>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group I >

VD : AslB_
z] : kV\ x^
]BV  kV\ \uD l^, ]BV  V_ \uD
*[k^, >tV|  kV\
VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z1 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m

kV\ x^
]BV - kV\ \uD l^
kV\
]B kV\
kV\l[ k^
1. w\BV kV\
 mjpf kiongWk; fhLfspy; ,k;Kiw
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 fhl;bd; xU gFjp Rj;jk; nra;ag;gl;L
,uz;L my;yJ %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg;
gaph; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 ,k;Kiw tlfpof;F khepyq;fs; kj;jpag;
gpuNjrk;> xbrh> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; Nfush khepyq;fspy; rpwpa
mstpy; eilKiwg; gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
3. k kV\
 ,j;jifa Ntshz;ikapy; gaph; mjpf  ,e;jpa Ntshz;ikapy; ,t;Ntshz;ik
stpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L me;epa nry
thzpia <l;bj; jUtjw;fhf ntsp  cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh; ghjpasT tptrhap
ehl;bw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag; gLfpd;wd.
 ,k;Kiw gQ;rhg;> F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buk;
kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 ,j;jifa Ntshz;ikia ‘>
kV\” vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLth;.
]B AslB_
 Ntshz; njhopy; ,e;jpa r%fg;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy; Kf;fpag;
gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jpah;fspd; tho;tpw;Fk;> czTg;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; Mjhukhf Ntshz;ik
tpsq;FfpwJ.
2. >V kV\
 Ntshz;ikapy; kpfg; gue;j epyj;jpy; xNu
xU gaph; kl;Lk; tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,g;gFjp ngUk;ghYk; jdpahUf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhdJ.
>V l^ : >l, V, 
 tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd; Fd;Wg;
gFjpfspYk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ePyfphp> Mid
kiyapy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
4. >[M kV\
tif mjpfk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
fspd; FLk;gj; Njitia G+h;j;jp
nra;tjhy;> kPjp re;ijfspy; tpw;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.
 ney; kw;Wk; NfhJik Nghd;w jhdpaq;
fisNa mjpfkhf tpistpf;fpd;wd.

 ]B AslB_
 ek; ehl;bd; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd;  ePh;ghrd tptrhak;
ngUk; gq;fpid Ntshz; njhopy; 2. Njhl;lg;gaph; tptrhak;
<l;bj; jUfpwJ. 3. fyg;G tptrhak;
 njhopy; kw;Wk; th;j;jfj;Jiw tsh;r;rp 1. ys >[M skVBD
Ntshz;ikia rhh;e;Js;sJ.  rpwpa mstpyhd tpisepyj;jpy;
 gy;NtW Gtpapay; fhuzpfshy; RaNjitf;F kl;LNk czT
,e;jpahtpy; ntt;NtW rhFgb jhdpaq;fis tsh;f;Fk; Kiw
Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. MFk;.
l Vz x^: 1. [F skVBD 2. A[F
Vz x l^ skVBD
 Mz;L KOtJk;  ghrdkw;Wk;
 xU gaph;  ney;> fUk;G>
rhFgb kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> kioahNyh gUt kioia
Kiw (Mono vz;nza; ghrd kl;LNk
cropping) tpj;Jf;fs;
trjpahNyh> ek;gpapUf;Fk;
 ,U gaph;  ney;> cSe;J>
rhFgbKiw NfhJik> fLF ePh; fpilf;Fk; epyq;fspy;
(Dual cropping)  ney;> cSe;J> epyq;fspy; nra;ag;gLk;
 gy gaph; ghh;yp> fLF> nra;ag;gLk; tptrhaq;fs;
rhFgbKiw NfhJik>
tptrhak; MFk;. MFk;.
(mixed Nrhsk;> fk;G>
cropping) epyf;fliy  v.fh. ney; kw;Wk;  v.fh. rpW
fUk;G jhdpaq;fs;
3. V skVBD
 ,e;jpahtpy; gUj;jp kw;Wk; fUk;G rhFgb
ghrd trjpia nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ
2. >Vl skVBD (Plantation
Farming)
 kpfg;nghpa Njhl;lj;jpy; (m)
gz;izfspy; gaph; rhFgb
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 l Vz x  v.fh. Njapiy> fhgp> ,ug;gh; kw;Wk;
skVB][ k^ kpsF
1. jPtu jd;dpiwT tptrhak;
 ed;nra; tptrhak;
 Gd;nra; tptrhak;

 ]B AslB_

1. nrhpfy;rh; gl;LGO tsh;g;G

(sericulture) Kiw
2. vgpfy;rh; NjdPf;fs; tsh;g;G
(apiculture) Kiw
3. tpl;b fy;rh; jpuhl;ir tsh;g;G
(viti culture) Kiw
4. g;Nshhp fy;rh; kyh;fs; tsh;g;G
(floriculture) Kiw

