Chapt

er5
Ti
ssues
1.Def
ineti
ssue.
Ati
ssueisagroupofcel
lsper
for
mingaspeci
ali
zedst
ruct
uralorf
unct
ionalr
ole.
2.Namethef
ourmaj ort
ypesofti
ssuefoundinthehumanbody.
Thef
ourmajort
issuet
ypesareepit
hel
ial
,connect
ive,
muscl
e,andner
vous.
3.Descr i
bet hegener alcharacteri
sti
csofepi t
hel i
alti
ssues.
Epitheli
altissuescovert hebodysur f
aces,coverandl i
neinternalor gans,andcompose
glands.Becauset heycoverthesur f
acesofal lcavit
iesandhol lowor gans,theyalwayshave
af r
eesur face(oneexposedt otheoutsideorhavi nganopenspace) .Epi
theli
alti
ssues
alwaysanchort oconnect i
vetissuebyanoncel l
ularlayercalledt hebasementmembr ane.
Gener all
yepi t
heli
altissuesl
ackbl oodvessels.Epitheli
um repr oducesr eadil
yandheal s
quickly.Theyar etightl
ypackedwi thli
tt
leintercell
ularmaterial.Becauseoft hi
s,t
heyserve
asexcel l
entbar r
iers.Otherfuncti
onsincludesecr eti
on,absor ption,excreti
on,andsensory
reception.
4.Dist
inguishbet weensimpleepi
thel
ium andst
rat
if
iedepit
heli
um.
Simpleepitheli
um occursasasingl
ecellorasi
nglesheetofcel
ls.St
rat
if
iedepi
thel
ium
consist
sofl ayersofcel
ls.
5.Explainhowt hestr
uctureofsi mplesquamousepi thelium pr
ovi desi t
sfunction.
Simpl esquamousepithelium consist
sofasi ngl
elayeroft hi
nk, fl
attenedcell
s.Thesefit
togetherli
kefl
oorti
lesandt henucleiarebroadandt hin.Substancesdi ff
useeasilythr
ough
thi
st i
ssue.Becauseofthis,si
mpl esquamousepi t
helium li
nest heal veol
iofthelungs,
formst hewall
sofcapill
aries,
linestheinsi
desofbloodvessel s,andcover sthemembr anes
thatli
nebodycaviti
es.Becausei tissothin,si
mplesquamousepi theli
um isdamaged
easil
y.
6.Nameanor gant hatincludeseachoft hefollowi ngt i
ssues, andgi vet hefunct ionoft he
ti
ssue.
a. Simpl esquamousepi thel i
um—Foundi nt hewal l
sofcapi l
lar i
es;i tf
unct ionstoallow
theexchangeofoxygenandwast eproduct sbet weent hebl oodandt hecel l
s.
b. Simpl ecuboi dalepi thel i
um—Foundi nki dneyt ubul es;itfunct ionsinsecr eti
onand
absor ption.
c. Simpl ecol umnarepi thel i
um—Foundi nt hei ntest i
nalt ract;itfunct i
onsi nsecr eti
on
ofdi gest ivefl
uidsandabsor pti
onofnut rientmol ecul es.
d. Psuedost rat
ifi
edcol umnarepi theli
um—Foundi nt hepassagesoft her espi r
atory
syst em;t hecil
iat
edf reesur facemovest hemucouspr oducedbygobl etcel l
supt he
respi ratorytractandoutoft heai rways.
e. St rati
f i
edsquamousepi thelium—For mi ngt heout erl ayeroft heskin( epidermi s)
;it
becomeshar denedwi thker ati
nandmakesat ough, dry,prot ectivecover ing.
f. St rati
f i
edcuboi dalepi thelium—Foundi nt hel argerduct sofsal i
varygl ands;it
provi desext raprot ection.
g. St rati
f i
edcol umnarepi thelium—Foundi nt hemal eur ethra;t hegobl etcel lsprovi
de
mucousf orl
ubr i
cat i
on.
h. Tr ansi t
ionalepi t
hel i
um—For mi ngthei nnerl i
ningoft heur inar ybladder ;becauseof
itsst retchablenat ure, i
tf ormsabar rierthatpr event st hecont ent softheur i
nary
tractf rom diffusi
ngbacki ntot hebodyf luids.
7.Definegland.
Agl andiscomposedofcel l
sspeci ali
zedt opr oduceandsecr etesubst ances.Most
commonl ythesecel l
sar ecol umnarorcuboi dalepi thelium.Oneormor eofthesecel l
s
constit
utesagl and.
