i

DEPARTMENT iOF iCHEMICAL iENGINEERING: iBEng iTech i

i i i i i i

CHEMICAL iENGINEERING iLABORATORY i2A i

i i i i

X
TECHNICAL iREPORT i i i i i i i OR iSUMMARY iREPORT i
i i i i i i
i

ii
i i

i i
Surname, iInitials i
i i Student Percentage Student iSignature i
i i

iNumber/s i
i i icontribution i
i i

iMthethwa iiNP
i i22008393
i i i i i i i i i100%
i i i i i i i i i
i

GROUP iNUMBER i
i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii

ii13

ISSUE iDATE i i
i i i ii

SUBMISSION iDATE i i i i
i

LECTURER i i i
i

ii

1
SUMMARY
Tubular iireactors iiare iisteady-state iicontinuous iiflow iidevices iithat iimay iibe iiused iito iimix
ivarious iichemicals. iiThe iiobjectives iiof iithe iitubular iireactor iipractical iiwere iito iidetermine
i

ithe iirate iiof iireaction iifor iithe iireaction iiof iiethyl iiacetate iiand iisodium iihydroxide iiat ii25
i

idegrees iiCelsius, iidetermine iithe iieffect iiof iiflow iirate iion iiconversion iiusing iithe iisame iiflow
i

irates iifor iiboth iireactants iiand iito iidetermine iithe iieffect iiof iidissimilar iiflow iirates iifor iiboth
i

ireactants iion iiconversion.

i

Three iipumps, iia iitemperature iisensor, iia iiprobe iiput iiinto iithe iireactor, iiheat iitransfer iicoils, iia
ifilling iiplug iisupplied iion iitop iiof iithe iireactor iivessel iito iiallow iithe iivessel iito iibe iifilled iiwith
i

iclean iiwater, iiand iiconnectors iiwere iiused. iiThe iitemperature iiof iithe iireactants iiin iithe iitube
i

iis iikept iiconstant. iiThe iivariables iithat iiwere iirecorded iiwere iitime iiin iiminutes iiand
i

iconductivity. iiUsing iia iitubular iireactor iiin iithe iiexperiment iiabove, iiwe iiwere iiable iito
i

iestimate iithe iirate iiconstant. iiBoth iisodium iihydroxide iiand iiethyl iiacetate iiwere iipoured iiinto
i

ithe iireactor, iimixed iitogether, iiand iileft iito iireact iifor iia iiperiod iiof iitime.
i

In iioverall, iithe iiexperiment iiwas iia iisuccess. iiThe iifollowing iiconclusions iimay iibe iidrawn iifrom
ithe iifindings: iiA iilower iiconversion iirate iiis iiassociated iiwith iia iihigher iiflow iirate. iiThis iiis iidue
i

ito iithe iishorter iireaction iitime iibetween iithe iireactants. iiWith iia iilower iiflow iirate, iia iihigher
i

iconversion iiis iiachieved. iiThe iiconversion iiis iihigher iiwhen iiboth iireactants iihave iithe iisame
i

iflow iirate iithan iiwhen iithey iihave iidifferent iiflow iirates. iiThe iireaction iirate iiconstant iiis
i

iaffected iiby iithe iiflow iirate iiof iithe iireacting iicomponents.

i

I iirecommend iithat iithe iiconductivity iibe iitranslated iiusing iicomputer iisoftware iito iiensure
ithat iithe iifindings iiare iicorrect. iiTo iiacquire iimore iireliable iifindings, iirun iimany iitrials iion iithe
i

itubular iiflow iireactor, iiso iiwe iican iitake iithe iiaverage iiof iieach iiindividual iimolar iirate. iiApart
i

ifrom iithat, iiall iiassumptions iishould iibe iibased iion iia iiliterature iireview iiand iia iichemical
i

ireaction iiengineering iibook. iiFinally, iiwait iiseveral iiminutes iiuntil iithe iiflow iirate iihas
i

istabilized iibefore iicapturing iithe iioutlet iiconductivity iidata.

i

2
Table iof iContents
i i

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4
THEORY ................................................................................................................................................... 5
EQUATIONS iiUSED iiAND iiDESCRIPTION iiOF iiPARAMETERS .................................................................... 5
EXPERIMENTAL iiMETHOD iiAND iiAPPARATUS ........................................................................................ 7
RESULTS iiAND iiDISCUSSIONS .................................................................................................................. 9
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 17
RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 17
NOMENCLATURE................................................................................................................................... 18
References ............................................................................................................................................ 19
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 20

