Solio

OFTHE EXPERIMENT
AIM
Experiment-9
A ination of the density
Determir of solid
(denser than water) by
c y l i n d e r .
using spring balance
a
bal and measuringa
ATERIALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED
halance of apprOpriate range,
spring bal. a olid body (a piece of stone), thread,
shder ot appropriate range. water and graduated
THEORY
The amount of matter contained in a
body is measured by its mass.
Sl unit of mass is
kilogram and CGS unit of mass is gram.
The force with which a body is attracted towards the centre of the earth is called weight. Mathematically, it is the
product of mass M and acceleration due to gravity g.
W Mg
The density of a given substance is the mass per unit volume. Let M be the mass of the given solid body and V be its
volume, then its density p is given by the relation:
M
P
To determine density p, we have to measure two quantities, the mass M and the volume V of the body.
PROCEDURE
A. For determining mass M of the solid body by using a spring balance
1. Take a spring balance of appropriate range.
between two long graduation marks on the scale of the spring
2. Find the number of divisions
balance and find its least count. hook at the lower
of stone) and suspend it from the
3. Tie a thread to the given solid body (a piece o n the scale of the spring
balance. Let
Note the reading of the pointer
end of the spring balance. wt. Mass ofthe solid body is
W grams.
it be W. Thus 'W is the weight of the
given solid body in g
Thus, M = Wx 10kg.
two more times.
4. Repeat the observations measuring cylinder
solid body by
volume of the given
For determining the down its least count.
D suitable range
and note
Take graduated cylinder of water in the cylinder.
Take the
the initial level of
a
cylinder and note
Pour water into the cylinder. Let it be V.
(P) o n the graduated
. some
lower meniscus of water The level of
reading at the without touching the
side walls of the cylinder. Let
fully in water cylinder.
Now immerse the solid meniscus of
water level (Q) o n the graduated
at lower
Note the reading
Water rises.
it be Vg.
for two m o r e
times. and (B).
.
Repeat the observations
detailed further
for both parts (A)
form as
Necord the observations in tabular
 OBSERVATIONS
Part (A)
Weight of the given body in air
.
Range of the scale of spring balance =
******** 5
WI

Kange between two long graduations Wo * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Wt

Measuring
cylinder
Spring
balance

Solid body
P* immersed in
water present in
Hook- 0
the measuring
cylinder
Solid body
suspended
from the
hook

3. No. of Fig.9.1
divisions into which W, is divided =
n
4. Least count of
scale ="0 *****.i Wt
5. Zero error
of the scale
(e) =
WL
6. Zero
correction (-e) ..
***
=
*. Wl
Reading of the
Spring Balance to Record the
S.No. Weight of a Solid Body
Weight of solid body in air
Observed weight (g wt)
W' Corrected weight (g wt)
W W' (e)
2.

Mean value of
the weight =
W gwt
Mass M of
the body Wgrams W 10
=
=
Ifthe weight of a body Is expressed in Wt, kg
x

gram g then its mass has the same

Part (B) Determination of the
volume of the
numerical value expressedi
1. solid body.
Range of graduated cylinder=
. . ML
2. Range between two long
3. No. of divisions between
graduations, V=
two IIN. mL
long graduations
. Least count of cylinder = o =

mL

82
 eading of Measuring Cylinder to Record Volume of the Solid Body

Reading of lower meniscus of water

sNO body is n o t immerseed When solid body is fully Volume of body
When solid
in water V, (mL) immersed in water V2 (mL) V =V2 -V, (mL)

CALCULATIONS

Mean
value ofM
.
value of V
=
mL
Mean
1 kg/m = 0.00 l g/mL)
M g/mL = kg/m (:
p

RESULT
solid = kg/m.
Density of a given
PRECAUTIONS

must be dry and clean.

The measuring cylinder
chosen.
balance should be
Appropriate spring spring balance.
move freely along the scale ofthe sides or base the
cylinder.
of
The pointer should should not touch the
the solid body the
immerse in the water, should be taken at
The body should fully filled cylinder, readings
graduated water
of body using a
For measuring the volume
lower meniscus of water. before repeating
the activity.
with a dry cloth
Thesolid piece should be wiped

Viva Voce
do you
understand by m a s s of a body?
*hat is called its mass.

contained in a body
n e quantity of matter
Q.2. Define density.
Ans is called its density.
dss per unit volume of a substance un

different densities? to other

solids per
Why do different solids have m o r e tightly
as compared

s o m e solids
is packed
Decause the m a t t e r in
S
volume. constant of a pure substance
considered an important physical
density
Ans Th substances have
same
density
0.5 1s because n o two pure
What is meant by weight density
Ans, AT as its weight density.
 riment- 10
EApGriment-
EXPERIMENT