8.Disti
ngui
shbetweenanexocri
neglandandanendocri
negland.
Exocr
inegl
andssecr
etet
heirpr
oductsint
oduct
sthatopenontoani
nter
nalorext
ernal
 sur
face.Endocr
inegl
andssecr
etedi
rect
lyi
ntot
issuef
lui
dorbl
ood.
9.Explainhowgl andsar eclassi
fi
edaccordi ngtothest r
uctureoft heirductsandt he
organizationoft hei
rcells.
Asinglecel lcanmakeupanex ocri
negland.Thi siscall
edauni cel
lulargland.Ifi
tismade
upoft woormor ecel l
s,iti
scall
edamul ticell
ulargland.Mul t
icell
ularglandscanbef ur
ther
subdividedintotwogr oupsbasedupont heirductstructur
e.Asi mpl eglandhasan
unbranchedduct .Acompoundgl andhasabr anchedduct .Thesecanbef ur
thercl
assi
fi
ed
i
ntot ubularglands( epit
heli
all
inedtubes),oracinarglands( sacli
kedi l
atati
ons).
10.Explainhowgl andsareclassifi
edaccor di
ngt othef unctionandthenat ureofthei
r
secreti
ons.
Mer ocri
neglandsareglandst hatr
eleasef l
uidproduct sthroughcellmembr aneswithout
thelossofcytoplasm.Apocrineglandsl osesmal lporti
onsoft hei
rglandularcel
lbodies
duri
ngsecr et
ion.Holocr
ineglandsar eglandst hatreleaseentir
ecellsfi
ll
edwi t
hsecretor
y
products.Theyarealsoclassedassecr eti
ngser ousf l
uidormucus.
11.Disti
ngui
shbetweenaserouscellandamucouscel l
.
Serouscel
lsproduceawater
yflui
dthathasahighenzymeconcent
rat
ion.Mucouscel
ls
produceathi
ckmucusthatisri
chintheglycopr
otei
nmuci
n.
12.Descr i
bet hegeneralchar acterist
icsofconnect i
vetissue.
Connect i
vet i
ssueisf oundt hroughoutt hebodyandi sthemostabundantt ypebywei ght.I
t
bindsstructures,providessuppor t,servesasframewor ks,fi
ll
sspaces,storesf at ,pr
oduces
bloodcells,protect
sagai nstinfection,andhelpsrepairdamage.Thesecel l
sar enot
adjacenttoeachot herl i
keepi t
helialcellsandhaveabundanti nter
cell
ularmat erialcal
led
mat r
ix.Thismat eri
alconsi stsoff i
ber sandagr oundsubst ancewhoseconsi stencyvar ies
fr
om f l
uidt osoli
d.Connect i
vet i
ssuehasagoodbl oodsuppl yandiswel lnour ished.Bone
andcar ti
lagearequi rerigid;however ,
looseconnectivetissue,adi
pose,andf ibr ous
connectivet i
ssuear emor efl
ex i
ble.
13.Defnemat
i r
ixandgr oundsubstance.
Matri
xisint
racel
lul
armat eri
albet
weent heconnecti
vet i
ssuecell
s.Thi
smat ri
xconsi
stsof
agroundsubstancewhoseconsi stencyvariesfrom fl
uidtosemisol
idt
osol i
d.Thegr
ound
subst
ancebinds,supports,andprovidesamedi um throughwhichsubstancesmaybe
tr
ansfer
redbetweent hebloodandcel l
swi t
hint
het i
ssue.
14.Descri
bethethreemajortypesofconnectivetissuecell
s.
Fibr
oblastaf
ixedcelli
nconnectivet
issues.Itproducesfi
bersbysecr eti
ngproteinint
othe
matri
xofconnectiveti
ssues.Mastcell
sanot herfi
xedcellr
eleaseshistamineandhepar i
n.
Macrophageswander i
ngcellst
hatcandet achandmoveabout .Thesear especial
izedto
carr
yonphagocytosis.
15.Distinguishbet weencol lagenandel ast
in.
Collagenf ibersar ethick,threadli
ke,andmadeoft hepr otei
ncol l
agen.Theyar efor
medi n
l
ong, par
allelbundl esandar eflexi
ble,butnotelastic.Thati s,t
heycanbend, butthey
cannotst retch.Theyhavegr eattensilestr
engthandar ei mportanttostr
ucturessuchas
tendons.El astinist hepr oteinthatelast
icfi
bersor i
ginat efrom.Thesefiber
sar ebranched
andf orm compl exnet wor ks.Theyhavel owtensilest r
engt h,butareveryel
ast i
c.Thati
s,
theycanbeeasi lystretchedandr esumet hei
roriginallengt handshape.Theyar ethe
primar ycomponentoft hevocal cords.
