RESEARCH PROPOSAL

USING INSTAGRAMRAM TO IMPROVE STUDENT’S WRITING

ABILITY ON DESCRIPTION TEXT

(PENGGUNAAN INSTAGRAM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN

MENULIS SISWA PADA TEKS DESKRIPSI)

Andi Fauziah

200502502013

ENGLISH EDUCATION

ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

2022/2023

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 3
A. Background ............................................................................................... 3
B. Problem Statement .................................................................................... 6
C. Objective of the Study ............................................................................... 6
D. Significance of research ............................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II ..................................................................................................... 8
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................... 8
A. Previous Related Research Findings .......................................................... 8
B. Some Pertinent Ideas ................................................................................. 9
1. The Concept of Writing ......................................................................... 9
2. The Concept of Descriptive Text.......................................................... 14
3. The Concept of Social Media ............................................................... 16
4. The Concept of Instagram .................................................................... 17
5. The Use of Social Media Instagram Related to Writing Skill ................ 18
C. Conceptual Framework ........................................................................... 19
D. Research Hypotesis ................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER III .................................................................................................. 22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 22
A. Research Method .................................................................................... 22
B. Site and Place .......................................................................................... 22
C. Population and Sample ............................................................................ 22
D. Research Variable ................................................................................... 23
E. Procedure Collecting Data ....................................................................... 24
F. Technique of collecting ........................................................................... 26
G. Research Instrument ................................................................................ 27
H. Technique of Data Analysis .................................................................... 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

At this time, we live in an age of globalization or it could be call the age

of modernization. Modernization itself in the social science transition in a form

that changes from a situation that is not advance or less develop to a better

direction in the hope that society will get better.

In the era of modernization like now, humans are very dependent on

technology. This makes technology a basic need for every community. From

parents until young people especially students. Lately, many students have open

social media to find information and learning resources. In the world of education

today the teaching and learning process does not only focus on delivering

information collect by classroom walls, but in accordance with the times that

social media requires educational processes,done in another virtual room. Formal

use of social media can be interpret as a combination of learning in analog or

online.

The students need to be personally involve to make the learning process

has lasting value, interesting and fun to make the learning process be fun and

interesting, it should be support by good and interesting teaching style and media

used in the learning process.

Furthermore,in this new era of technology, Social Network Sites has

become a fashionable tool in teaching and learning for example, Students are

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interacting in such social media with or without their teachers consent or

knowledge through study groups. Discussions between friends are carried out

heavily among adolescents and resources are share through online social

networks. These networking sites are also a means for student’s opportunity for

shy students to Interact more with each other. However, Instagram is currently

one of the most popular SNS in the world with over 300 million active users

On other hand the teachers should prepare a good learning models and

learning technique it make the students will be curious and interest to study

English, especially in writing skills. Writing is also a productive skill to which

careful attention must be paid, and teaching such skills really needs special

training in order to make the learning process effective (Saifuddin, 2016) .

Writing has several forms, one of them is “descriptive text” which

focuses on describing people, place, things, emotion and feelings. (Saifuddin,

2016) state that in descriptive writing, we can capture and keep our memories for

many years because they are our link to the past. They can remind us of events

and people from our life that have help shape who we are today. Describing such

things helps students to apply imaginations to their real lives and what has already

passed in them. Similarly the other researchers say that, in writing the students

will know how to write good content into a text about the object that they want to

describe and how to organize the ideas which is supported with relevant

supporting sentences and this skill, the students can improve their grammar such

as how to use correct tenses, adjectives, article and nonphrase (Efrianti, 2015).

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 In writing skill, surely there are troubles in writing descriptive text. The

difficulties when the students writing descriptive text that are the lack of

motivation, According to (Korompot & Atmowardoyo, 2023) motivation is an

internal force that arouses a person todo something to achieve the desired goal. the

frequency practice is not enough and learning method is not correct. In addition

the difficulties in writing descriptive text come from the generic structure and also

the language features. Teacher should know that the most important factor in

writing is student’s involvement. The students need to be personally involved to

make the learning process has lasting value, interesting and fun to make the

learning process be fun and interesting, it should be supported by good and

interesting teaching style and media used in the learning process. They are

extremely post everything, every moment that are interesting according to them in

their Instagram.