]BVs_ l|D w^

3. A skVBD (Mixed farming)
 kpfg;nghpa tpisepyq;fspy; gy
gaph;fis tsh;g;gJld; fhy;eil>
kPd;> NjdP kw;Wk; gwitfisAk;
tsh;f;Fk; KiwahFk;.
 epue;ju tUkhdk; jUk; ,yhgfukhd
KiwahFk;.

l Vz
B s>zD k xB l^
VD VD
1. fhhpg; (Kariff) [_d; (gUt etk;gh; ney;> Nrhsk;> gUj;jp> rzy;>
kio njhlq;Fk; fUk;G> fliy
fhyk;)
2. uhgp (Rabi) etk;gh; khh;r; NfhJik> Gifapiy> fLF>
(Fsph;fhyj; (Nfhil gUg;G tif jhdpaq;fs;
Jtf;fk;) Muk;gk;)

3. iraj; (Zaid) khh;r; [_d; (gUt goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs;>

(Nfhil kio Muk;gk;) jz;zPh; gok;>
Jtf;fk;) nts;shpf;fha;.

 ]B AslB_

kV >Va WlzD mjpfkhf ngWk; gFjpapNyh my;yJ

V^ ePh;ghrd trjpAld; $ba gFjhpfspNyh
1. W>VuD gaph; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpah> kiyfs;> rkntspfs;> gPlG+kpfs; cl^
Nghd;w gy;NtW epyj;Njhw;wq;fisf; nfhz;l 1. _
ehL. Ntshz; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;J  ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa czTg;gaph;
jUk; nrOikahd tz;ly; kz; epiwe;j ney; MFk;. cyfpd; cw;gj;jpapy;
rkntspfs; Ntshz;ikf;F cfe;jit. ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ>
v.fh: fq;if kw;Wk; fhtphp Mw;Wr;  ,e;jpahTk;> rPdhTk; cyf ney;
cw;gj;jpapy; 90% rjtPjj;ij cw;gj;jp
rkntspfs;.
2. VW nra;fpd;wd.
 gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh
,e;jpahtpd; ngUk;gFjp ntg;g kz;lyj;jpy;
khepyq;fspy; kio Fiwthf
mike;J ntg;g kz;lyg; gUtf;fhw;W
cs;sjhy; ePh;ghrdj;jpd; cjtpAld;
fhyepiyiag; ngw;Ws;sJ. tUlk;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
KOtJk; gaph;fs; tsu Vw;w #hparf;jp
 >  5 kw;Wk; >VV 1  tPhpa
,q;F fpilf;fpwJ. gUtkioAld;
fyg;gpd tpijfs; BVV, V,
ePh;ghrd trjpfSk; ,ize;J midj;Jg; _o, Dx Vi*, \V
gUtq;fspYk; gaph; tpisr;ry; Nkw;nfhs;s >D, c>Vfspy; gaphplg;
toptFf;fpwJ. kiog;nghoptpd; msT gLfpwJ.
gaph;rhFgb Kiwia eph;zapf;fpwJ.
ney; tpistpf;fg;gLk; khepyq;fs;:
3. \ k^
tl khepyq;fs; :
njhopy;El;gk; tsh;rr
; paile;j NghjpYk;
1. Nkw;Ftq;fhsk; 2. gQ;rhg;
Ntshz; rhFgb Kiwiaj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;w
3. cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; 4. gPfhh;
kpf Kf;fpakhd Gtpapay; fhuzq;fSs;
5. Xbrh
xd;whf kz; tpsq;FfpwJ. vdNt>
tskpf;f tz;ly; kz;> ney; kw;Wk; fUk;G
njd; khepyq;fs; :
tpisr;rYf;Fk;> fhpry; kz; gUj;jp
1. jkpo;ehL 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
tpistpw;Fk; Vw;wjhf cs;sd.
4. 
_ _V z]_ l|D g^
,e;jpah rkr;rPuw;w kioiag; ngWk;
1. kfhejp 2. Nfhjhthp
gUtf;fhw;W ju ,ayhJ. Mifahy; ePh;
3. fpU\;zh 4. fhtphp
mjpfk; Njitg;gLk; gaph;fspy; kio


