Quantities and Units

Table 1.1 Derived quantities and their S.I Units

Derived Units
Density Kgm-3 or gcm-3 ! ! " ! "
m = $ !" $ "
Force N or kgms-2
Work/ Energy J/ Nm
Power W or J s-1
Pressure Pa or Nm-2 Errors
Random: Experimenter (Repeat readings and Find
Table 1.2 Fundamental quantities and their S.I base average)
units
Systematic: Apparatus (Change apparatus and Use
Base Quantities Units formula)
Mass Kg
Length M Density
Time S
Temperature K / 0C Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance
Current A %
P= (kgms-3)
Amount of substance mol &
Luminous intensity cd
Relative Density

Table 1.3 Prefixes The relative density tells you how many times a
substance is denser than water
Prefix
𝑷
Tera T *1012 Relative Density = 𝑷 𝒔 (No Unit)
𝒘
Giga G *109
Mega M *106
Kilo K *103
Carti C *10-2
Milli M *10-3
Micro 𝜇 *10-6 Scalar: Magnitude only eg. time
Nano n *10-9
Pico p *10-12 Vector: Magnitude and Direction eg. Force

Graphs Force : Vector Quantity

Quantity Vs Quantity <--------- --------->
Scale x:

y: Find Resultant Force

(a) F1 F2 Fr = F1 – F2
 F1 *Center of Gravity is the point at which the weight of
the body is considered to act.
(b) Fr = F1 –F2

F2
Stability
The position of the centre of gravity of an object
F1
affects its stability. The lower the centre of gravity
(c) (G) is, the more stable the object. The higher it is the
more likely the object is to topple over if it is pushed.
F2
1. Low center of gravity
2. Widen base

Linear Motion
B OàAàB
Moment of force = F * d
displacement = 15cm
S.I = Nm
15 8
Conditions of Equilibrium distance = 8 + 5 = 13cm

1. ∑ 𝑨𝒄𝒎 = ∑ 𝒄𝒎 = Principle of Moments

2. Upward forces = Downward force O A
Levers: 5
Middle Example Speed = the rate at which something moves
First Fulcrum Crowbar
./012345
Second Load Wheelbarrow (ms-1) scalar
1/%5
Third Effort Forearm

𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 Velocity = is the rate of change of its position with

Efficiency= 𝜺 = * 100%
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
respect to a frame of reference and is a function of
= 𝜺 < 100% (energy loss) time.
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Center of Gravity 1/%5
(ms-1) vector

A body that behaves as if its whole weight is

concentrated at one point is called its center of
gravity. Acceleration = is the increase in speed or weight
482395 /3 &57:4/1!
• Make holes at A, B or C. 1/%5
(ms-2) vector
• Place object on pin or retort stand such that
the pin goes through A. Velocity Constant = 0
• Attach plumb line in front of object.
• Make small marks on the top and bottom of
the shape behind the plumb line.
• Remove and join the line using a ruler.
• Repeat for holes B and C
• Where the lines intersect is the C. O. G
 Newton’s second law states that a resultant force
acting on an object is directly proportional to its
acceleration and they both take place in the same
Time Graphs
direction.
Displacement – the action of moving something
Newton’s third law states that if body A exerts a
from its place or position
force on body B hen body B will exert an equal but
Gradient = Velocity opposite force on body A.

Linear Momentum
Linear momentum is a vector quantity defined as
the product of an object's mass, m, and its velocity,
v. Linear momentum is denoted by the letter p and
is called “momentum” for short: Note that a
body's momentum is always in the same direction as
its velocity vector. The units of momentum are kg. ·
m/s.

= M* V
S.I Unit = kgms-1

Conservation of Momentum
If two or more bodies collide then their total
momentum before collision is equal to their total
momentum after collision.

Gradient = Acceleration

Area under graph= Distance travelled Circular Motion

Aristotle: Force * Velocity

Newton’s 1st – law of Inertia

2nd- F = ma

3rd – Fa : - Fb
Direction changing
Newton’s first law states when an object is moving
in a straight line with constant velocity then it will
continue to do go unless acted upon b an external
Velocity changing
force.
It has an acceleration Archimedes’ Principle states that the upward
buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal
to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and
It has a resultant force acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of
the displaced fluid.

Up trust

Force = Centripetal Force

Weight of fluid it displaces

Work Done: F * S
Mf g
Energy is the energy of an object is its ability to do
work.

Conservation of Energy states that energy can either Pf Vs g

be created nor destroyed but many converted to
one form to the next. A) float: u = w

Kinetic Energy - B) sink: w > u

En = kinetic = due to motion C) rise: u > w

; Vs = Volume of Solid
= < mv2

Potential Energy -

𝑬𝒑 = potential = due to position

= mgh Temperature – how hot or cold a substance is – K

Power is the rate of doing work, the amount of 0
C à K
energy transferred per unit time. ... In the
International System of Units, the unit of power is +273
the joule per second (J/s):
-273 0C = OK = absolute zero
=
(W)
> Thermometer

?
Solid = P =
@

Liquid = P = pgh
Thermometers Thermal Quantities
Ø Liquid in glass Specific Heat Capacity of a substance is the heat
Ø Clinical required to produce unit temperature rise in unit
Ø Thermocouple mass
Ø Resistance
C
c = %∆E
Upper fixed points- The upper fixed point, or steam
point, is the temperature of pure boiling water at E = mc∆𝜃
normal atmospheric pressure.
Temperature change
Lower fixed points- The lower fixed point, or ice
point, is the temperature of pure melting ice at
normal atmospheric pressure. Heat Capacity
C
C = ∆E = mc

1. Gas molecules are in constant random Latent Heat is when a solid is heated, it may melt
motion. and change its state from solid to liquid.
2. Constantly colliding with each other C
(resulting in a pressure). l=%
3. The volume of the particles is negligible
E = ml
when compared to the gas itself.
4. Forces of attraction between the particles Phase change
are negligible.