Therefore, Instagram seems to provide an ideal environment for students

to produce descriptive writing. In this research, the researcher will focus on the

use of Instagram as one of the media to promote the students‟ writing ability

especially in writing descriptive text. In teaching descriptive text, Instagram is

consider as an appropriate media, because by using Instagram it is suppos that

students will more enthusiast and moremotivate in writing about descriptive text.

Moreover, the teacher has to be creative in developing and using the Instagram

itself. The teacher can minimize student’s difficulty by leading them to write

descriptive text using Instagram. Therefore, students would feel that it is

something new in learning English. And this statement is supported by opinion

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(Muliati & Tahir, 2023) “to learn English, one must have an interest when a

student attempts to learn English, they have an interest in it. Students who put in

the effort will learn new information and improve their English, and their interest

will continue to grow”.

Based on the previous description, the writer applied the tittle Using

Instagram To Improve Student’s Writing Ability On Description Text

B. Problem Statement

Through the explanation of the background above, in this study the

researcher was able to draw conclusions related to the formulation of the problem

in this study, while the formulation of the problem in this study was the use of

Instagram to improve students' descriptive text writing skills?

C. Objective of the Study

In accordance with the explanation of the problem formulation above, this

study aims to find out more about how students master English Vocabulary in

Critical Speaking Courses. Based on the formulation of the problem, this study

aims to determine whether the use of Instagram can improve students' writing

skills in descriptive text.

D. Significance of research

The results of the study were expected to be able to give the following benefits

for:

1. For student

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 1. To make a contribution for students to realize their writing level of

descriptive text through instagram.

2. For the teacher

1. To contribute to the discourse of learning by using Social Network

Sites to English teaching programs, especially in investigating the

students' writing ability.

2. To provide deeper information and knowledge about the use

Instagram as one of the social media that aims to engage students'

interest in writing course.

3. To create a classroom atmosphere that is more effective to use the

good and interesting media. Additionally it can determine the level

of student writing with honest student responses, teachers can

analyze it to make assessment records.

3. For Researchers

Hopefully this research will be useful as an input for other

researchers to conduct further research dealing with writing skill using

a different instructional learning tool.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Previous Related Research Findings

“Instagram Use to Enhance Ability In Writing Descriptive Texts”.

Instagram is an effective and suitable strategy to use in an English as a Foreign

Language learning setting, particularly in learning writing descriptive texts. The

attained outcomes of this research illustrate that after being taught using

Instagram, the experimental students who got the treatment of Instagram media

outperformed those from the control class who were treated without Instagram

use(Sofiyah & Etikaningsih, 2018).

“Improving Students’ Writing Skill Through Facebook”at the University

of Iqra Buru which found that learning writing through Facebook can improve the

students writing skill (Tahir & Aminah, 2014) in his study on the use of voice

chat in teaching speaking found the improvement of students’ speaking skill and

suggested for the further teachers and writers to be more attention to the internet

connection and the students‟ boredom or saturation when conducting English

learning through Voice chat and Yahoo Messenger.

(Listiani, 2016) conducted a study about “The Effectiveness of instagram

writing compared to teacher centered writing to teach recount text to students with

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hight and low motivation at the eight grade students kesatrian 1 Semarang. Based

on these findings, the researcher found that there was an obvious effect of using

Instagram on improving the students’ progress in writing recount text rather than

using teacher centered writing. The researcher concluded from the sharp

improvement of students’ ability which was explained by the scoring system of

rubric brown and bailey.

(Khusnita, 2013) in this journal “The use of facebook to improve student’s

skill and increase their motivation in writing recount text”. He found the teaching

learning process by using facebook is more effective. It means that teaching

learning by using Facebook can improve students skill and increase their

motivation in writing recount text.