 ]B AslB_

mhprp Vw;Wkjpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplk; Vm\ l

 ,J Kf;fpakhd czTg;gaph;
ngw;Ws;sJ. jha;yhe;J> tpal;ehik
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F kw;Wk;
gpd;Df;Fj; js;spaJ
tlNkw;F khepyq;fspy; NfhJikg;
>tV_ _ cu] gaph; Fsph;fhyk; kw;Wk; tre;jfhyg;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ‘ney; fsQ;rpak;” gapuhfTk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
vdg;gLk; jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk; l|D \VW^
rpwg;ghdjhf tpsq;FfpwJ. 1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
ney; tsh;r;rp vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; 2. uh[];jhd;
fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; rk;gh> FWit> 3. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
jhsb %d;W tiffspy; ney; cw;gj;jpr; 4. rl;B];fh;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 5. kfhuh\;buk;
rk;gh - ePz;l fhyg;gaphpy; - 5 Kjy; 6 6. F[uhj;
khjq;fs; 7. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
FWit - 3 Kjy; 4 khjq;fs; l^
jhsb - Kd;dh; mWtil nra;ag;gl;l  Ra Njitf;F my;yhJ> re;ij
Nehf;Fld; tsh;f;fg;gLk; gaph;fis
epyj;jpy; cs;s ney; jhs;fSld; cOJ
gzg;gaph;fs; vd;fpd;wdh;.
gaph; nra;Ak; Kiw.
 fUk;G> gUj;jp> rzy;> Njapiy> fhg;gp>
]B skVB gVFE wD vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;> Gifapiy
(ICAR) kw;Wk; ug;gh; Nghd;wit MFk;.
 1929-k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.  njhopw;rhiyf;Fj; Njitahd
czTg; gw;whf;Fiwapy; ,Ue;j %yg;nghUl;fis mspg;gJ
,e;jpahit cghp czT cw;gj;jp kl;Lkpd;wp Vw;Wkjp %yk; me;epa
ehlhf khw;wpajw;F ICAR nrythzpia ek;ehl;bw;F <l;bj;
fhuzkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. jUfpd;wd.
>tV[ _ gVFE 1. DA
WkD  ntg;g kz;ly gapuhFk;.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ney; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;  ,J mjpf ntg;gKk;> <ug;gjKk; nfhz;l
MLJiwapy; mike;J cs;sJ. fhyepiyapy; ed;F gapuhFk;.
jkpo;ehL tptrha gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;  fUk;G cw;gj;jpapy; gpNurpYf;F
jpUth&h; fpis TNRH 174 vd;w Gjpa mLj;j ,lj;jpy; ,e;jpah cs;sJ.
ney; ujj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.  jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikg; gzg;gaph;.


 ]B AslB_
DA cu] FD \VW^  ,e;jpah Gifapiy cw;gj;jpapy;
1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. jkpo;ehL %d;whtJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ.
3. fh;ehlhfk; 4. F[uhj; cu] FD \VW^
5. gPfhh; 6. gQ;rhg; 1. jkpo;ehL 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
7. `hpahdh 3. fh;ehlfk;
2. ] 5. F sm^
 Kf;fpakhd ,iog;gaph; MFk;.  ntg;g kw;Wk; kpj ntg;g kz;lyq;fspy;
 ntg;g kw;Wk; kpjntg;g kz;ly tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhyepiyapy; tsh;fpwJ.  ,e;jpahtpy; gapuhFk; vz;nza;
 fhpry; kz; gaphpLtjw;F Vw;w kz; tpj;Jf;fs;
MFk;. 1. epyf;fliy 2. vs;
 ehd;fhk; ,lj;ij ,e;jpah gUj;jp 3. fLF 4. #hpafhe;jp
cw;gj;jpapy; ngWfpwJ. 5. Mkzf;F 6. Njq;fha;
l|D \VW^
7. NrhahgPd;];
1. F[uhj; 2. kfhuh\;buh F sm^ cu] FD xB
3. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 4. jkpo;ehL \VW^
5. fh;ehlfh 6. gQ;rhg; 1. F[uhj; 2. kfhuh\;buk;
7. `hpahdh 3. jkpo;ehL 4. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. _ l 5. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
 ‘> w” gaph; vd miof;fg;
6. Xhprh
gLfpwJ.
7. fh;ehlfk;
 rzy; kypthd tzpfj;
Njitkpf;fjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ] k^
 rhf;Fg;igfs;> fk;gsq;fs;> fapW  tskw;w kz;zpYk; ,it ed;F
E}opiyfs;> Nghh;itfs;> rzy; tsh;fpd;wd. ,it twl;rpiaj;
Jzpfs; kw;Wk; jhh;gha; jahhpf;f jhq;Fk; gaph;fs;> jhdpag; gapuhd
gad;gLfpwJ. jpiz tiffs; ney; kw;Wk;
 Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhp]h> NfhJikf;F ,ilg;gl;l gapuhFk;.
m];]hk; kw;Wk; Nkfhyah Mfpag;  NfhJik kw;Wk; ney;iyf;fhl;bYk;
gFjpfspy; kl;LNk gapuhfpwJ. mjpfr; rj;Jkpf;fit. ,it
 tz;ly; kz;zpy; ed;F tsh;fpwJ. fhy;eilfSf;Fk; jPtdkhfpwJ.
4. Al xB ] k^
1508-k; Mz;L Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpauhy; 1. Nrhsk; 2. fk;G
Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;L 3. Nfo;tuF
tug;gl;lJ.