16.Explai
nthedif
fer
encebetweenl ooseconnecti
veti
ssueanddenseconnect i
veti
ssue.
Denseconnecti
vetissuehasabundantcoll
agenousfiber
sthatappearwhi
te.Thi
sis
sometimesknownaswhi tefi
brousconnect
iveti
ssue.Looseconnecti
veti
ssueorareol
ar
ti
ssuehassparsecoll
agenousfiber
s.
17.Explainhowt hequant
it
yofadiposeti
ssueinthebodyr ef
lect
sdiet
.
Indi
vidualsar
ebornwithacertai
nnumberoffatcell
s.Excessfoodcal
ori
esarel
ikel
ytobe
convertedint
ofatandstor
ed.Thisi
ll
ust
rat
esthattheamountofadiposeti
ssuei
nahuman
 i
sref
lect
iveoft
hei
ndi
vidualdi
et.
18.Di st
inguishbetweenregularandi rr
egulardenseconnect i
vetissue.
Regul ardenseconnectivetissuehasor gani zedpatter
nsofthef i
ber
s.Iti
sver ystr
ong,
enabl i
ngt het
issuetowithstandpulli
ngf orces.Itoft
enbindsbodypar t
stogether.Ir
regul
ar
denseconnect i
veti
ssuehast hi
cker,i
nterwoven, andmor erandomlyorganizedpatter
nsof
fibers.Thisal
lowsforthetissuetosustaint ensionsexert
edf r
om manydi f
ferentdir
ecti
ons.
Itisfoundi nt
hedermisoft heskin.
19.Disti
nguishbetweenel asticandret
icul
arconnect ivetissues.
Elasti
cconnectivetissueismadeupofyel lowel asti
cf i
bersinparal
lelstr
andsori n
branchingnetworks.Inthef i
ber
softhistissuear ecol l
agenfiber
sandf ibrobl
asts.This
ti
ssueisfoundint hewal l
sofcertai
nhollowi nternalorgans.Reticul
arconnect i
vetissueis
composedoft hin,coll
agenousf i
ber
sar r
angedi nat hree-di
mensionalnetwork.Itsupport
s
wallsofcert
aininter
nalor ganssuchasthel i
ver,spleen,andlymphaticorgans.
20.Expl
ainwhyi njur
edlooseconnectiveti
ssueandcar t
il
agear eusual
lyslowtoheal.
Becausefi
brousconnectiveti
ssueandcartil
agear esodenseandsocl osel
ypacked,they
l
ackadirectbloodsupply.Forthi
sreason,nutr
ientsdiff
usingfr
om outsideti
ssuestakea
l
ongtimetor eachthecell
s.Thismakesinjuryrepairaveryslowprocess.
21.Namet hemaj ort ypesofcar ti
lage,anddescr i
bet heirdifferencesandsi mi l
arit
ies.
a. Hyaline—t hemostcommont ypeofcar til
age.I tlookssomewhatl i
kewhi t
eplastic.Itis
foundatt heendsofbonesi nmanyj oi
nt s,int hesof tpartoft henose, andi nthe
suppor t
ingr ingsoft herespirator ypassage.I ti salsoi mpor tantinthedevel opmentof
bones.
b. Elastic—isver yflexibl
eandi tsmat ri
xcont ainsmanyel asticfiber
s.Itisfoundi nt he
externalear sandi npar t
soft hel arynx.
c. Fibrocarti
lage—aver yt
ought i
ssue, itcont ainsmanycol lagenousf i
ber s.Iti
sdesi gned
tofunctionasashockabsor ber .Itformst hei nterver t
ebr aldisksandt hepr otect
ive
cushionsbet weenbonesi nthekneeandt hepel vi
cgi rdle.
22.Descri
behowbonecel lsareorgani zedi nbonet issue.
Themat ri
xf orbonei slaiddowni nt hinlayer scal ledl amel lae.Thel amellaear earrangedi n
concentri
cpat ternsar oundt ubescal ledost eoniccanal s.Bet weent helayer soflamel lae
theosteocytesar epl acedindepr essi onscal ledl acunae.Thi spat ternofconcent riccircles
for
msacyl i
nder -shapeduni tcall
edt heost eon.
23.Explai
nhowbonecel l
sreceivenutr
ients.
Anosteonisacyli
nder-
shapedunitthattheconcentr
iccir
cularpatt
ernofbonescellsfor
m.
