2020 SLE234 Class 16 (1 Slide Per Page)

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SLE234 - Microbiology
Topic 3: Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Chapter 18 (12th) and Chapter 17 (14th), Brock)
Class 16
Wednesday 22 April 2020*
ka3.403, 8 – 8:50 am
(*date, time and venue different for Burwood students)
A/Professor Cenk Suphioglu

cenk@deakin.edu.au
*
Heterokonts (Stramenopiles)
have one long hairy flagellum,
and a shorter, smooth
flagellum
Silica is
electron-dense
*
Pleurochrysis carterae
Haptophytes
• Mostly oceanic
phytoplankton
• Chlorophylls a, c (golden-
brown)
• BIG primary producers
(>10% of Earth’s Ps)
• Cells covered in scales,
which may be calcified
(coccolithophorids, chalk)
The coccolithophorid,
Gephyrocapsa oceanica
Haptophyte scales are
individual wall
elements - shields or
spines (whole-mount,
shadow-cast TEM)
Port Phillip Bay
The scales of
haptophytes are made Haptonema
of sugars and assembled (flagellum-like
in the Golgi before appendage,
coiled here -
deposition onto the cell extended can be
surface ~ 50µm) is
unique to the
group
Haptonema
inserts b/w
flag. Bbs
Pleurochrysis carterae
(haptophyte alga, or
coccolithophorid);
calcium carbonate rims
around polysacc. scales
(coccoliths) - made in
Golgi and transported to
cell surface in vesicles
Polysaccharides polymerized in
species-specific pattern to make
scale (CaCO3 pptes around rim in
TGN for scale to be a coccolith)
Fungal cell wall: some are cellulose, most made of glucan
(amorphic polymer of glucose) plus chitin
Chitin - polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, increases rigidity
Opisthokonts include animals, and fungi
*
Protozoan shells: poorly understood chemical structure,
protein-polysaccharide matrix called pseudochitin,
cellulose, silica, calcium carbonate
Nodosira is a foraminiferan
Dictyocha is a
silicoflagellate
*
Test (wall) of chitin-like material in
the Sarcodine, Arcella
Cell Membrane
• Eukaryotes have sterols: form of lipid, not a phospholipid
• Sterols make membrane more rigid, less leaky
• Eukaryotes bigger than prokaryotes, may be greater physical
stresses on eukaryotic membrane
• Polyene antibiotics (nystatin, candicidin) react with sterols
& destabilise membrane
• Cytoplasmic matrix: featureless, homogenous substance
• 70-85% is water, two different forms
• Bulk or free water, water of hydration (WOH bound to
the surfaces of macromolecules - osmotically inactive).
Protein
content of
CM is so
high that it
may be semi-
crystalline.
THE CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments: 4-7 nm diam protein filaments scattered
within CM, or in ordered networks or arrays (actin)
Microtubules: 25 nm diam cylinder composed of two

different tubulin subunits (alpha, beta) arranged helically
Involved in: 1. maintaining cell shape; 2. cell movement; 3.
intracellular transport
Intermediate filaments: 8-10 nm (keratin).
Microtubules
Microtubules are famous for their role in mitosis
• Actin and
Microtubules in
scale formation in
Mallomonas
(golden-brown alga)
• In figs 10 and 13,
the long filled
arrows are mts, and
the shorter filled
arrows are actin
microfilaments
®
Glancing section of mts and
actin. An oblique section
through a bristle (spiky scale
impregnated with silica) as
it’s being formed
Glancing section of 2
microtubules (long arrows)
and many actin
microfilaments (short
arrows). This is an oblique
section through an algal
bristle (spiky scale
impregnated with silica) as
it’s being formed
The cytoskeleton allows for cellular
movement and organelle translocation
Microtubules Actin
The endomembrane system
• The membranes of some organelles are continuous (e.g.
the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum)
• Other membranes exchange sacs of membrane (and their
contents) via budding and fusion of vesicles.
Organelles of the
endomemebrane system
•Nuclear membrane
•Endoplasmic reticulum
•Golgi apparatus
•Lysosomes
•Vacuoles
COMPARTMENTALISATION!!
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranous labyrinth,
accounts for >50% total
membrane
• Network of membranous
tubules & sacs (cisternae)
• Separates internal
cisternal space from
cytosol
• Increases surface area,

connects cell surface to
internal structures
Smooth ER: functions in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate
metabolism, detoxification of drugs & poisons
Rough ER: studded with ribosomes, site of protein

synthesis
Proteins used
elsewhere are
transported in
vesicles budded off
from part of ER
called transitional
ER
Next:
• Eukaryotic cell
structure cont…
Class Test
(Online Quiz)
• Covers Lectures 1-19 (Weeks 1 – 6);
• CLOSED book (calculators allowed);
• 45 multiple choice Qs (1 mark each) online quiz;
• Formulae provided for calculation Qs;
• Quiz will be available on CloudDeakin in
‘Assessment’>’Quizzes’ folder;
• Friday 1st May 2020, starts at 10am (strict 50 min duration);
• Only one attempt allowed to complete the online quiz.

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This material has been reproduced and communicated

Do not remove this notice

A/Professor Cenk Suphioglu

Chitin - polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, increases rigidity

Microtubules: 25 nm diam cylinder composed of two

Intermediate filaments: 8-10 nm (keratin).

• Increases surface area,

Rough ER: studded with ribosomes, site of protein

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