3
INTRODUCTION
A iitubular iireactor, iialso iiknown iias iia iiplug iiflow iireactor, iiis iia iivessel iiin iiwhich iia iisteady iirate
iof iicontinuous iiflow iiis iimaintained. iiA iitubular iireactor iiis iitypically iiused iiwhen iioperation
i

iwithout iiback iimixing iiis iinecessary. iiReactants iiare iicontinuously iiintroduced iiinto iia iitubular
i

ireactor iiand iimove iithrough iiit iilike iia iiplug. iiChemical iireactors iiare iione iiof iithe iimost
i

isignificant iiunit iiprocesses iiin iichemical iiengineering. iiWhen iidesigning iia iireactor, iiit's
i

iessential iito iiensure iithe iireaction iimoves iias iiefficiently iias iipossible iitoward iithe iiintended
i

iresult iiwhile iialso iidelivering iithe iilargest iifeasible iiyield iiof iithe iineeded iiproduct. iiThe
i

ireactor's iioperating iiexpenses iimust iilikewise iibe iikept iias iilow iias iipossible. iiChemical
i

iengineers iimust iithus iiresearch iichemical iireactors.

i

The iiobjectives iiof iithe iitubular iireactor iipractical iiwere iito iidetermine iithe iirate iiof iireaction
ifor iithe iireaction iiof iiethyl iiacetate iiand iisodium iihydroxide iiat ii25 iidegrees iiCelsius,
i

idetermine iithe iieffect iiof iiflow iirate iion iiconversion iiusing iithe iisame iiflow iirates iifor iiboth
i

ireactants iiand iito iidetermine iithe iieffect iiof iidissimilar iiflow iirates iifor iiboth iireactants iion
i

iconversion. iiThe iifollowing iipractical iireport iiwill iibe iiprovided iibased iion iithe iitubular
i

ireactor: iiexperimental iitechnique iiand iiapparatus iiwill iibe iidescribed, iiexperimental iiprotocol
i

iand iiexplanation iiof iithe iivariables, iiTheory iiis iioffered iithat iiis iirelevant iito iithe iiexperimental
i

istudy. iiThe iiterminology, iias iiwell iias iithe iiresults, iidiscussion, iiand iiconclusion.
i

4
THEORY

EQUATIONS iUSED iAND iDESCRIPTION iOF iPARAMETERS i

i i i i i i

The iifollowing iiequations iiwere iiused iito iido iithe iinecessary iicomputations iito iimeet iithe
ipractical's iiobjectives ii: ii
i

 Design iiEquation iifor iia iiPlug iiFlow iiReactor

i𝑉 = 𝐹𝐴𝑜 ii ∫
i

iWhere: ii
i

V ii= iivolume iiof iithe iiPFR

-rA ii= iirate iilaw iifor iithe iirelevant iireaction ii
X ii= iiConversion
 Stoichiometric iiEquation iifor iia iiliquid iiphase iireaction

iCA ii= iiCAO ii(1 ii– iiX ii)

i

iWhere:
i

CA ii= iiConcentration iiof iicomponent iiA

CAO i= iiInitial iiconcentration iiof iicomponent iiA ii
i

X ii= iiConversion
 Amount iiof iiSodium iiHydroxide iiin iithe iimixed iifeed
i
𝐹𝑎 i ii. ii𝑎𝜇 ii
i𝑎𝑜 ii = ii 𝐹𝑎+𝐹𝑏

iWhere:
i

iao ii= iisodium iihydroxide iiconcentration iiin iithe iimixed iifeed

i

iFa ii= iivolume iifeed iirate iiof iicomponent iiA ii

i

Fb ii= iivolume iifeed iirate iiof iicomponent iiB ii

aμ ii= iisodium iihydroxide iivolume iiin iithe iifeed iivessel
 Rate iiLaw iifor iithe iireaction

i-rA ii= iikCACB ii

i

Where:
i-rA ii= iirate iilaw
i

ik ii= iirate iiconstant

i

5
 iCA ii= iiConcentration iiof iicomponent iiA
i

CB ii= iiConcentration iiof iicomponent iiB

DISCUSSION iiOF iiVARIABLES iiTHAT iiWERE iiINVESTIGATED

The iireactant iiflow iirate iiwas iimodified iito iisee iihow iidifferent iiflowrates iiaffected iithe iirate iiof
iconversion. iiThe iitotal iiconversion iireduces iias iithe iireactant iiflowrate iiincreases. iiThe
i

iexplanation iifor iithis iitendency iiis iibecause iias iithe iiflow iirate iiincreases, iithe iiresidence
i

iperiod iibetween iithe iireactants iireduces, iiresulting iiin iidecreased iiconversion. iiFor iipractical
i

iapplications, iigreater iithan iiaverage iiflowrates iiare iinot iidesired.