Gas Laws
Boyle’s law states that the volume of a fixed mass of
gas is inversely proportional to the pressure, if the
Modes of Heat Transfer
temperature is unchanged:
;
1. Conduction- Solid
P ∝ & (temperature is constant) 2. Convection- Fluid (liquid or gas)
3. Radiation- Vacuum
Charles law states that the volume of fixed mass of
gas is directly proportional to its absolute Good Emitter- silver
temperature if the pressure is kept constant:
Good Absorber- black
A" A!
v ∝ T (P is constant) =
>" >!

Pressure law states that the pressure of a fixed mass

of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature if the pressure is kept constant:
Waves
B" B
P ∝ 𝑇 (V is constant) = >!
>" ! Waves carry energy from one place to another.
General Gas Laws 1. Transverse ------> direction example light
B"%" B! A!
waves
= 2. Longitudinal <------> vibration example
>" >!
soundwaves
 i > r (ray slows down)

Snell’s Law: Refractive Index,

GHI / A K
n = GHI J = A" = K"
! !

NB: Frequency is constant

Critical Angle
a- amplitude

T- period
;
F- frequency: T = ? (𝐻F )

λ- wavelength

v= f λ – speed

;
c= sin-1 (3)

Waves Undergo Total Internal Reflection

Reflection

Ø i>c
Law
Ø ray must be in denser medium
Ø i=r
Ø normal, incident at reflected ray lie on the
same plane Example: Triangular Glass Prism

Refraction
 1. speed of light, c= 3 * 108 ms-1
2. through a vacuum
3. all transverse waves
Diffraction- occurs when light passes the edge of
an object but is not easy to detect

A wave of compression and rarefaction, by which

sound is propagated in an elastic medium such as
air.

Interference-when lights falls on two narrow slits

very close together.

Young’s Double Slit

Convex lens- is the thickest in the center and is also

called a converging lens

Concave or diverging lens is the thinnest in the

center and spreads light out.

WAVELENGTH INCREASES
Image Current, I

Ø Real or Virtual L
I = 1 (A)
Ø Max, Min, Same
Ø Upright or Inverted Ø Charge flowing per unit time
Ø Position

𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Magnification = 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

- - -
.
=/+0

Symbols
A form of energy resulting from the existence of
charged particles (such as electrons or protons),
either statically as an accumulation of charge or
dynamically as a current.

Charges

Unlike charges attract Like charges repel

Q= It (C)

Supply
AC

A stationary electric charge, typically produced by

friction, which causes sparks or crackling or the
attraction of dust or hair.

Static Charge
Ø Friction
Ø Conduction
DC Filament Lamp

Metallic Conductor

Series and Parallel Circuits

I- V Characteristics

M=
Resistor
&
Ohm’s Law = R = M

V = IR

W = QV

W = VIT

P= IV
&!
P= N

P = I2R (Power Loss)

 Series Parallel
I Same Splits up
Around a magnet there is a magnet field that moves
V Splits up Same from the north to the south pole. A magnetic field is
; ; ; ;
defined as region around a magnetic field where a
R RT =R1 + R2 + R3 = + +
N& N" N! N' magnetic force is experienced.

Magnetic flux is the magnetic field lines per unit

Bills area.

1 unit => 1 KWh Like poles repel, unlike poles attract

E => P * T

Diode

Magnetic field lines around current carrying

conductor

Half- Wave Rectification FRHSR

 Currents Carrying Conductor In A
Magnetic Field
Flat Circular Coil

Solenoid

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule (motor rule)

Transformer

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

Np > Ns step down transformer

Ns > Np step up transformer

3( A( M)
= =
3) A) M(
Faraday Law states that the rate at which the Z- atomic/ umber of protons
magnetic field lines cuts the solenoid/ conductor the
1. Alpha- 𝛼 : P<𝐻𝑒 <Q
greater is the e.m.f induced

2. Beta- 𝛽 : ";R 𝑒 -1

Lenz’ Law is the direction of the induced current

3. 𝛾 – ray: energy
always opposes motion.

Stopped by Range in Air

𝛼 Paper cm
𝛽 Al m
𝛾 Ld Km

Half – Life
The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified
isotope to fall to half its original value.

The emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused

by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei.

Gold oil Experiment – Geiger and Marsden

;
Fraction Let: <*

n – number of half lives

E = ∆mc2

∆m = 𝑚J - 𝑚6

Conclusion C = 3 * 108 ms-1 (speed of light)

Ø Empty space
Ø Small positive core
Nuclear Fission
Ø Small dense core
A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits
spontaneously or on impact with another particle,
@
O𝑋
with the release of energy.

A – mass/ number of nucleon

 Radioisotopes Uses
Ø Carbon Dating
Nuclear Fusion Ø Treating Cancer
Ø Tracer
A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits
spontaneously or on impact with another particle,
with the release of energy.