“The use of web quest as a media to improve student’s skill in writing

descriptive text”. Her findings show that the implementation of web quest as a

media in the teaching and learning process of writing skill had improved (Suraya,

2011).

B. Some Pertinent Ideas

In this section, the author describes several points, namely the concept of

writing, the concept of descriptive text, the concept of social media, the concept of

Instagram which is related to the problems of this research in order to provide

relevant knowledge in the field.

1. The Concept of Writing

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 a. Definition of Writing

According to (Harmer, 2004) writing is a process and the influence of

genre forces. It is a form of thinking, but it is thinking for a particular audience

and a particular occasion. It is different from Yakkop, (2006: 34) defines that

writing is a communicative activity and so is carried out in accordance with

certain general principles in which underline the use of language in

communication.

Writing is a language skill. It used to communicate indirectly, not face to

face with another person, but through the writing media. Writing does not require

appropriate selecting topic, but mostly to be determined who supposed to read it,

and particularly for the article and its objectives (Syatriana, 2018). Through

writing we can convey the contents of thoughts and feelings, both imaginary or

real condition. In this case, we can write something based on our experience;

funny, weird, thrilling, embarrassing or the experience of painful.

Brown in (Saifuddin, 2016), state that writing is a way of life. It is also the

development of ideas, argument, logic cause and effect. Without some abilities to

express yourself in writing, a student’s cannot pass the course. Writing is also a

developmental process, they try to avoid imposing their views, offering models, or

suggesting responses to topics before hand. Isriana in (Dahnianti, 2018) say that

writing is one of the ways to give an idea or message which is form in writing on

a piece of paper or the other area.

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 It is an act of making marks on certain surface. Specifically, writing is one

kind of expression in language which is created by particular set of symbol,

having conventional values for representing the wordings of particular language

which is drawn up visually.

Process of writing is very important in teaching writing. The teacher will

know the process of students in writing based on some steps. There are some

process of writing according to experts. Teaching writing is a process that the

teacher does in classroom activity. Here, the teacher role is very important,

because the teacher will guide the students to write about something correctly in

learning process (Asrial, 2014).

In writing, the students will know how to write a good content into the

ides which is supported with relevant supporting sentences. In this skill, the

students can improve their grammar such as how to use correct tenses, adjectives,

articles and noun phrase. They also can arrange a text into good mechanics such

as word spelling, punctuation and capitalization (Efrianti, 2015).

Based on the explanation above, researcher can clude that writing is an

activity to announce thoughts and feelings in the form of writing that is expected

to be read by the reader and work as an indirect communication tool.

b. Writing Components

The researcher needs some component in writing to arrange a good

sentences. These component can help the students to control their writing. There

are some components in writing such as content, organization, 10 language use,

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vocabulary and mechanic. (Depdiknas, Kurikulum 2004 Standrart Kompetensi

Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris untuk SMA/MA ).

a) Content

Content revers to substance of writing, the experience of the main idea

(unity), i.e., groups of related statements that a writer presents as unit in

developing a subject. Content paragraph do the work of conveying ideas rather

than fulfiying special function of transition, restatement, and emphasis. Jacobs et

al (1981:90).

b) Organization

It refers to the logical organization of the content (coherence). It is

scarcely more than an attempt to piece together all collection of facts and jumble

ideas. Even in early drafts it may still be searching for order, trying to make out

patterns in its material and working to bring the particulars of his subject in line

with what is still only a half-formed notion of purpose.

c) Vocabulary

Vocabulary is the important aspect in teaching a language. Vocabulary

refers to the selection of words which are suitable with the content. It begins with

the assumption that writer wants to express the ideas as clearly and directly as

he/she can. As a general rule, clarity should be his/her prime objective.

d) Grammar

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 The grammar of language is a description of way that the language

behaves. Without having knowledge of grammar the writer cannot make his/her

language communicative to a great variety of reader from different situation.

e) Mechanic

Mechanic refers to the use of conventional graphic of the language, i.e.,

the step of arranging letters, words, paragraphs, by using knowledge of structure

and some others related to one another. We have to pay attention to the use of the

punctuation and applying of the word of sentences.

c. Process of Writing

Here are the basic steps of the writing process. Knowing these steps and

following them will help you become a better writer.

