Chapter #1- Uncertainty

𝑥 =𝐴+𝐵
𝑥 =𝐴−𝐵 } 𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝐴 + 𝛿𝐵

𝑥 =𝐴×𝐵
𝑥= } 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐵
𝑥
=
𝐴
+
𝐵

𝑥=𝐴
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝐴
} 𝛿𝑥
𝑥
= 𝐵.
𝛿𝐴
𝐴
∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥
Vectors:

𝑑= 𝑑 +𝑑

𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑 d dy
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
θ
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
dx
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
Chapter #2- Kinematics
∆
𝑎= ∆
a=acceleration; v= velocity; t=time

𝑎= v= final velocity; u= initial velocity

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 s= displacement
𝑢+𝑣
𝑣 =
2
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 1 2 𝑎𝑡

For flight time from rest:

𝑡 = g=acceleration of free fall; h=height of fall; t=time

𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝐸

𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 − 𝐾𝐸

𝐾𝐸 = 1 2 𝑚𝑣

∆𝐾𝐸 = 1 2 𝑚(𝑣 − 𝑣 )

∆𝑃𝐸 = ∆𝐾𝐸 with no external force, friction

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − ℎ )
Momentum:
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣 P=momentum; m=mass-kg; v=velocity
∆𝑃 = 𝑚. ∆𝑣
∆𝑃 ∆𝑣
= 𝑚.
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑃
= 𝑚. 𝑎
∆𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
∆
𝐹= ∆
2nd law of motion

∆𝑃 = 𝐹 × ∆𝑡 ∆P= impulse of force

𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣

𝑃 = (𝑚𝑣)
𝑃 = 𝑚 .𝑣

𝑃 = 𝑚. 𝑚. 𝑣
𝑃
= 𝑚𝑣
𝑚
𝑃 1
= 𝑚𝑣
2𝑚 2
𝑃
= 𝐾𝐸
2𝑚
𝑃 = √2𝑚𝐾𝐸
Law of conservation of momentum
𝐹 = −𝐹
∆𝑃 ∆𝑃
=−
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
(𝑃 − 𝑃 ) = −(𝑃 − 𝑃 )
 𝑚 𝑢 − 𝑚 𝑢 = −𝑚 𝑣 + 𝑚 𝑣
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚 𝑢 − 𝑚 𝑢 = (𝑚 + 𝑚 )𝑉 for if the bodies stick together after collision
𝑢 +𝑢 =𝑣 +𝑣 for a perfectly elastic collision
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 F=force of flow of fluid; p=density; A=cross-sectional area; v=velocity
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 FR = flow rate (kg s-1 );
𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑡 m=mass of fluid; t= time taken for ’m’ to flow
Chapter#3- Work, energy and Power
𝑊 = 𝑓×𝑑 W=work; f=force; d=distance in direction of force
𝑊 = 𝑓𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 for an inclined plane
𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) P=pressure; V=volume
𝑊 = 𝑓𝑑
𝑊 = 𝑃𝐴𝑑
𝑊 = 𝑃 × 𝐴𝑥
𝑊 = 𝑃 × ∆𝑉
𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
𝐺𝑃𝐸 − 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑊 Wf=work against friction
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑃= P=Power; W=work; t=time

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 F=force; v=velocity
Chapter #4-Forces, density and pressure

𝑃= P=pressure; f=force; a= surface area

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ for liquids

𝑃 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ Po=atmospheric pressure
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔 F=upthrust; V=volume of liquid displaced; p=density of liquid F
𝑇 =𝐹×𝑙 T=moment of force; F=force; l=length from pivot
R
𝑇 = 𝐹 × 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 F
𝑙
𝑇=𝐹×
2 θ
F F
𝑇 = 𝐹 × 2𝑅
l
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑣
P=density; m=mass; v=volume

F
Chapter#5- Deformation of solids

𝑘= F=force/load; k=spring constant; x=extension

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1 2 𝐹𝑥
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1 2 𝑘𝑥

𝜎= σ=stress; F=force/load; A=cross-sectional area

𝜀= ε=strain; e=extension; l=length of spring

𝐸= E=Young’s modulus

𝐹𝑙
𝐸=
𝑒𝐴
Chapter#6-Electricity

𝐼= I=current; Q=Charge; t=time

𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑄 = 𝑛𝑒 Q=Amount of charge on object; n=integer; e=elementary charge

=𝑛 N=Total no. of 𝑒 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐; no. of 𝑒 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒; 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑞𝑉 I=current; A=cross-sectional area of wire; q=elementary charge; n=no. of

𝑒 𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒; V=volume

𝑅= R=resistance; ρ=resistivity; l=length; A=cross sectional area

𝑅𝐴
𝜌=
𝑙

𝑉= W=energy consumed; V=voltage; Q=transferred charge

𝑊 = 𝑉𝑄
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 V=voltage; I=current; R=resistance
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉 energy conservation principle; Kirchoff’s 2nd law
𝐼 𝑅 =𝐼 𝑅 +𝐼 𝑅
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 for series only
𝑉 𝑅
=
𝑉 𝑅
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅 +𝑅
𝑉
𝑉 = ×𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
𝑉
𝑉 = ×𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 Principle of Kirchoff’s charge; 1st law of conservation

= + for parallel only

𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅 +𝑅
𝐼
𝐼 = ×𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
𝐼
𝐼 = ×𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 P=power; V=voltage; I=current; R=resistance
𝑃=𝐼 𝑅

𝑉
𝑃=
𝑅
𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝐼𝑅 battery being used up
𝑉 = 𝐸 + 𝐼𝑅 battery being charged

= null method

Chapter #7- Waves and superposition

𝑣 = 𝑓λ v=speed of wave; f=frequency of wave; λ=wavelength

𝑓= T=time period for one oscillation

𝐼= I=intensity of wave; P=power; A=cross sectional area

𝐼∝𝐴 A=Amplitude
𝐼 𝐼
=
𝐴 𝐴

Doppler effect:
𝑣
𝑓 =𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑓 = 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑣+𝑣
𝑓 = 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑣 v=speed of sound
𝑓 =𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑣−𝑣 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑛λ for constructive interference

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (𝑛 + 1 2)λ for destructive interference

𝜆= a=slit separation; λ=wavelength; x=fringe separation; D=distance between slits

and screen
𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛λ d=distance between consecutive slits; θ=angle of nth order from central
maxima; n=order of maxima

𝑑= d=distance between consecutive slits; N=Number of slits per metre

𝜆 = 2(𝑙 − 𝑙 ) 𝑙 =length of tube for second harmonic

𝑙 =length of tube for first harmonic
𝑣 = 2𝑓(𝑙 − 𝑙 ) v=speed of wave; f=frequency
Chapter #8-Radioactivity
𝑋→ 𝑌 + 𝐻𝑒 alpha decay
𝑋→ 𝑌+ 𝑒 beta decay
𝑋 → 𝑋+𝛾 gamma decay
𝑛→ 𝑝+ 𝑒+ῡ 𝛽 − 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦

𝑝→ 𝑛+ 𝑒+𝑣 𝛽 + 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