INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL

AND PLANT REPRODUCTION

 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

▪ Define the terms asexual and sexual reproduction

▪ Describe the advantages and disadvantages of asexual
and sexual reproduction, respectively
 What is reproduction?

Reproduction is the process of

producing a new offspring.
This can take place asexually or sexually.

The ability of the members of a species

to increase the number of its functional
members and to replace members that
have died.
 Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
▪ the formation of ▪ the formation of a
DEFINITION

a new organism new organism

where there is from 2 parents
the presence of usually, and
a single parent,
▪ involves the
and
joining of gametes
▪ no joining of (fertilization) to
gametes forms a zygote
 Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
▪ Reproduction ▪ Meiosis occur to
CELL DIVISION

and growth of ensuring the

offspring are formation of
achieved haploid (n)
through mitosis. gametes from
diploid (2n) cells.
 Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction

▪ The ▪ The resulting

OFFSPRING

resulting offspring is the

offspring is product of both
parents.
genetically
▪ Offspring are
identical to
similar to their
the parent. parents but not
identical to
them.
 Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction

▪ No energy is ▪ There is greater genetic

expended to find a variation of the offspring
mate. and therefore, greater
Advantages

▪ There is a high chance of survival in

chance of survival of changing environments.
the offspring, if the
offspring remains
near the parent in a
stable environment.
▪ Less genetic diversity ▪ Energy is expended in
Disadvantages

gives the offspring a finding a mate in many

lesser chance of organisms.
survival if the
environment changes.
Some eggs can develop by parthenogenesis, a
process in which the egg develops without being
fertilized and the adults that result are
monoploid.
 Parthenogenesis
Ex: Honeybee
If no sperm are
released, the eggs
develop into haploid
drones, which are
males
(parthenogenesis)

In honeybees, for If sperm are allowed to

example, a queen fertilize the eggs, the
bee mates only fertilized eggs develop
once and stores into diploid worker
bees, which are female.
the sperm. She
then can control
the release of the When fertilized eggs
are exposed to the
sperm.
appropriate hormone,
they will develop into
queens.
Drone Worker

Queen
Some sessile animals are hermaphrodites and
can mate with any animal of their species. Both
animals act as male and female, and both
donate and receive sperm.
 Novel Reproductive Strategies
Hermaphroditism
One individual has both testes and ovaries, and
so can produce both sperm and eggs.