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Analysis and Design of Beams Problems
Analysis and Design of Beams Problems
PROBLEM 2.1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective
depth of 460 mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 𝑓𝑦 = 345𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine the balance steel area in sq.mm.
SOLUTION
𝜌𝑏
=
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦(600+𝑓𝑦)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
345(600 + 345)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02792
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑑
PROBLEM 2.2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete
compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 =
276 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored
moment
SOLUTION
Solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥:
𝜌𝑏
=
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(27.6)0.85(600)
𝑓𝑦(600+𝑓𝑦) 276(600+276)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0495
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0495)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0371
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.03711(276)
= 𝑓′𝑐 27.6
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.371
𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑐𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 27.6(0.371)[1 − 0.59(0.37)]
𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8.001𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.085𝑓′𝑐
0.85(27.6) 2(0.309
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝜌 = 0.00113 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00572(300)(490)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟕𝟒𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(27.6) 2(7.48)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝜌 = 0.03384 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.03384(300)(490)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟒, 𝟗𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐
SOLUTION
Bar diameter , 𝑑𝑏 = 20 𝑚 𝑘𝑁
Weight of beam, 𝑤 = 𝛾 𝐴 = 23.5(0.3 𝑥 0.48 ) = 3.384
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 2 2
= 8 𝑀𝑢 =
𝑊𝑢𝐿 53.738(5)
8
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
b) 𝑀𝑢 = 280 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Solve for 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 to determine whether compression steel is needed
𝜌𝑏
=
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(28)(0.85)(600)
𝑓𝑦(600+ 𝑓𝑦) 415(600+415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02881
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.021261
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.03203
𝑓′𝑐
𝑅𝑛 = 6.169 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(28) 2(6.619)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.01755 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
415 0.85(28)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01755(300)(410)
𝐴𝑠 = 2159𝑚𝑚2
𝜋 𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑𝑏2 2159 = (20) 𝑁
N=6.94 say 7 bars 4
1. 𝑃𝑢 = 240𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑊_𝑑 = 3.384 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (weight of beam)
𝑃𝑢𝐿 (1.4𝑊𝑑)𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 = +
4 = 314.805 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦)
8
𝑅𝑛 6
= 𝜑𝑏𝑑2
𝑀𝑢 𝑅𝑛 = 314.805 𝑥 10
0.90(300)(410)2
𝑅𝑛 = 6.936𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(28) 2𝑅
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 002031 > 𝜌
𝑚𝑖𝑛
415 0.85𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.02031(300)(410)
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 2498𝑚𝑚
𝜋
2
2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑𝑏2 𝑁 2498 = (20) N
4 4
𝑁 = 7.95 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
SOLUTION
Solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥:
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
0.85(30)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
414(600 + 414)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.031
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.15𝜌𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.031)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0232
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.02323(414)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′ 𝑐 30
𝜔 = 0.3209
Solve for 𝜌:
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(30) 2(6.687)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.0191 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
414 0.85(30)
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00338
𝑓𝑦
=
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0191(300)(600)
𝐴𝑠 = 3442 𝑚𝑚2
SOLUTION
a) Maximum steel area:
0.85 𝑓′ 𝛽1600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓 (600𝑐 + 𝑓 )
𝑦 𝑦
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 =
312(312 + 600)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03199
Factored load:
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝐷 + 1.7 𝐿 𝑊𝑢 = 1.4(25) + 1.7(40)
𝑊𝑢 = 103 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Required strength:
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 103(6)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 =
8 8
𝑀𝑢=463.5kN-m
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓,𝑐
0.85(21) 2(5.67)
𝜌= [1 − √1 ]
312 − 0.85(21)
𝜌 = 0.02269
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.002269(300)(550)
𝐴𝑠 = 3743 𝑚𝑚2
c) Number of 25 mm bars:
𝐴𝑠
Number of 25-mm bars=
𝐴𝑠 25
SOLUTION
Given:
b=300 mm 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
h=600 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 540 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽1600
𝑐 0.85(28)(0.85)600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦) 248(600 + 248)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0577 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟕%
b) Effective depth using 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏
𝜌 = 0.5(0.0577) = 0.0289
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.0289(248)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.2556
𝑓′𝑐 28
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′ 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝑐
𝑅𝑛 = 28(0.2556)[1 − 0.59(0.2556)]
𝑅𝑛 = 6.0776 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 540 x 106 = 0.90(8.307)(300)𝑑2
𝑑 = 𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 2.7
A concrete one-way slab has a total thickness of 120 mm. The slab will
be reinforced with 12-mm-diameter bars with 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎.Concrete
strength𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the required spacing 12 mm main bar
if the total factored moment acting on 1-m width of slab is 23 kN-m width
of slab is 23 kN-m. Clear concrete cover is 20 mm.
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 𝑐 (1 − √1 )
− 0.85𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦
0.85(21) 2(2.982)
𝜌= (1 − √1 )
275 − 0.85(21)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.75 𝑥 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600
= 𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) = 0.0284
𝑦 𝑦
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00509
𝑓𝑦
=
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.1154(1000)(94)
𝐴𝑠 = 1085 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑠 = 1000𝐴𝑏
𝐴𝑠
Eq. 2-17
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000 𝑥 (12)2
𝑠= 𝑠= 4
𝐴𝑠 1085
𝑠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 2.8
A 2.8 m square column fooring has a total thickness of 47 mm. The
factored moment at critical section for moment is 640 kN-m. Assume 𝑓′𝑐
= 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Clear concrete cover is 75 mm. Determine
the required number of 20 mm tension bars.
SOLUTION
Effective depth, d=470-75-1/2(20) = 385 mm
Width, b =2800 mm
Design strength, 𝑀𝑢 = 640 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Maximum and minimum requirements:
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2528𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(Procedure is not shown anymore see Problem 2.2)
Singly reinforced:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 640 𝑥 106 = 0.90𝑅𝑛 (2800)(385)2
𝑅𝑛 = 1.713 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 𝑐 (1 − √1 )
− 0.85𝑓 𝑐 ′
𝑓𝑦
0.85(21) 2(1.713
𝜌= (1 − √1 )
275 − 0.85(21)
𝜌 = 0.00656
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00656(2800)(385)
𝐴𝑠 = 7074 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
Number of 20 mm bars:
𝐴𝑠 7074
𝑁= 𝑁=𝜋
𝐴𝑏
(20)2
4
𝑁 = 22.5 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟐𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔
PROBLEM 2.9
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead
load moment of 60 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load
moment of 48 kN- m. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
Required strength:
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 276(600 + 276)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0371
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
𝑓𝑦
=
𝜌 = 0.6(0.0371) = 0.02226
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.02226(276)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 20.7
𝜔 = 0.2968
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.02226(230)2(400)
𝐴𝑠 = 2.049 𝑚𝑚2
Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 400 mm
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 2.10
Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a
SOLUTION
Weight of beam: (this is the author’s assumption)
Assuming a 300 mm x 600 mm, 𝑊_𝑏 = 24 𝑥 (0.3 0.6) = 4.32𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 546.516 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − = 0.821
7(34 − 30)
𝜌𝑏
=
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(34)(0.821)(600) 𝜌𝑏 = 0.04369
𝑓𝑦(600+ 𝑓𝑦) 345(600+345)
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.04369) 𝜌 = 0.03277 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 √𝑓′𝑐
= 0.00423 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 > 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 4𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔= 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔=
0.03277(345) 𝜔 = 0.332
34
𝐿 𝑓𝑦 6000 345
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + (0.4 + )
16 ) ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 16 700
700
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 335 𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝐾
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.03277(280)(490)
𝐴𝑠 = 4496 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 4496
𝑁= 𝑁=𝜋
𝐴𝑏
(32)2
4
𝑁 = 5.6 𝑠𝑎𝑦 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
ℎ = 490 + (25) + 32 + 20
PROBLEM 2.11
A propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 2.6 is made of reinforced
concrete having a width of 290 mm overall depth of 490 mm. The beam
is loaded with uniform dead load of 35 kN/m (including its own weight),
and a uniform live load of 55 kN/m. Given 𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.Concrete cover is 60 mm from the centroid of the bars.
Determine the required tension steel area for maximum positive
moment. Assume EI=constant.