Step 1:

Prewriting/Planning First choose a topic. Then plan and organise what you are

going to write. You can use a mind map or graphic organiser to help you plan and

organise your ideas.

Step 2:

Drafting Write a rough draft of your ideas. Do not worry too much about making

mistakes. You can correct them later. Just write!

Step 3:

Revising Get other readers‟ responses to what you have written. Make revisions

based on their comments and your own ideas to improve your draft. Think about

what to add, what to cut and what to change.

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 Step 4:

Proofreading/Editing Read your revised draft carefully and look for mistakes in

grammar, spelling, capitalisation and punctuation. Correct any mistakes that you

find. Then get other readers to help you find errors that you have missed.

Step 5:

Publishing/Presenting Complete your final copy. Share it with others by

publishing it or presenting it.

2. The Concept of Descriptive Text

a. Definition of descriptive text

Description is one of the types of writing where the writer describes

something which commonly a person or a place. Bereton adopted from Agustin

stated that this is done in order to give the main idea of the description and to

describe the dominant impression. The descriptive text is one of the text genres

that should be taught to the eleventh-grade students of senior high

school.(Depdiknas, Kurikulum 2004 Standrart Kompetensi Mata Pelajaran Bahasa

Inggris untuk SMA/MA).

The purpose of descriptive text is to describe and reveal a particular

person, place, or thing in details or specific to make the reader be able to visualize

the description. It can be conclude that descriptive text is used to describe

anything, which is seen by writer in detail. Similarly with Kane, Crimmon in

Markamah state that descriptive text is strategy for presenting a verbal portrait of

a person, a place or a thing. It means that when we describe something, we need

to capture the details so that the reader can understand what we mean.

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Furthermore, McKay in (Markhamah, 2013) says that when we want to describe

something, we must be able to make the reader understand what we mean. McKay

mention also the most common types of descriptive of describing a process,

describing an object, describing a place, describing a personality, and describing

an event.

Descriptive text is a text which is intended to describe a particular person,

place or thing. The schematic structure of descriptive text is divided into three:

Identification, Description and evaluation. Besides schematic structure,

descriptive text also has its own linguistics features. Linguistic Features of

descriptive text are: use specific participant, written in presents tenses, use linking

verb, use adjectives, use relational, and material process (Siahaan, 2013).

Descriptive text is the text that describes something in order the readers or

listener are able to get the same sense as what the writer experienced with his or

her six senses: looks, smells, feels, acts, tastes, and sounds. In this case the topic

of the writing text is about the place. In writing descriptive text the students

have to fulfill the five components of writing, they are developing ideas,

organizing ideas, grammar, vocabulary and mechanics.

b. Generic structure of descriptive text

1. Identification

a. Identifying the phenomenon to be described

b. Statement that describe the object that we will describe

generally

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 c. Statement must be interesting, so the readers will be interested

to read completely

d. Using the adjective or degree of comparison

2. Description

a. Giving description about the object that we described

b. Describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and

characteristic

c. Using grammatical pattern, such as tenses (present tense/present

perfect tense), verb (be,have, linking verbs ), and using the

adjectives that used for describing the condition of object.

3. The Concept of Social Media

Social media are forms of electronic are forms of electronic

communication which fcilitate interactive base on certain interests. Social media

include web and mobile technology. (Kaplan & Heinlein, 2010)define social

media as a group of Internet based applications that build on the ideological and

technological foundations of Web 2.0, and allow the creation and exchange of

user generated content.

Social media are generally defined as forms of electronic communication

as web sites for social networking and microblogging through which users create

online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other

content such as video. That is to say, these social media are regarded as the

scientific equipment that people use to interact and social media are regarded as

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the scientific equipment that people use to interact and socialize with each other

by creating sharing and commenting among themselves in different networks.