 ]B AslB_

xB cu] \VW^ kf;fhr;Nrhsk; nguk;gY}h;>

1. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; 2. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; jpz;Lf;fy;
3. jkpo;ehL 4. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Nfhuh (jpiz) Nryk;> ehkf;fy;
5. fh;ehlfh 6. Xhprh
7. gPfhh; 8. kfhuh\;buk;
9. F[uhj;
A k^
 Gujr;rj;Jkpf;f mtiuapdj;ijr;
Nrh;e;j gaph; tiffs; MFk;.
xB A k^
1. gl;lhzp 2. Jtiu
V l
3. cSe;J 4. gr;irgapW
5. nfhs;S >V l^
 twl;rpapYk; $l gUg;G tiffs;  jw;fhy ehfhPfj;jpd;gb fha;>
tsuf;$bait fdp> kw;Wk; G+ rhFgb kpf mjpfg;
 kpjkhd Fsph; fhyepiy> Kjy; gug;gstpy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kpjkhf Fiwe;j kiog;nghopT gUg;G  kh> gyh> thio> nfha;ah kw;Wk;
tpisaj; Njitg;gLfpwJ. jpuhl;ir goq;fs; nghpa Njhg;Gfspy;
xB cu] \VW^ gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.
1. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; 2. gQ;rhg;  goq;fs; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfs;
3. uh[];jhd; 4. `hpahdh cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah VD
5. kfhuh\;buk; 6. F[uhj; > km.
7. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; 8. jkpo;ehL 1. Mg;gps; ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;>
fh\;kPh; kw;Wk;
z>VMB^ cu]l_ x>[\
cj;jufhz;l;
\Vk^
2. thiog;gok; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk;
Nrhsk; Nfhak;gj;J}h;>
kfhuh\;buh
jpUr;rp>
jpz;Lf;fy; 3. MuQ;Rg; gok; kfuh\;buh>
cj;jufhz;l;>
fk;G tpOg;Guk;>
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;>
J}j;Jf;Fb
[k;K-fh\;kPh;>
Nfo;tuF fpU\;zfphp> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;>
jh;kGhp> Nryk; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk;
fh;ehlfh mjpfstpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.


 ]B AslB_

1. fpU\;zfphp khk;gok; kw;Wk;  3000 mb Kjy; 4000 mb tiu

khq;fha; rhFgb cauq;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s
2. Nfhak;gj;J}h; thior; rhFgb kiyr;rhpTfs; ,g;gaph; tsu
kw;Wk; Vw;witahFk;.
<NuhL xB cu] \VW^
3. Njdp jpul;ir rhFgbapYk; 1.m];]hk; 2. Nkw;F tq;fk;
ngah; NghdjhFk;
3. Nfush 4. jkpo;ehL
V
 Kf;fpakhd gzg;gaph;
 ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gp juj;jpw;Fg;
Gfo;ngw;wJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; 60% fhg;gp fh;ehlfhtpy;
cw;gj;jpr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 fhgp gapuhFk; khepyq;fs; jkpo;ehL
kw;Wk; Nfush.
>V l^ 
 ,ug;gh; kuj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk;
>Vl^
ghy; Nghd;w nghUspypUe;J
 Njapiy> fhgp> ,ug;gh;> kpsF kw;Wk;
,ug;gh; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,ug;gh;
Ke;jphp Mfpait jkpo;ehl;bd;
gaphplg;gLk; gug;gstpy; ,e;jpah
Kf;fpa Njhl;lg;gapuhFk;.
MwhtJ ,lj;ijAk;> ,ug;gh;
 Njrpa mstpy; m];]hk; khepyj;ijj;
cw;gj;jpapy; Ie;jhtJ ,lj;ijAk;
njhlh;e;J> Njapiy gaphpLk; gug;gpYk;>
ngw;Ws;sJ.
cw;gj;jpapYk; jkpo;ehL ,uz;lhk;
 ,ug;gh; Njhl;lq;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
epiy tfpf;fpwJ.
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ePyfphp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lq;fspd;
 95% Nfush khepyj;jpYk;> 5%
kiyr;rhptpy; Njapiy v];Nll;Lfspy;
jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk;
mjpfstpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
me;jkhd epf;Nfhghh; jPTfspYk;
>l
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 Njapiyr;nrb MoKs;s> nropg;ghd
 ,ug;gh; jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpah
kz;Zld; $ba ntg;g kz;ly
FkhpapYk;>
my;yJ Jiz ntg;g kz;ly
 kpsF fd;dpahFkhp kw;Wk;
fhyepiyapy; gapuhfpwJ.
jpUney;Ntyp


