THE GREAT PLEBEIAN COLLEGE

ALAMINOS CITY PANGASINAN

FIRST SEMESTER
A.Y 2022 – 2023

SCI 401: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE WITH HIV/AIDS

THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS AT WORK

[SEMI-FINALS]

PREPARED BY:

ELLEN MAE C. SANTOS

LARA MAE REGASPI
RONEL E. PALECPEC
CHERYL C. SALAZAR
JOBELLE G. SALAZAR
ARCELYN L. TUGADE
JOHN VINCENT VALDEZ
MARY ANN H. VELOZA
JERICK C PALTEP
MARY NICOLE C. NANQUIL
 THE HUMAN BODY
→ Highly organized
→ Comprised of different organ system that performs specific body functions
→ Human’s body is an incredible machine but may not have parts for replacement
→ Comprised of integumentary, skeletal, muscular, digestive, circulatory, and nervous system.

THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM

→ Human organ system is complex
→ Human body is made up of trillions of cells with different sizes, shapes and functions
 Tissues: comprised of a group of cells with similar structure and function
 Organs: comprised of a group of tissues
 Organ systems: comprised of a group of organs

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

→ Includes the skin, hair and nails.
THE SKIN

→ The outside part of the body is covered by skin

→ The first layer of our body’s defense against dirt and germs
→ Also prevents leakage of body fluids such as blood unless you get wounded
→ Furthermore, skin also prevents our internal organs from being exposed
→ Regulates our sense of touch
→ It keeps the body temperature the same by releasing sweat through the pores
THE HAIR AND NAILS

→ They are made of dead cells but the growing area of the hair is the living root in the skin
→ The small white crescent at the base of the nail makes it grow
→ Nails are cut regularly without hurting us
SKIN DISEASES

→ Includes the acne, athletes’ foot and scabies due to germs.

Acne Athletes’ foot scabies

It could be itchy when you are exposed to substances that you are allergic to.

→ Skin cancer is associated with too much exposure to sunlight

→ Burns and bruises are painful injuries
▪ Regular bath and healthy diet make our skin clean and healthy
▪ Using sunscreen when exposed to strong sunlight protects your skin
▪ Take note of sores, lumps, moles, and warts that are not normally on your skin and visit your doctor.
▪ New technology to repair severely damaged skin as in burns through test-tube skin is now available.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

→ Consists of bones, joints, and connective tissues.
→ The skeleton provides the basic shape of human body and supports the different internal organs like
the brain which is protected by the skull.
→ Also works with muscles to enable us to stand, walk, and do other manual tasks.
→ Some bones enclose the marrow, the blood forming tissues.
 → Calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones to keep them strong.
→ There are 206 bones in human body in which they differ in size, shape, and length.
→ The connective tissues, mainly of cartilage are found in the tip of the nose, outer ears, and between
vertebrae of the spinal column
 Cartilage cushions: the area where two or more bones usually meet.
 There are joints that do not allow movement such as those in the skull and pelvis.
 There are joints that allow full movement of bones which are found in your knees, wrists, ankles, and
shoulders
 Ligaments: bands of tough elastic tissue around your joints. They connect bone to bone, give your
joints support, and limit their movement.

→ Bones are supposed to last a lifetime but sometimes they are injured like when we fall or slide causing
bone fracture or sprain of ligaments and tendons.
→ Arthritis and osteoporosis are diseases that affect our skeletal system among elderly.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

→ Enables us to move our body parts to perform various tasks
→ Moving our legs, arms, neck, and head requires muscles working with our bones.
→ The heart beats because of the muscles in it
→ Muscles may vary in length, shape, size, and thickness.
→ Muscles and bones are attached to each other by tendons.
→ Muscles help food move through our digestive tract, flow of blood through blood vessels and
breathing
o These are due to muscles that are not under conscious control.
o For us to use our arms, our skeletal muscles contract to move a bone and when the
muscle relaxes, the bones return to its original position and the muscles to their shape
and form
▪ Some muscle disorders may due to action of nerves like in the muscle spasms and
progressive weakening and frequent tiring of muscles
▪ Regular exercise, healthy diet rich in minerals and proteins, avoiding overstressing of muscles
will help us make our muscles healthy.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
→ Breaks down the food into smaller pieces suitable enough to be supplies to the different cells
present in the human’s body.

Figure 1.1: The Human Digestive

System
The digestive organs shown in the
figure will help you to understand how
food is being digested. For instance, a
biscuit which is a carbohydrate that you
eat has to be chewed (mechanical
digestion) in the mouth. The teeth and
the tongue are involved. The biscuit is
moistened by our saliva that contains a
substance to start chemical digestion.
The tongue pushes the broken bits of
biscuits to the back of the mouth and is
swallowed. The food goes down to the
digestive tract esophagus, stomach and
small intestine. Further breakdown of
the biscuit occurs in the stomach,
chemical digestion continues and ends
in the small intestine where nutrients
are absorbed.