Now, educators can provide content which engage students meets learning

objectives the way students want to learn. By reviewing social networks:

Facebook, Instagram, Blogs, Twitter, and Evernote . Educators can position

themselves to be as technology-savvy as today’s students.

4. The Concept of Instagram

Instagram is one of the most popular Social Networking Sites (SNS) in

the world with over 300 million active users. The focus of instagram is for users

to post individual images or videos with a description on their profile, some 70

million images and videos are posted daily. Therefore, Instagram seems to

provide an ideal environment for foreign language learners to produce descriptive

writing.

Users from connections by following each others’s profiles which enables

them to view the content posted on these profiles and respond in the form of

content posted on these profiles and respond in in the form ofcomments or ‘likes’.

A like’ is a tag users can place on images to indicate they view them favourably.

Once a user follows other users, all postings from these user’s ‘New Feed’.

Instagram member also have the ability to message each other privately using

‘Direct Message’. These facilities allow users to engage in synchronous and

asynchronous communication, both publicly and privately.

Instagram profiles with default settings can be viewed publicly by anyone

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who visits the site, there are also prifacy settings which can restrict the acces to

one’s profile to approved followers only. Students’ learning English can utilize

this new form of literacy to assit in developing writing skills. It is important to

apply these stretegies and keep practicing outside of class in a medium which

further engages the students and prepares them for the constantly growing mobile

and social web technologies. Instagram primarily provides learners with the

oppurtinities to read and write through photo descriptions,comments and direct

messages.

Caption in instagram is some sentences for clarifying the images or videos

which are usually use to interact what user's intention. On instagram, caption

turns into extensive thing because the users want to render informations or

messages about what users' feeling and doing. Therefore, this instagram caption is

an ideal place to produce descriptive text. The user can describe images or videos

that they post with using form of descriptive text.

Instagram has a lot of features and functions to support students' interest in

writing. One of the benefits of using instagram as social networking is to help

students to improve their ability in describing and gathering ideas to become a

good descriptive paragraph.

5. The Use of Social Media Instagram Related to Writing Skill

Research on the use of (Information and Communication Technology) ICT

tools in EFL writing classroom has shown that ICT makes a supportive and

encouraging environment for the students to increase their writing skills in terms

of quality and quantity. By utilizing instagram caption in teaching EFL writing,

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the students will have fun to learn it. Based on the colourful picture of instagram,

and also their own experience. In the psychological side, the students are more

interest and comfortable to write in instagram caption rather than the other media,

paper for example.

Most of the students write unrelat caption with the picture that they post.

They just take from the book then put it in their caption. The students rarely make

caption by their self. Therefor the researcher wants to direct the students to write

their caption by describing the picture that they post.

Students need to express their idea and imagination in order to produce a

vivid and clear writing. Meanwhile, stimulating their brain to produce the

idea and imagination cannot use merely a whiteboard and marker as the teaching

aid.

C. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework underlying in this research is given

below :

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 INPUT PROCESS Teaching OUTPUT The
WRITING writing of descriptive
students’ improvement
text by using
instagram. in writingdescriptive
text

vocabulary
The teacher gave example of organization
descriptive text
grammar
Characteristics of descriptive text:
mechanic
 Identification
 Description
content

Students made descriptive

text
(Figure: 2.1. Conceptual Framework)
in their instagram

1. Input

In this stage, the researcher told the students a brief explanation about

the material of descriptive text. Then the researcher gave a pre-test to the

students to write down descriptive text on the paper, based on their feeling about

her parents (mother/father). After that, the teacher used another teaching aid to

arise the students' imagination. In this case the researcher proposed instagram

caption in teaching descriptive text. First of all the students should download

instagram application and had their own account.

2. Process

The first activity the researcher explained to the students all about

descriptive text. Descriptive text is a text that describe the features of someone, or

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certain place and things. In writing descriptive text would be more effective to use

picture. It was suitable with the concept of instagram, where students posted a

picture and then described the picture on the caption, after that the students

posted it to their own account.

