Electrical Unit 5

SoEC Dept.
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,VTU,Chennai
5
Power generation & Energy Sources
Single line diagram of Power system, Thermal & Nuclear Power Plant-fuel
Plant cell, Renewable
Energy Sources -Solar,
Solar, wind& Hydro power plant structure, Energy Storage, super capacitor–
capacitor
Battery-Types - rating, testing & troubleshooting.
Dear students before

ore preparing unit 5 , one need to understand what is unit 5 and it’s
it’
contents it’s importance and Exact coverage!!! (i)Generation of power (ii) storage
India was the fourth-largest

largest energy consumer in the world after China, the United States, and Russia
in 2011, and despite having notable fossil fuel resources, the country has become increasingly
dependent on energy imports.
NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL CAN BE CIRCULATED WITH

OR SOLD IN PRINTED FORM WITHOUT PRIOR
PERMISSION
Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

ENGG)M.TECH(Energy Systems), M.Tech (Industrial Drives) GATE (2006-
(2006
AIR1139),GATE - 2010,(PhD) Page 1
This PDF file is Created by trial version of Quick PDF Converter Suite.
Please use purchased version to remove this message.
SoEC Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,VTU,Chennai
c
Hence it is felt to include this portion of energy sources and energy saving options
In the curriculum of basis electrical engineering for the budding engineers irrespective
of any specialization or branch.
Why energy storage ?
All we know that major renewable sources gives AC and AC can not be stored , then
how can we use AC when no source is working(using solar energy in night) ???? Then
battery(it is there since a long) ,Ultra capacitor/super capacitor came.
Ok now let see the whole contents of unit -5 and how they are organized.
1.Single line diagram of Power system ( a general concept)

2. Thermal & Nuclear Power Plant ( conventional/non renewable method of power
generation) : these portion you have all been supplied earlier
Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy Systems), M.Tech (Industrial Drives) GATE (2006-
NOW let us see……………………
3. Solar, wind& Hydro power plant structure fuel cell,: Renewable Energy Sources/Non
conventional ways of generating power.
( the above portion to be prepared properly)
4. super capacitor–Battery: Renewable Energy Sources
5.Types - rating, testing & troubleshooting : All related to battery
SOLAR POWER PLANT

( Concentrated Solar Thermal Power)
(You all have been told in class that , we can generate power from solar light by two different ways one is solar photo
voltaic and another is solar thermal system. Nevertheless our syllabus did not specify PV system particularly hence we
covered the later i,e solar thermal system I,e Concentrated solar thermal system)
Fig 5.3 A stand alone solar thermal power plant
Principle of working
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies use systems of mirrored concentrators to focus direct
beam solar radiation to receivers that convert the energy to high temperature steam .
The steam is then fed into a separate circle to drive a conventional steam turbine.Turbine drives
generator. The spent steam from the turbine is condensed into liquid ready to be re-heated in the
steam generator to complete the circle .
There are different configurations that are commercially available- Parabolic Trough,
Linear Fresnel Reflector, Parabolic Dish and Central Receiver Tower – with Parabolic
Trough being the most prevalent.
Advantages
CSP has advantages compared to photovoltaic as it can readily incorporate thermal energy storage
to provide dispatchable power.
A case study from india
ACME’s first 2.5MW Solar Thermal Power Plant has been commissioned in Bikaner, Rajasthan, and will be scaled up to 10 MW.
Concentrated Solar Power Tower Technology. The solar field design is in multiples of 4 MW and scalable to 50- 50-100 MW. A particular
module is selected onn the basis of the size of the project Double-axis
Double software-driven
driven mirror tracking system Light weight, small size
of around 1 m flat mirro
WIND POWER PLANT STRUCTURE
Fig 5.4 A wind power plant

A wind power plant in it’s simplest form is shown in fig .5.4
Principle of working
In the case of a wind-electric turbine,, the turbine blades are designed to capture the kinetic energy in
wind. When the turbine blades capture wind energy and start moving, they spin a shaft that leads
from the hub of the rotor to a generator. The generator turns that rotational energy into electricity. At
its essence, generating electricity from the wind is all about transferring energy from one medium to
another.A drive train as shown in fig 5.4 (gear box arrangement) changes the speed of the
shaft connected to the rotor of the generator so as to generate power at certain frequency.
The generator can be a synchronous or induction or doubly fed
fed induction generator.