i

6
EXPERIMENTAL iMETHOD iAND iAPPARATUSi i i

APPARATUS
The iiapparatus iithat iiwas iiused iiin iithe iitubular iireactor iipractical iiwere ii:

 Weighing iiboat ii
 iStirring iirod ii
i

 iSodium iihydroxide iiin iisolid iiphase

i

 Water
 iMeasuring iibeakers
i

 Ethyl iiacetate iiin iiliquid iiphase

 Armfield iiCET iiMk2 iitubular iiflow iireactor iiwhich iiinclude iipumps, iielectronic iidisplays,
 conductivity iimeter iiand iia iitemperature iicontrol. ii

i i i i i i i i i i i i iFigure ii1.1 ii: iiActual iiapparatus iiused iifor iithe iipractical

i i i i i i i i i i i i i

EXPERIMENTAL iiMETHOD
5.0 iilitre iibatches iiof ii0.05M iisodium iihydroxide iiand ii0.05M iiethyl iiacetate iiwas iiprepared, ii20
igrams iiof iisodium iihydroxide iiwas iiadded iito ii5 iilitres iiof iicool iiwater iithen iithe iisolution iiwas
i

imixed iiusing iia iistirring iirod iiwhich iimade ii0.05M iisolution iiof iisodium iihydroxide. ii80ml iiof
i

iethyl iiacetate iiwere iiadded iito ii5litre iiof iiwater iito iimake ii0.05M iisolution iiof iiethyl iiacetate.
i

iThen iithe iisolution iiwas iitransferred iiinto iithe iifeed iitank iiA iiand iitank iiB iirespectively. iiThe
i

7
iconductivity iiwas iirecorded iifor ii15 iiminutes iiper iirun. iiThis iiexperiment iiwas iiconducted iifor
i

i5 iiruns iiwhere iithe iifeed iiflowrates iiwas iivaried iifor iieach iirun iiby iichanging iithe iipumps
i

isetting. iiThe iifeed iitank iiA iiand iiB iiwere iirecharge iistarting iifrom iirun ii3 iiand iirun ii5. iiThen
i

iafter iicompleting iithis iiexperiment, iithe iifeed iitanks iiwere iidrained, iiand iithe iireactor iiunit
i

iwas iidrained.
i

OPERATING iiVARIABLE iiTHAT iiREMAINED iiCONSTANT

i iiTemperature iicontroller iiat ii23 iioC ii

i

 iiConcentration iiof iireactants iiat ii0.1M

iOPERATING iiVARIABLES iiTHAT iiWERE iiVARIED

i

i iiFlowrates iiof iiboth iisodium iihydroxide iiand iiethyl iiacetate

i

i iiTime
i

iPROCESS iiVARIABLES iiTHAT iiWERE iiRECORDED

i

i iiConductivity
i

8
RESULTS iAND iDISCUSSIONS
i i

EFFECT iiOF iiFLOWRATE iiON iiCONVERSION

RESULTS

Table ii1.1 ii: iiTable iishowing iithe iiresults iifor iithe iiconversion iiof iisodium iihydroxide iiand
isodium iiacetate iifor iirun ii1 iiat iipump iiA iiand iiB iiat ii80ml/min.
i

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii

RUN ii1 i i i i i80/80 ii(ml/min)

i i i i i i
i i
i

Time Conductivity a1 c1 xa xc K
0 0,0043 0,0051 0,045 0,90 0,90 12
1 0,0043 0,0044 0,046 0,91 0,91 15
2 0,0044 0,0057 0,044 0,89 0,89 9
3 0,0042 0,0041 0,046 0,92 0,92 18
4 0,0046 0,0067 0,043 0,87 0,87 6
5 0,0046 0,0074 0,043 0,85 0,85 5
6 0,0047 0,0076 0,042 0,85 0,85 5
7 0,0047 0,0075 0,042 0,85 0,85 5
8 0,0046 0,0075 0,043 0,85 0,85 5
9 0,0046 0,0073 0,043 0,85 0,85 5
10 0,0046 0,0071 0,043 0,86 0,86 6
11 0,0046 0,0069 0,043 0,86 0,86 6
12 0,0046 0,0068 0,043 0,86 0,86 6
13 0,0046 0,0068 0,043 0,86 0,86 6
14 0,0045 0,0067 0,043 0,87 0,87 7
15 0,0045 0,0066 0,043 0,87 0,87 7