3. Output

After several activities, the researcher conducted a pot-test to determine

the improvement writing skill students in descriptive text by using instagram.

D. Research Hypotesis

a. Null Hypothesis (Ho) : “There is no significant difference between the

students’ ability in writing descriptive text before and after treatment by

using instagram”.

b. Alternative Hypothesis (H1) : “There is a significant difference between

the students’ writing ability in writing descriptive text before and after

treatment by using instagram”.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method

The type of research used in this research is research quantitative.

Quantitative research method is one type of research whose specifications are

systematic, planned and clearly structured from the beginning to the creation of

the research design. Research methods quantitative, as stated by Sugiyono (2011:

8), namely: “A research method based on the philosophy of positivism is used to

research on a particular population or sample, data collection using research

instruments, data analysis is quantitative/statistical, with the aim of testing the

hypotheses that have been set”.

B. Site and Place

The time and place of the research was carried out at SMAN 6 Bone which

is located on Jl. Nangka,Kec. Kahu, Kab. Bone, South Sulawesi. The study was

held from – to- 2023.

C. Population and Sample

1) Population

(Nurhasina et al., 2023) They said that the population refers to the entire group of

people on whom the study was conducted. The population of this research is

SMAN 6 Bone students. In this study the researchers only took the population in

eleventh grade, which totaled ten classes, namely XI MIPA 1, XI MIPA 2, XI

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MIPA 3, XI MIPA 4, XI MIPA 5, XI MIPA 6, XI IPS 1, XI IPS 2, XI IPS. 3, XI

IPS 4 therefore, the population in this study consisted of 250 students from ten

classes.

2) Sample

The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique.

The researcher chose the sample by looking at class characteristics and based on

information from the teacher. The researcher took two XI classes, namely XI

MIPA 1 and XI MIPA 2, samples from each class of 15 students so a total

sample of 30 students.

D. Research Variable

1. Variables

There were variables in this research namely independent and

dependent variable:

a. Independent Variable (X)

Independent variables has the variable is that consequence of or

upon antecedent variable. In the field of education were identify as

independent variables of which include methods of teaching,

miscellaneous frequency (reinforcements), learning materials, etc. This

variable is often called as stimulus, predictor, and antecedent.

Independent variable was a variable which influenced and gave good

effects in dependent variable. Independent variable could not stood by

itself without dependent variable. Independent variable in this study

was the use of Instagram’s caption.

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 b. Dependent variable (Y)

Dependent variable is a response of variable that is presumed to be

cause by the independent treatment or other independent variable. Call

the dependent variable because they were dependent function of the

independent variable, as independent variables in education are students

learning outcomes of students, students learning readiness. students

independence, etc. It is often call as output variable, criteria and

consequent. Dependent variable is a variable that emerged in function

relationship influence by independent variable. Dependent variable in

this research was the students' writing, which was seen from their score.

2. Indicators

The indicator of this research was generic structure/organization. The

indicators of generic structure were identification and dsrfescription.

E. Procedure Collecting Data

In collecting the data, the researcher used a systematical and standard

procedure. A method of collecting in this research used writing test that contain a

set of exercise or other instruments. The researcher used two kinds of test, pretest

and posttest. The researcher subjected both pre-test and post-test as follows:

a. Pre-test

The researcher came to the class and told the students what they had to do.

The pretest in writing ability the researcher asked the students to write paragraphs

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in descriptive about their parents (mother/father). The aim of administering pretest

was to get initial information of the students before the experimental conducted.

b. Treatment

After administering the pre-test, the writer gave the treatment four times to the

students. The researcher applied the treatment by showing Instagram’s pictures,

which have good descriptive caption. Then the material was given to the students

in the form of print pictures, in other words, after that the students described what

they thought. The students wrote in a paragraph in the form of descriptive text.

The steps of the treatment could be classify into three phases:

1. Pre-writing Activity

In this phase, the researcher introduced and explained the material about

the text that was going to discuss that was descriptive text. Then before the text

was discussed, the researcher showed the pictures and explained about the

organization that used in descriptive text. The researcher asked the students to

make a paragraph about the pictures and the students expressed their ideas in

accordance with the pictures.