 ]B AslB_

c V^ cu]l_ ]BVs[ _k AE^

W: kVs_ AE A]B >EB kV
c V^ D (c_) V^
ghy;> gUg;G> rzy;> Kjyplk; gRikg; Gul;rp czT cw;gj;jp
ehh; kQ;rs; Gul;rp vz;nza;
ney;> NfhJik> ,uz;lhtJ tpj;Jf;fs; cw;gj;jp
fUk;G> fha;fwpfs;> ,lk; ntz;ik Gul;rp ghy; cw;gj;jp
goq;fs;> gUj;jp
ePyg; Gul;rp kPd; cw;gj;jp
Gifapiy %d;whk; ,lk;
ntsph; rptg;G ,why; cw;gj;jp
,aw;if ug;gh; ehd;fhk; ,lk; Gul;rp
Kl;il Ie;jhk; ,lk; fUg;G / gOg;G kuGr;rhuh Mw;wy;
Gul;rp %yq;fs;
rptg;G Gul;rp ,iwr;rp / jf;fhsp
jq;fg; Gul;rp goq;fs; / Mg;gps;
rhk;gy; Gul;rp cuq;fs;
rpy;th; Gul;rp Kl;il
cUz;il Gul;rp cUisf;fpoq;F

••••••


 ]B AslB_

]BV - V_ \uD

*[k^

cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplj;ijAk;>

Kl;il cw;gj;jpapy; 5-k; ,lj;ijAk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
V_^  \VW^
k l_ ]l_
x>oD x>oD
khLfs; cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; gPfhu;
vUikfs; cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; gQ;rhg;
nts;shLfs; gPfhu; gPfhu;
nraw;ghLfs; Me;jpuh jkpo;ehL
V_ k^ V_ cu]
 ghy;> khkprk; kw;Wk; Njhypw;fhf ML>
 ghy; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;f 1965-k;
khLfis tsh;g;gij ‘fhy;eil
Mz;by; Njrpa ghy; cw;gj;jp Nkk;
tsh;j;jy;’ vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
ghl;Lf; fofk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cs;s fhy;eil tsq;fspy; khLfs;>
 1970-y; nts;isg; Gul;rp jpl;lj;ij
vUikfs;> nts;shLfs;> nrk;kwp
INuhg;gh ehLfs; cjtpAld; Muk;
MLfs; Mfpad Kf;fpakhdit.
gpj;jJ. ,jd; 3-tJ fl;lk; 1995-y;
cyfpNyNa mjpfkhd khLfs;>
Kbe;jJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; 1996
vUikfs;> nts;shLfs; cs;s ehL
tiu 73000 $l;LwT ghy; cw;gj;jp
,e;jpah MFk;.
rq;fq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
 tptrhapfSf;F Jiz tUkhdkhf
 1997 tiu ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; mnkhpf;fh
fhy;eilfs; kw;Wk; Nfhop tsh;g;G
Kd;dpiy tfpj;jJ. 1998 - 99-y; 74
cs;sJ. muR Nkw;nfhz;l
kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;J
ntz;ikg; Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf ghy;
,e;jpah jw;NghJ cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa
cw;gj;jpahsuhf jpfo;fpwJ.

10
 ]B AslB_

Kh;Nu gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh

Rh;jp F[uhj;
nkf;rhdh F[uhj;

1. >EB V_ kE \B][

]D(National Dairy Development
Board)
k\ AE ]BVs_ V_ cu]
 ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah jiyrpwe;J ,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy;
tpsq;FfpwJ. jhd; mjpfsT ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 Kl;il cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 5-k; ,lk; ntz;ik Gul;rpapd; je;ij vd th;fP];
ngw;Ws;sJ. Fhpad; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpy; 26 khL ,dq;fSk;> 6
vUik ,dq;fSk; cs;sd. \VW][ z V_ cu]l_ x[M
xB \V| ^ V|D ^ kzD \VW^
\V|^ 1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
xB ^ \VW^ 2. gQ;rhg;
eNfhhp uh[];jhd; 3. kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
jh;gh;fhh; F[uhj;> uh[];jhd; 4. uh[];jhd;
ujp uh[];jhd; jdpegh; ghy; Efh;T gQ;rhgpy; mjpfk;
fhq;f;nu[; F[uhj; cs;sJ.
fprhh; `hpahdh Va kA
fhq;Nfak; jkpo;ehL  nghJthf Nfhop tsh;g;G $l;LwT
Kiwapy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. Nfhop
\^
,d mgptpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;
xB ^ \VW^