→ The foods that are not broken down in the small intestine move to the large intestine and after
a while are released as solid wastes.
→ The liver, gall bladder and the pancreas also are involved in digestion but are not part of the
digestive tract.
→ Bile from the liver breaks down fat particles in the small intestine
→ Digestive enzymes are produced by the stomach, pancreas, and small intestines to complete
digestion not only of carbohydrates but also fats and proteins that we eat.
→ Our digestive system may be infected by the germs that cause diarrhea, vomiting, and
cholera
▪ We must clean and cook properly the food that we take
▪ Washing hands with soap and water before and after eating must be a habit.
▪ The water we drink must be free from germs and parasites.
▪ Do not eat spoiled foods
▪ Drink plenty of water
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

→ The major parts of the circulatory system are

the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
→ The heart is the most active part of the body.
o It is as big as your own clenched fist
o It is the pumping organ
o Has 4 chambers: left ventricle and
auricle; right ventricle and auricle
o The ventricles pump blood out of the
heart
o Auricles receives the blood coming from
the lungs.
o Valves prevent the backward flow of
blood in the heart, allowing movement in
one direction.

→ CBC or complete blood count: a routine test to determine the composition of your blood cells when
you are suspected to have infection like dengue.
→ Main components of blood: (a) plasma (liquid – 90% water, proteins such as albumin, clotting factors,
antibodies, dissolved nutrient and electrolytes) and (b) formed elements [the white blood cells, red
blood cells and platelets]
 → White blood cells (WBC): helps to fight body diseases
→ Red blood cells (RBC): most numerous in our body and are mainly involved in transporting gases and
wastes throughout the organs in the body
→ Platelets: involved in blood clots to stop blood flow in case of wounds
→ The blood vessels are the arteries, capillaries, and veins.

o Arteries: carries blood away from the heart

and you can feel the pressure of blood flowing
in the pulse points like your wrist.
o The major artery from the heart branches to
smaller ones ‘till they reach the diff. body
organs
o The very narrow arteries connect to the
capillaries found in different organs where
exchange of gases and nutrients occur
o From the organs, very small veins merge to
become veins where blood flows to the heart.

2 PATHWAYS/CIRCUITS WHERE BLOOD FLOW IN THE VESSELS:

→ Pulmonary circulation: involves the heart and the lungs

o the capillaries of the lungs remove the carbon dioxide from the circulating blood and takes in
oxygen.
o The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
o The pulmonary artery in the heart transports blood to the lungs
→ Systemic circulation: supplies nutrients and oxygen to all body tissues at the same time collects
waste materials for discharge.
o Exchange of materials occurs in the capillaries of body tissues.
BLOOD DISEASES

→ Includes anemia (too little oxygen flows resulting in weakness); and leukemia (cancer of the blood:
results from the release of immature cells by the bone marrow)
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

→ Includes hypertension and atherosclerosis (prevalent among the elderly)

 There is a relationship of cardio-respiratory high-risk factors such as smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical exercise, stressful activities, drinking alcoholic to poor health.
 Habits that lead to healthy body systems are regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, no prohibited
drugs and smoking.
 Having a regular medical & dental check-up is also necessary.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

→ Our ability to do things is coordinated functions of the different organ systems that are
controlled and monitored by the nervous systems.
→ Central Nervous System: includes the brain and spinal cord
o The brain is protected by the skull
▪ Control center of the vital act. for survival including emotions, learning, abilities,
and talents.
▪ Divided into 3 parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem
▪ Cerebrum: largest part and has the brain centers that control thought processes,
speech, motor, touch, pressure, smell, hearing, vision, facial recognition.
• Generally, the right half of it controls the left side of the body whilst the left
half of it controls the right side of the body.
▪ Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of the brain
• Controls muscle coordination, balance and normal body posture.
• When mountain climbing, the cerebellum receives signals that transmits to
the cerebrum and direct movements of the arms, hands, legs, and other
parts of the body.
 ▪ Brainstem: connects the brain to the spinal cord.
• Has several parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
• Midbrain: contains relay stations of neurons and reflex centers for
involuntary actions.
o The hypothalamus in the midbrain maintains internal balance
such as water and blood pressure.
• Pons: connects the two halves of the cerebellum and links the cerebral
cortex to medulla.
• Functions like heartbeat, breathing, and sneezing are regulated by the
medulla
 The spinal cord inside your bony vertebral column connects the brain to all parts of the body
via the different nerves.
o When the sensory nerves from the skin receives a signal from the outside when you dip
your fingers in cold water, for instance, the impulse is transmitted to the spinal cord to
the brain processing or interpretation.
o The message travels from the brain center to the hand that will respond.
→ Peripheral Nervous System: includes the network of nerves throughout the body.
o These includes the sensory neurons from the sense organs and the motor neurons in
muscles or glands for action or response.
→ The NS (nervous system) may be affected by germs as in the case of meningitis (an acute
inflammation of the meninges or the covering of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord)
o This could result in loss of hearing, vision, and changes in the child’s thinking and doing
tasks.
→ Poliomyelitis: due to viral infection affecting the spinal cord that may result in paralysis.
→ Migraine: severe headache common when a person is under stress or with hormonal
imbalance during menstrual period among women
→ Epilepsy: brings about seizures when one cannot control the muscles.
→ Alzheimer’s disease: progressive loss of memory and intellectual disabilities
→ Head injuries from accidents can cause fracture of the skull, concussion and bleeding.
→ Tumors: may originate in the brain bringing disturbances in various functions.
Wearing seatbelt when in motor vehicles reduces risk of injury to the body in case of accidents.