Xa iivs iiTime iiGraph

0,93
0,92
0,91
0,90
0,89
XA

0,88
0,87
0,86
0,85
0,84
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
TIME

9
Figure ii1 ii: iiGraph iiof iiconversion(Xa) iiversus iitime iifor iiTable ii1.1

Table ii1.2 ii: iiTable iishowing iithe iiconversion iiof iicomponent iiA ii(Sodium iiHydroxide) iiand
icomponent iiC ii(Sodium iiAcetate) iifor iiRun ii2 ii(Pump iiA iiand iiB iiat ii60 iiml/min)
i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

RUN ii2 ii ii ii ii60/60 ii(ml/min) i

i i
i

Time conductivity a1 c1 xa xc K
0 0,0040 0,0024 0,048 0,95 0,95 7
1 0,0040 0,0020 0,048 0,96 0,96 10
2 0,0039 0,0015 0,048 0,97 0,97 19
3 0,0039 0,0016 0,048 0,97 0,97 17
4 0,0041 0,0034 0,047 0,93 0,93 3
5 0,0042 0,0040 0,046 0,92 0,92 2
6 0,0042 0,0041 0,046 0,92 0,92 2
7 0,0042 0,0040 0,046 0,92 0,92 2
8 0,0042 0,0040 0,046 0,92 0,92 2
9 0,0042 0,0039 0,046 0,92 0,92 2
10 0,0042 0,0038 0,046 0,92 0,92 2
11 0,0042 0,0037 0,046 0,93 0,93 2
12 0,0042 0,0037 0,046 0,93 0,93 2
13 0,0042 0,0036 0,046 0,93 0,93 3
14 0,0041 0,0034 0,047 0,93 0,93 3
15 0,0041 0,0033 0,047 0,93 0,93 3

Xa iivs iiTime iiGraph

0,98

0,97

0,96

0,95
Xa

0,94

0,93

0,92

0,91
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time

Figure ii2 ii: iiGraph iiof iiconversion(Xa) iiversus iitime iifor iiTable ii1.2

10
Table ii1.3 ii: iiTable iishowing iithe iiconversion iiof iicomponent iiA ii(Sodium iiHydroxide) iiand
icomponent iiC ii(Sodium iiAcetate) iifor iiRun ii3 ii(Pump iiA iiand iiB iiat ii70 iiml/min)
i

ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii

RUN ii3 i i i i i i i i i i i i70/70 ii(ml/min)

i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i
i

Time conductivity a1 c1 xa xc K
0 0,0039 0,0013 0,049 0,97 0,97 176
1 0,0039 0,0013 0,049 0,97 0,97 156
2 0,0039 0,0015 0,048 0,97 0,97 124
3 0,0041 0,0029 0,047 0,94 0,94 34
4 0,0041 0,0033 0,047 0,93 0,93 26
5 0,0041 0,0032 0,047 0,94 0,94 27
6 0,0041 0,0031 0,047 0,94 0,94 29
7 0,0041 0,0029 0,047 0,94 0,94 34
8 0,0040 0,0026 0,047 0,95 0,95 40
9 0,0040 0,0024 0,048 0,95 0,95 49
10 0,0040 0,0022 0,048 0,96 0,96 56
11 0,0040 0,0021 0,048 0,96 0,96 66
12 0,0039 0,0019 0,048 0,96 0,96 77
13 0,0039 0,0017 0,048 0,97 0,97 92
14 0,0039 0,0015 0,048 0,97 0,97 124
15 0,0039 0,0013 0,049 0,97 0,97 176

Xa iivs iiTime iiGraph

0,98
0,98
0,97
0,97
0,96
0,96
Xa

0,95
0,95
0,94
0,94
0,93
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time

Figure ii3 ii: iiGraph iiof iiconversion(Xa) iiversus iitime iifor iiTable ii1.3

11
Table ii4: iiTable iishowing iithe iiconversion iiof iicomponent iiA ii(Sodium iiHydroxide) iiand ii
component iiC ii(Sodium iiAcetate) iifor iiRun ii4 ii(Pump iiA iiat ii80 iiml/min iiand iiPump iiB iiat ii60
iiml/min)

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

RUN ii4 ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii80/60 ii(ml/min) i

i i
i

Time conductivity a1 c1 xa xc K
0 0,0028 -0,01 0,061 1,17 1,53 4
1 0,0028 -0,01 0,062 1,18 1,54 3
2 0,0027 -0,01 0,062 1,19 1,55 3
3 0,0034 -0,01 0,057 1,10 1,43 12
4 0,0036 0,00 0,056 1,07 1,40 21
5 0,0035 -0,01 0,057 1,09 1,42 13
6 0,0034 -0,01 0,057 1,10 1,44 11
7 0,0034 -0,01 0,058 1,11 1,44 10
8 0,0033 -0,01 0,058 1,11 1,45 9
9 0,0033 -0,01 0,058 1,11 1,45 9
10 0,0033 -0,01 0,058 1,11 1,45 8
11 0,0033 -0,01 0,058 1,11 1,45 8
12 0,0033 -0,01 0,058 1,12 1,46 8
13 0,0033 -0,01 0,058 1,12 1,46 8
14 0,0032 -0,01 0,058 1,12 1,46 8
15 0,0032 -0,01 0,058 1,12 1,46 7

Xa iivs iiTime iiGraph

1,20

1,18

1,16

1,14

1,12

1,10

1,08

1,06
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Figure ii4 ii: iiGraph iiof iiconversion(Xa) iiversus iitime iifor iiTable ii1.4

12
Table ii1.5 ii: iiTable iishowing iithe iiconversion iiof iicomponent iiA ii(Sodium iiHydroxide) iiand
iicomponent iiC ii(Sodium iiAcetate) iifor iiRun ii5 ii(Pump iiA iiat ii80 iiml/min iiand iiPump iiB iiat ii70

iiml/min)

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

RUN ii5 ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii80/70 ii(ml/min) i

i i
i i
i

Time ii conductivity a1 c1 xa xc K
0 0,0031 -0,0049 0,064 1,10 1,28 14
1 0,0031 -0,0049 0,064 1,10 1,28 15
2 0,0031 -0,0048 0,064 1,10 1,27 15
3 0,0030 -0,0053 0,064 1,11 1,29 12
4 0,0030 -0,0057 0,065 1,11 1,30 11
5 0,0029 -0,0059 0,065 1,12 1,30 10
6 0,0029 -0,0061 0,065 1,12 1,30 9
7 0,0029 -0,0062 0,065 1,12 1,31 9
8 0,0029 -0,0064 0,066 1,13 1,31 9
9 0,0029 -0,0065 0,066 1,13 1,31 8
10 0,0029 -0,0065 0,066 1,13 1,31 8
11 0,0028 -0,0066 0,066 1,13 1,32 8
12 0,0028 -0,0067 0,066 1,13 1,32 8
13 0,0028 -0,0067 0,066 1,13 1,32 8
14 0,0028 -0,0068 0,066 1,14 1,32 8
15 0,0028 -0,0069 0,066 1,14 1,32 8

Xa iivs iiTime iiGraph

1,14
1,14
1,13
1,13
1,12
1,12
Xa

1,11
1,11
1,10
1,10
1,09
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time

Figure ii5 ii: iiGraph iiof iiconversion(Xa) iiversus iitime iifor iiTable ii1.5

13
 Xa iivs iiTime iiRun ii1,2 iiand ii3
1,20

1,00

0,80
X iia

0,60

0,40

0,20

0,00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time

Xa vs Time Run 1 Xa vs Time Run 2 Xa vs Time Run 3

Figure ii6 ii: iiEffect iiof iisimilar iiFlowrate iion iiConversion. iiGraph iiof iiconversion iivs. iitime ii(Xa
iivs iit ii)

Xa iivs iiTime iiRun ii4 iiand ii5

1,20

1,18

1,16

1,14
Xa

1,12

1,10

1,08

1,06
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time

Figure ii7 ii: iiEffect iiof iidissimilar iiflowrate iion iiconversion ii, iigraph iiof iiconversion iivs iitime

Table ii1.6 ii: iiTable iishowing iithe iirate iiconstant iifor iieach iirun iifor ii11-15 iiminutes

k ii(Run ii1) k ii(Run ii2) k ii(Run k ii(Run k ii(Run ii5)

