Reviewer in English 10 (4th Quarter)

Research

• the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions
• is a "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It
involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding
of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and
error.

Technical Terms used in Research

• Title/Cover Page. Contains the paper's title, the author's name, address, phone number,
e-mail, and the day's date.

• Abstract. It describes the essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the research
question posed, its significance, the methodology, and the main results or findings.
Footnotes or cited works are never listed in an abstract.

• Introduction and Statement of the Problem. A good introduction states the main
research problem and thesis argument.

• Limitations of Study. Indicates what the researcher intends to do and not to do.

• Methodology. The approaches, tools, and techniques that researchers use to study a
problem. These methods include laboratory experiments, field experiments, surveys, case
studies, focus groups, ethnographic research, action research, and so forth.

• Literature Review. The research process uncovers what other writers have written
about your topic. It
• includes a discussion or review of what is known about the subject and how that
knowledge was acquired.

• Main Body of Paper/Argument. This is generally the longest part of the paper. It's
where the author supports the thesis and builds the argument. It contains most of the
citations and analysis and focuses on the rational development of the thesis with clear
reasoning and solid argumentation at all points.

• Conclusion. After spending a great deal of time and energy introducing and arguing the
points in the main body of the paper, the conclusion brings everything together and
underscores what it all means. A stimulating and informative conclusion leaves the reader
informed and well-satisfied. A conclusion that makes sense, when read independently
from the rest of the paper, will win praise.

• Bibliography. List of cited sources or references.

• Appendix. It contains material that is appropriate for enlarging the reader's

understanding, but that does not fit very well into the main body of the paper. Such
 material might include tables, charts, summaries, questionnaires, interview questions,
lengthy statistics, maps, pictures, photographs, lists of terms, glossaries, survey
instruments, letters, copies of historical documents, and many other types of
supplementary material.
Source: https://libguides.bc.edu/edpaper/sections

• Data. Information collected through surveys, interviews, or observations. Statistics are

produced from data, and data must be processed to be of practical use.

• Data Analysis. The process by which data are organized to better understand patterns
of behavior within the target population. Data analysis is an umbrella term that refers to
many particular forms of analysis such as content analysis, cost-benefit analysis, network
analysis, path analysis, regression analysis, etc.

• Hypothesis. A statement that predicts the relationship between the independent (causal)
and dependent (outcome) variables.

• Thesis Statement. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view
on the topic directly and often in one sentence.

TECHNICAL DEFINITION is a very detailed description of a term, process or

phenomenon. This is used to introduce the vocabulary which makes communication in a
particular field succinct and unambiguous.
Types of Technical Definition: Sentence/Formal Definition, Expanded Definition and
Parenthetical Definitions
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION is a statement that describes how a particular variable is
to be measured, or how an object or condition is to be recognized. Operational definitions
tell you what to do or what to observe.

Techniques of Expanded Definition

1. Etymology. The etymology (the origin of the word) is a common way to begin an extended
definition. In addition to giving the origin, it can be helpful to show how the meaning or usage
has changed over time.
2. Exemplification. Giving examples is a common way to extend the definition of a word.
3. Comparison. If the word being defined is complex, it can be compared to something which
is simpler (by giving an analogy).
4. Contrast. The word can be contrasted with others in the same category which are close in
meaning.
5. Classification. If the word being defined can be divided into different types, classification can
be used to extend the definition.
6. Process. If the word being defined is a process, or is used to carry out a process, then the
definition can be extended by explaining the process.
7. Negation. It is sometimes helpful to extend the definition of the word by explaining what it
is not, in order to explain what it is.
8. Description. If the word being defined is something physical, then a description of its
characteristics, possibly including a diagram, might be appropriate.
9. Enumeration. If the word being defined has many characteristics, then it might be helpful to
enumerate (i.e. list) each of these characteristics in detail.

Characteristics of a Good Research Title

1. A good title predicts the content of the research

A good title informs the reader accurately about the contents of the article. The main
responsibility of a title is to explain what the article is about without misleading or establishing
wrong expectations. Make sure it doesn’t include anything that your reader won’t be able to find
in the paper.
2. A good title should be interesting to the reader
To make the title interesting, attention-grabbing, and easy to read, use words that create
a positive impression and stimulate the reader’s interest.
When trying to add some zest, make sure your title conveys information in an
unambiguous and precise manner, communicates the message clearly, and doesn’t encourage
multiple interpretations.

3. It reflects the tone of writing

It’s very important to define the tone of your research in the title and keep it throughout
the paper. If it’s a serious and conventional academic study, avoid a casual or fun title containing
ornate or conversational language.
4. It contains important keywords
Keywords are important words and concepts that are frequently used in your research
paper. Using them in the title will let you introduce the topic, problem, or solution right away.

Types of Sources
What is a primary source?
A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people, events, or
phenomena that you are researching. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of your
analysis.
If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you need primary
sources that were produced at the time by participants or witnesses (e.g. letters, photographs,
newspapers).

What is a secondary source?

A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyzes
information from primary sources. Common examples include:
✓ books, articles and documentaries that synthesize information on a topic
✓ synopses and descriptions of artistic works
✓ encyclopedias and textbooks that summarize information and ideas
✓ reviews and essays that evaluate or interpret something