GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 1

SOIL COMPACTION
T-CEET316

ppt by Engr. Ace Daria

MOST CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS
INCLUDE SOME EARTHWORK, WHICH IS
THE PROCESS OF CHANGING THE
CONFIGURATION OF THE GROUND
SURFACE. WHEN WE REMOVE SOIL OR
ROCK, WE MAKE A CUT OR EXCAVATION; GROUN
WHEN WE ADD SOIL OR ROCK, WE
CREATE A FILL OR EMBANKMENT. THESE
CHANGES MAKE THE SITE MORE
SUITABLE FOR THE PROPOSED GWT
DEVELOPMENT.
EARTHWORK CONSTRUCTION
THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVE OF
EARTHWORK CONSTRUCTION IS TO
CHANGE THE GROUND SURFACE FROM
SOME INITIAL CONFIGURATION, GROUN

TYPICALLY DESCRIBED BY A
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, TO SOME
CONFIGURATION, AS DESCRIBED ON A
GWT
NEW TOPOGRAPHIC MAP KNOWN AS
GRADING PLAN.
CONVENTIONAL EARTHWORK
IT DESCRIBES THE PROCESS OF
EXCAVATION, TRANSPORT AND
PLACEMENT, AND COMPACTION OF SOIL
OR SOFT ROCK IN AREAS WHERE GROUN

EQUIPMENT CAN MOVE FREELY. THIS

PROCESS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO
SEVERAL DISTINCT STEPS, EACH
GWT
REQUIRING APPROPRIATE EQUIPMENT
AND TECHNIQUES.
CLEARING & GRUBBING
. THE FIRST STEP IN MOST EARTHWORK
PROJECTS IS TO REMOVE VEGETATION, TRASH,
DEBRIS AND OTHER UNDESIRABLE MATERIALS
FROM THE AREAS TO BE CUT OR FILLED. THE
ABOVE-GROUND PORTION OF THIS WORK IS
CALLED CLEARING AND THE UNDERGROUND
PORTION IS CALLED GRUBBING. SOMETIMES GROUN
CLEARING AND GRUBBING IS ACCOMPANIED BY
STRIPPING, WHICH CONSIST OF REMOVING AND
STORING OF THE TOPSOIL. SUCH SOILS ARE
VALUABLE BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN NUTRIENTS GWT
FOR PLANTS. ONCE THE GRADING IS
COMPLETED, THESE SOLS ARE RETURNED TO
THE TOP OF THE GRADED SURFACE IN AREAS
TO BE LANDSCAPED.
EXCAVATION
IT IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING OF SOIL
AND/OR ROCKS. MOST OF THE EXCAVATION
OCCURS IN AREAS WHERE THE PROPOSED
GROUND SURFACE IS LOWER THAN THE
EXISTING GROUND SURFACE. NORMALLY, GROUN
THE EXCAVATED MATERIALS ARE OFTEN
USED TO MAKE FILLS AT OTHER PORTION OF
THE PROJECT ON SITE. SOMETIMES
ADDITIONAL; SOIL IS NEEDED, SO IT BECOME GWT
NECESSARY TO OBTAIN BY EXCAVATING AT
OFFSITE BORROW PITS.
TRANSPORT & PLACEMENT
ALTHOUGH BULLDOZERS AND WHEEL
LOADERS CAN TRANSPORT SOILS FOR
SHORT DISTANCES (100M -150M), THEY GROUN
BECOME VERY ECONOMICAL WITH LONGER
HAULS. FOR THIS PROCESS, IT BECOMES
NECESSARY TO USE OTHER EQUIPMENT LIKE
SCRAPERS AND DUMP TRUCKS. GWT
MOISTURE CONDITIONING
THE SOIL MUST BE AT THE PROPER
MOISTURE CONTENT BEFORE IT IS
COMPACTED AND WILL NOT COMPACT WELL
IF IT IS TOO WET OR TOO DRY. IF THE SOIL
GROUN
IS TOO DRY, THIS IS USUALLY DONE BY
SPRAYING IT WITH WATER TRUCK THEN A
BULLDOZER OR OTHER EQUIPMENT IS THEN
USED TO MIX THE SOIL SO THAT THE WATER GWT
IS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED.
COMPACTION
IT IS THE PROCESS OF COMPRESSING THE
SOIL INTO A SMALLER VOLUME THUS GROUN
INCREASING ITS DRY UNIT WEIGHT AND
IMPROVING ENGINEERING PROPERTIES.