OFTHE
erelation
A

Establis the between the loss in

weight of a solid when fully immersed in
(a) tap water

salty with the

water, wi
salty water,
strongly weight of water displaced by it
(6) by taking:at least two different solids.
MATERIALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED
balance ot apPropriate range, a glass stopper (about 50
na

ASpn overflow can, a wooden block, a pre-weighed beaker g), a brass weight (50 g), thin cotton
thread.

o0 mL beaker containing tap water, 250 mL beaker showing its weight on the label affixedto
compression balance. containing strongly salty water, and a common

THEORY
Archimedes' Principle: It states that when a body is partly or wholly immersed in a fluid (i.e., liquid or gas), it
experiences an apparent loss in weight, which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by it.
The apparent loss in weight can be calculated by weighing the body, firstly in air and then completely immersing in
water, with the help of a spring balance. The difference in weights, gives the apparent loss of weight of the body in
water.

PROCEDURE
A. 1. Take a glass stopper and tie it to a fine cotton thread. Make a loop on the other end of the cotton
thread.

Spring
balance

Hook
Hook-
60

Water

Beaker
Glass Wooden 0

block
stopper
Displaced
water
Fig. 10.1 (b) Arrangement for measuring the apparent
Fig. 10.1 (a) Arrangement for measuringin air. loss of weight of glass stopper in water
the weight of glass stopper
and record it. Let zero error be x gt.
neck the spring balance for z e r o e r r o r scale
3 between two long graduation marks on the spring balance
t h e number of divisions in
and find the least count.
hook of the spring balance. Read and record
ts Weight u
4pend the glass stopper from the
air. Let the
weight be W gt
 .
Cakulate the tvue weight of glass stopper in the air, the zero
by subtracting the zero error fr
observed weight of irom the
glass stopper.
0. Place the overflow the wooden block and slowly pour tap water in it till the
can on
Starts water
overflowing through its spout. At this moment stop pouring the tap water. In a fisy
moments the water from spout stops overflowing. In this situation the water in the overflow.few
is at the
verge of overflowing. can
. Place the clean and
dry pre-weighed beaker (say its weight is P gt) under the spout of
overflow can. the
8.
Now, gently lower the glass stopper
(which is suspended from the hook of the spring balance
into the water of the overflow can till it
gets completely immersed. It is noticed that as the
stopper goes under water, the
water overtlows spring balance registers less weight. Also, at the same time,gla_s
through spout and gets collected in the measuring pre-weighed beaker. the
9. Read and record the
weight of glass when
W1gt. Find the true weight of glass stopperwhen fully immersed under water. Let its weight be
zero error from
the observed
stopper fully immersed under water by subtracting the
10.
weight.
Weigh the beaker along with
weight be Pi gf. displaced water on the common
compression balance. Let the
I1. Calculate the loss in
12.
weight of the glass stopper when fully immersed in water.
Calculate the weight of water
13. It is noticed that: displaced by the glass stopper.
Loss in weight of glass stopper when placed in water
Weight of water displaced by the glass
=

B.
Repeat the above experiment by stopper
It is noticed
immersing the glass in
stopper strongly salty water.
that:
Loss in weight of glass stopper in salty water
Weight of salty water
displaced by glass stopper the
C. Repeat the experiment by using brass
It is noticed that:
weight and immersing it fully in tap water.
Loss in weight of brass weight in water
=
Weight of water displaced by the brass
D. Repeat the
experiment by using brass weight and weight
It is noticed that: immersing it fully in strongly salty water.
Loss in weight of brass weight in salty water
Weight of salty water displaced by the brass
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS weight
Make observations and calculations for A, B, C and D
1. Zero error in as shown below:
spring balance =
***********
gt
2. Observed weight of
glass stopper in air =

3 Corrected weight of gt
glass Stopper in air Observed =

4. Weight of beaker
=.. weight Zero error -

gf ..... gt =

5
Observed weight of glass stopper in water
Corrected weight ot glass stopper in water =.. . gf =
Observed weight - Zero
error =
 e n t lloss of
Apparent weight of glass
stopper in water
VK Science
Corrected Lab Manual-lx
=
weight in air
. . . gf-. -Corrected weighti water
.gf
gf
t of
IW'eight of beaker+ Weight of displaced water ==
Weight of water displaced by glass stopper =(ü) - .(u)
(i) gt
ESULTS
clear
hat weight of water diSplaced by the glass
I. Itis in water. stopper is equal to the apparent loss in
stopper
er in water. T he loss in
weight of both the solids used weight
of glass in this experiment when
fully
in tap water and strongiy salty water are
approximately equal the
i m m e r s e d

to weight of water
them, respectively.
displaced by
he glass stopper is weighed in two different liquids such as tap water and salty water
separately, the lloss of weight is more in salty water, i.e., in denser liquid. Thus, larger the density of
the weight of liquid displaced or larger the buoyant
i n which the solid is immersed, larger
A r c h i m e d e s ' Principle.
verifies
force. This

