Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

- Organization of - Interpret - Centers for the - Visual

thought sensation of senses of smell perception:
- Body taste and touch and hearing ability to see in
movement - Assist in spatial 3-D and ability
- Short-term orientation - Long term- to judge spatial
memories (Spatial memories relationships
- Emotions orientation - Language
- Moral behaviour refers to the interpretation
ability of an
individual to
regulate his
body orientation
and/or posture
in relation to the
surrounding
environment.)
Cerebrum
- Divided into two hemispheres
- Corpus callosum- a pathway connecting the hemispheres and coordinates their function

- Left hemisphere:
o Controls right side of the body
o Logical thinking and anaLytical function

- Right hemisphere:
o Controls left side of the body
o Center of cReative thinking, intuition, and aRtistic abilities

The control of the hemispheres is described as “contralateral”. This means that it controls its
opposite side of the body.

Cerebellum
- Located below the cerebrum
- Center for coordination of movements and postural adjustment

Brain stem
- Composed of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
- Medulla oblongata
- Located at the top of the spinal cord
- Contain vital centers for regulation of heart rate, BP, and respiration
- Pons
- Lies between the midbrain and medulla
- Contains centers for respiration and skeletal muscle tone
- Midbrain
- Contains the reticular activating system (RAS) and extrapyramidal system
▪ Reticular activating system: Influences motor activity, sleep, consciousness, and
awareness
▪ Extrapyramidal system: Relays information about movement and coordination
from the brain to the spinal nerves

Limbic System (“Emotional Brain”)

- Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
- Thalamus: regulates activity, sensation, and emotion
- Hypothalamus: temperature regulation, appetite control, endocrine function, sexual drive,
and impulsive behaviours associated with feelings of anger, range, and excitement
- Hippocampus and amygdala: emotional arousal and memory
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- are chemical substances manufactured in the neuron that aid in the transmission of information
throughout the body
- excitatory: stimulates an action in the cell
- inhibitory: inhibits or stops an action
- each neurotransmitter has a specific receptor site in a dendrite (Meaning they can only bind to
receptors that they are compatible with. i.e., dopamine can only bind with dopamine receptors;
serotonin can only bind with serotonin receptors)
After neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind with their respective receptor
sites, they
undergo either the process of reuptake or degradation.
Reuptake: Synaptic neurotransmitters are transported back into the axon for storage
Degradation: An enzyme metabolizes and inactivates neurotransmitters
o Monoamine oxidase (MAO)- an enzyme that inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters
o Acetylcholinesterase- an enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine

TYPES of Neurotransmitters

Monoamine Amino acid Peptide Acetylcholine

neurotransmitters neurotransmitters neurotransmitters

Serotonin Gamma- aminobutyric Endorphin Acetylcholine

Epinephrine acid (GABA)
Norepinephrine Glutamate
Dopamine

Serotonin
• “Mood neurotransmitter”
• Inhibitory
• Affects level of happiness
• Also important for regulating anxiety, appetite, pain control, and sleep cycles.
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
• “Fight or Flight” neurotransmitter
• Excitatory
• Produced in times of stress
• Increases HR and blood flow, leading to physical boost and heightened awareness

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
• “Concentration neurotransmitter”
• Excitatory
• Plays a role in changes in attention, learning and memory, sleep and wakefulness, and mood regulation

Dopamine
• “Pleasure neurotransmitter”
• Excitatory
• Involved in the control of complex movement, motivation and reward, cognition, and regulation of emotional
response
Dopamine plays a role in the development of addiction. Everytime a person ingests an
addictive substance (e.g., alcohol, “shabu”), dopamine levels in the brain elevate producing a feeling of
euphoria.
Gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• “Calming neurotransmitter”
• Inhibitory
• Regulate anxiety, vision, and motor control.
GABA is our natural anxiolytic

Glutamate
• “Memory neurotransmitter”
• Excitatory
• Supports memory formation and learning
• Excess may lead to excitotoxicity (Excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors leading to cell death)

Endorphin
• “Euphoria neurotransmitter”
• Inhibitory
• Lowers transmission of pain signal to the brain and promotes feelings of euphoria
• Released in response to pain, exercise, excitement, and sex

Acetylcholine
• “Learning neurotransmitter”
• Found in both CNS and PNS
• Involved in thought, learning, and memory
• Excitatory on skeletal muscles: Activates muscle action in the body