Figure 2.6
SOLUTION
Given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦ℎ = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 = 290 𝑚𝑚
𝐻 = 490 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 60 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝐷 = 35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝐿 = 55 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑑 = 490 − 60 = 430 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝑊𝐷 + 1.7 𝑊𝐿
Mo Lo + 2𝑀
(𝐿 + 𝐿 )+ 𝑀 6𝐴0 ̅𝑎̅0̅ ̅ 0̅ ̅
6𝐴1 𝑏
𝐴 𝑜 1 𝐵 𝐿1 + 𝐿0
+ 𝐿1
= 0
142.5(6)3
0 + 2𝑀 (0 + 6 ) + (−285 )(6) + 0 + =0
𝐴 4
𝑀𝐴 = −498.75𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑊𝑢 𝐿 − 𝑅 𝑅𝐴 = 142.5(8) − 676.875
𝑅𝐴 = 463.125 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝐷 = 0 𝑊𝑢(2 + 𝑥) − 𝑅 = 0
142.5(2 + x) - 676.875 = 0
x = 2.75 m
𝑀𝐷 (2.75+2)2
(𝑥+2)2
= 𝑅𝑋 − 𝑀𝐷 = 676.875(2.75) − 142.5
2 2
𝑊𝑢
𝑀𝐷 = 253.828 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(24)(0.85)600
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0247
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 0.01852(415)
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓′𝑐 24
= =
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3203
𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝜔(1 − 0.59 𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 415(0.3203)[1 − 0.59(0.3203)]
𝑐
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 𝑀 𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.235(290)(430)2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 334.316 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐
0.85(24) 2(5.26)
𝜌= [1 − √1 ]
415 − 0.85(24)
𝜌 = 0.01495
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01495(290)(430)
𝐴𝑠 = 1,864 𝑚𝑚2
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE
STEEL YIELDS (𝒇𝑺 = 𝒇𝒀)
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽1
𝑐
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓 (600 + 𝑓𝑦)
𝑦
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
=
𝜌𝑏 400(600 + 400)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02276
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 6 𝑥 (25)2 = 2945 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠 2945
𝜌= 𝜌= = 0.01023 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝑏𝑑 400(720)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01023(400)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.195
𝑓′𝑐 21
𝑅𝑛 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Answer
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3.62)(400)(720)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 Answer
PROBLEM 2.13
SOLUTION
𝜌𝑏
=
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(27)(0.85)(600)
𝑓𝑦(600+ 𝑓𝑦) 275(600+275)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02276
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 4,500
𝑏𝑑 𝜌 = 300(490)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.0361(275)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 27
𝜔 = 0.3118
𝑅𝑛 = 6.87 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(6.87)(300)(490)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.14
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (34.2 − 30) = 0.82
7
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600
𝜌 = 0.85(34.2)(0.82)(600) = 0.03407
𝑏 𝑓𝑦(600+ 𝑓𝑦)
𝜌𝑏 = 414(600+414)
𝜌𝑏
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (25)2 𝑥 3 = 1473 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
1473
𝜌 = 300(500) 𝜌 = 0.00982 < 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.00982(414)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 34.2
PROBLEM 2.15
A 130-mm-thick-one-way slab is reinforced with 12-mm-diameter
tension bars spaced at 110 on centers. Concrete cover is 20 mm,
concrete strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 MPa and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/𝑚3.
a) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the slab?
b) If the slab is simply supported over a span of 4 m, what
safe uniform live load pressure can the slab carry?
SOLUTION
a) Consider 1 m width of slab, b = 1000 mm
Effective depth: d = h – cover- 1/2 𝑑𝑏
d = 130-20-1/2(12)=104 mm
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 275(600 + 275)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0378
𝑏
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑥 𝑁 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑏 𝑥
𝜋 2 1000 𝑠 2
𝐴 𝑠 = 1028 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = (12) 100
4
𝐴𝑠 1028
𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 1000(104)
𝜌 = 0.00989
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00509 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.00989(275)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 21
𝜔 = 0.129
b) 𝑀𝑢 𝑊𝑢(4)2
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 24.443 = 𝑊𝑢 = 12.222 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
= 8 8
Dead load pressure, 𝜌𝐷 = 𝛾𝑐 x thickness of concrete.
Dead load pressure, 𝜌𝐷 = 23.5 𝑥 0.13 = 3.055𝑘𝑃𝑎
PROBLEM 2.16
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 276.5(600 + 276.5)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03703
𝐴𝑠 1.473
𝜌= 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 250(460)
𝜌 = 0.01281 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00506 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦
=
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01281(276.5)
𝜔= 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 20.7
𝜔 = 0.171
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) 𝑅𝑛 = 27(0.171)[1 − 0.59(0.171)]
𝑅𝑛 = 3.183 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3.183)(250)(460)2
𝑀𝑢 = 151.56 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 𝑊𝑢(6)2
𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 151.56 =
8 8
=
𝑊𝑢 = 33.68 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
SOLUTION
a) Balanced steel ratio:
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(28)(0.85)600
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝑦 𝑦
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝜌𝑏 = 0.028816
𝜌𝑏 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟖%
b) Maximum steel area
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑑2 = 𝑀𝑛 = 6.7494(300)(500)2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝟓𝟎𝟔. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.18
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular is reinforced for tension only with 5-28 mm ba
Figure2.7.Assume following:
𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓′𝑐 = 34.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculatethe
2P P
2m 2m 2m
SOLUTION
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (34.5 − 30) = 0.818
7
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(34.5)(0.818)(600)
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 414(600 + 414) = 0.03428
𝑦 𝑦
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (28)2 𝑥 5 = 3079 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝜌 = 300(446) = 𝜌 = 0.01972 < 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
3079
𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑏
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 √𝑓′𝑐
= 0.00355
= 4𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.01972(414)
𝜔= 𝜔= = 0.2367
𝑓′𝑐 34.5
1.4(2P) 1.4P
𝑅𝑎 B C D
2m 2m 2m
Figure 2.8 – Beam with factored loads
Thus the maximum value of P such that 𝑀𝑢will not exceed 440.18 kN-m is
149 kN.
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS WHERE
STEEL DOES NOT YIELDS (𝒇𝑺 ≠ 𝒇𝒀)
PROBLEM 2.19
SOLUTION
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(27.6)(0.85)(600)
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 414(600 + 414)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0285
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (32)2 𝑥 6 = 4825 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝜌 = 300(500) = 𝜌 = 0.03217 > 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
4825
𝑏𝑑
b=.300 0.85
c=0.85 ab
a
d=500
500-a/2
=4825
From Eq. 2-18
T=
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑑 − 𝑐 500 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑐
𝑐
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑐
500−𝑐
(4825)600 = 0.85(27.6)(0.85𝑐)(300)
𝑐
𝑐2 = 484𝑐 − 241,964 = 0
𝑐 = 306.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓 = 600 500−306 = 379.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 600 306
= 𝑓𝑠
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = 0.85(306.2)
𝑎 = 260.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
260.3
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(4825)(379.65)(500 − )
2
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟔𝟎𝟗. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.20
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b=300 mm, d = 490
mm. The tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with 𝑓𝑦
= 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. 𝑓′𝑐 = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the
beam.
SOLUTION
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 415(600 + 415)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.02161
𝜋 2 2
𝐴𝑠 4 (25) 𝑥 7 = 3436 𝑚𝑚
=
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 3436
𝑏𝑑 𝜌 = 300(490)
𝜌 = 0.02337 > 𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
b=300 0.85
c=0.85 ab
a
d=490
490-a/2
=3436
From Eq.2-18:
T=
𝑑−𝑐 490 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 𝑐
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑐
490−𝑐
(3436)600 = 0.85(221)(0.85𝑐)(300) = 𝑐 = 296.24 𝑚𝑚
𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑑 − 𝑐 490 − 296.24
𝑓𝑠 = 600 296.24
𝑐 𝑓𝑠 = 392.43 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = 0.85(392.43)
𝑎 = 251.81 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 𝑎
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝑇 (𝑑 − ) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2 251.81
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(3436)(392.43)(490 − )
2
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF SINGLY
REINFORCED NON-RECTANGULAR
BEAMS
PROBLEM 2.21
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.9.
Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
125 125125
125
700mm
4-32mm
75
375mm
Figure 2.9
SOLUTION
Note: This is not a rectangular beam. Some formulas derived
above (such as𝜌, 𝜌𝑏, 𝑅𝑛) may not be applicable. The moment can be
computed using the assumptions in the Code and the conditions of
equilibrium.
𝐴𝑠 𝜋
= (32)2𝑥 4
4
𝐴𝑠 = 3217 𝑚𝑚2
Solve for the balanced 𝐴𝑠 to determine whether the given steel yield or not.
125
600𝑑 600(625)
𝑐𝑏 = = = 396.825𝑚𝑚
600 + 600 + 345
𝑓𝑦 a
625mm
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(396.825)= 337.3 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 = 337.3(375) − 125(125) = 110,863 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶 4-32mm
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.8𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑏(345) = 0.85(21)(110,863)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 5,736 𝑚𝑚2
375mm
Since 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 < 𝐴𝑠𝑏, tension steel yields.
𝐶=𝑇 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝑎𝑏 − 1252) = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(𝑎 𝑥 375 − 1252) = 3,217(345)
𝑎 = 207.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 125
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 − 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 (𝑑 − ) − 𝐶2(𝑑 )
2 2
−
207.5
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(207.5)(375)(625 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 567.03 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(567.03)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.22
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure
2.10. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 345𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = (22)2𝑥 3
4
𝐴𝑠 = 1,140 𝑚𝑚2
600 𝑑
375
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
Figure
600(375) 3-22mm
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 345
75
𝐶𝑏 = 238 𝑚𝑚
375m
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1𝐶𝑏
𝑎𝑏 = 0.85(238)
𝑎𝑏 = 202.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑥 375 5
= 𝑥 =
𝑎 450 6
𝑥 = 168.7𝑚𝑚
a
𝐴𝑐 = 1/2(𝑥)(𝑎) c
1 5 5 2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑎
6 𝑎
450m
2
450m
𝐴𝑐 = 17,066 𝑚𝑚2
x
d-(2/3)a
d-
3-
𝑇 = 𝐶𝐶
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴𝑐 7
𝐴𝑠𝑏(345) = 0.85(21)(17,066) T
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 883 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠 375m
Since𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 𝐴𝑠𝑏, tension steel does not yield (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦)
solve for c:
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
𝑑−𝑐 5 𝑑−𝑐
𝑓 = 600 0.85(21) 𝑎2 = 1140 𝑥 600
𝑠
𝑐 12 𝑐
375−𝑐
𝑎=𝛽 𝑐 7.437(0. 85𝑐)2 = 684,00
1 𝑐
𝑐 = 250.92 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 78.77 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 𝑥 78.77 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.23
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.11. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 =
345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 800𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced
condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly
reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 1200𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
Figure 2.11-
Hallow beam
SOLUTION
To guide us whether “a: will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the
design moment when a=150 mm.
d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm
𝜑𝑀 150
= 𝜑𝐶 (𝑑 − 𝑎) 𝜑𝑀 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)(150) (725 − )
𝑛 𝐶 2 𝑛 2
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1044.225 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
a) 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since the required 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 1044.25 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑎 < 150 𝑚𝑚.
𝑑−𝑐 𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = = 131.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 𝛽1
725 − 131.2
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 2,712 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
131.3
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠(345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
600𝑑 600(725)
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐶𝑏 = = 460.32𝑚𝑚
600 + 345
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝐶𝑏 𝑎 = 0.85(460.32) = 391.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 150 = 241.27 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 500(150) = 75,000 𝑚𝑚2
1
𝑦1 = 725 − = 650𝑚𝑚
2(150)
𝐴1 = 125(241.27) = 30,159 𝑚𝑚2
1
𝑦2 = 725 − 150 − = 454.37
2(241.27)
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 2𝐶2𝑦2
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴1𝑦1 + 2𝐴2𝑦2)
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85(28)[75,000 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 30,159 𝑥 454.37]
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 1812.52𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
500m
m
12 2512
5 05
150
z
a
725
Figure 2.12
c) Maximum steel area, 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1 + 2𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠𝑏(345) = 0.85(28)(75,00 + 2 𝑥 30,159)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 9,335 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 𝑇
0.85(28)[75,000 + 2𝐴2] = 7,001(245)
𝐴2 = 13,244 𝑚𝑚2
1501
𝑦2 = 725 − = 522.03 𝑚𝑚
2(105.95)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶1 + 𝑦1 + 2𝐶2𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1𝑦1 + 2𝐴2𝑦2)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(28)[75,00 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 13,244 𝑥 522.03]
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1489.34 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛
1200 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 (𝐴1 𝑦1 + 2𝐴2 𝑦2)
1200 𝑥 106 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(28)[75,000(650) + 2(125𝑧)(575 − 0.5𝑧)]
𝑧 = 53.04𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝐴𝑐 = 75,000 + 2 𝑥 125(53.04)
𝐴𝑐 = 88,259.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠(345) = 0.85(28)(88,259.2)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟔, 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐
BEAM DEFLECTION PROBLEM
PROBLEM 2.24
A reinforced concrete beam is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The
beam is simply supported over a span of 8 m and carries a uniform
dead load of 11 kN/m including its own weight and a uniform live load of
15 kN/m. The beam is reinforced tension bars of 530 mm. 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7
𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
344.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑟 = 2.832 𝑀𝑃𝐴. Modulus of elasticity of concrete 𝐸𝑐 =
21,650 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service
loads.
b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years
assuming that 40% of the live load is sustained.
SOLUTION
b = 350 mm b = 350 mm
c
d = 530 mm
Figure 2.13
h = 600 mm
N.A.
6 – 25 mm Ø d-c
Effective moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑒: Eq. 2-19
3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑏ℎ3 350(600)3
𝐼𝑔 = = = 6300 𝑥 106𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑓𝑟𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑡 = 1/2(600) = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑡
2.832(600 𝑥 10)6
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = 59.472 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
600/2
𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑤 = 𝑤𝐷 + 𝑤𝐿 = 11 + 15 = 26 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
26(8)2
𝑀𝑎 = = 208𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8
𝑏𝑐3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑁𝐴 = + 𝑛 𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑐)2
3
350(219.7)3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 27,208(530 − 219.7)2
3
59.472 3 59.472 3
6
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝑥 600 𝑥 10 + [1 − ) ] 𝑥 3,857 𝑥 106
208 ( 208
a) Instantaneous Deflection:
5𝑤𝐿4 2(26)(8000)4
𝛿= 𝛿=
384 𝐸𝑐𝐼𝑒 384(21,650)(3,914 𝑥 106)
𝛿 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟔 𝒎𝒎
b) Long-term Deflection
Since only 40% of the live load was sustained:
w = 11 + 0.4(15) = 17 kN/m
5𝑤𝐿4
Instantaneous deflection 𝛿 =
384 𝐸𝑐𝐼𝑒
5(17)(8)4(1000)4
𝛿=
384(21,650)(3,914 𝑥 106)
𝛿 = 10.7 𝑚𝑚
Note: Since deflections are directly proportional to the load, the instantaneous de
=
1726
𝛿1 = 10.7 𝑚
Long-term deflection = 𝛿 + 𝛿1
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50 𝜌′
2
𝜆= =2
1 + 50(0)
y
560 mm
y
1900 mm
y
y
560 mm
620 mm
n As
Gross Section
I=0.0138 Cracked Section
y=194 mm I=0.00573
AT MIDSPAN y=107 mm
7.6 m
145 kN-m
202 kN-m
202 kN-m
SOLUTION
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓′𝑐 = 4700√17.2 = 19,492 𝑀𝑃𝐴
𝑓𝑟 = 0.70√𝑓′𝑐 = 0.7 √17.2 = 2.903 𝑀𝑃𝑎
66.9593 66.959 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝑥 0.00715 + [1 − ) ] 𝑥0.00573
202 ( 202
𝐼𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝟒
𝐼𝑒 = 0.0057817 𝑚4
𝑀𝑐𝑟 4
𝑓𝑟𝐼𝑔 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 2.903(0.00715 𝑥 1000 )
= 𝑌𝑡 310
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 66.959 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50𝜌′
𝜉 = 2(𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
2
𝜆= =2
1+0
𝛿1 5
=
22.4 48
𝛿1 = 2.33 𝑚
Problem 2.36
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip of slab, b= 1000 m
Uniform live load, 𝑤𝐿 = 7.5 𝐾𝑃𝑎 𝑥 1𝑚 = 7.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
d
h = 120 mm
Weight of slab:
𝑊𝑠 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ 𝑊𝑠 = 23.5 (1)(0.12)
𝑊𝑠 = 2.82 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑀𝑢
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 16.698(3)
= 8 2
𝑀𝑢 = 18.785 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.85𝑓′ 𝑅𝑢
𝜌= 𝑐 [1 − √1 ]
− 0.85𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦
0.85(27.6) 2(2.362)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
276 0.85(27.6)
𝜌 = 0.009039
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507 𝑂𝐾
𝑓𝑦
=
𝐴𝑡 = 0.002𝑏ℎ 𝐴𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(120)
𝐴𝑡 = 240 𝑚𝑚2
SOLUTION
Consider 1 m strip, b = 1000 mm
Uniform live load, 𝑤𝐿 = 4 𝑘𝑝𝑎 𝑥 1𝑚 = 4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐿 4000
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 28
28
=
Spandrel
Beam
Shear
Moment
At midspan:
𝑅𝑛 = 0.848 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85(21) 2(0.848)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 415 0.85(21)
𝜌 = 0.0021
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337 > 0.0021
𝑓𝑦
=
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00337(1000)(124)
𝐴𝑠 = 418 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋(12)
2
Spacing, s = 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑥 1000 = 𝑠 = 4
𝑥1000
𝐴𝑠 418
At support:
𝑤𝑢𝐿𝑛2
11.735(4)2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 =
10 10
𝑀𝑢 = 18.776 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 0.85(21)(0.85)600
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 415(600 + 415)
𝑦 𝑦
Use 𝜌 = 0.034
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0034(1000)(124)
𝐴𝑠 = 422 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋(12) 2
𝐴𝑠𝑏
Spacing, 𝑠 = 𝑥 1000 𝑠= 4
𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠 422
𝐴𝑡 = 0.002𝑏ℎ = 𝐴𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(150)
𝐴𝑡 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑏 (10)2
Spacing, s = 𝑥 1000 = 𝑠= 4
𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠 300
10 mm temperature
bars @ 260 mm o.c.