PRECAUTIONS

balance.
sensitive spring
Usea in the spring
balance carefully.
z e r error
Read and
record the
should be at the
verge of overflowing. sides

water in the
overflow c a n
i m m e r s e d in
water. It
should nottouch the
The water/salty should be fully
the solid body
in the liquid,
While weighing can. overflow
or bottom
of the

called

iva Voce) fluid is

force? i m m e r s e d
in a

buoyant wholly
term or
the partly
u n d e r s t a n d by solid,
when

a
do you by force.
by a solid.
hat e x p e r i e n c e d

buoyant displaced

Ans. An
upward foro
torce
magnitude
of o f the
fluid
the
solid
immersed
is
the volume
which
buoyant force. d e t e r m i n e
the fluid
in
to of act?
which p r o p o r t i o n a l

density
liquid
in a
9.2 State two
factors
directly to
the immersed direction.

force is proportional
object upward
Archimedes'
Principle.

Ans. ) Buoyant
u o y a n t

directly
on
an
in
the

o r c e
is byoyant
force,
liquid
acts

liquid
by
() Buoyant h a
d i n

a
nD pfa
 Experiment-11
EXPERIMENT

OFTHE af the sspeed oft a pulse propagated through a stretched string slinky.
aM
kiermination
ofthe

ANDAPPARATUS
REQUIRED
ATERIAL.

iled spring/slinky of copper, a metre rod, a stopwatch and a small wooden board or a hard
l a t w i r ec o i l

w u n db o o k .

T H E O R Y

or enerEy in a given medium due to oscillatory motion of the particles of that

motion: The transterence
Wave motion:

position is known as wave motion.

medium about
the mean
a singe disturbance in a given medium is known as pulse.
Puilse: A wave produced by
slinky.
Slinky:
Alongtlexible springis called
PROCEDURE

should be conducted in the

needs at least two students. The experiment
te:
Note: This experiment
school with smooth floor.
corridors of rod and
the floor. From this line measure a distance of 6 m with the help of metre
IMark a line on
mark another line PQ on the floor.
at point A.
students (say S) hold the slinky
2. Let one of the
as shown in figure.
Sa) stretch the slinky to the point B
3. Let another student (say the end of the
a hard bound book parallel
to
a wooden block or
. At the point A, let student S, place
book acts as a stopper.
This wooden block or hard bound
slinky. P

Wooden block

O00OODOO OOOD0DOOODOOOB
d

-10 cm

d Q S
S A

S2
S

www.oooo08OMAN O0ODOO0ODO00B
la S
S

A000OOOOOOO0000060060000ODDOMON BST
S2
the velocity of pulse
a
horizontally to
measure

11.1 Arrangement of a
slinky stretched
Fig.
 .Let the student
S pull the spring/slinky to the position C, which is 10 cm from Aand then gi
sharp push towards A, such that the motion of his hand stops at A, because of wooden block.AIve it
18 produced in the
slinky, which travels towards B. It is then retlected towards A and again
Practice it 5 to 10 times, till
you are sure that you can generate a puise and observe it
towards
forward and backward. movinng
. Now you are in
position to carry out the experiment. The student Sa Will hold the stopwatch
a
hand. When the student S, generates a pulse, the student will watch the in hi
him. When the S2 pulse travelling towards
pulse reaches at B, the student S, will start the stopwatch. This pulse on
will move towards
point A and again towards point B. As soon as the pulse again reaches reflection
student S will
then back to B.
stop the stopwatch and will record the time for the pulse to travel from B to B, the
A and
. The
experiment is repeated 4 more times. The
velocity of pulse is calculated by the formula.
Velocity of pulse =1otaldistance travelled by pulse
Total time taken
2d

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

S.No.
Length Total distance
between points the pulse fromtravelled by
B to A and
Time taken Velocity of pulse = Total
A and B back to B distance + Total time
1. ***** . IN
2 x
S
2. .
***.. ms
2 X

3.
2X.......... I
4. 3 . . ImS
2x
5.
. ....... ms
****
S
5 . ...... ms
Average velocity of pulse 1Tdg Fi3 +U4 tUz =

5
-
-ms =

RESULT
Velocity of pulse = ,
ms
Note: For the same
slinky, the velocity of pulse will
increase if it is
PRECAUTIONS stretched more and vice versa.
The
slinky should be a flat
Measure the distance wire of copper.
Do not stretch the
between points A and B
sinky backward for more very accurately.
Give a very sharp than 10 cm.
push to generate
Make sure that you arrest pulse.
point A. push by a wooden
block or a hard bound
book, so that it does not
oversno
 Experiment-8
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Verification of the Laws of reflection of sound.
MATERIALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED
t ss aluminium tubes of length 25 and diameter 2
or
highly polished fr m
cm cm
toothpicks, a cellot full box, tuning fork, rubber
ber cor
(aluminium)tape,
size drawing sheet,
cork, lnside,
a a a
metal geometry .