GWT
COMPACTION
AIR
AIR
AIR AIR

WATER WATER WATER WATER

SOLID SOLID SOLID SOLID

PARTICLE PARTICLE PARTICLE PARTICLE

IN NATURAL BEING MOISTURE IN COMPACTED

CONDITION HAULED CONDITIONING FILL
FINE GRADING
IT IS THE PROCESS OF CAREFUL TRIMMING
AND FILLING TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED GROUN

CONFIGURATION.

GWT
SOIL COMPACTION
SOIL COMPACTION IS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF EARTHWORK GROUN
CONSTRUCTION, AND PROPER COMPACTION
OFTEN IS THE KEY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
POOR AND EXCELLENT FILL.
GWT
COMPACTION LEADS TO IMPROVED ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF A FILL, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING:
✓1INCREASED SHEAR STRENGTH WHICH REDUCES
THE POTENTIAL SLOPE STABILITY PROBLEMS AND
ENHANCES THE FILL’S CAPACITY FOR SUPPORTING
LOADS.
✓DECREASED COMPRESSIBILITY, WHICH REDUCES
THE POTENTIAL EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENT. GROUN
✓DECREASED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, WHICH
INHIBITS THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH THE SOIL.
✓DECREASED THE VOID RATIO, WHICH REDUCES
THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT CAN BE HELD IN THE
SOIL AND THUS HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE GWT
DESIRABLE STRENGTH PROPERTIES.
✓INCREASED EROSION RESISTANCE, WHICH HELPS
MAINTAIN THE GROUND SURFACE IN SERVICEABLE
CONDITION.
FIELD COMPACTION
MOST COMPACTION IN THE FIELD IS DONE
WITH ROLLERS SUCH AS SHEEP FOOT
GROUN
ROLLERS, TAMPING FOOT ROLLER,
PNUEMATIC ROLLER, VIBRATORY ROLLER &
SMOOTH STEEL-WHEEL ROLLER.
GWT
SHEEP FOOT ROLLER

GROUN

GWT
TAMPING FOOT ROLLER

GROUN

GWT
PNUEMATIC ROLLER

GROUN

GWT
VIBRATORY ROLLER

GROUN

GWT
SMOOTH STEEL-WHEEL ROLLER

GROUN

GWT
SOIL COMPACTION
COMPACTION, IN GENERAL, IS THE DENSIFICATION
OF SOIL BY REMOVAL OF AIR, WHICH REQUIRES
MECHANICAL ENERGY. THE DEGREE OF
COMPACTION OF A SOIL IS MEASURED IN TERMS
OF ITS DRY UNIT WEIGHT. WHEN WATER IS ADDED GROUN
TO THE SOIL DURING COMPACTION, IT ACTS AS A
SOFTENING AGENT ON THE SOIL PARTICLES. THE
SOIL PARTICLES SLIP OVER EACH OTHER AND
MOVE INTO A DENSELY PACKED POSITION. THE
DRY UNIT WEIGHT AFTER COMPACTION RST GWT