150 mm
12 mm main bars
@ 265 mm o.c.
PROBLEM 2.28
SOLUTION
𝐴𝑠 = 807.8 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 807.8
𝜌= = 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 1000(134)
𝜌 = 0.006028
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600 = 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓 (600 + 𝑓 ) 275(600 + 275)
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.037 > 𝜌 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.006028(275)
𝜔= = 𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐 20.7
𝑤𝑢𝐿2 𝑤𝑢(3)2
𝑀𝑢 = = 25.5334 =
8 8
𝑤𝑢= 22.696 kN/m
PROBLEM 2.29
SOLUTION
Since 𝑓′𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎;
0.05 0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓′ − 28) 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (30 − 28)
7 𝑐 7
𝛽1 = 0.836
0.85𝑓′ 𝛽1600
𝑐 0.85(30)(0.836)(600)
𝜌𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦) 415(600 + 415)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03036
51 3
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.836)(30)(310)(490)2(1 − 𝑥 0.836)
140 14
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 558.05 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
800−𝑓𝑦
From Eq. 2-26: 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000−𝑓𝑦
800−415
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000−415
𝜑 = 0.8145
𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 451.45 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since the required 𝑀𝑢𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑡𝑛, the section is tension controlled. 𝜑 =
0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑 𝑥 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − )
2 𝑎
6 = 0.90 𝑥 0.85(30)(𝑎)(310)(490 − )
416 𝑥 10
2
𝑎 = 139.06 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 139.06
𝑐= = = 166.4 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.836
PROBLEM 2.30
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑀𝑢 = 483.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 591.64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
800−𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 =0.8237
1000−𝑓𝑦
459 3
𝜑𝑀 = 𝛽 𝑓′ 𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 𝛽 ) = 478.9 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑛 1 𝑐
1600 16 1
Since 𝑀𝑢 > 𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛, the section is within “transition region’, i.e 0.65 < 𝜑 <
0.90
520 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓 𝑦 600 𝑐 − 345
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 1000 − 345
𝑓𝑦
119.084
𝜑= + 0.2893
𝑐
𝜑 = 0.85𝑐
119.084
483.2 𝑥 106 = ( + 0.2893) 𝑥 0.85(27)(0.85𝑐)(320)(520
𝑐
− 1/2𝑥 0.85𝑐)
𝑐 = 208.8 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = 177.45 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠(34.5) = 0.850(27)(177.45)(320)
𝐴𝑠 = 3,777 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.31
Given the following properties of a rectangular concrete beam: b = 280
mm, d = 480 mm, 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The beam is reinforced
for tension only.
Determine the design strength under the following conditions.
a) When the beam is reinforced with three 25 mm diameter bars.
b) When the beam is reinforced with four 25 mm diameter bars.
c) When the beam is reinforced with seven 25 mm diameter bars.
SOLUTION
a) 𝐴𝑠 = 3 𝑥 𝐴𝑏 = 1473 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 1473
𝜌= = 𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 280(480)
𝜌 = 0.01096 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(𝑎)(280) = 1473(415)
𝑎 = 122.28 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑐= = 143.86 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(255.87)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
b) 𝐴𝑠 = 4 𝑥 𝐴𝑏 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 1963
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 280(480)
𝜌 = 0.014961 < 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠)
𝐶=𝑇
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)(𝑎)(280) = 1963(415)
𝑎 = 163.04 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑐= = 191.81 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑑−𝑐 480 − 191.81
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 901.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 191.81
The section within” transition region”, i. e 0.65 < 𝜑 < 0.90
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓 𝑦 901.5 − 415
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 1000 − 415
𝑓𝑦 𝜑 = 0.858
c) 𝐴𝑠 = 7 𝑥 𝐴𝑏 = 3436 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 3436
𝜌= = = 0.02557 > 𝜌𝑏 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑏𝑑 280(480)
The section is compression-controlled, 𝜑 = 0.65
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎 𝑏
480 −
𝑐 = 0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(280)
3436 𝑥 600
𝑐
𝑐 = 297.56 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = 252.92 𝑚𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.65(446.91)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 2.32
A hallow beam is shown in Figure 2.16. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
b) What is the balanced moment capacity of the beam?
c) What is the maximum steel area under singly reinforced condition?
d) What is the maximum design moment strength under singly
reinforced condition?
e) Calculate the required tension steel area when 𝑀𝑢 = 1200 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
500 mm
500
150
75 mm
𝑑 = 800 − 75 = 725 𝑚𝑚
To guide us whether “a” will exceed 150 mm or not, let us solve the design
moment when a =150 mm.
𝑎
𝑐= = 176.47 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1,865 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
a) 𝑀𝑢 = 800 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Stress in steel
𝑑−𝑐 𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = = 131.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 𝛽1
𝑓𝑠 = 600 725 − 131.2
= 2,712 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
131.3
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠(345) = 0.85(28)(111.6)(500)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
150
N
725
3
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑 = 310.71 𝑚𝑚 𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 264.11 𝑚𝑚
7
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 150 = 114.11 𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 2𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥(345) = 0.85(28)[75,000 𝑥 650 + 2 𝑥 14,263]
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟕, 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐
800 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.824
1000 −
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝐴1𝑦1 + 2𝐴2𝑦2)
𝑓𝑠 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑−𝑐
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 𝑓𝑠 = 600
1000 − 𝑓𝑦 𝑐
725 − 𝑐
600 − 345 166.03
𝑐
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = + 0.2893
1000 − 345 𝑐
𝑦2 = 650 − 0.425𝑐
𝑐 = 398.7 𝑚𝑚
166.03
𝜑= + 0.2893 = 0.706
398.7
PROBLEM 2.33
SOLUTION
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1600
𝜌𝑏 = = 0.03765 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
𝜌 = 0.65 𝜌𝑏 = 0.02447
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔= = 0.322
𝑓′𝑐
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = 0.685𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
Thus, 𝑐 = 0.65 𝑐𝑏
𝑐 = 0.445𝑑
𝑑−𝑐 𝑑 − 0.445𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600 0.445𝑑
𝑐 𝑓𝑠 = 747.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 "𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛"
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓 𝑦 747.7 − 276
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 1000 − 276
𝑓𝑦 𝜑 = 0.813
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑅𝑛 𝑏 𝑑2
420 𝑥 106 = 0.813(5.473)(𝑏)(1.9𝑏)2
𝑏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 = 1.9𝑏 = 𝟓𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.02447(297)(564)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟒, 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 2.34
Repeat Problem 2.33 using a steel ratio 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏
SOLUTION
𝑀𝑢 = 420𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜌𝑏 = 0.03765
𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 = 0.01883
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔= (1 − 0.59𝜔) = 4.438 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓′𝑐
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = 0.685𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 = 0.5𝑐𝑏 = 0.34247 𝑑
𝑑−𝑐 𝑑 − 0.34247𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑑 − 0.324247𝑑
𝑐 𝑓𝑠 = 1152 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 0.01883(308)(585)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 2.35
A rectangular beam has 𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 350 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓′𝑐 =
20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Determine (a) the maximum design moment if the beam is singly
reinforced and (b) the required steel area if the beam is required to carry
a dead load moment of 50 kN-m and a live load moment of 30 kN-m.
