the use of multimedia content, such
as images, videos, and interactive games, which can aid in understanding
complex concepts and enhance learning.
3. Collaboration: Interactive whiteboards can facilitate collaborative
learning. Students can work together on the board, promoting discussion
and cooperation.
4. Easy Access to Resources: Teachers can easily pull in resources from the
internet, such as educational websites or videos, to supplement their
lessons.
5. Preservation of Work: The work done on the board can be saved and
shared with students for future reference, which is not possible with
traditional whiteboards or blackboards.

Disadvantages of Interactive Whiteboards:

1. Technical Difficulties: Like any technology, interactive whiteboards can
have technical issues. This can disrupt the flow of a lesson if the board
stops working or if the teacher or students don't know how to use it
effectively.
2. Cost: Interactive whiteboards can be expensive to purchase and
maintain. Not all schools or classrooms may have the resources to afford
them.
3. Limited Student Interaction: While one student is interacting with the
board, the rest of the class might become passive observers rather than
active participants in the lesson.
4. Training: Teachers need training to use interactive whiteboards
effectively. Without adequate training, they might not be able to take
full advantage of the board's features.
5. Dependency: There can be an over-reliance on technology. It's
important to remember that interactive whiteboards are just one tool
and should be used in conjunction with a variety of teaching strategies.
Bill Importance of Giving Clear Instructions:
Giving clear instructions is essential in any teaching context. If instructions are
not clear, students may become confused, frustrated, or disengaged, which can
hinder their learning. Clear instructions ensure that students understand what is
expected of them, which can increase their confidence and engagement in the
learning process.
Best Ways to Give Clear Instructions:
1. Be Concise: Keep your instructions as simple and concise as possible.
Avoid unnecessary jargon or complex language.
2. Use Visual Aids: Visual aids can be helpful in clarifying instructions. This
could be gestures, diagrams, or written instructions on the board.
3. Check Understanding: After giving instructions, check that students
understand them. You could ask them to repeat the instructions back to
you, or ask ICQs to ensure comprehension.
4. Model the Task: For complex tasks, consider demonstrating what you
want the students to do.
5. Sequence the Instructions: If the task has multiple steps, break the
instructions down and deliver them in the correct sequence.

Importance of Teaching Pronunciation:

Teaching pronunciation is crucial in language learning. It aids comprehension
and helps students to be understood when they speak. Poor pronunciation can
lead to misunderstandings, even when grammar and vocabulary are correct.
Moreover, focusing on pronunciation can also help students to develop listening
skills as they become more aware of different sounds and speech patterns.

What Should Teachers Concentrate on When Teaching Pronunciation:

1. Individual Sounds: Help students to recognize and produce individual
sounds (phonemes) that may not exist in their first language.
2. Stress and Intonation: These are crucial for conveying meaning in
English. Teachers should focus not only on the stress within individual
words but also on sentence-level stress and intonation.
3. Connected Speech: English is characterized by a number of phenomena
such as linking, elision, and assimilation that can make spoken English
sound very different from written English. Teachers should help students
to understand and produce natural sounding speech by focusing on
these features.
4. Sound and Spelling Relationships: English spelling can be confusing as it
often does not correspond to pronunciation. Helping students to
understand common sound-spelling relationships can improve their
pronunciation.
5. Pronunciation Variations: Teachers should expose students to a variety
of accents, as English is spoken differently in different parts of the world.

That intelligibility is more important than perfection. The goal is not to

completely eliminate a student's accent, but to help them communicate
effectively in English.
Elli Why Teaching Beginners is Different:
1. Language Proficiency: Beginners have limited vocabulary and grammar,
making it more challenging to communicate complex ideas. Teachers
must simplify their language and use visual aids and gestures to support
understanding.
2. Learning Pace: Beginners usually require more time to understand and
practice new language items. The pace of lessons needs to be adjusted
accordingly.
3. Confidence: Beginners may lack confidence in using English, which can
affect their participation and willingness to take risks in the classroom.
4. Language Dependency: Beginners may rely heavily on their first
language for understanding and communication. Gradually, they need to
be guided towards thinking and expressing themselves in English.

How Teachers Should Speak to Beginners:

1. Simplify Language: Use simple, clear, and concise sentences. Avoid
idioms, slang, and complex grammatical structures.
2. Speak Slowly and Clearly: Speaking at a slower pace allows beginners
more time to process the language. Be sure to articulate words clearly.
3. Use Visuals and Realia: Supporting your language with visuals, real
objects, or gestures can help convey meaning.
4. Repeat and Recycle Language: Repeating new language items and
recycling them throughout the lesson can aid comprehension and
retention.
5. Check Understanding Regularly: Regularly check learners' understanding
by asking them to demonstrate or explain what they've understood in
their own words.
6. Encourage Communication: Even if their language is not perfect,
encourage beginners to communicate their ideas in English. Promote a
supportive and positive classroom environment where making mistakes
is seen as a natural part of the learning process.
Kit Advantages and Disadvantages of Having a Clear Shape for a Lesson:

Advantages:
1. Structured Learning: A clear lesson shape provides a structured and
organized learning experience, making it easier for students to follow
and understand the lesson.
2. Goal-Oriented: With a clear lesson structure, both teacher and students
are aware of the learning objectives, making the lesson more goal-
oriented.
3. Time Management: A well-structured lesson plan can help in managing
time efficiently, ensuring that all planned activities are covered.
Disadvantages:
1. Lack of Flexibility: A rigid lesson structure might not leave room for
spontaneous teaching moments or addressing unexpected questions or
difficulties.
2. Less Student-Centered: A strictly structured lesson may not allow for
adjustments based on the students' needs, interests, or pace of learning.
3. Inhibition of Creativity: Both teachers and students may feel confined
and less able to explore creative or alternative approaches to learning.

Place of Coursebooks in Language Teaching:

Coursebooks serve as a valuable resource in language teaching. They provide a
structured and sequenced approach to language learning, covering various skills
like reading, writing, listening, and speaking. They often include grammar
exercises, vocabulary lists, dialogues, and other practice activities. They also
save teachers time in lesson planning.
However, coursebooks should not be the only resource used in language
teaching. They should be supplemented with other materials and activities to
cater to students' different learning styles, interests, and needs. Additionally,
teachers should adapt and modify coursebook content as necessary to make it
relevant and engaging for their students.
Laura Advantages and Disadvantages of Role-Play:
Advantages:
1. Practical Language Use: Role-play allows students to use language in a
practical and realistic context, aiding comprehension and retention.
2. Enhances Communication Skills: It helps in developing communication
skills as it requires students to express their thoughts and negotiate
meaning.
3. Builds Confidence: Role-play can build confidence as students practice
language skills in a safe, controlled environment.
4. Engagement: It can make learning more engaging and enjoyable,
increasing student motivation.
Disadvantages:
1. Preparation Time: Role-plays often require significant preparation time,
both for teachers to set up and for students to get into their roles.
2. Uneven Participation: Some students may dominate the role-play, while
shyer students may not participate as much.
3. Authenticity: While role-play attempts to simulate real-life situations, it
can sometimes feel artificial and may not fully reflect the complexities of
real-world communication.

Correcting During a Fluency Activity:

In general, teachers should avoid interrupting students to correct mistakes
during a fluency activity. The main aim of such activities is to develop students'
ability to express their ideas fluently, not to produce perfectly accurate
language. Constant corrections can disrupt the flow of communication and
make students overly self-conscious about their language use.
However, teachers might note down significant or recurrent errors and address
them after the activity, either with the whole class or individually. It's also
important to provide positive feedback on what students did well, not just focus
on errors.
Rolf Teaching grammar overtly and deductively are two different approaches to
teaching grammar:
1. Overt Grammar Teaching: This approach makes the grammar rules
explicit to students. The teacher explains the rules and gives examples.
Then students practice using the rules through various exercises. This is
also known as "explicit grammar teaching."
2. Deductive Grammar Teaching: This approach encourages students to
work out the rules for themselves. The teacher provides examples that
illustrate a particular grammar point, and students deduce the rules from
these examples. This is also known as "inductive grammar teaching."

Overt Grammar Teaching (Pros and Cons):

Pros:
 It can provide a clear understanding of grammar rules which can help
students avoid mistakes.
 It is straightforward and efficient, especially for more complex grammar
rules.
Cons:
 It can be less engaging as it often relies on teacher-led explanations and
rote learning.
 It might not promote long-term understanding and application as it
doesn't encourage students to figure out rules for themselves.

Deductive Grammar Teaching (Pros and Cons):

Pros:
 It encourages active learning and critical thinking as students need to
work out the rules for themselves.
 It can be more engaging and meaningful for students as they discover
the grammar rules through context and usage.
Cons:
 It can be time-consuming, especially for complex grammar points.
 It may lead to misunderstandings or misconceptions if students deduce
the rules incorrectly.

Dictogloss Procedure for Grammar Learning:

Dictogloss is a language teaching technique used for teaching grammar,
listening, note-taking, and collaborative work. In a dictogloss procedure, the
teacher reads a short, grammar-rich text, and the students jot down notes.
Then, they work in pairs or groups to reconstruct the text using their notes.
This method can be highly useful for grammar learning because:
 It provides context for the grammar point, making it more meaningful.
 It encourages students to notice and think about grammar as they try to
reconstruct the text.
 It promotes collaborative learning as students work together to
reconstruct the text.
 It provides a balance between accuracy (paying attention to the correct
grammar forms) and fluency (conveying the overall meaning of the text).
Silvana Native-Speaker vs Non-Native-Speaker Teachers:
There's a common belief that native speakers make better English teachers
because of their inherent knowledge of the language. They have a natural grasp
of idiomatic expressions, pronunciation, culture, and colloquial language use.
However, non-native English teachers often have a deep understanding of the
challenges of learning English as a second language, as they have experienced it
themselves. They might have a better grasp of grammar rules and can anticipate
common mistakes and difficulties. They can also serve as role models for their
students, showing them that it's possible to become highly proficient in English
even if it's not your first language.
In reality, the effectiveness of an English teacher does not solely depend on their
native or non-native status. Factors like teaching skills, understanding of
pedagogy, ability to create a supportive and engaging learning environment, and
knowledge of the language (not necessarily from the perspective of a native
speaker) are more important indicators of a good teacher. It's the teacher's
ability to facilitate learning and inspire their students that truly matters.

Teacher-Centeredness of Interactive Whiteboard Presentation Techniques:

Interactive whiteboards can be used in both teacher-centered and student-
centered ways. It depends on how the teacher chooses to use this tool.
In a teacher-centered approach, the teacher might use the interactive
whiteboard primarily for presenting information, explaining concepts, or
demonstrating tasks. The teacher controls the content and pace of the lesson,
and students are largely passive recipients of information.
However, interactive whiteboards also have features that can support student-
centered learning. For example, students can interact with the content on the
board, use digital tools to create their own presentations, collaborate on shared
tasks, or participate in interactive games or quizzes.
Tony Importance of Learning Metaphorical Use of Language:
1. Understanding Nuance: Metaphorical language is pervasive in English,
used not only in literature and poetry but also in everyday conversation.
Understanding metaphorical language can help students grasp nuances
and subtleties of meaning that they might miss otherwise.
2. Cultural Literacy: Many metaphors are culturally specific, so
understanding them can give students insights into the culture of
English-speaking countries.
3. Expressive Ability: Learning to use metaphorical language can enhance
students' ability to express themselves in English, making their language
use more nuanced and sophisticated.
4. Reading Comprehension: Many written texts, from novels to newspaper
articles, use metaphorical language. Understanding these metaphors can
improve students' reading comprehension.

Importance of Good Teacher-Student and Student-Student Rapport:

1. Engagement and Motivation: A positive relationship between teachers
and students, as well as among students, can increase engagement and
motivation in the classroom. Students who feel valued and respected are
more likely to participate actively and take risks in their learning.
2. Psychological Safety: Good rapport can create a safe learning
environment where students feel comfortable making mistakes, which
are a natural part of the learning process.
3. Collaborative Learning: Strong student-student rapport can enhance
collaborative learning activities, such as group projects or discussions.
Students can learn a lot from each other, but this requires a certain level
of trust and respect.
4. Individual Support: A good relationship with students can enable a
teacher to understand their individual needs and challenges better and
provide more personalized support.
5. Classroom Management: Good rapport can also make classroom
management easier, as students are more likely to respect rules and
procedures if they feel respected and valued by the teacher.