Dr.

Wahyu Susihono
OBJECTIVES
—4W:
WHAT?
WHY?
WHERE?
WHEN?
— 2 H:
HOW?
How Much ?
1. WHAT ERGONOMICS
— IS THE INTERACTION OR RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN YOU AND YOUR ENVIRONMENT AT
WORK AND AT HOME.
— INCLUDES THE TOOLS AND MATERIALS THAT
YOU HANDLE AND THE TASKS THAT YOU
PERFORM.
— IS THERE A GOOD MACTH OR BAD MATCH
BETWEEN YOU AND YOUR WORK PLACE?
WHAT ERGONOMICS
— THE STUDY OF WORK….
— Ergon = work; nomos = the rule
— Matching Human And Machine
— Fitting The Job To The Man

— Fitting Man To The Job

What Ergonomics is?
— Some definitions available!
— IEA (2000): is the scientific discipline concerned
with the understanding of interaction among
humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data,
and methods to design in order to optimise
human well-being and overall system
performance.
2. WHY DO WE NEED ERGONOMICS?

—Ergonomicsà fitting the job to the

man and fitting man to the job
—The job must fit to the work
capacityà no over loaded or
under loaded.
WHEN THERE IS A GOOD MACTH…..
— You are happier
— You are healthy
— You are more productive
— You are safer
— You are more competitive
— You are more sustainable
IF THERE IS A BAD MACTH..
— You may experience fatigue
— You may feel distracted and have limited
concentration
— Your muscles may ache and be sore
— You may have more headaches
— When the match is not quite right, problems
can occur.
— A common health hazard that can develop
from poor ergonomics is a cummulative
trauma disorder.
3. WHERE DO WE NEED ERGONOMICS?
—In everywhere.
—There is a human being works
and make use of tools
— Interfaces with environment
—At rest
—At work
—Long life efforts
Cont’
— The humans are as individual or community.
— Human dimensions are: religious, scientific, and
social.
— They allocate the 24 hrs timely into:
-working;
-sleeping; and
-resting/leisuring to fulfill the said dimensions.
5. HOW WE DO?
— Preventive ergonomics
— Curative ergonomics

MACRO-ERGONOMICS
— Software design
— Decision making
— Decision facilitation
— Organizational structure
— Management style
MICRO-ERGONOMICS
— Work’ tools: hand-tools, driven tools,
mechanization tools, chair and table.
— Work’ conditions: lighting, ventilation, noise,
vibration, temperature, humidity
— Tasks: monoton, repetitive, mental, physical
Ergonomic Problem in Health
— Human being? (recruitment, body posture,
periodical Health Examination), facility, ect
— Task? (monotony, repetitive, shift work)
— Environments? Cold, hot, dusty, polluted, noise,
vibration, glare. ect.
ERGONOMICS DEVELOPMENT
— 1950’s: Military Ergonomics
— 1960’s: Industrial Ergonomics
— 1970’s: Consumer Products Erg.
— 1980’s: Human Computer Inter-
action; Software Erg.
— 1990’s: Cognitive & Macro Erg.
— 2000’s: Global Comm. Cultural Erg.
ERGONOMICS PRINCIPLES
— How the ergonomics are implemented for
development process?
— Considering the goals of ergonomics, the goals of
development.
— Since the beginning phase (planning) ergonomics
should be taken into account. Then in the
implementation and monitoring /evaluation.

ERGONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT

— Balancing ergonomics
— Kaizen, continuous improvement
 Material Task/Work Place Physiological
characteristics characteristics Personal Capacity
Capacity

TASK WORK
DEMAND CAPACITY

Organizational Environmental Psychological Biomechanical

characteristics characteristics Capacity Capacity

Performance
Quality Stress
Fatigue Accident
Discomfort Diseases
Injury Productivity

Concept of Balance Ergonomics (Manuaba, 2006)

Key Word: human, task, environment
— Humans are goals oriented and remarkably
adaptive.
— Task by making use of the human capacity, ability
and limitations.
— Resilience engineering which is based on
building capacity.
— Resilience management means integrating safety
and ergonomics in strategic business.
 Organization
Environment
(e.g.job design,
leadership)

Individual Novel
(e.g. and Innova
personality,
Creativity useful
cognitive style)
tion
ideas

Physical
Environment
(e.g. workplace design,
building design)