Use the 2001 NSCP.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝑎) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 148.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑏) 𝐴𝑠 = 1075 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.36
Repeat Problem 2.35 using the 2010 NSCP.
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
𝑎) 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 130.8 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑏) 𝐴𝑠 = 1056 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 2.37
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only carry dead load
moment of 85 kN-m (including its estimated weight) and a live load of
102 kN-m. Use 𝜌 = 0.6𝜌𝑏and use d= 1.75b. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓
′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use the 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.38
Repeat Problem 2.37 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.40
Repeat Problem 2.39 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.41
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with 𝑏 =
350 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 450 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 5 − 25 𝑚𝑚. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 24 𝑀𝑃𝑎. 𝑓𝑦 =
345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 2001 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.42
Repeat Problem 2.41 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.44
Repeat Problem 2.43 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 2.45
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of a rectangular beam with 𝑏 =
300 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 500 𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝑠 = 9 − 28 𝑚𝑚2. Assume 𝑓′𝑐 = 34 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
414 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 2010 NSCP
PROBLEM 2.46
Repeat Problem 2.45 using the 2010 NSCP.
PROBLEM 3.1
Determine the effective flange with for symmetrical T-beam with a span
of 6 m. The beam width of web is 250 mm, the slab thickness is 120
mm, and the clear distance to adjacent beams is 3m.
SOLUTION
For symmetrical T-beam, the effective flange width is the smallest of:
1. 1/4 span = 6000/4 = 1500 mm
2. 16𝑡 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16(120) + 250 = 2170 𝑚𝑚
3. clear spacing of beams + 𝑏𝑤 = 3000 + 250 = 3250 𝑚𝑚
Therefore 𝑏𝑓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
PROBLEM 3.2
Given the following elements of a T-beam:
Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 1200 𝑚𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Flange thickness, 𝑡 = 130 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Width of web, 𝑏𝑤 = 290 𝑚𝑚
Effective depth, 𝑑 = 470 𝑚𝑚
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the ultimate moment capac
SOLUTION
𝑀𝑛 = 0.8 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑓 𝑎(𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑡
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a) Balanced condition
600𝑑 600(460)
𝐶𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 414
𝐶𝑏 = 272.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(272.2)
𝑎 = 231.4 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
= 900mm
t=10
d = 460 mm
C a
z
=250
Figure 3.3
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 121.4 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 = 900(110) = 99,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑥 𝑧 = 310(121.4) = 37,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 136,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 405 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 289.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝐶2 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐( 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2)
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)[99,000(405) + 37,622(289.3)]
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.90(897)
𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(726.5)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
PROBLEM 3.4
A T-beam has the following properties: 𝑏𝑓 = 820 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 =
470 𝑚𝑚, 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚. Concrete compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and steel area for the following load conditions:
a) 𝑀𝐷 = 150𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
b) 𝑀𝐷 = 175 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 190 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ↑ 𝜑 𝑀𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑡
𝑡
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑓 𝑡 (𝑑 − ) = 545.375 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
2
Balanced condition:
600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 278.11 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
C a
z
T
FIGURE 3.4
=250
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 136.39 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 82,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 34,098 𝑚𝑚2
Maximum condition:
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝐴𝑐 𝑏 = 87,073 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴1
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 82,000 = 5,073 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠
𝑧= = 20.29 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 359.85 𝑚𝑚
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
T
𝑀𝑢 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑓(𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
414 𝑥 106 = 0.90(0.85)(20.7)𝑎(820)(470 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑎 = 73.6 𝑚𝑚
b) 𝑀𝐷 = 175 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 190 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 = 568 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
C a
z
T
=250
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 𝜑𝑀𝑛2
568 𝑥 106 = 545.375 + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(250)𝑧(470 − 100𝑧⁄2)
𝑧 = 15.78 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 3,946 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠(414) = 0.85(20.7)(82,000 + 3946)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟑, 𝟔𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐
PROBLEM 3.5
Design a T-beam for a floor system for which 𝑏𝑤 = 300 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑑 =
550 𝑚𝑚. The beams are 4.5 m long and spaced at 3 mo.c. The slab
thickness is 100 mm. 𝑀𝐷 = 450 𝑘𝑁 −
𝑚(𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ), 𝑀𝐿 = 350 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚. 𝑓′𝑐 = 27 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 =
415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(450) + 1.7(350)
𝑀𝑢 = 1225 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
m Thus, 𝑏𝑓 = 1,125 𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑏 600𝑑 = 325.123 𝑚𝑚
= 600+𝑓𝑦
C a
z
4
=300 mm
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 𝜑𝑐2𝑦2
6 6
𝑧
1225 𝑥 10 = 1161.844 𝑥 10 + 0.90 𝑥 0.85(27)(300𝑧)(450 − )
2
z=23.25 mm
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 6975.02 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 3.6
Determine the ultimate moment capacity of reinforced concrete T-beam
with the following properties: Flange width b = 1500 mm, web width 𝑏𝑤 =
250 𝑚𝑚, effective depth d = 600 mm, slab thickness t = 100 mm. Assume
𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The beam is reinforced with six 28 mm
bars.
SOLUTION
600 𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 = 380.95 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐𝑏 = 323.81 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 22381 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 150,000
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 55,952 𝑚𝑚2
= 1500mm
t=100
a
d =600mm
C
z
=250 mm
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠𝑏(345) = 0.85(20.7)(150,00 + 55,952)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 10,503
𝜋
Steel area provided, 𝐴 = 6 𝑥 (28)2 = 3,695 𝑚𝑚2 > steel yields
𝐴
𝑠 𝑠𝑏
4
Therefore, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝐶=𝑇 0.85 𝑓′𝑐𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7) 𝐴𝑐 = 3,695(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 72,441 < 𝐴1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 "a" is less than t
t =100 =1500 mm
C
d = 600 mm
d -a/2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 72,441 = a (1500)
𝑎 = 48.29 𝑚𝑚2
PROBLEM 3.7
Given the following properties of T-beam:
Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 900 𝑚𝑚𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎Flange thickness, t=1200 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎 W
Effective depth, d = 580 mm
Service deal load, 𝑀𝐷 = 410 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
Determine the safe service live load if the beam is reinforced for tension only wit
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85; 𝜑 = .90
= 900mm
t=120
a
d =580mm
C
z
𝜋 =400 mm
𝐴𝑠 = 12 𝑥 (28)2 = 7,389 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 108,000 𝑚𝑚2
Steel area provided is less than the balanced steel area. Steel yields.
