both

both
both of… (plural)
both… and…
either
either
either of… (plural)
either… or…
neither
neither
neither of...
neither… nor...
neither… or...
 affirmative
ok
ambos / los dos
ambos / los dos
a la vez/ tan… como…

ok
cualquiera
cualquiera de los dos
dos opciones (ej: hoy o mañana) / ya sea uno u otro

ok
ninguno
ninguno de los dos
ni… ni… (ej ni hoy ni mañana)
ni… ni…
 BOTH
negative interrogative
(no) (no)
x x
EITHER
x x
x x

ok ok NEITHER

x alguno
ninguno de los dos alguno de los dos
ni hoy, ni mañana x

(no) (no)
x x
x x
x x
x x
 PRESENT PERFECT
Auxiliary verb:

PERSONAL
PRONOUNS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE (AUX)
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

QUESTION WORD
INTERROGATIVE (AUX)
I?
YOU?
HE?
SHE?
IT?
WE?
YOU?
THEY?

INTERROGATIVE
 PAST PERFECT
Auxiliary verb:

PERSONAL
PRONOUNS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE (AUX)
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

QUESTION WORD
INTERROGATIVE (AUX)
I?
YOU?
HE?
SHE?
IT?
WE?
YOU?
THEY?

INTERROGATIVE
3rd Conditional:

Structure:
Cause
Consequence
 Spanish
Since Desde
Ago hace
Since… ago Desde hace…
For por / durante/ Desde hace
Just acabar de
Just about a punto de
Spanish Affirmative
Already Ya
Still Todavía
Yet Todavía
Spanish Affirmative
No longer Ya no
Any longer Ya no / más
Any more Ya no
 AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

INTERROGATIVE
Negative Interrogative

Negative Interrogative
 1ST PART

Spanish
In spite of A pesar de
Despite A pesar de
Although / Even though Aunque
Though Aunque
CONCESSION CONNECTORS

2ND PART

Structure
 DESPITE / IN SPITE OF

ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH

THOUGH
 relative pronouns

SPANISH FUNCTION

what

who

which

which

whom

that

whose

when

where
why
EXAMPLES
 SUBJECT POSSESIVES
Personal Possesive adjectives Possesive pronouns
I MY MINE
YOU YOUR YOURS
HE HIS HIS
SHE HER HERS
IT ITS ITS
WE OUR OURS
YOU YOUR YOURS
THEY THEIR THEIR

Demonstrative INDEFINITE
This Somebody; someone
These Anybody; anyone
That Nobody; No one
Those Everybody; everyone
 OBJECT
object pronouns reflexive pronouns
ME MYSELF
YOU YOURSELF
HIM HIMSELF
HER HERSELF
IT ITSELF
US OURSELVES
YOU YOURSELVES
THEM THEMSELVES

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 TYPE
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH (NO BACKSHIFT)
REPORTED SPEECH (BACKSHIFT)

REPORTED VERBS

REPORTED PRONOUNS
EXAMPLE
REPORTED SPEECH ( BACKSHIFT)
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
Simple Past Past perfect
Present perfect Past perfect
Past perfect Past perfect
Will Would
 STORYTELLING / REPORTED SPEECH

PRESENT

TODAY

NOW

YESTERDAY

TOMORROW

IN THIS MOMENT;

THIS TIME / RIGHT NOW, ETC

NEXT (HOUR/ DAY / WEEK YEAR)

LAST

HERE

THIS

THESE

WILL
YTELLING / REPORTED SPEECH

PAST

THAT DAY

THEN

THE DAY BEFORE

THE DAY AFTER

AT THAT MOMENT;

AT THAT TIME

THE FOLLOWING (HOUR/ DAY / WEEK YEAR)

THE WEEK, YEAR, ETC BEFORE

THERE

THAT

THOSE

WOULD