Eachosteoni
ccanalcontai
nsbloodvesselssothateverycelli
sclosetoanut r
ientsuppl
y.
Bonecell
salsohavecytopl
asmicprocessescalledcanali
culit
hatextendoutwardand
att
achtothemembr anesofothercell
s.Asaresult,
nutri
entsmover apidl
ybetweenthe
bonecell
s.
24.Describethecompositi
onofblood.
Redbl oodcell
sarethecel
lst
hatcarryoxygento,andcarbondioxi
defr
om, cell
s.Whi
te
bloodcell
sfuncti
oninimmunityandinfect
ioncontrol
.Pl
atel
etsarecel
lul
arfragment
sthat
funct
ioninbloodclot
ti
ng.
25.Descri
bethegeneralcharact
eri
sti
csofmuscleti
ssues.
Muscleti
ssuesarecontr
actil
e.Muscl
efi
berswit
hintheti
ssuechangeshapet
obecome
short
erandthi
cker.Thi
scausesmusclefi
berstopullatt
heatt
achedendsandmovebody
part
s.
26.Dist
inguishamongskel et
al,smoot h,andcardiacmuscleti
ssues.
Skelet
almuscletissueisfoundi nt hemusclesattachedtobonesandcanbecontroll
edby
consciouseff
ort
.Becauseoft his,itisalsocall
edvolunt
arymuscleti
ssue.Thecel
lsor
musclef i
ber
sarelongandt hreadlikewi thal
ter
natingbandsofdarkandli
ghtcr
oss-
markingscall
edstri
ati
ons.Eachf iberhasmanynucl eil
ocat
ednearthecellmembrane.
 Whent
hemuscl
eisst
imul
atedbyner
vef
iber
s,i
tcont
ract
sandr
elaxes.
Smoot hmusclet i
ssuei
snamedf orit
sl ackofstr
iat
ions.Itisf
oundintheintest
inalt
r act
,
uri
narybladder,
bloodvessels,andot herhol l
oworgans.Itisnotconsci
ouslycontrol
led,
andistheref
orecalledi
nvoluntarymuscl e.Smoothmuscl ecel
lsareshort
erthanthoseof
skel
etalmuscle,andhasasi ngle,centrallyl
ocat
ednucleus.
Cardiacmuscl ei
sfoundonl yi
nthehear
t.I
tscell
s,whicharest
riat
ed,arej
oinedendtoend
byaspeci al
izedconnecti
oncall
edanint
ercal
ateddisk.Thecar
diacmusclefiber
sare
branchedandi nt
erconnectedi
nacomplexnetwork.Althoughi
tisstr
iat
ed,i
tcannotbe
control
ledvolunt
ari
ly.
27.Describethegeneralcharact
eri
sti
csofnervoust i
ssue.
Nervoustissuei
sfoundi nthebr
ain,spi
nalcord,andperi
pher
alner
ves.I
tiscomposedof
neurons(nervecel
ls)andsupporti
ngneurogli
alcell
s.
28.Dist
inguishbet weenneur onsandneur ogli
alcel
ls.
Nervoust i
ssuei scomposedoft wot ypesofcell
s.Neurons,ornervecells,aresensi
tiveto
changesi ntheirsurroundi
ngsandr espondtostimulati
onofimpul sesalongnervefibers.I
n
addit
iont oneur ons,
neurogli
alcellsservetosuppor tt
heneuronsandbi ndthenervous
ti
ssuet oget
her .Neurogli
alcel
lscar ryonphagocyt osi
sandbringnut r
ientstotheneur ons
aswel lasremovewast efrom cell
s.Theyalsoser vetobindnervoustissuetogether
.I n
manyways, thesecel l
sactasconnect i
veti
ssuefoundonl yi
nner voustissue.
29.Explai
nwhyamembr aneisanor gan.
Twoormor eki
ndsoft i
ssuesgroupedtogetherandperfor
mingspecial
izedf
unct
ions
consti
tut
eanor gan.Forexample,epit
hel
ialmembr anesareusual
lycomposedofepi
thel
i
al
andunderlyi
ngconnectionti
ssues.
30.Identif
ylocat
ionsint
hebodyoft hef
ourtypesofmembranes.
Epithel
ialmembranescoverbodysur
facesandli
nebodycavi
ti
esandor
gans.
Synovi
almembr
anesl
inej
oint
s.
Ser
ousmembr
anesl
inebodycavi
ti
es.
Mucousmembr
anesl
inet
hecavi
ti
esandt
ubest
hatopent
otheout
sideoft
hebody.