Time ii ii
ii ii
i i ii3) ii ii ii4) ii ii i
i

ii ii ii ii ii
11 6.22 4.17 ii ii5.3 5.30
ii0.48

12 ii6.37 ii0.53 ii5.15 5.21 ii5.21

13 ii6.37 ii0.58 ii6.43 ii5.13 ii5.13

14 ii6.71 ii0.7 ii9.21 5.04 ii ii5.04

14
 15 6.88 0.85 13.84 4.97 4.016
Average iik ii
32.55 3.14 38.8 ii ii 25.65 ii ii 24.70 ii ii
ii

DISCUSSION
Graphs iiin iiFigure ii1 iiand iifigure ii2 iishows iius iithat iithe iiconversion iiis iiinversely iirelated iito iithe
iconductivity. iiConductivity iirises iias iiconversion iilowers. iiWhen iidetermining iithe iiconversion
i

iof iiNaOH, iithe iiconductivity iivalue iiis iiused iias iia iireference. iiThe iiconductivity iiof iithe iiwater
i

iis iidecreasing iidue iito iia iidecrease iiin iiionic iiconcentration. iiConductivity iidescribes iia
i

isolution's iicapacity iito iiconduct iielectricity. iiAs iithe iiexperiment iigoes, iithe iiconductivity
i

ilowers iias iithe iinumber iiof iiions iiin iithe iisolution iifalls. iiThe iiconcentration iiof iithe iisolution
i

iremaining iiinside iithe iireactor iifalls iias iithe iiconversion iirate iiincreases, iidecreasing
i

iconductivity (Janos, 2018).

i

We iimight iibe iiable iito iireduce iithe iiimpact iiof iidwell iitime iion iiexperiment iiconversion. iiWe
imay iiextrapolate iifrom iithe iidata iiacquired iiduring iithis iiexperiment iithat iiconversion iiinitially
i

irises iias iiresidency iiduration iiincreases, iias iiseen iiin iiFigures ii2 iiand ii3. iiAs iiindicated iiby iithe
i

idata iifor iithe iisecond iireading iithrough iithe iifinal iireading, iithe iiresidency iitime iiincreases iias
i

ithe iiconversion iidecreases. iiAs iia iiresult, iiwe iimay iisafely iipredict iithat iias iithe iiperiod iiof iistay
i

iincreases, iithe iiconversion iirate iidrops. iiOver iitime, iithe iiconversion iiis iithe iinumber iiof
i

imoles iiof iiNaOH iireacting iito iiproduce iia iiproduct.

i

The iiresidence iitime iiis iidefined iias iithe iiamount iiof iitime iiit iitakes iito iiprocess iione iivolume iiof
ireactor iifluid iiat iithe iientry iicondition. iiAs iia iiresult iiof iithe iidecreasing iiamount iiof iimoles iiin
i

ithe iisolution, iias iithe iiprocessing iitime iigrows, iithe iiconversion iilowers. iiConversion
i

iinformation iiis iinecessary iito iifinish iiand iicompute iithe iireaction iirate iiconstant. iiThe
i

iconversion iiof iithe iireaction iiremains iiconstant iias iitime iiprogresses iiin iifigure ii4 iifrom iitime
i

i3 iito iitime ii9. iiAs iia iiresult, iiit's iiacceptable iito iiargue iithat iiresidence iitime iiis iicritical iiin iiplug
i

iflow iireactors. iiIt's iialso iiplausible iithat iithe iiabsence iiof iia iirobust iimixing iiprocedure iiat iiPFR
i

iis iito iiblame (Villa, 2004).

i

THE iiEFFECT iiOF iiSIMILAR iiFLOW iiRATE iiON iiCONVERSION ii ii ii

The iiconversion iistarts iiat iia iigiven iivalue iibefore iilevelling iiat iia iiconstant iivalue, iias iiseen iiby
ithe iigraph's iitrend. iiAccording iito iithe iigraph, iiit iitakes iiaround ii4 iiminutes iifor iirun ii2 iiand ii3
i