INCREASES AS THE MOISTURE CONTENT

INCREASES.
 𝜸𝒐

MOIST UNIT WEIGHT

FOR 𝜸𝒅 :
𝜸 = 𝜸𝒅 (𝟏 + 𝝎)
𝜸
𝜸𝒅 =
𝟏+𝝎
𝜸 = 𝜸𝒅

MOISTURE CONTENT 𝝎𝒐
STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
IN THE STANDARD PROCTOR TEST, THE SOIL IS
COMPACTED IN A MOLD THAT HAS A VOLUME OF 943.3
c.cm. THE DIAMETER OF THE MOLD IS 101.6 mm.
DURING THE LABORATORY TEST, THE MOLD IS
ATTACHED TO A BASE PLATE AT THE BOTTOM AND AN
EXTENSION AT THE TOP. THE SOIL IS MIXED WITH
VARYING AMOUNT OF WATER AND THEN COMPACTED
IN THREE EQUAL LAYERS BY A HAMMER THAT
DELIVERS 25 BLOWS TO EACH LAYER. THE HAMMER
WEIGHS 24.4N ≈ 2.5KG AND HAS A DROP OF
304.8MM.
STANDARD PROCTOR TEST 𝟒. 𝟓"

✓ COMPACTION MOLD
✓ STANDARD PROCTOR HAMMER (5.5LB)
✓ NO.4 U.S. SIEVE
✓ BALANCE SENSITIVE UP TO 0.01 LB 𝟒"

✓ BALANCE SENSITIVE UP TO 0.1 G 𝟏𝟐"

✓ LARGE FLAT PAN

✓ JACK 𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝟒" 𝟏 𝟑
✓ STEEL STRAIGHT EDGE 𝟑𝟎
𝒇𝒕

✓ MOISTURE CANS 𝟓. 𝟓𝒍𝒃

✓ DRYING OVEN
✓ PLASTIC SQUEEZE BOTTLE WITH WATER
𝟐"
 WEIGHT OF CAN + LID
WEIGHT OF WET SOIL + CAN + LID
WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL + CAN + LID
WEIGHT OF THE MOLD + BASE PLATE
𝑾𝒘
WEIGHT OF THE WET SOIL + MOLD + BASE PLATE 𝝎=
WEIGHT OF THE WET SOIL 𝑾𝒔
𝑾
𝜸=
𝑽 𝜸
𝜸𝒅 =
𝟏+𝝎
COMPACTION CURVE
𝜸𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒙

MOISTURE UNIT DRY UNIT

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

CONTENT WEIGHT WEIGHT
𝝎𝟏 𝜸𝟏 𝜸𝒅𝟏
𝝎𝟐 𝜸𝟐 𝜸𝒅𝟐
𝝎𝟑 𝜸𝟑 𝜸𝒅𝟑
𝝎𝟒 𝜸𝟒 𝜸𝒅𝟒
𝝎𝟓 𝜸𝟓 𝜸𝒅𝟓

MOISTURE CONTENT 𝝎𝒐
ZERO AIR VOID CURVE
𝜸𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝐺𝑆 𝛿𝑊
𝛿𝑍𝐴𝑉 =
1+ 𝑒
RECALL:

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

𝑆𝑒 = 𝜔𝐺𝑆

FOR SATURATED SOIL:

𝐺𝑆 𝛿𝑊
𝛿𝑍𝐴𝑉 =
1 + 𝜔𝐺𝑆
MOISTURE CONTENT 𝝎𝒐
 COMPACTION CURVE
DRY UNIT WEIGHT

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

MOISTURE MOISTURE MOISTURE MOISTURE
CONTENT CONTENT CONTENT CONTENT
 FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION
HOW THE SOIL COMPACTED IS, OR 𝜸𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒙
THE DEGREE OF COMPACTION,
DEPENDS ON VARIOUS FACTORS

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

INCLUDING:
1. THE TYPE OF THE SOIL BEING
COMPACTED.
2. THE METHOD OF COMPACTION.
3. THE COMPACTION EFFORT.
4. THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF
THE SOIL BEING COMPACTED. MOISTURE CONTENT 𝝎𝒐
SOIL TYPE
THE SOIL TYPE – THAT IS, GRAIN
SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SHAPE OF
THE SOIL GRAINS, SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF SOIL SOLID, AND
AMOUNT AND TYPE OF CLAY
MINERALS PRESENT - HAS A
GREAT INFLUENCE ON THE
MAXIMUM DRY UNIT WEIGHT AND
OPTIMUM WATER CONTENT.
 COMPACTION EFFORT
IT IS THE WORK IMPARTED TO COMPACT A SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH THE COST. THE WORK
PERFORMED PER UNIT VOLUME OF SOIL. IN THE LABORATORY, THE COMPACTION EFFORT
CAN BE MEASURED IN TERMS OF WEIGHT AND NUMBER OF BLOWS FROM THE COMPACTION
HAMMER AND OTHER FACTORS.

THE COMPACTION ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME, E, USED FOR THE STANDARD PROCTOR TEST
CAN BE GIVEN AS

𝑬 = __________________________________________________________________________________
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 × 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟 × (𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑑
 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑

𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
 STANDARD MODIFIED
PARAMETER PROCTOR PROCTOR 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
HAMMER HAMMER
HEIGHT OF DROP 12” 18”
WEIGHT 5.5LB 10LB
NUMBER OF
3 5
LAYERS
𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 PARAMETER MOLD 1 MOLD 2
VOLUME 1/30 cu.ft 1/13.33 cu.ft
DIAMETER 4” 6”
𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
HEIGHT 4.584” 4.584”
NUMBER OF
25 56
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 BLOWS
SUMMARY OF STANDARD AND MODIED PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST
SPECICATIONS (ASTM D-698AND D-1557)
PROBLEM 01
DETERMINE THE COMPACTION EFFORT OF:
𝑙𝑏
a. THE STANDARD PROCTOR TEST IN 𝑓𝑡 − USING MOLD 1.
𝑓𝑡 3
b. THE MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST IN 𝐽/𝑚3 USING MOLD 2.
 STANDARD MODIFIED
PARAMETER PROCTOR PROCTOR
HAMMER HAMMER
HEIGHT OF DROP 12” 18” 25𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠
WEIGHT 5.5LB 10LB × 3𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 × 5.5𝑙𝑏 × (12/12′ )
𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑬 = ______________________________________________________
NUMBER OF
3 5 1 3
LAYERS 𝑓𝑡
30

PARAMETER MOLD 1 MOLD 2 𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏

𝐸 = 12 375
VOLUME 1/30 cu.ft 1/13.33 cu.ft 𝑓𝑡 3
DIAMETER 4” 6”
HEIGHT 4.584” 4.584”
NUMBER OF
25 56
BLOWS
PROBLEM 02
Weight of Moist Moisture
THE LABORATORY TEST RESULT OF A STANDARD Soil in Mold Content
PROCTOR TEST ARE GIVEN IN THE FOLLOWING (KN) ω%
TABLE. Gs=2.70. DRAW THE COMPACTION CURVE 0.0162 10
AND DETERMINE THE:
0.0172 12
A. MAXIMUM DRY UNIT WEIGHT
0.0179 14
B. VOID RATIO AT THE OPTIMUM WATER CONTENT
0.0177 16
C. THE DEGREE OF SATURATION AT THE
0.0173 18
MOISTURE CONTENT
0.0166 20
 𝑊 𝛾 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
𝛾= 𝛾𝑑 = 𝛾𝑍𝐴𝑉 =
𝑉 1+𝜔 1 + 𝜔𝐺𝑠

Weight of Moisture Unit Weight Dry Unit ZERO AIR

Moist Soil in Content of Moist Weight VOID UNIT
Mold (KN) ω% (KN/cu.m) (KN/cu.m) WEIGHT FOR VOLUME:
3
1𝑚
0.0162 10 17.1610 15.6009 20.8559 𝑉 = 944𝑐𝑚3
100𝑐𝑚
0.0172 12 18.2203 16.2681 20.0053 𝑉 = 9.44 × 10−4 𝑚3
0.0179 14 18.9619 16.6332 19.2213
0.0177 16 18.75 16.1638 18.4965 RECALL:
0.0173 18 18.3263 15.5308 17.8244 𝐺𝑆 = 2.70
0.0166 20 17.5847 14.6540 17.1994
17 Moisture Content Dry Unit Weight ZERO AIR VOID
ω% (KN/cu.m) UNIT WEIGHT
10 15.6009 20.8559
20
12 16.2681 20.0053
14 16.6332 19.2213
19
16 16.1638 18.4965
18 15.5308 17.8244
18
20 14.6540 17.1994

17 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑 FOR VOID RATIO: FOR DEGREE OF SATURATION:

𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝑒 = 𝜔𝐺𝑠
16
𝛾𝑑 =
1+𝑒
𝑆(0.5860) = (14.3%)(2.70)
9.81𝑘𝑁
2.70
𝑚3
15 16.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 = 𝑆 = 65.8874%
1+𝑒

14 𝑒 = 0.5860

10 12 14𝟏𝟒. 𝟑% 16 18 20 22
PROBLEM 03
SPECIFICATIONS ON A JOB REQUIRED A FILL USING BORROW SOIL TO BE
COMPACTED AT 95% OF ITS STANDARD PROCTOR MAXIMUM DRY
DENSITY. TESTS INDICATE THAT THIS MAXIMUM IS 19.5KN/M3 WITH
MOISTURE CONTENT 12%. THE BORROW MATERIALS HAS VOID RATIO OF
0.60 AND A SOLID GS = 2.65.
a. COMPUTE THE DRY UNIT WEIGHT OF THE COMPACTED SOIL
REQUIRED BY SPECIFICATIONS.
b. COMPUTE THE MINIMUM VOLUME OF BORROW SOIL REQUIRED TO
FILL ONE CU.M.
 FOR THE BARROW MATERIAL:
𝑒 = 0.60 𝐺𝑠 = 2.65

FOR THE REQUIRED DRY UNIT WEIGHT:

𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 0.95 19.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝛾𝑑 =
1+𝑒

𝛾𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 18.525𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 2.65 9.81𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝛾𝑑 =
1 + 0.60
𝛾𝑑 = 16.2478𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑊𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 𝛾𝑑 (𝑉)

𝑊𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 18.5250𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 (1𝑚3 ) 𝑊𝑠

𝛾𝑑 =
𝑉
𝑊𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 18.5250𝑘𝑁
18.5250𝑘𝑁
3
16.2478𝑘𝑁/𝑚 =
𝑉

𝑉 = 1.1402𝑚3
PROBLEM 04
AN UNDISTURBED SAMPLE MATERIAL TAKEN FROM A BORROW PIT HAS A
VOID RATIO 0.70. RESULTS OF THE PROCTOR TEST INDICATE THAT THE
MATERIAL AS COMPACTED ON THE ROADWAY WILL HAVE A VOID RATIO
OF 0.48. WHAT IS THE SHRINKAGE FACTOR SHOULD BE USED IN
COMPUTING BORROW AND EMBANKMENT QUANTITIES?
FOR THE BARROW MATERIAL: 𝑒 = 0.70
𝑒=
𝑉𝑣 𝑉𝑣
𝑒= 𝑒 = 𝑉𝑣
𝑉𝑠 1
FOR THE REQUIRED MATERIAL: 𝑒 = 0.48

FOR THE TOTAL VOLUME: 𝑉 =1+𝑒

AIR FOR THE BARROW MATERIAL: 𝑉 = 1 + 0.70 = 𝑉𝑖

WATER
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑒 FOR THE REQUIRED MATERIAL: 𝑉 = 1 + 0.48 = 𝑉𝑓

FOR THE SHRINKAGE FACTOR:

∆𝑉 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑓
SOLID 𝑉𝑠 = 1
𝑆. 𝐹 =
𝑉
=− =
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖
PARTICLE
1 + 0.70 − 1 + 0.48
𝑆. 𝐹 =
1 + 0.70
𝑆. 𝐹 = 0.1294
MOIST SOIL
PROBLEM 05
AN EMBANKMENT WITH A TOTAL VOLUME OF 20000CU.M IS TO CONSTRUCTED AS
A PART OF HIGHWAY PROJECT. THE SOIL TO BE USED IN THE EMBANKMENT WILL
COME FROM A BORROW PIT WHERE THE AVERAGE MOIST UNIT WEIGHT AND WATER
CONTENT OF 17.6KN/M3 AND 12% RESPECTIVELY. ASSUMING THE SOIL WILL BE
COMPACTED TO A DRY DENSITY OF 18.2KN/M3 AT A MOISTURE CONTENT OF 16%.
COMPUTE:
a. THE WEIGHT OF DRY SOIL REQUIRED
b. THE VOLUME OF DRY BORROW REQUIRED
c. THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER IN LITERS THAT MUST BE ADDED TO FILL
DURING COMPACTION TO BRING ABOUT A DESIRED MOISTURE CONTENT OF
16%.
 𝛾 = 17.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 FOR THE VOLUME OF BP:
𝜔 = 12%
𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑉
364000
15.7143 =
𝑉
𝑉 = 20000𝑚3 𝑉 = 23163.6153𝑚3
𝜔 = 16%
𝛾𝑑 = 18.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 FOR THE VOLUME OF WATER:
𝜔 = 𝑊𝑤 /𝑊𝑠
0.04 = 𝑊𝑤 /364000𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑤 = 14 560𝑘𝑁

FOR THE REQUIRED DRY WEIGHT: FOR THE DRY WEIGHT OF THE BP: 𝛾𝑤 =
𝑊𝑤
9.81 =
14 560𝑘𝑁
𝛾 17.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑉𝑤 𝑉𝑤
𝑊𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 18.2 20000 𝛾𝑑 = =
1+𝜔 1 + 0.12 𝑉𝑤 = 1 484.1998𝑚3
𝑊𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 364 000𝑘𝑁 𝛾𝑑 = 15.7143𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑉𝑤 = 1 484 199.8𝐿
 PROBLEM 06
AN EARTH DAM REQUIRES 1 MILLION CU.M OF SOIL TRANSPO
COMPACTED TO A VOID RATIO OF 0.80. IN THE VICINITY OF BORROW VOID RTATION
THE PROPOSED DAM, THREE BORROW PITS WHERE PIT RATIO COST PER
IDENTIFIED AS HAVING A SUITABLE MATERIALS. THE COST OF M3
PURCHASING THE SOIL AND THE COST OF EXCAVATION ARE
THE SAME FOR EACH BORROW PIT. THE ONLY COST A 1.8 P 0.60
DIFFERENCE IS TRANSPORTATION COST. THE TABLE BELOW
PROVIDES THE VOID RATIO AND THE TRANSPORTATION COST B 0.9 P 1.00
FOR EACH BORROW PIT. WHICH BORROW PIT WOULD BE THE
MOST ECONOMICAL?
C 1.5 P 0.75
FOR THE REQUIRED FILL MATERIAL: FOR THE BARROW PIT B:
𝑉 = 1 000 000𝑚 3 𝑉𝐵 =? 1 000 000𝑚3 𝑉𝐵
=
1 + 0.80 1 + 0.90
𝑒 = 0.80 𝑒𝐵 = 0.90
𝑉𝐵 = 1 055 555.556𝑚3
𝑉 = 1 + 0.80 𝑉𝐵 = 1 + 0.90

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐵 = 1 055 555.556𝑚3 𝑃 1.00/𝑚3

FOR THE BARROW PIT A: 𝑉 =1+𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐵 = 𝑃 1 055 555.556
𝑉𝐴 =? 1 000 000𝑚3 𝑉𝐴
𝑒𝐴 = 1.80 1 + 0.80
=
1 + 1.80
FOR THE BARROW PIT C:
𝑉𝐴 = 1 + 1.80 𝑉𝐴 = 1 555 555.556 𝑉𝐶 =? 1 000 000𝑚3 𝑉𝐶
=
𝑒𝐶 = 1.50 1 + 0.80 1 + 1.50
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐴 = 1 555 555.556𝑚3 𝑃 0.60/𝑚3 𝑉𝐶 = 1 388 888. 8889𝑚3
𝑉𝐶 = 1 + 1.50
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐴 = 𝑃 933 333.3333
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐶 = 1 388 888. 8889𝑚3 𝑃 0.75/𝑚3
BORROW PIT "A" IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝐶 = 𝑃 1 041 666.667