The Effect of individual factor, organizational environment and physical

environment on creativity and innovation ( Dul, 2009 )
 AREA OF STUDY: 8 AREA
1. Energy efficiency
2. Use of muscle
3. Body posture
4. Work environment
5. Time condition
6. Socio-cultural
7. Information
8. Human-machine interface
Contoh : Survey di Industri
Pengecoran Logam
 DELAPAN ASPEK ERGONOMI
1. Energi atau Status Nutrisi (Energy atau Nutrion)
• Pemberian nutrisi pada saat istirahat à mengembalikan kalori dan memulihkan tenaga
yang terpakai.
• Pekerjaan di industri pengecoran logam à kategori sedang sampai dengan berat à
sudah disediakan minuman berupa air mineral.
• Air minum isotonik dapat memulihkan stamina tubuh (Atmaja, 2009; Arsa, 2011)
2. Tenaga otot (Use of Muscle)
• Tenaga otot à penuangan baja cair kedalam cetakan, pembongkaran cetakan dan
pembersihan manual
• Penurunan energi dan akumulasi asam laktat àmempercepat timbulnya kelelahan dan
keluhan otot
• Penelitian pendahuluan pekerja mengusulkan à ladle yang ergonomis (handle yang
antropometris)
3. Sikap Tubuh (Body Posture)
• Berhubungan dengan aspek pembebanan dan kesehatan kerja.
• Sikap tubuh mencetak baja à membungkuk, penggunaan otot berlebih saat penggunaan
ladle, bekerja dengan menghirup partikel debu pasir cetak.
• Pekerja pada saat mengoperasikan ladle terkena radiasi panas baja cair
• Diperlukan pengaturan mekanisme kerja baru à mempertimbangkan sikap kerja yang
ergonomis à penyesuaian SOP à sikap kerja alamiah
 DELAPAN ASPEK ERGONOMI
4. Lingkungan Kerja (Work Environment)
• Pekerja terpapar panas baja cair à jarak dan dimensi handle ladle perlu disesuaikan
antara jarak pegangan, beban dan radiasi panas à organisasi kerja dapat maksimal.
• Pekerja berpotensi menghirup partikel debu secara langsung yang berasal dari efek hasil
samping proses pembongkaran hasil cetakan baja.
• Penelitian pendahuluan; pekerja mengusulkan perlunya alat yang dapat menangkap
debu.
5. Kondisi Waktu (Time Condition)
• Waktu Kerja à waktu kerja maksimal seseorang dapat bekerja dengan baik, lingkungan
kerja normal à 8 jam/hari termasuk jam istirahat
• Waktu kerja industri pengecoran logam à 6 hari kerja efektif, mulai pukul 08.00 sd
17.00, waktu istirahat 1 jam pada siang hari
• Penelitian Pendahuluan; dibutuhkan waktu istirahat aktif untuk melepaskan lelah dan
mengurangi beban kerja
6. Kondisi Sosial (Socio-Cultural)
• Nilai atau value bersifat turun temurun (heritage).
• Industri rata-rata merupakan perusahaan keluarga à manajemen perusahaan à jalinan
persaudaraan.
• Budaya penggunaan APD pada saat bekerja masih minim
• Kondisi culture menjadi acuan dalam perbaikan kerja (Manuaba, 1998a).
 DELAPAN ASPEK ERGONOMI
7. Kondisi Informasi (Information)
• Komunikasi antara pekerja dengan pimpinan menggunakan lisan dan tulisan.
• SOP kerja sudah ada, namun belum dijalankan secara optimal.
• Belum adanya informasi pembagian tugas di stasiun pencetakan
• Perusahaan belum membuat petunjuk arah jalan yang boleh dan tidak boleh dilalui oleh
pekerja, garis lantai aman atau tidak aman untuk dilewati pekerja maupun tamu /orang
asing
• Belum ada papan informasi atau display yang ergonomis untuk membantu
penyampaian informasi pekerjaan dan target kerja
8. Interaksi Manusia-Mesin (Human-Machine Interface)
• Ladle belum menyesuaikan kemampuan, kebolehan, dan keterbatasan manusia
Pegangan dan wadah (Ladle) merupakan satu kesatuan dalam pengoperasian kerja.
• Dimensi handle à ukuran bervariasi à berdampak pada sikap kerja yang tidak sama à
waktu penyelesaian pekerjaan berbeda.
• Dust Collector à menangkap debu à dirancang untuk memberikan kenyamanan kerja,
tidak menimbulkan permasalahan baru terhadap kesehatan manusia.

8 Aspek Ergonomi =
Pisau analisis awal masalah = identifikasi masalah
Menjadi BAB 1 di Latar belakang Suatu Penelitian
 Next Time…. !!!
Tugas :
Berkunjung ke Industri dan
identifikasi permasalahan
menggunakan 8 aspek ergonomic
Sebelumnya uraikan (task)-nya dari
video yang anda rekam