15
ito iiattain iia iisteady iiconversion iitime iiof ii50 iiminutes. iiFor iirun ii1, iiboth iipumps iihad iitheir
i

iflowrates iiadjusted iito ii80 iiml/min. iiRuns ii2 iiand ii3 iihad iiflow iirates iiof ii70 iiand ii60 iimillilitres
i

iper iiminute, iirespectively. iiRun ii1 iiconverts iiat iia iilower iirate iithan iiruns ii2 iiand ii3 iias iishown
i

iin iithe iigraph. iiThis iitrend iihas iibeen iiproven. iiThe iiconversion iideclines iias iithe iiflowrate
i

irises. iiThe iireaction iican iioccur iimore iiquickly iisince iiboth iireactants iihave iia iishorter
i

iresidence iitime. iiIn iirun ii3, iithe iiconversion iiwas iiincreased iiwhile iithe iiflowrates iiwere
i

ilowered. iiThis iiis iidue iito iithe iifact iithat iiboth iithe iireactant iiand iithe iiproduct iispent iilonger
i

itime iiwithin iithe iireactor, iiallowing iithe iireaction iito iirun iimore iismoothly iiand iiresulting iiin iia
i

igreater iiconversion. iiAs iia iiresult iiof iithe iilower iiflowrate, iireactant iiconversion iiwill iibe
i

ienhanced (Hudson, 2017).

i

THE iiEFFECT iiOF iiDISSIMILAR iiFLOW iiRATE iiON iiCONVERSION

The iitrend iiin iithe iigraphs iion iifigure ii7 iiillustrates iithat iithe iiconversion iistarts iiat iia iigiven
ivalue iiand iithen iistabilizes iiafter iia iitime. iiWhen iidiffering iiflowrates iiare iicompared iito
i

iidentical iiflowrates, iidissimilar iiflowrates iihave iia iilower iiconversion iirate. iiBecause iithe
i

ireactants iitake iilonger iito iireach iiequilibrium iiwith iieach iiother, iithe iireaction iiis iiless
i

iefficient. iiBeginning iiat iitime ii4 iiand iiending iiat iitime ii15, iirun ii4 iihad iia iilower iiconversion
i

irate iithan iirun ii5. iiBecause iirun ii4 iihad iia iilower iiflowrate iithan iirun ii5, iithis iiresult iiwas
i

iobtained. iiAs iia iiresult, iithe iitime iispent iiin iithe iihotel iiwas iiextended (William, 2008).
i

THE iiRATE iiCONSTANT iiOF iiTHE iiREACTION ii ii ii

The iirate iiconstant iiof iia iireaction iiis iithe iiproportionality iiconstant iithat iirepresents iithe
ispeed iiof iia iichemical iireaction iias iiwell iias iithe iiconcentrations iiof iithe iireacting
i

icomponents. iiTable ii1.6 iiwas iiused iito iiget iithe iiaverage iirate iiconstant iifor iiall iiof iithe iiruns.
i

iThe iirate iiconstant iidecreases iiin iiproportion iito iithe iiflow iirate.
i

16
CONCLUSION
In iithe iiexperiment iiabove, iiwe iiwere iiable iito iicalculate iithe iirate iiconstant iiusing iia iitubular
ireactor. iiBoth iisodium iihydroxide ii(NaOH) iiand iiethyl iiacetate iiwere iiinjected iiinto iithe
i

ireactor, iimixed iitogether, iiand iileft iito iireact iifor iia iiwhile. iiIn iioverall, iithe iiexperiment iiwas iia
i

isuccess. iiThe iifollowing iiconclusions iimay iibe iiderived iifrom iithe iifindings: iiA iilower
i

iconversion iirate iiis iiassociated iiwith iia iihigher iiflow iirate. iiBecause iithe iireaction iitime
i

ibetween iithe iireactants iiis iishorter, iithis iiis iithe iicase. iiWith iia iilower iiflow iirate, iia iihigher
i

iconversion iiis iiachieved. iiThe iiconversion iiis iihigher iiwhen iiboth iireactants iihave iithe iisame
i

iflow iirate iithan iiwhen iithey iihave iidifferent iiflow iirates. iiThe iireaction iirate iiconstant iiis
i

iinfluenced iiby iithe iiflow iirate iiof iithe iireacting iicomponents.