11

fhy;eil guhkhpg;Gj;Jiw %yk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
 jkpo;ehl;by; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;
Kl;ilf;F ngah;ngw;w Ch; MFk;
[ kA
 ,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;ifahd Kiw fspy;
gd;wpfspd; tsh;g;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpwJ. ,jpYk; mjpf yhgj;ij
<l;lf;$ba tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; fhy;eilfis guhkhpg;g
jw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; gy;NtW
mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. NkYk; midj;J
tpjkhd fhy;eil Neha;fSf;F
rpfpr;ir mspf;Fk; tpjkhf muR
kw;Wk; jdpahh; kUj;Jtkidfs;
mjpfkhf epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; jhd; fhy; eilfs;
tsh;g;G mjpfk; fhzg; gLfpwJ.
vdNt kUj;Jth;fs; fpuhkg;
Gwq;fspNy Neubahf nrd;W rpfpr;ir
]BVs_ c^ B *[ mx^:
mspf;fpd;wdh;.
Kfq;fSk; cs;sd.
*[ k^
 ,e;jpahtpy; flw;fiu ePsk; 7517.7
fp.kP MFk;.
 jdp nghUshjhu kz;lyj;jpd; gug;G
20.2 yl;rk; rJu fp.kP MFk;. ,q;F
mjpfgl;rkhf 4 kpy;ypad; ld; kPd;fs;
fpilf;Fk;.
]B AslB_
 fle;j 10 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tiu
ngUk;ghyhd kPd;gpbg;G flw;
fiuapypUe;J 80 Kjy; 100 fp.kP
tiuapyhd Moj;jpNyNa gpbf;fg;
gl;L te;jd. jw;NghJjhd; Mo;fly;
kPd;gpbg;G mjpfkhfpf; nfhz;L
tUfpd;wJ.
cyfpd; kPd; cw;gj;jpapy;> ,e;jpah 7tJ
,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbg;gpy;
cyfpy; ,uz;lhk; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;j kPd; cw;gj;jpapYk;>
cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbg;gpYk; \uz
kVD Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ.
 fly; kPd;gpbg;gpy; jw;NghJ F[uhj;
khepyk; Kjyplk; ngw;W tUfpwJ.
1994 - 2000 Mz;L tiu Nfusk;
Kjyplk; tfpj;jJ.
1. nfhr;rp 4. uha;nrsf;
2. nrd;id 5. ghuhjPg;
3. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
,ijj; jtpu 28 rpwpa kPd;gpb Jiw
 ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;F flw;fiuia
tpl Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; jhd;
fz;lj;jpl;bd; mfyk; mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt Nkw;F
flw;fiuapy; mjpf kPd;fs; fhzg;
gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ‘nkf;fuy;”
kPd;tif jhd; mjpfkhf gpbf;fg;
gLfpwJ. ,J nkhj;j kPd; gpbg;gpy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;F MFk;.
 AE vd;gJ fly;fspy; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gLk; gy;NtW tsh;g;G
Kiwfs; MFk;.
12
 ]B AslB_

g_ *[>_ c^V| *[>_

fly; kw;Wk; Nghuhopfspy; kPd; gpbj;jiy cs;ehl;bYs;s Fsk;> Fl;il> MWfs;
Mo;fly; kPd; gpbj;jy; vd;fpNwhk;. Kfj;Jthuk;> rJg;G epyq;fs; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; kPd; gpbj;jiy cs;ehl;L
kPd; gpbj;jy; vd;fpNwhk;.
,uhl;rj ,ae;jpu glFfs;: ,t;tif kPd; fl;Lkuk;> rpwa kug;glFfs;> Bry;
gpbj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ glFfs; kpjitfs;> tiyfs; Mfpait
,t;tifapy; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ.
Rwh> nfSj;jp> ntz;il> nts;sp> nfz;il tpyhq;F> kph;fy;> fl;yh> Nuhf;>

••••••

13
 ]B AslB_

>tV|  kV\

 jkpo;ehl;L nghUshjhuk; xU
Ntshz; nghUshjhuk; MFk;.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j kf;fs;
njhifapy; 56 >T> \^
tptrhaj;ij njhopyhff; nfhz;Ls;
sdh;.
nrhpfy;rh; (Sericulture) gl;L tsh;g;G
mgpfy;rh; (Apiculture) NjdP tsh;g;G
tpl;bfy;rh; (Viticulture) jpuhl;ir
tsh;g;G
>tw skVBD
GNshhpfy;rh; (Floriculture) G+f;fs;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikahdJk;> tsh;g;G
goikahdJkhd >Va_ Ntshz;ik nghypl;hp (Poultry) gz;iz
tsh;g;G
njhopyhFk;. Ntshz;ik vd;gJ
kdpjdhy; czTf;fhfTk;> kw;wg; skVB][ k^
gad;ghl;bw; fhfTk; gaph;fis 1. jPtpu jd;dpiwT tptrhak;
mjpfstpy; tsh;f;Fk; nrayhFk;. 2. Njhl;lg;gaph; tptrhak;
 Ntshz;ik vd;gJ l kA, 3. fyg;G tptrhak;
V kA, k, *[ \uD 1. ys >[M skVBD
V| kA Nghd;w nray;ghLfs;  rpwpa mstpyhd tpisepyj;jpy;
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. RaNjitf;F kl;LNk czT
 Ntshz;ik tsh;r;rp nghUshjhu jhdpaq;fis tsh;f;Fk; Kiwf;F
tsh;rr
; piaNkd;ikailar;nra;fpd;wJ. jPtpu jd;dpiwT tptrhak; vd;W
Ntfkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp ngah;. jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUk;ghd;ik
mbj;jskhfTk;> Ntshz;ikapd; ahd tptrhapfs; ,k;KiwiaNa
Kd;Ndw;wk; mikfpd;wJ. gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