2. Whilst-writing Activity

First of all the students downloaded instagram app and made their own

instagram account. In this step, the researcher provided theme for the students in

terms of the kind of picture that the students had described. After that, the

researcher guided the students to discuss the theme. After the students understood

25
the theme, the researcher asked the students to find a picture, which will related to

the theme. The students were going to build their ideas to be some paragraph and

expressed their ideas in the caption of their instagram. The students could use the

dictionary to find out the word or new vocabulary in their write.

3. Post-writing Activity

Post writing activity was instructional activity that the students and

researcher did after writing taken place. In this step, post question, feedback and

whole discussion would be conducted. The researcher did it by giving quiz around

the material as evaluation and reinforcement.

c. Post-test

The last method of collecting the data was administered post-test. Post-test

administered to the students after being exposed with instagram as the treatment.

The post-test in writing ability , the researcher did it after give the treatment in

experimental research or after teach writing on instagram. The purpose of

administering post-test in this study was to observe and measure any changes of

the students in writing descriptive text after being taught by instagram. The post-

test was done to get writing score of students after doing the treatment.

F. Technique of collecting

There are many ways that can be used to collect data study. In this study the

authors used techniques including:

1. Test

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 The test is one of the methods used for measure the level of a person's

ability. In this research test what the author does is by testing students.

2. Documentation

Useful as legal evidence and for support learning activities, the contents of

the file concerning data or information about the chronology of the activity

done to students. Documentation is one method data collection used in

research methodology social. The data provided in this documentation is in

form letters, diaries, memorabilia, reports and etc. In detail, documentary

materials are divided into several types, namely autobiographies, personal

letters, books, diaries, memorial clippings, command and private

documents, stories, films, photographs, and so on (Bungin, 2011). Based

on this explanation it can be concluded that documentation is used because

it can provide a clear picture of this research, in the form of processes and

results achieved.

G. Research Instrument

As an experimental research, the instrument that was used in this research

was writing test. In the test the researcher asked students to write a descriptive

paragraph about a topic (pre-test). The students had to write 2 paragraphs in the

pre-test and 2 paragraph in the post-test.

Considering that writing is a productive skill, it means that this activity

showed the students ability to produce (writing) something. This the researcher

decided to use paragraph test in this research. The instrument used in this research

was test. Test is a set of stimuli presented to individual in order to elicit responses

27
on the basis of which a numerical score can be assigned. There were two kinds of

test in this study, The first was pre-test and the second was post-test. Pre-test was

intended to measure the students ability in writing ability before the treatment was

given, while posttest was to measure students‟ writing ability after the treatment

given..

H. Technique of Data Analysis

Data analysis is the way data analyse by the researcher. In managing and

analyzing the data collect, the researcher used quantitative data analysis so the

researcher analyzed the data by using formula. The analysis used to find the

significant difference of the students‟ writing descriptive text ability before and

after used of using Instagram as a media.

The steps to analyze data as follows:

1. The test results examined and then score by using an assessment elements

consisting of content, organization, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanic.

Destager in (Dahnianti, 2018) reveated that there are five aspects evaluate in

writing: they are content, organization, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanic.

The following table presents the five aspect of evaluating which were uses.

Table 3.1 Specification Aspect of Writing

NO Aspect of Writing Criteria Score

The substance of
1. Content 20
the writing, the

28
 idea express

The form of
2. Organization 20
content (coherence)

The selection of

3. Vocabulary word that suitable 20

with the content.

The employment of

grammatical form
4. Grammar 20
and syntactic

patterns

Mastery writing

5. Mechanic focus on spelling 20

and punctuation

(Destager in Dahnianti 2018)

a. Content

Table 3.2 Specification Score of Content

Classification Score Criteria

Information is very clear, the idea of the

problem development very clearly, the

Excellent 20
development of the idea is perfect, very

relevant to the problem, and thoroughly.