THEORY
plate and metre scale. a
plasticine -
Wnen sound traveling in a given medium strikes the surface of another medium, it N
0Ounces back in some other
direction. This phenomenon is called reflection of sound.
ne sound
waves travelling towards
waves.
reflecting surface are called incident sound
e Sound waves
sound waves.
bouncing back from the reflecting surface are called reflected X*

For all
practical purposes the point of incidence and Fig. 8.1 Reflection of
the point of reflection is the same sOund
A
perpendicular drawn on the point of incidence is called point on the reflecting sild
The angle which the
normal. face.
incident sound wave makes with the
The angle which the normal is called angle of incidence
reflected sound wave makes with the '.
The laws of reflection normal is called angle of reflection .
for sound are:
(a) The angle of incidence
' is always
(b) The incident sound
equal to the angle of reflection, r, i.e., Li
Lr. =

wave, the reflected sound wave and

incidence of sound, all lie in the the normal to the
same plane. reflecting surface at the point of
PROCEDURE
1. Spread the full size
tape strips.
drawing sheet on the laboratory table and
hold it in place with the
2. In the middle of the cello help of
B at the centre of drawing sheet, draw a straight line
the straight line as MM' by using a
shown in Fig. metre scale and mark point
3. Place the metal
plate 8.2(b). At point B, draw
along the line a
perpendicular BN.
plasticine or placing pile of books MM in vertical position and
behind it. fix it in that
4, Take each of the metallic
tubes and fix a place by using
in Fig. 8.2(a). toothpick on their inner ends
5. Place using cello tape as show by
one metallic
tube T on the left
toothpick A is in line with point B and hand side of
the normal as shown
6. Place the makes an in Fig. 8.2(b),
second metallic
tube angle of 30° to
40° such tua
that toothpick C is in line T2 on the
with point B. right hand side of the normal approximately.
7 Ask as shown in
your friend to strike the Fig. 8.20 such
tube T. tuning fork with
rubber cork and
Daut vour ear
close to the lower end hold it near the lower ena of the
fark, Move the tube l2 of the
tube T2 and listen to
fork. Siadeways as
snown in the sound
Fig. 8.2(6),
clearly hear produced
till you by tne
the sound ot tne
 SCience Lap M
i l alon
along the toothpicks. Remove the tubes. F.xtend the lines as shown by
pencil
a
ing
u s i n g

8.2()).

by
F I8:
lines

the Metal tube

inn
i N i e d
C ' si .

k lies
Toothpick held
with cello tape

Fig. 8.2 (a) Metallic tube attached with toothpick

A flat aluminium plate

held in vertical plane

Plasticine
Plasticine
M M
--- --------- -------------.

N
Vibrating
Normal Ear
tuning
fork the reflection of sound.
of metallic tubes for studying
Fig. 8.2 (b) Arrangement
of reflection r on

i on the left hand side ofthe normal and the angle

ofincidence
inc
the angle protractor.
Measure
of he normal by using a
Record the angle of
hand side
theright more times by changing the angle of incidence.
three
Daneat the experiment
each c a s e .
reflection in

OBSERVATIONS
reflection (r) in degree
in degree Angle of
incidence (i)
S.No. Angle of
1.

2.

3.

4.

RESULTS r, i.e.,
= 4.
reflection drawing
to the angle of lie the plane of
incidence i is equal
on
wave
angle of sound
normal and
the reflected
sound wave, the
ncIdent
et, therefore, they all lie in the same planc

PRECAUTIONS polished.
Theinner sSUrface of the metallic tubes should be highly
ET
fork
should
The tuning
Metal plate should be highly polished. end of lower
metallic
tube T.
he to the
not vibrating
close

touch the tuning

forks do
tube T from othersources
of the
table top.
that sound
There sho laboratory so the edge
De Complete silence in the
from readings.

Theenends f metallic
The 1 cm
at least take
out b e f o r e you
should project
point B,
The tubes (T and 1,) should meet
at one

toothpicks attached to the

t metallic tubes