i

RECOMMENDATIONS
I iiwould iirecommend iithat iistudent iimust iiread iiand iifollow iithe iigeneral iistarting iiand iishut-
down iiapproach iifor iieach iiexperiment iito iiensure iithere iiare iino iileftovers iiwithin. iiThe
iconductivity iishould iibe iitransformed iiusing iicomputer iisoftware iito iiensure iiaccuracy. iiTo
i

iacquire iimore iireliable iifindings, iirun iimany iitrials iion iithe iitubular iiflow iireactor, iiso iiwe iican
i

itake iithe iiaverage iivalue iifrom iieach iiunique iimolar iirate. iiAside iifrom iithat, iiall iiassumptions
i

ishould iibe iibased iion iia iiliterature iireview iiand iia iichemical iireaction iiengineering iibook.
i

iFinally, iiwait iia iifew iiminutes iiuntil iithe iiflow iirate iihas iistabilized iibefore iicapturing iithe
i

ioutlet iiconductivity iidata.

i

17
NOMENCLATURE i
i

18
References
Hudson, iiR., ii2017. iiIntroduction iito iichemical iireactor iianalysis. iiThird iiedition iied. iiEurope: iis.n.

Janos, iiV., ii2018. iiReactor iiCore iiMonitoring: iiBackground, iiTheory iiand iiPractical iiApplications.
iis.l.:amazon iibook iiclub.

Villa, iiM., ii2004. iiPRACTICAL iiCOURSE iiON iiREACTOR iiINSTRUMENTATION, iis.l.: iiH iiBock.

William, iiL., ii2008. iiPrinciples iiof iichemical iireactor iianalysis iiand iidesign. ii4th iiEdition iied. iis.l.:s.n.

19
APPENDICES
Table ii1.7 ii: iiRAW iiDATA iitaken iiduring iithe iiPractical

Time(
Conductivity
min)
Run m Run2 Run3 Run4 Run5
80L/mi 70L/mi
60L/min 80L/ min 80L/min
n n
1 4.26 3.95 3.87 2.75 3.09
2 4.42 3.95 3.89 2.74 3.1
3 4.22 3.89 4.06 3.43 3.03
4 4.55 3.9 4.11 3.62 2.97
5 4.63 4.13 4.1 3.46 2.94
6 4.66 4.21 4.09 3.39 2.91
7 4.65 4.22 4.06 3.35 2.89
8 4.64 4.21 4.03 3.32 2.87
9 4.62 4.19 6,93 3.31 2.86
10 4.59 4.18 3.98 3.29 2.85
11 4.57 4.17 3.96 3.28 2.84
12 4.56 4.16 3.94 3.27 2.83
13 4.56 4.15 3.92 3.26 2.82
14 4.54 4.13 3.89 3.24 2.81
15 4.53 4.11 3.86 3.23 2.8

SAMPLE iiCALCULATIONS

i
Fa i ii. iiaμ ii
iao ii = ii Fa+Fb

.
𝑎 = . .
× 0.1 ii

𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑎 = 0.05 ii 𝑑𝑚 ii

𝐴 = 0.0070[1 + 0.020(𝑇 − 294)]𝐶 ii

𝐴 = 0.070[1 + 0.020(297.294)] × 0.05 ii

𝐴 = 0.00389 ii

𝐴 = 0.195 × [1 + 0.0184(298 − 294)] × 0.05 ii

20
𝐴 = 0.195 × [1 + 0.0184(298 − 294)] × 0.05 ii

𝐴 = 0.0105 ii𝑠 ii

−𝑐𝑜 = 0, 𝐴 = 𝐴 i
i

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ii𝑏𝑜 > 𝑎 , 𝑎 = 0 ii

−𝑎 = 0, 𝐴 = 0 ii

Calculating ii𝐴

𝐴 =𝐴 +𝐴 i
i

𝐴 = 0.00398 + 0 ii

𝐴 = 0.00398 ii𝑠 ii

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ii𝑎 ii

𝑎 = (𝑎 − 𝑎 ) + 𝑎 ii

. .
𝑎 = (0 − 0.05) . .
+ 0.05 ii

𝑎 = 0.0034 ii

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ii𝐶 ii

𝐶 =𝐶 i
i

. .
𝐶 = 0.05 . .
i i

𝐶 = 0.0473 ii

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ii𝑋 ii

𝑋 = i
i

. .
𝑋 = .
ii

21
𝑋 = 0.932 ii

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ii𝑋 ii

𝑋 = i
i

.
𝑋 = .
i
i

𝑋 = 0.946 ii

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ii𝐾𝑐 ii

( )
𝐾= × × i
i

. . . .
𝐾= .
× .
× i
i

𝐾 = 1.007 ii

Calculating iithe iireaction iirate

𝑟 = 𝑘𝑎 ii

𝑟 = 1.001(0.1) ii

𝑟 = 0.01 ii

22