14
 ]B AslB_

1. [F skVBD 2. A[F skVBD

Mz;L KOtJk; kioahNyh> ghrd
trjpahNyh> ePh; fpilf;Fk; epyq;fspy;
nra;ag;gLk; tptrhak; MFk;.
v.fh. ney; kw;Wk; fUk;G
3. V skVBD (Irrigation Farming)
jkpo;ehl;by; gUj;jp kw;Wk; fUk;G rhFgb ghrd trjpia nghUj;Nj mikfpwJ.
ghrdkw;W gUt kioia kl;LNk
ek;gpapUf;Fk;> epyq;fspy; nra;ag;gLk;
tptrhaq;fs; MFk;.
v.fh. : rpWjhdpaq;fs;
 NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy> ,uhkehj
Guk; kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp
 twz;l khtl;lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpwJ.

 ePh;ghrd Mjhuq;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk;  v.fh. Njapiy> fhgp> ,ug;gh; kw;Wk;

gadPl;lsT Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L kpsF
tptrha Kiwia fPo;f;fz;lthW 3. A skVBD (Mixed Farming)
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.  kpfg;nghpa tpisepyq;fspy; gy
2. >Vl skVBD (Planta- gaph;fis tsh;g;gJld; fhy;eil> kPd;>
tion Forming) Njd; kw;Wk; gwitfisAk; tsh;f;Fk;
 ,JTk; Xh; tif tptrhak; MFk;. Kiw MFk;. epue;ju tUkhdk; jUk;
kpfg;nghpa Njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ ,yhgfukhd KiwahFk;.
gz;izfspy; gaph; rhFgb >tV[ Vz l^
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.  tptrhapfs;> fhyepiy kw;Wk;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; kiyr;rhpTfspy; Njhl;lg; kz;tsk; Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;J
gapuhf rhFgb nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
1. VkV (E] 2. DV kD (g D) 3. k kD
D) (V] D)
 rpj;jpiuapy; elT el;L>  [Piy khjk; - tpijg;G  kw;nwhU ngah; - uhgp
Gul;lhrpapy; mWtil  [dthpapy; - mWtil  tpijg;G - etk;gh;
 fhPg; kw;nwhU ngah; Nk -  tpijg;G fhykhd  mWtil - khh;r;
tpijf;fhyk; mf;Nlhgh; [_iy khjk;> jkpo; khjk;  tpijf;Fk; fhykhd
- mWtil Mb khjkhf ,Ug;gjhy; jkpo; khjkhd
 tpijg;G Nk khjk; jkpo; ‘Mbg;gl;lk;” MFk fhh;j;jpif khjkhf
khjkhd rpj;jpiu ahf ,Ug;gjhy; ‘fhh;j;jpifg;
,Ug;gjhy; ‘rpj;jpiug; gl;lk;”
gl;lk;” MFk;.

15
 ]B AslB_

gaph;fis Njh;T nra;J %d;W  epy chpikia khw;w murhy;

ntt;NtW gUtq;fspy; rhFgb vLf;fg;gLk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; eph;thf
nra;fpd;wdh;. eltbf;iffis epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;j
skVB> WlzD V^ eltbf;iffs; vdf; $wyhk;.
 Xh; ,lj;jpd; tptrhaj;ij> W ]>][ V^
eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfis ,aw;if  gioa epy chpikia khw;Wjy;>
r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fhuzpfs;  rhFgbahsh;fSf;F epyj;jpd; kPJ
vdg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit> ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;
Bu V^  cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; cah;j;Jtjw;F
1. kz; tif> 2. jl;g ntg;gk;> 3. Kio Njitahd Ntshz;ik
msT> 4. <ug;gjk;> 5. epyj;jpd; rhpT (m) fl;likg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
rkd; msT  epyk; ,y;yhjth;fSf;F epyk; mspj;J
VV>V V^ rkjh;k rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
1. tptrhaf; flDjtp  epyf;fpohh;fspd; Ruz;liyAk;>
2. muR khdpak; mePjpiaAk; mfw;Wjy;.
3. Cf;fj; njhif  cOgth;fSf;F ey;y nghUshjhu
l  epiyia cUthf;fpj; jUjy;.
 gaph;lf;$ba nkhj;j tpis  epy chpik KiwapYs;s
epyj;jpw;Fk;> gaphplg;gLk; tpis FiwghLfis mfw;Wjy;.
epyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhlh;ig l^
Fwpg;gjhFk;. 1. jhdpaq;fs;>
 jkpofj;jpy; 1967-68y; Fiwe;j 2. gapW tiffs;>
fhyj;jpy; mjpfg; gad;juf;$ba 3. FWj;jhdpaq;fs;
gaph;fis gaphpl;ldh;. Mfpa czTg; gaph; tifiar;
 jkpofj;jpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rhh;e;jjhFk;.
jlitfs; gaph; nra;ag;gl;l epyj;jpd; _
msT mjpfhpj;J te;jJ. Mdhy;  new;gaph; jkpo;ehl;by; Kjd;ikahd
ePh;g;gpur;ridfshy; mtw;wpd; msT czTg; gapuhFk;.
kWgbAk; Fiwa njhlq;fpAs;sd.  new;gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F rkjsk;> mjpf
>tV[ W ]>^ ntg;gk;> njhlh;r;rpahd ePh; ghrdk;
 jkpofj;jpd; jpl;lkpl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ.
toptFf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
mikfpd;wJ.

