Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Load On Structures
Load On Structures
Dead Loads. Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members
and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The
values for dead loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for
common material densities and minimum design dead loads for common
components.
Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be
caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles,
or natural forces. NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live
loads depending on the use of the space
Snow and Rain Loads. In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow or rain
can be quite severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of primary
concern.
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure. When structures are used to retain water, soil, or
granular materials, the pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important
criterion for their design.
Impact Loads. When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger
stresses than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been
applied gradually. The dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress
in the structure is referred to as impact.
Wind Loads. When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect
of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of
incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of
its surface.
Earthquake Loads. Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its
interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result
from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral
resistance of the structure.
Pz = qz G Cp Ph = qh G Cp
• Components and Cladding (C&C) – Elements of the structure that do not qualify as
part of the MWFRS
• Building, Low-Rise – a structure whose mean roof height is less than or equal to
18m or it does not exceed least horizontal dimension or simply B ≥ h
• Mean Roof Height, h – Average distance of the roof eave height and the highest
point the roof surface.
* For roof with 𝝧 ≤, h = h𝑒
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
2.2 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
ridge
eave
Wind
h
B
h𝑒
𝑃h
𝑃 𝑧
𝑃𝑍
𝑃h 𝑃𝑍
Roof
Sidewalls
Windward Leeward
Wall Wall 𝑃h
Pressure
Suction
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
2.2 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
1. Determine the Occupancy Category Table 103 - 1
2. Determine the Basic Wind Speed (V) Figures 207A.5-1A, B or C
3. Determine Wind Directionality Factor ( Table 207.6-1
4. Topographic Factor () Section 207A.8 and Table 207 A.8-1
5. Exposure Category (A, B or C) Section 207A.2 and 207A.3
6. Velocity Pressure Coefficient ( Section 207B.3.1
7. Gust Effect Factor (G) Section 207A.1 and Section 207A.9.2
8. Enclosure Classification (Open, Partially Enclosed or Enclosed) Section 207A.10
9. External Pressure Coefficient, Cp Figure 207B.4-1
10. Velocity Pressure, ( Section 207B.3.2
11. Design Wind Pressure or Load, p or F
Project Information:
6m
6m
6m
8m
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
2.2 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
Occupancy Category
1. Importance Factor (I) Section 208.4.2 (Table 208‐1)
2. Soil Profile Type (S) Section 208.4.3 (Table 208‐2)
3. Seismic Zone Factor () Section 208.4.4.1 (Table 208‐3)
4. Seismic Source Type (A, B or C) Section 208.4.4.2 (Table 208‐4)
5. Near Source Factor ( Section 208.4.4.3 (Table 208‐5)
6. Near Source Factor () Section 208.4.4.3 (Table 208‐6)
7. Seismic Coefficient () Section 208.4.4.4 (Table 208‐7)
8. Seismic Coefficient () Section 208.4.4.4 (Table 208‐8)
9. Seismic Response Modification Factor (R) Table 208‐11A to 208‐11D
10. Design Base Shear Computation (V) Section 208.5.2
11. Vertical Force Distribution of Base Shear (Fx) Section 208.5.2.3
The total Design Base Shear shall not be less than the 𝑽
=𝟎 .𝟏𝟏 𝑪 𝒂 𝑰 𝑾
following:
𝑽
=𝟎 .𝟏𝟏 𝑪 𝒂 𝑰 𝑾
𝑪𝒗 𝑰 𝑾 𝟐 . 𝟓 𝑪𝒂 𝑰 𝑾
𝑽= 𝑽=
or 𝑹𝑻 𝑹
𝟎 . 𝟖 𝒁𝑵 𝒗 𝑰 𝑾
𝑽=
𝑹
For Zone 4 only
Through Method A , the value of T for all buildings, may be approximated by the
following equation:
𝑻 =𝑪 𝒕 (𝒉 ¿ ¿𝒏) 𝟑/ 𝟒 ¿
where :
The Seismic Load, W is the total dead load and applicable portions of other loads
listed below:
2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of not less than 0.5
kN/m2 shall be included.
∑
𝟏=𝟏
𝒘 𝒊 ∗ 𝒉𝒊 3 F3
Whiplash Force 2 F2
Ft ¿ 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟕 𝑻𝑽 Level 1 F1
Ft 0.25V and;
Ft = 0 if T 0.7s
𝑽
Given:
2.5 m 3.5m
Level 2
3.5m
2.5 m
Level 1
2.5 m 4.2m
𝑠
2
l
𝑝𝑠𝑙 𝑝𝑠𝑙
p 𝑠
2
2 (c) 2
𝑝𝑠𝑙
l s p 𝑠 𝑝𝑠𝑙 𝑝𝑠𝑙
2
4 2
4
s 𝑠
2
(b)
s s
(d)
THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
2.4 TRIBUTARY LOADINGS
If the support ratio is s / l ≧ 0.50 , the load is assumed to be
Two-Way System delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two
directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a
two-way slab.
* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
2.4 TRIBUTARY LOADINGS
If the support ratio is s / l ≧ 0.50 , the load is assumed to be
Two-Way System delivered to the supporting beams and girders in two
directions. When this is the case the slab is referred to as a
two-way slab.
* ”s” is for shorter span and “l” is for longer span THEORY OF STRUCTURES 1 | Engr. Kevin Paolo V. Robles
MAPUA UNIVERSITY – School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
CHAPTER 2 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Example No. 2 The flat roof of the steel-frame building shown in the photo is
intended to support a total load of 2kN/m2 over its surface.
Determine the roof load within region ABCD that is
transmitted to beam BC. The dimensions are shown in the
figure.