Very good 15-19 Clear, substantive information, the

29
 development of a complete idea, relevant to

the problem and thoroughly.

The information is clear but there is some

confusion, good substance, the development

Good 11-14
of a complete idea, relevant to the problem,

and thorough.

information is almost enough, enough

Fair substance, thesis development is very limit,

6-10
less relevant to the problem but not complete

Information is very limit, no substance, no

Poor <5
idea development, no problems.

(Destager in Dahnianti 2018)

b. Organization

Table 3.3 Specification of Organization

Classification Score Criteria

Expression is very smooth, ideas are express

Excellent 20 very clearly, well order, logical, and

coherence.

Expressions are very smooth, ideas are clearly

Very good 15-19
express, well order, logical, and cohesive

Expression smooth, expression expression

Good 11-14
less clear, arrange with almost good, logical

30
 sequence.

The expression is substandard, less organize,

Fair the main idea is invisible, the sequence is

6-10
almost logical, and incomplete

Not communicative, chaotic ideas, sequences

Poor >5
and problems are illogical.

(Destager in Dahnianti 2018)

c. Vocabulary

Table 3.4 Specification of Vocabulary

Classification Score Criteria

Utilization of word potential is very precise,

Excellent 20 word choice and expression very precise,

mastering word formation.

Utilization of word potential is very precise,

Very good 15-19 choice of words and phrases appropriate, very

controlling the formation of words

Utilization of word potential rather precisely,

Good 11-14 word choice and expression almost right,

almost mastering the formation of words.

Utilization of the word good, choice of words

Fair
6-10 and phrases are less precise.

Poor >5 Utilization of word potential is very limit,

31
 vocabulary is low.

(Destager in Dahnianti 2018)

d. Grammar

Table 3.5 Specification of Grammar

Classification Score Criteria

The employment of grammatical form and

Excellent 20
syntactic patterns

Complex and effective construction has only a

Very good 15-19 few grammar and syntactic patterns of

mastery.

Construction is simple and effective, grammar

Good 11-14
error occurs but not disturbing.

Fair There is a grammar error but not annoying

6-10

Slightly control syntactic rules, confusing

Poor <5
meanings.

(Destager in Dahnianti 2018)

e. Mechanic

Table 3.6 Specification of Mechanic

32
 Classification Score Criteria

Excellent 20 Mastering the entire writing.

Mastering the entire writing, there are only a

Very good 15-19
few spelling errors.

Sometimes spelling errors occur but they do

Good 11-14
not obscure meaning.

Fair Often spelling errors, confusing meaning.

6-10

Not mastering the rules of writing, there are

Poor >5 many spelling errors, unreadable and

unworthy of value.

(Destager in Dahnianti 2018)

From the basic standard above, the researcher used the standard score for

the total value of the students‟ writing by calculating the standard score given, as

follows:.

1. Scores 20 is classify as excellent.

2. Scores 16-19 is classify as very good.

3. Scores 11-15 is classify as good.

4. Scores 6-10 is classifiy as fair.

5. Scores >5 is classify as poor.

Classifying the score of the students into following chriteria:

The mean score of the students is classified in to 5 levels as follows:

33
 Table 3.7 Classification of Score

No Classification Score

1. Very good 91 – 100

2. Good 76-90

3. Fair 61-75

4. Poor 51-60

5. Very poor Less than 50

(Depdikbud in Dahnianti 2018)

2. After all test results were obtained, then rate 10-100 value. Scores that had

obtained then analyzed

3. After each student's work was assessed then presented to find the grade

average value.

4. Using SPSS (Statical Product and Service Solution) determined the students‟

value.

5. Calculating the mean score of the student’s test by using SPSS.

6. Finding the improvement’s percentage of students‟ writing achievement of

utilizing instagram by using SPSS.

7. To find out the significant different between the pre-test and post-test by

calculating the value of the test using SPSS.

8. Interpreting values to see the effectiveness of learning descriptive text

writing by using instagram.

34
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