C a
z
46
=400 mm
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 142,813=108,000+𝐴2
𝐴2 = 34,813 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏 𝑤 𝑧 34,813 = 400z
𝑧 = 87.03 𝑚𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 520 𝑚𝑚
𝑧
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − = 416.48 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1𝑦1 + 𝐶2𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐
(𝐴1𝑦1 + 𝐴2𝑦2)
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)[108,000(520) + 34,813(416.48)]
𝑀𝑛 = 1,261.3 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1,261.3)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1135.138 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
=500mm
t = 120mm
d=530mm
10-32 mm
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (32)2
4 =320mm Figure 3.5
𝐴𝑠 = 8,042 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2 =500m
t = 120mm
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (32 − 30)
7
𝛽1 = 0.836 a
d=530mm
z
Solve for balance 𝐴𝑠:
600𝑑
𝐶𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝐶𝑏 = 313.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝐶𝑏 = 261.83 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 141.83 𝑚𝑚 =320m
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 45,385.5 𝑚𝑚2
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠𝑏(345) = 0.85(21)(60,00 + 45,385.5)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 6,907 𝑚𝑚2
=500m
t = 120mm
a
d=530m
=320m
𝐴1 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 − 𝑡)
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤(𝛽1𝑐 − 𝑡)
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
530−𝑐
8,042 𝑥 600 = 0.85(32)[60,000 + 320(0.836𝑐 − 120)]
𝑐
𝑐 = 327.95 𝑚𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(1,213.56)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1,092.2 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
PROBLEM 3.9
Repeat Problem 3.3 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
600 𝑑 600(460)
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 414
𝑐𝑏 = 272.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(272.2)
𝑎 = 231.4 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
= 900mm
t=110
d = 460 mm
C a
z
T
=310 mm
Figure 3.6
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 121.4 𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 = 900(110) = 99,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑥 𝑧 = 310(121.4) = 37,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑏 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 136,622 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 405 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 289.3 𝑚𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 0.65(897)
𝜑𝑀𝑏𝑛 = 𝟓𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
3 800 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑐= 𝑑 = 197.14 𝑚𝑚; 𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.815
7 1000 −
𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(197.14)
𝑎 = 167.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 57.571 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 310(57.6) = 17,847 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 321.21 𝑚𝑚
PROBLEM 3.10
Repeat Problem 3.2 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 1200 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑤 = 290 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 130 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 470 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 345𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solving for 𝜑:
𝑎 = 130 𝑚𝑚
0.05 ′
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓 − 28) = 0.836
7 𝑐
𝑎
𝑐 = ⁄𝛽 = 155.56 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1213 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃 "𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90"
𝑐
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 090(1611)
𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.11
Repeat Problem 3.4 using the 2010 NSCP.
Additional questions:
c) Find the required steel area if 𝑀𝐷 = 195 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 and 𝑀𝐿 =
210 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚.
d) Find the maximum design moment so that section is tension-
controlled if it is reinforced for tension only.
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 820 𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 470 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓′𝑐 < 28 < 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 117.65 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1797𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
3
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑 = 201.43 𝑚𝑚
7
800 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − = 0.815
𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 171.21 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
= 820mm
t=100
C a
d = 470 mm
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 71.21 𝑚𝑚 =250 mm
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 17,803.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 334.39𝑚𝑚
a) 𝑀𝐷 = 150 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 120 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 = 372 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
t =100 =820 mm
C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
T
Assume 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 77.08𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 3,058 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
b) 𝑀𝐷 = 175 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 190 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 = 514 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
Assume 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 110.03 𝑚𝑚
1
t =100 =820 mm C
d = 470 mm
d -a/2
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1,963 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
c) 𝑀𝐷 = 195 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚, 𝑀𝐿 = 210 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷 + 1.6𝑀𝐿 = 570 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚 < 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
= 820mm
t=10
C a
d =470mm
=250 mm
Assume 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 𝜑𝑀𝑛2
570 𝑥 106 = 545.375 + 0.90(0.85)(20.7)(250)𝑧(470 − 100 − 𝑧⁄2)
𝑧 = 17.05 𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1448𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠, 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑐
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 3,908 𝑚𝑚2
= 820mm
t=100
C a
d = 470 mm
T
=250 mm
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 49.81𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤𝑧 = 12,453 𝑚𝑚2
𝑧
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − = 3450.9𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝑀𝑓𝑛 + 0.85 𝑓′𝑐𝐴2𝑦2
𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 681.59 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑡𝑛 = 𝟔𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.12
Repeat Problem 3.6 using the 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
Given: 𝑏𝑓 = 1500𝑚𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 600 𝑚𝑚 𝛽1 = 0.85
𝐴𝑠 = 6 − 28 𝑚𝑚 = 3,694 𝑚𝑚2
𝑐𝑏 600𝑑 = 380.95 𝑚𝑚
= 600+𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 = 323.81 > 𝑡
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 150,000
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 55,952 𝑚𝑚2
t=100 = 1500mm
a
d =600mm
C
z
=400 mm
𝑇=𝐶 𝐴𝑠𝑏𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠𝑏(345) = 0.85(20.7)(150,000 + 55,952)
𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 10,503
𝜋
Steel area provided, 𝐴 = 6 𝑥 (28)2 = 3,695 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴 "𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠"
𝑠 𝑠𝑏
4
therefore, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
t =100 =1500 mm
C
d = 600 mm
d -a/2
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 72,441 = 𝑎(1500)
𝑎 = 48.29 𝑚𝑚2
Solve for 𝜑:
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽 = 56.82 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 5,736𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
𝑐
therefore 𝜑 = 0.90
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎 𝑏𝑓(𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)(48.29)(1500)(600 − 48.29⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 = 733.99 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(733.99)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.13
Repeat Problem 3.7 using 2010 NSCP.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85; 𝜑 = 0.90
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 12 𝑥 (28)2 = 7,389 𝑚𝑚2
4
t=120 = 900mm
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡 = 108,000 𝑚𝑚2
C a
d =580mm
= 900mm
t=120
a
d = 580 mm
C
z
46
T
=400 mm
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 142,813 = 108,000 + 𝐴2
𝐴2 = 34,813 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 34,813 = 400𝑧
𝑧 = 87.03 𝑚𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑑 − 𝑡⁄2 = 520 𝑚𝑚
𝑦2 = 𝑑 − 𝑡 − 𝑧⁄2 = 416.48 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1𝑦1 + 𝐶2𝑦2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐(𝐴1𝑦1 + 𝐴2𝑦2)
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)[108,000(520) + 34,813(416.48)]
𝑀𝑛 = 1,261.6 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
Solve for 𝜑:
𝑎 = 𝑡 + 𝑧 = 203.03 𝑚𝑚 𝑐=
𝑎 1 = 243.57𝑚𝑚
⁄𝛽
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑑 − 𝑐
= 828.76 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓 𝑦
𝜑 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 0.8346
1000 −
𝑓𝑦
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.8346(1,261.3)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 1,052.703 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + .6 𝑀𝐿
1,052.703 = 1.2(410) + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.14
Repeat Problem 3.8 using 2010 NSCP.
=500mm
t = 120mm
d=530mm
10-32 mm
=320mm
Figure 3.7
t =120 mm =500mm
a
d=530mm
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (32)2 =320mm
4
𝐴𝑠 = 8,042 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴1 = 𝑏𝑓𝑡 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (32 − 28)
7
𝛽1 = 0.821
600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 313.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐𝑏 = 257.35 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 = 137.35 𝑚𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤𝑧 = 43,953 𝑚𝑚2
t =120 =500m
a
d=530mm
T
=320m
𝜑 = 0.65 𝑐𝑝𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑠
𝐴1 = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 − 𝑡) = 𝑏𝑤(𝛽1 𝑐 − 𝑡)
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
PROBLEM 3.15
a .305-mm wide rectangular beam has an overall depth of 560 mm. The
beam is reinforced with four 25-mm-diameter compression bars. The
centroid fiber. Assume 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓′𝑐 = 29 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the
following:
a) The balanced tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate
balanced moment.
b) The maximum tension steel area and the nominal and ultimate
maximum moment.
SOLUTION
305 mm
70
4-25 a
d=490 mm
d-d’420
= +
70
𝛽1 = 0.85
a) Balanced condition
600𝑑 600(490)
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 415
𝑐𝑏 = 289.66 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏 𝑎 = 0.85(289.66)
𝑎 = 246.21 𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 600 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 600 289.66−70
𝑐 289.66
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠1(415) = 0.85(29)(246.21)(305)
𝐴𝑠1 = 4,460 𝑚𝑚2
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 184.7/0.85
𝑐 = 217.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑓′𝑠
= 600
𝑐−𝑑′ 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 217.2−70
𝑐 217.2
𝑓′𝑠 = 406.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 (𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
SOLUTION
0.05
𝛽1 = 0.85 − (35 − 30) = 0.814
7
𝐴′𝑠 𝜋
= (28)2 𝑥 2 = 1,232 𝑚𝑚2
4
600 𝑑 600(460)
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑐𝑏 =
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 345
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 292 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 292
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85(35)(0.814 𝑥 292)(300) + 1232(345) = 𝐴𝑠(345)
𝐴𝑠 = 𝟕, 𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 219.05 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 219.05
𝑐
𝑓′𝑠 = 408 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION
This is the same problem in Chapter 2.