(2006
Most of the wind generating stations are grid connected.
Q.NAME
NAME THE VARIOUS PARTS OF A WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
The various parts are
1. Tower
2. Rotor
3. Generator
4. Gear Box(drive train )
5. Braking system
6. Yah drive and yah motor
A diagrammatic representation is given below where one can imagine how the parts are arranged and the
whole assembly works together,, not required for examination purpose
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
In hydro power plant we use gravitational force of fluid water to run the turbine which is coupled with electric
generator to produce electricity. The energy of flowing water is utilised to produce electricity. This is a
renewable source of energy derived from flowing water. Dams are constructed across the waterfalls to derive
electrical energy from it.
(2006
Fig 5.5 : A schematic of a hydropower plant
Principle
The water flowing in a river is collected by constructing a high rise dam. This stored water is then
allowed to fall from the top of the reservoir on to a water turbine located at the bottom of the dam as
shown in fig 5.5 The fast moving water rotates the blades of the water turbine, which in turn rotates
the armature of the generator and produces electricity.
Construction and Working of Hydro Power Plant
Water flowing in high altitude rivers is stored in a man-made reservoir( as shown in the figure). The
kinetic energy of the flowing water is transformed into potential energy as the water level rises. This
water is carried through pipes to the turbine situated at the bottom of the dam. The water turbine has
cup-shaped discs around its circumference. A jet of moving water rotates the water turbine rapidly
which in turn rotates the shaft which is attached to its centre. The other end of the shaft is connected
to the coil of an electric generator. The generator coil rotates and produces electricity
Advantages of Hydroelectricity
The generation of electricity from water does not produce any environmental pollution Water is a renewable
source of energy The construction of dams on rivers helps in controlling floods and also helps in irrigation
FUEL CELL
What is fuel cell?
A Fuel cell is a electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
energy
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes namely an anode and a cathode and sandwiched around an
electrolyte. An electrolyte is
s a substance, solid or liquid, capable of conducting oving ions from one
electrode to other .
Fig 5.6 Basic representation of fuel cell

(2006
Fig 5.7 Basic

B principle of a fuel cell
Working
The Fuel gas (hydrogen rich) is passed towards the anode where the following oxidation reaction
occurs:
H2 (g) = 2H+ + 2e-
The liberated electrons from hydrogen in anode side do not migrate through electrolyte.
Therefore, they passes through the external circuit where work is performed, then finally goes into the
cathode.
On the other hand, the positive hydrogen ions (H+) migrate across the electrolyte towards the
cathode.
At the cathode side the hydrogen atom reacts with oxygen gas (from air) and electrons to form water
as byproduct according to:
The overall cell reaction is
The liberated electrons from the hydrogen are responsible for the production of electricity.
The water is produced by the combination of hydrogen, oxygen and liberated
liberated electrons and is sent
out from the cell.
The DC current produced by fuel cell is later converted into AC current using an inverter for practical
application.
The voltage developed in a single fuel cell various from 0.7 to 1.4 volt.
More power can be obtained by arranging the individual fuel cell as a stack. In this case, each single
cell is sandwiched with one another by a interconnect.
Therefore, electricity power ranging from 1 kW to 200 kW can be obtained for domestic as well as
industrial application
Advantage, disadvantage and applications
Advantages
• Zero Emissions:: a fuel cell vehicle only emits water vapour. Therefore, no air pollution
occurs.

(2006
• High efficiency: Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electricity without the
combustion process. As a result, Fuel cells can achieve high efficiencies in energy
conversion.
High power density: A high power density allows fuel cells to be relatively compact
source of electric power, beneficial in application with space constraints
ENERGY STORAGE OPTION :SUPER CAPACITOR
An ultra capacitor, also called a super capacitor, is an electrical component capable of holding
hundreds of times more electrical charge quantity than a standard capacitor. This characteristic
makes ultra capacitors useful in devices that require relatively little current and low voltage In some
situations, an ultra capacitor can take the place of a rechargeable low-voltage
electrochemical battery.
HOW IT DIFFERS FROM CONVENTIONAL CAPACITOR ??
In a conventional capacitor, energy is stored by the removal of charge carriers, typically electrons
from one metal plate and depositing them on another. This charge separation creates a potential
between the two plates, which can be harnessed in an external circuit.
In contrast, Electric Double Layer Capacitors do not have any dielectrics in general, but rather utilize
the phenomena typically referred to as the electric double layer. An ultra capacitor differs
fundamentally in its internal structure. Instead of having two electrodes separated by an insulating
layer, an ultra capacitor employs a porous medium that produces the effect of a pair of plates with
gigantic surface area, separated by only a few nanometers. As a result, the ultra capacitor has far
more capacitance than any conventional high-capacitance component (such as an electrolytic
or tantalum capacitor).
Ultra capacitors also have two metal plates, but they are coated with a sponge-like, porous material
known as activated carbon. And they’re immersed in an electrolyte made of positive and negative
ions dissolved in a solvent. One carbon-coated plate, or electrode, is positive, and the other is
negative. During charging, ions from the electrolyte accumulate on the surface of each carbon-coated
plate.
In the double layer, the effective thickness of the “dielectric” is exceedingly thin, and because of the
porous nature of the carbon the surface area is extremely high, which translates to a very high
capacitance.
Fig 5.8 Basic pictorial representation of an ultra capacitor
Advantages of ultra capacitors:

capacitors
• Highenergy storage. Compared to conventional

conventional capacitor technologies, uitra capacitors possesses
orders of magnitude higher energy density(
densit ultracapacitor could in theory store up to 15 million times more
energy than the capacitor).
• Fast charge/discharge. (storing energy without chemical reactions allows ultra capacitors to charge and
discharge much faster than batteries,)
• Longer life :( Because ultra capacitors don’t suffer the wear and tear caused by chemical reactions, they
can also last much longer)
Disadvantage of ultra capacitors:

capacitors
• The principal disadvantage of the ultra capacitor, compared with older capacitor designs, is the fact that
the ultra capacitor cannot withstand high voltage. ultra capacitors have maximum ratings of only about
5 DC volts(A typical 20-microfarad
microfarad capacitor would be able to handle as much as 300 volts,
vo while an
ultracap would be rated at only 2.7 volts)
volts
• Cannot
annot be used in AC and high frequency circuits.
ENERGY STORING OPTION: BATTERY,TYPES,RATING,,TESTING &

TROUBLESHOOTING.
A battery is a source of electrical energy, which is provided by one or more electrochemical cells of
the battery after conversion of stored chemical energy.

(2006
Most batteries contain three basic parts: electrodes, an electrolyte and a separator.There are two
electrodes in every battery. Both are made of conductive materials.. One electrode, known as the
cathode, connects to the positive end of the battery and is where the electrical current leaves (or
electrons enter) the battery during discharge, which is when the battery is being used to power
someting
The other electrode, known as the anode, connects to the negative end of the battery and is where
the electrical current enters (or electrons leave) the battery during discharge. Between these
electrodes, as well as inside them, is the electrolyte. This is a liquid or gel-like substance that
contains electrically charged particles, or ions. The ions combine with the materials that make up the
electrodes, producing chemical reactions that allow a battery to generate an electric current.
Different amounts of voltages are built up according to the separation between the ions in the
electrochemical series which results in the flow of ions in the solution and electrons in the external
circuitry in the form of current. The performance of the cell continues to dip gradually as the
concentration of ions in the solutions decrease, marked by an increase in internal resistance
eventually leading to the exhaustion of the battery.
TYPES OF BATTERIES
Batteries can be divided into two major categories, primary batteries and secondary batteries.
(1)primary battery is a disposable kind of battery. Once used, it cannot be recharged I,e Alkaline
batteries, Mercury batteries, Silver-Oxide batteries, and Zinc carbon batteries
(2) Secondary batteries are rechargeable batteries. Once empty, it can be recharged again. This
charging and discharging can happen many times depending on the battery type i,e Lead-Acid
batteries and Lithium batteries
• ALKALINE BATTERIES
Alkaline batteries are non-rechargeable, high energy density, batteries that have a long life span. This
battery obtained its name because the electrolyte used in it is alkaline (potassium hydroxide). The
chemical composition features zinc powder as an anode and manganese dioxide as the cathode with
potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte.
Applications
Alkaline batteries are the most common type of batteries used in the world can be found in remote
controls, clocks, and radios. The high run time makes alkaline batteries ideal for digital cameras,
hand held games, MP3 players etc.
• ZINC-CARBON BATTERIES
Zinc-Carbon batteries are also known as dry cells (as the nature of electrolyte used in these cells is
dry), which come in a composition of a carbon rod (cathode) surrounded by a mixture of carbon
powder and manganese dioxide (to increase the conductivity). This whole combination is packed in a
zinc container acting as the anode. The electrolyte is a mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc
chloride. The typical voltage value is a little less than 1.5V. These batteries are durable and have
longer lives. Zinc-Carbon batteries can be used effectively at moderate temperature but do not work
well at low temperatures.
Applications
These general purpose batteries are available for lower prices which is why many electronic devices
are sold with these batteries included free. The basic use is in low power drain applications such as
flash lights, remote controsl, toys, and table clocks.
• LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
Lead-acid batteries are the rechargeable kind of batteries invented in the 1980s.
A combination of Pb (negative) and PbO2 (positive) as electrodes with H2SO4 as electrolyte in
charged form and PbSO4and water in discharged form.
Applications
The major application of lead acid battery is in starting, lightning, and ignition systems(SLI) of
automobiles. Its other form, wet cell battery is used as backup power supply for high end servers,
personal computers, telephone exchanges, and in off grid homes with inverters. Portable emergency
lights also use lead acid batteries.
• MERCURY BATTERIES
Mercury batteries are non-rechargeable batteries that contain mercuric oxide with manganese
dioxide. They are deep discharge batteries and voltage level does not fall below 1.35V until 5%
energy level is reached. These batteries are less popular because of low output voltage. Furthermore,
mercury is toxic and can cause hazards for humans.
Applications
The flat discharge curve makes this battery useful for photographic light meters and electronic
devices such as to run the real-time
time clock of CPU.
• LITHIUM AND SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES

Lithium batteries are rechargeable (secondary) batteries, where lithium in its pure ion compound form
is used. Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium batteries can produce
voltages from 1.5 Volts to 3.7 Volts.
Applications
These long life batteries are used in portable consumer instruments like calculators, iPods, digital
diaries, wrist watches and stop watches, toys, and artificial pacemakers. Lithium cells can also be
used as a replacement of alkaline batteries in many
many devices, such as cameras and clocks. Although
they are more expensive, lithium batteries will provide much longer life.
BATTERY RATINGS
The most common term used to describe a battery’s ability to deliver current is it’s rated
Capacity.
• Normally batteries are rated in Ampere-Hours

Ampere Hours at a specific discharge rate.
For example ; A typical Amp Hour specification might read, “100 AH @ 20HR”. The specification is
saying that the battery will provide 5 amps of current at a useable voltage continuously for 20
hours. The “5 amps” was calculated by dividing 100 by 20
• Alternatively a discharge rate may be specified by its charge rate or C-rate,which

C Is
expressed as a multiple of the rated capacity of the cell or battery.Example; A battery
may have a rating of 200Ah at a C/10 discharge
disch rate.
C/10 rate (amperes)= 200 Ah/10 h=20 amperes.

The amp-hour is a unit of battery energy capacity, equal to the amount of continuous current multiplied by the discharge
time, that a battery can supply before exhausting
hausting its internal store of chemical energy.

(2006
CALCULATING NEEDED BATTERY CAPACITY ( NOT FOR EXAMINATION)
To properly calculate the battery capacity needed, follow these steps:
1. Multiply the average load by the number of backup hours of operation needed.
2. Add 15 percent to cover the loss of capacity from tolerances and un-cycled batteries.
3. For every 10 degrees Celsius of ambient temperature where the battery will be used, add another 10 percent
(use the worst-case temperature expected).
4. For expected discharge times that are less than 20 hours, add 10 percent for every time that the backup time
needs to be doubled to reach 20 hours. In other words, if the expected discharge time is 5 hours, 5 needs to be
doubled twice to reach 20. Thus, 20 percent should be added for the reduction in battery inefficiency.
5. Add a final 40 percent to account for an efficient battery life cycle. Any battery that has had its capacity reduced
to 60 percent is considered worn out.
Taking these steps, a battery backup for a device that needs to run 12 hours at 200 mA (0.20 amps) in a 0-degree
climate would need to be calculated as 12 x 0.20 = 2.40Ah. Plus 15 percent for tolerances is another 0.36Ah, which
equals 2.76Ah. Plus 20 percent for temperature is 0.55Ah, which equals 3.31Ah. Plus 10 percent for fast discharging is
another 0.33Ah, which brings the total 3.64Ah. Add 40 percent for an efficient life cycle to get 1.46Ah. This brings the
total needed capacity to 5.10Ah.

Electrical Unit 5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Unit 5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SoEC Dept.

of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,VTU,Chennai

Dear students before

India was the fourth-largest

NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL CAN BE CIRCULATED WITH

Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

1.Single line diagram of Power system ( a general concept)

NOW let us see……………………

SOLAR POWER PLANT

Fig 5.3 A stand alone solar thermal power plant

WIND POWER PLANT STRUCTURE

Fig 5.4 A wind power plant

Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

Most of the wind generating stations are grid connected.

The various parts are

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Fig 5.5 : A schematic of a hydropower plant

Construction and Working of Hydro Power Plant

Fig 5.6 Basic representation of fuel cell

Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

Fig 5.7 Basic

The overall cell reaction is

Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

HOW IT DIFFERS FROM CONVENTIONAL CAPACITOR ??

Fig 5.8 Basic pictorial representation of an ultra capacitor

Advantages of ultra capacitors:

• Highenergy storage. Compared to conventional

Disadvantage of ultra capacitors:

ENERGY STORING OPTION: BATTERY,TYPES,RATING,,TESTING &

Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

• LITHIUM AND SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES

• Normally batteries are rated in Ampere-Hours

• Alternatively a discharge rate may be specified by its charge rate or C-rate,which

C/10 rate (amperes)= 200 Ah/10 h=20 amperes.

Basic Electrical Engineering by N K Rayaguru AMIE (ELECTRICAL ENGG)M.TECH(Energy

CALCULATING NEEDED BATTERY CAPACITY ( NOT FOR EXAMINATION)

To properly calculate the battery capacity needed, follow these steps:

You might also like