16
 ]B AslB_

jkpo;ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpa new;gaph;: z>VMB^

1. nghd;dp 1. fk;G> 2. Nfo;tuF> 3. tuF> 4. jpid>
2. fpr;ryp 5. rhik> 6. Nrhsk;
3. rk;gh z>VMB^ cu]l_ x>[\
mjptPhpa tpisr;ry; jUk; new;gaph;;:
\Vk^
Nrhsk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
n[ah> I.Mh;.50
jpUr;rp>
_ cu]l_ x>[\BV jpz;Lf;fy;
\Vk^ fk;G tpOg;Guk;>
J}j;Jf;Fb
1. jQ;rhT+h;
Nfo;tuF fpU\;zfphp>
2. jpUth&h; jh;kGhp> Nryk;
3. ehfg;gl;bdk; kf;fhr;Nrhsk; nguk;gY}h;>
 fhtphp nly;lh gFjp njd; jpz;Lf;fy;
,e;jpahtpd; uEBD vd;W Nfhuh (jpiz) Nryk;> ehkf;fy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. w l^
>tV[ _ gVFE WkD:  _ rzy; kw;Wk; ]
jkpo;ehl;by; ney; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;  jkpo;ehl;bd; kpf Kf;fpa ,io gaph;
g|ml_ mike;J cs;sJ. jkpo;ehL ]BVzD. gUj;jp cfe;j kz;
tptrhak; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jpUth&h;
_ \VzD.
fpis TMRH 174 vd;w Gjpa ney;
,ufj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

]
] l|D \Vk^
1. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 2. jpUney;Ntyp>
_ gVFE WkD 3. flY}h;> 4. tpOg;Guk;

17
 ]B AslB_

jkpo;ehl;by; gaphplg;gLk; gUj;jp >V

ufq;fs;:  Njrpa mstpy; m];]hk; khepyj;ijj;
njhlh;e;J Njapiyg; gaphpLk;
1. vk;.rp.A+.4>
gug;gpYk;> cw;gj;jpapYk; jkpo;ehL
2. vk;.rp.A+.5>
,uz;lhk; epiy tfpf;fpwJ.
3. Mh;.V.5166
>tV[ xB >Vl
l 1. Njapiy> 2. fhgp> 3. kpsF> 4. ,ug;gh;>
 RaNjitf;F my;yhJ> re;ij 5. Ke;jphp
Nehf;Fld; tsh;f;fg;gLk; gaph;fis  ePyfphp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lq;fspd;
gzg;gaph;fs; vd;fpd;wdh;. kiyr;rhptpy; Njapiy v];Nll;Lfspy;
>tV[ l^ mjpfstpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
1. fUk;G> 2. Gifapiy>
3. vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;> 4. kpsfha;>
5. kQ;rs;> 6. nfhj;jky;yp
DA
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ik gzg;gapuhd
fUk;G kpfg;nghpa gug;gstpy;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
 xd;gJ khj gapuhd fUk;G rhFgbf;F>
mjpf tsKs;s kz;> mjpf ntg;gk;>
G+f;Fk; fhyk; tiu mjpf ePh;g;ghrdk;
Mfpait Njitg;gLfpwJ. >l
DA sD \Vk^ V
1. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 2. f&h;> 3. tpOg;Guk;>  fhgp rhFgbapYk;> fh;ehlfj;jpid
4. jpUts;@h;> 5. flY}h; mLj;J jkpo;ehL Njrpa mstpy;
Al ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; cs;sJ.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpa  Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj; njhlh;r;rp
gzg;gaph; Gifapiy MFk;. apYk;> fpof;F kiyj;njhlh;r;rpapYk;
Al l|D \Vk^ fhgp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
1. jpz;Lf;fy;> 2. Njdp> 3. kJiu V l|D ^
xB F sm^ 1. ePyfphp>
1. Nth;fliy> 2. #hpafhe;jp> 3. mtiu> 2. kJiu>
4.Mkzf;F> 5. gUj;jp
3. Njdp>
4. Nryk;>

18
 ]B AslB_

5. Mz;bg;gl;b> >V l^

6. rpWkiy>
7. Nrh;tuhad;
,ug;gh; - fd;dpahFkhp
kpsF - fd;dpahFkhp>
jpUney;Ntyp
Ke;jphp - flY}h;
 jw;fhy ehfhPfj;jpd;gb fha;>
fdp kw;Wk; G+ rhFgb kpf mjpfg;
gug;gstpy; tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 kh> gyh> thio> nfha;ah kw;Wk;
jpuhl;ir goq;fs; nghpa Njhg;Gfspy;
gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.

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