600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = = 335.616 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1𝑐𝑏 = 285.27 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏(𝑑 − )
2
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(27.6)(213.96)(300)(490 − 213.96⁄2)
𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 576.76 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.90(576.76) = 519 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Since 𝑀𝑢 = 620 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚 > 𝜑𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥, the beam must be doubly reinforced.
ca d
d – a/2
= + d – d’
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 576.76 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 620
𝑀𝑛2 = − 𝑀𝑛1 𝑀𝑛2 =
𝜑 0.90 − 576.76
𝑀𝑛2 = 112.13 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑎 = 213.96 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 251.71 − 60
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 251.71
𝑐 𝑓′𝑠 = 457 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 Compression steel yields
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
Compression steel:
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4(230) + 1.7(190)
𝑀𝑢 = 645 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
600𝑑
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 = 203.94 𝑚𝑚
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 173.35 𝑚𝑚
= d– + d–
𝑀𝑢 645
𝑀𝑛2 = − 𝑀𝑛1 𝑀𝑛2 = − 511.58
𝜑 0.90
𝑀𝑛2 = 205.088 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 203.94 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 173.35 𝑚𝑚
Tension Steel:
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴𝑠1(415) = 0.85(30)(173.35)(310)
𝐴𝑠1 = 3,302 𝑚𝑚2
Compression steel:
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 203.94 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 203.94
𝑐
Compression steel does not yield, 𝑓′𝑠 = 394.06 𝑃𝑎
PROBLEM 3.19
A floor system consists of a 100-mm concrete slab supported by
continuous T beam with 9 m span, 1.2 m on centers as shown in Figure
3.10. Web dimensions, as determined by negative-moment
requirements, are 𝑏𝑤 = 280 𝑚𝑚, and 𝑑 = 500𝑚𝑚. Concrete cover is 70
mm from the centroid of the bars. The beam is subjected to a maximum
positive factored moment of 1080 kN-m. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 415
𝑀𝑃𝑎. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/𝑚3.
a) Calculate the required tension steel area at the point of maximum
positive moment.
b) Using the tributary area method, what is the uniform service dead
load acting on the beam?
c) Calculate the uniform service live load acting on the beam.
A L=9m B L=9m C
SOLUTION
𝑓′𝑐 = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑤 = 280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑑 = 500𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑑′ = 70 𝑚𝑚
Maximum factored moment, 𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1080 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Effective flange width, 𝑏𝑓:
1. L/4=9/4=2.25 m
2. 16t+𝑏𝑤 = 16(100) + 280 = 1.88 𝑚
3. 𝑆𝑜𝑐 = 1.2𝑚
Use 𝑏𝑓 = 1.2 𝑚
600𝑑 600(500)
𝑐= 𝑐=
600 + 𝑓𝑦 600 + 415
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(295.57)
𝑎 = 251.23 𝑚𝑚
t=100 = 1200mm
d =500mm
C a
z
=280 mm
𝑧 =𝑎−𝑡 𝑧 = 251.23100
𝑧 = 151.23 𝑚𝑚
t=100 = 1200mm
d =500mm
C a
z
=280 mm
𝐴2 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑧 1,759 = 280 𝑧
𝑧 = 6.28 𝑚𝑚
=1200mm
d’=70
a
d=500mm
d-d’
500
430
d’=7
=820mm
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 106.28/0.85
𝑐 = 125.04
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 125.04 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 125.04
𝑐
𝑓′𝑠 = 264.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇1 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 (𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
𝐴𝑠1(415) = 0.85(21)(120,000 + 1,759)
𝐴𝑠1 = 5,237 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀 =𝑀 −𝑀 𝑀 =
𝑀𝑢
−𝑀
𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛1
𝜑
1080
𝑀𝑛2 = − 976.36
0.90
𝑀𝑛2 = 223.64 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑤𝑐 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑤𝑐 = 23.5(0.2516)
𝑤𝑐 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟔 → 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
7.6 7.6
5-32 3-32 5-32
5-32 3-32 5-32
B
202 kN-
c) Uniform live load
A L=9 L=9 C
𝑤𝑢𝐿2 𝑤𝑢(9)2
𝑤𝑢 = 1,080 =
24 24
𝑤𝑢 = 320 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
PROBLEM 3.20
The beam shown in Figure 3.11 is subjected to a maximum service
dead load moment of 230 kN-m. Determine the service live load that the
beam can carry. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
350 mm 60 mm
2-28 mm
540 mm
600 mm
4-36 mm
Figure 3.11
SOLUTION
𝜋
2
𝐴𝑠 = (36) 𝑥 4 = 4,072 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜋
4
2 2
𝐴′𝑠 = (28) 𝑥2 = 1,232 𝑚𝑚
4
b
d’
ca
= d – a/2+ d – d’
Assume all steel yield:
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 1,232 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 2,840 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7)𝑎(350) = 2,840(345)
𝑎 = 159.1 𝑚𝑚
𝑐= 𝑎
= 187.18 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 187.18 − 60
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑓𝑠 = 600 187.18
𝑐 𝑓𝑠 = 407.7 > 𝑓𝑦 compression steel yields
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎 ′
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝑇2(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2 𝑎 ′
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠2𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2 159.1
( )
𝑀𝑛 = 2,840 345 (600 − ) + 1,232(345)(600 − 60)
2
𝑀𝑛 = 739.4 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(739.4) = 665.43 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4𝑀𝐷 + 1.7𝑀𝐿 665.43 = 1.4(230) + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.21
A rectangular beam has the following properties:
Width, b=400 mm 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Effective depth, d=620 mm 𝑓′𝑐 = 22 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Tension bars, 3 pcs 25-mm-diameter d’=70 mm
Determine the design strength of the beam and the safe service live load if the
SOLUTION
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (28)2 = 6,158 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋4
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 𝑥 (25)2 = 1,473 𝑚𝑚2
4
b
d’
ca
= d – a/2+ d – d’
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
PROBLEM 3.22
A 12-m long rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported
at its ends. The beam is provided with an addition support at the mid
span. Width of beam is 300 mm and the overall depth is 450 mm. The
beam is reinforced with 25-mm-diameter bars, four bars at the tension
side and 2 bars at the compression side .Concrete protective coverings
is 70 mm form the centroid of the bars. Concrete strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
and steel yield 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use 0.75 𝜌𝑏 = 0.023.
a) Determine the depth of the compression block.
b) Determine the nominal moment capacity of the beam.
c) Determine the factored uniform load, including its own weight, the
beam can carry.
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓′𝑐 = 30𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
300 mm
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 4 𝑥 (25)2 70 mm
4
𝐴𝑠 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2 2-25 mm
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 𝑥 (25)2
4
310 mm
380 mm
450 mm
𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(30)𝑎(30) = 982(415)
𝑎 = 53.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 98.87 𝑚𝑚
98.86 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 = 175.17 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
98.86
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1,706 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐(𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠𝑓′ 𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑′)
𝑀𝑛 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑎𝑠𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90𝑀𝑛
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 243.53 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Factored load,
A B C
By there-moment equation:
𝑀 𝐿 + 2𝑀 (𝐿 + 𝐿 ) + 𝑀 𝐿 + 6 𝐴 1 𝑎̅ 1 + 6𝐴 2 𝑎̅ 2 = 0
𝐴 1 𝐵 1 2 𝑐 2
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑀𝐶 = 0
6𝐴 1 𝑎̅ 1 𝑤𝑢𝐿13
=
𝐿1 4
6𝐴 2 𝑎̅ 𝑤𝑢𝐿13
=
2 4
𝐿2
3 3
0 + 2𝑀𝐵(+6 +) + 0 + 𝑤𝑢(6) + 𝑤𝑢(6) = 0
4 4
𝑤𝑢 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
PROBLEM 3.23 (CE NOVEMBER 2010)
A 6 meter long simply supported reinforced concrete beam has a width
of 350mm and an overall depth of 470 mm. The beam is reinforced with
2- 28 mm compression bars on top and 4-28 tension bars at the bottom,
each located 70 mm from the extreme concrete fiber. Concrete strength
𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.Determine the
following:
a) Depth of compression blocks assuming both tension and
compression steel yields.
b) What is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam in kN-m?
c) Determine the additional concentrated live load that can be
applied at midspan if the dead load including the weight of the
beam is 20 kN/m.
SOLUTION
Given : 𝐿 = 6𝑚 𝑓′𝑐 = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏 = 350 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 400𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑏 = 28 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 70 𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(20.7)𝑎(350) = 1232(415)
𝑎 = 𝟖𝟑 𝒎𝒎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑎
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 83/0.85
𝑐 = 97.64 𝑚𝑚
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑐 − 𝑑′ 97.64 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 97.64
𝑐 𝑓′𝑠 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 130.08 − 70
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 130.08
𝑐
𝑓′𝑠 = 277.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 ′ ′
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 𝑠(𝑑𝑎 − 𝑑 )
2 ′ ′ ′
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴 𝑠𝑓 𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(20.7)(110.6)(350)(400 − 110.6⁄2) + 1232(277.11)(400 − 70)
𝑀𝑛 = 347.33 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Ultimate moment capacity= 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(347.33)
Ultimate moment capacity= 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 312.6 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏
3 3
L=6
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 312.6 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝐷𝐿2 𝑃𝐿𝐿
𝑀 = 1.4 𝑀 + 1.7 𝑀 𝑀 = 1.4 + 1.7
𝑢 𝐷 𝐿 𝑢 8 4
20(6)2 𝑃𝐿(6)2
312.6 = 1.4 + 1.7
8 4
𝑃𝐿 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵
PROBLEM 3.24
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.12. The beam will be subjected to
a maximum service dead load of 215 kN-m. What is the safe service
live load moment for this beam? Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
360 mm 30 mm
5-
650 mm
Figure
25 mm
8 - 25mm
30 mm
SOLUTION
𝛽1 = 0.85
360 mm
Tension steel, 𝐴𝑠 = 8 𝑥 𝜋
d’ 30 mm
(25)2
𝐴𝑠 = 3,927 𝑚𝑚2 4 5- 25mm
𝜋
Compression steel, 𝐴′𝑠 = 5 𝑥
650 mm
(25)2
𝐴′𝑠 = 2,454 𝑚𝑚2 4 d
25 mm
1
𝑑′ = 30 +
2(25) = 42.5 𝑚𝑚 8 - 25mm
Effective depth to extreme tension bar
:
𝑑𝑡 1
= 650 − 30 − = 607.5 𝑚𝑚 30 mm
2(25)
𝑀𝐷 − 215 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)𝑎(360) = 1.473(415)
𝑎 = 95.1 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 95.1/0.85
𝑐 = 111.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑓′𝑠
= 600
𝑐−𝑑′ 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 111.9−42.5
𝑐 111.9
𝑓′𝑠 = 372 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
360 mm
d’
5-5-25mm a
c
d d-d’
25 mm
d-a/2
8 - 825mm
- T
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑤𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑.
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(122.38)
𝑎 = 104.03 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 ′ ′
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 𝑠(𝑑𝑎− 𝑑 ) ′
2 ′
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2 104.03
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(104.03)(360)(582.5 − )
2
+2,454(391.64)(582.5 − 42.5)
𝑀𝑛 = 873.68 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(873.68)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 786.31 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 1.4 𝑀𝐷 + 1.7 𝑀𝐿
786.31 = 1.4(215) + 1.7(𝑀𝐿)
𝑀𝐿 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.25
A beam section is shown in Figure 3.13. The beam will be subjected to a
maximum service dead load of 360 kN-m. What is the safe service live load
moment for this beam? Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
𝛽1 = 0.85
Tension steel, 𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥
𝜋
(28) 2 30 mm
4
𝐴𝑠 = 6,158 𝑚𝑚2 2- 25mm
Compression steel, 𝐴′𝑠 𝜋
=2𝑥 (25)2
𝐴′𝑠 = 982 𝑚𝑚 2
4
28 mm
650 mm
𝑑′ = 30 + 1⁄2(25) = 42.5 𝑚𝑚
10 - 28mm
Effective depth (to centroid of tension bars)
𝑑 = 650 − 30 − 28 − 1/2(28)
𝑑 = 578 𝑚𝑚 30 mm
𝑀𝐷 = 360 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 3.13
320 mm 30 mm
d’
2 - 25mm
650 mm
d
28 mm
10 - 28mm
30 mm
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦
0.85(21)𝑎(320) = 5,176(415)
𝑎 = 376.04 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 𝑐 = 376.04/0.85
𝑐 = 442.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 442.4 − 42.5
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600
𝑐 442.4
𝑓𝑠 = 222 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
Tension steel does not yield.
320 mm
d’
5- 25mm
5-
c a
d
d-d’
d-a/2
28 mm
10 - 28mm
8
-
𝑑1 = 650 − 30 − 14 = 606 𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 650 − 30 − 28 − 28 − 14 = 550 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =5𝑥 (28)2 = 3,079 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶′𝑠
𝑐 = 363.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = 309.29 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠1 = 600 𝑑1 − 𝑐 606 − 363.9
𝑓𝑠1 = 600 363.9
𝑐
𝑓𝑠1 = 399.25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑑2 − 𝑐 550 − 363.9
𝑓𝑠2 = 600 𝑓𝑠2 = 600 363.9
𝑐 𝑓𝑠2 = 306.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 363.9 − 42.5
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 363.9
𝑐 𝑓′𝑠 = 530 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 𝑎 = 0.85(345.4)
𝑎 = 301.2 𝑚𝑚
Solve for d:
𝑇1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1𝑓𝑠1 𝑇1 = 3,079(399.25)
𝑇1 = 1,229.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑠2𝑓𝑠2 𝑇2 = 3,079 (306.9)
𝑇2 = 944.9 𝑘𝑁
𝑇 𝑥 𝑑 = 𝑇1 𝑥 𝑑1 + 𝑇2 𝑥 𝑑2
2,174.1 𝑑 = 1,229.2(606) + 944.9(550)
𝑑 = 581.66𝑚
𝑎 ′ ′
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶 𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2 𝑎 ′
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 )
2
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85(21)(309.29)(320)(578 − 309.29⁄2) + 982(415)(581.66 − 42.5)
𝑀𝑛 = 974.07 𝑘𝑛 − 𝑚
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
3-23mm
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (25)2 = 4,909 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋4
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 𝑥 (22)2 = 1,140 𝑚𝑚2
4
Flange area, 𝐴𝑓 = 600(110) = 66,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦
0.85(27)𝐴𝑐 = 3,768(350)
𝐴𝑐 = 57,468 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑡
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑓 57,469 = 𝑎(600)
𝑎 = 95.8 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑡
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽1 𝑐 = 95.8/0.85
𝑐 = 112.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 112.7 − 46
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 112.7
𝑐 𝑓′𝑠 = 355 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
=600mm
t=110mm
25mm
3-232-
mm
d-a/2
d-d’
d
=390mm
10mm
10 -2 5 stirrup
1 0 -
25mm mm 20mm
=300mm
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.90(661.5)
𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
PROBLEM 3.27
Calculate the design flexural strength of the T-beam shown in Figure
3.15. Use 𝑓′𝑐 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
=600mm
25mm
t=100mm
2-22mm
𝛽1 = 0.85
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 10 𝑥 (28)2 = 6,158 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋4
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 𝑥 (22)2 = 760 𝑚𝑚2
4
Flange area, 𝐴𝑓 = 600(100) = 60,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠1𝑓𝑦
0.85(25)𝐴𝑐 = 5,397(345)
𝐴𝑐 = 87,626 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 𝑡
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑓 + 𝐴𝑤 87,626 = 60,00 + 𝐴𝑤
𝐴𝑤 = 27,626 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑤 = 𝑏 𝑤 𝑧 27,626 = 315 𝑧
𝑧 = 87.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 100 + 𝑧 = 187.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 = 𝑎⁄𝛽1 = 220.83 𝑚𝑚
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 220.83 − 46
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 𝑓′𝑠 = 600 220.83
𝑐 𝑓′𝑠 = 475 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑠