Project Report

Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro

Led Blinker Oscillator Circuit

(Astable Multivibrator)
Project Report
(AMPLIFIER AND OSCILLATOR)
Assigned by: Sir Hyder Bux Mangrio
Submitted by Roll no.:
Tayyaba Sheikh 20TL023
Farwa Rais 20TL029
Paras 20TL067

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Introduction:
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-
state devices such as relaxation oscillators, timers, and flip-flops. It consists of two
amplifying devices cross coupled by resistors or capacitors. The first multivibrator
circuit, the astable multivibrator oscillator, was invented by Henri Abraham and
Eugene Bloch during World War I. They called their circuit a "multivibrator"
because its output waveform was rich in harmonics.

Discussion:
Astable Multivibrator is a two-stage switching circuit in which the output of the
first stage is fed to the input of the second stage and vice versa. The outputs of both
the stages are complementary. This free running multivibrator generates square wave
without any external triggering pulse. The circuit has two stable states and switches
back and forth from one state to another, remaining in each state for a time depending
upon the discharging of the capacitive circuit. The multivibrator is one form of
relaxation oscillator, the frequency of which may be controlled by external
synchronizing pulses.
In our experiment we are using transistor, as the amplifying device and it is a
collector coupled multivibrator.

Required COMPONENTS:
 Capacitors (220uF):
A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of
conductors separated by an insulator.
 Resistors (1k,5.6k):
A device having resistance to the passage of an electric current
 LED:
A light-emitting diode (a semiconductor diode which glows when a voltage
is applied).
 Transistors (BC 547):
BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left
open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be
closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to base pin.

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 Battery (9V):
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained within its active materials
directly into electric energy
 Battery connector
 Breadboard

WORKING Principle:
The basic principle of the Astable multivibrator is a slight variation When supply
voltage, VCC is applied, one transistor will conduct more than the other due to some
circuit imbalance. Initially let us assume in the electrical properties or
characteristics of the transistor. This difference causes one transistor(Q) turn ON
fast than the other when power is applied for the first time, thereby triggering
oscillations. That Q1 is conducting and Q2 is cut-off. Then VC1, the output of Q1 is
equal to VCESAT which is approximately zero and V C2 is equal to VCC. At this instant
C1 charges exponentially with the time constant R 1C1 towards the supply voltage
through R1 and correspondingly VB2 also increases exponentially towards VCC.
When VB2 crosses the coupling voltage Q2 starts conducting and VC2 falls to
VCESAT. Also, VB1 falls due to capacitive coupling between collector of Q2 and base
of Q1, thereby driving Q1 into OFF state. The rise in voltage V C1 is coupled
through C1 to the base of Q2 causing a small overshoot in voltage V B2. Thus, Q1 is
OFF and Q2 is ON. At this instant the voltage levels are:
VB1 is negative, VC1=VCC, VB2=VBESAT and VC2=VCESAT.
When Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON the voltage VB1 increases exponentially with a time
constant R2C2 towards VCC . Therefore, Q1 is driven to saturation and Q2 to cut-off.
Now the voltage levels are:
VB1=VBESAT, VC1=VCESAT, VB2 is negative and VC2=VCC.
From the above it is clear that when Q2 is ON the falling voltage VC2 permits the
discharging of capacitor C2 which in turn drives Q1 into cut-off. The rising voltage
of VC1 is fed back to the base of Q2 tending to turn it ON. 

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MULTISIM SOFTWARE:

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Advantages:
 They are very simple in design.

  They are very reliable.
 They are very easy to construct with a very low cost.

  They do not need any external triggering.
  They can run continuously for a very large amount of time without any problem.

Applications:
 The Astable Multivibrator circuit mainly used as a continuous wave
generation circuit.
 Astable Multivibrators are used in Frequency Modulation Circuits.
 Astable Multivibrators are used in analog as well as digital timer Circuits.
 They are also used in Voltage to Frequency converter circuits.
 Astable Multivibrator circuit can generate also Square Wave, for this reason,
they are used in digital transmission, receiver, television broadcast, etc.

HARDWARE: